Studies in Sisyrinchium-VIII Sisyrinchium Californicum and Related Species of The

Torrey Botanical Society
Studies in Sisyrinchium-VIII: Sisyrinchium Californicum and Related Species of the Neglected

Genus Hydastylus
Author(s): Eugene P. Bicknell
Source: Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, Vol. 27, No. 7 (Jul., 1900), pp. 373-387
Published by: Torrey Botanical Society
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2478249
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inSisyrinchium-Vil:
Studies
Sisyrinchium
and
Californicum
Related
SpeciesoftheNeglected
GenusHydastylus
BY EUTGENE P. BICKNELL
The well-knownSisyrinchilum Ca?lifornicu;n

of Aiton's Hortus
Kewensis has rested forso long undisturbedin the genus Sisyi-c/zinclun that some fault of iconoclasm would seem to attend
its removal fromits time-honoredplace. Neverthelessthe generic misfitof the plant in Sisyrinc/tiumn
was long ago apprehended and a separate genus was createdfor it by Salisbury on
the suggestion of Dryander (Trans. Hort. Soc. I: 3 10. IS I 2).
This genus, H)ydastylus,
adequately founded as I do not doubt,
appears to have missed the sanctionof any later systematist.
The species was firstbroughtto notice by Archibald Menzies
wvhoimportedit into England forcultivationin I796.
Ten years
later it was described and figuredby Ker-Gawl as Mla-ica Califorinica (Bot. Mag. t. 983, I 8o ?), a dispositionof the plant manifestlyhaving regard for familyrelationshipratherthan generic
affinity.
In I 8 I 2 Aiton, or Dryander, it may be, with clearer view
transferredit to Sisyrinch,izium. The same year Dryander and
Salisbury reached a truerconceptionof the plant's separatenessof
structurefrom Sisyrincizium, and their genus Hydasty/us must
now be revivedto accommodate not this plant alone but also a
well-definedgeneric group of yellow-flowered
species of which it
is the type.
The genus Iydastyluts may be thus characterized
Annual or perennial herbs with the habit and appearance of
but usually only imperfectly
SisrinzcAzizdum,
caespitose, discoloring
or turningblack in drying,most or all of the species stainingpurple under appropriateconditions; rootstocksusually obscure or
poorlydeveloped,thedelicateroots pale and slender. Leaves narrowlylinear,the conduplicatebases moreor less membranously
expanded: stemsancipital,simpleand scapose, terminated
by a spathe
of two conduplicatebractsenclosingmembranousscales; pedicels
slender,oftenlong-exserted,straightor finallyrecurved: perianth
yellow, the mostlynarrowedsegmentsblack-lineateor withbrown
373
374
BICKNELL: SPECIES OF THE GENUSHYDASTYLUS
or orange veins,obtuse or acute but not aristulatenoremnarginate;

filamentsmore or less adherentbelow but commonlyfreenearly
to the base or at least formore than halftheirlength,somewhat
spreadingabove; anthersnarrowlylinear,versatile; style-branches
more
slender,divergent: capsule oblong to globose or pyriform,
orless trigonous,three-celled,many-or few-seeded seeds rounded,
distinctlypitted,widely umbilicateor acetabuliform.
WesternNorthAmericanfromVancouver to Lower California
and at least to southern Mexico, extendingeast to Arizona and
Coahuila.
The most evidentpointsof differencebetweenthis genus and
residein the flowersand consistof partiallyfreefilaSisyrinzciziumz
ments,linearversatileanthersand slenderspreadingstyle-branches,
togetherwith yellow perianth,the lineate segmentsneveraristulate noremarginateand strictlyglabrous ovary. In additionthere
is some indefinablefoliar attributewhich with more or less clearness announces the genus quite apart fromthe flowers. In fact
two of the species here describedare confidentlyreferredto the
genus althoughthe flowersare unknown.
It will doubtlessbe found to be in accordance withthe alignment of natureto limit the genus Sisriincizium by the characters
of tubular-unitedfilaments,short erect anthers,undivided style
and, withrare exceptions, blue, violet or white flowers,with the
the
perianthsegmentsaristulateor acutely pointed; furthermore
ovaryis puberulentin the majorityof species.
of the genus will exclude fromit a number
This understanding
of South Americanspecies which it has hithertobeen held to embrace and make necessarythe formationof still othergenera,but
this,I fullybelieve,will prove to be the only logical treatmentof
the group. There might have seenmedlittle reason forthisview
underthe long-establishedbeliefthatthe genus in North America
one but now that its numerical
was at best a most insignificant
importancehas disclosed itselfthe beautifulhomogeneityof the
species of the blue-floweredsection becomes in itselfvery suggestiveand bears stronglyagainst the congenericequivalent with
theirgroup of the heterogeneousassemblage of species that have
been includedwithinit.
On this view Sisyrinckilztn
properis primarilya North American genus which though well-representedin South America has
thanhas beenaccorded it.
therea muchless extensiverepresentation
BICKNELL:
SPECIES
OF THE GENUS HYDASTYLUS
375
Of the genus Hydastylusit should be said that it may require

to be mnorebroadlyinterpretedin order to accommodatecertain
branchedand yellow-flowered
South Americanspecies whichhave
yet to be made a subject of criticalstudy.
Key
to the Species
of Hydastylus
Flowers large; perianth I 2-I8 mm. long; leaves 2-7 mm. wide, mostlyturningverydark
when dry.
Flowers large; pedicels mostlylonger than the bracts, 20-40 mm. long; seeds I.25I.5 mm. in diameter.
I. H. CazfXorziicus.
Flowers smaller; pedicels mostly shorterthan the bracts, Io-20 mm. long; seeds
3. H. brac/ibyy5s.
.75-I mm. in diameter.
Flowers smnallto medium sized, 6-I2
mm. long; leaves mostly I-3 mm. wide, not
usually turningvery dark; pedicels not recurved.
Anthers small, 2-2.5 mm. long.
Pedicels little longer than the bracts, erect; perianth 8-io mm. long.
2. H. bor-ealis.
Pedicels slenderly exserted, somewhat spreading; perianth 6-8 mm. long.
5. HI. iivularis.
Anthers larger, 3-5 mm. long.
Pedicels more or less exserted, erect; perianth 8-I2 mm. long.
4. H. Elmneri.
Pedicels long-exserted, closely erect; plant slender, I5-30 cm. high; perianth
6. H. lonzgz>es.
8-I2 mm. lon1g.
Pedicels long-exserted, somewhat spreading; plant low or depressed; leaves
I.5-2 mm. wide.
7. H. parves.
mm. wide.
Pedicels exserted; plant low or depressed; leaves .05-I.5
8. H/. Sch{fnfzeri.
Flowers very small, 3-5 mm. long; pedicels recurved-spreading; capsules 3-6 mm.
long.
Outer bract much prolonged; anthers I mm. long.
9. H cerlzuus.
Bracts subequal; anthers 3-5 mm. long.
Io. H. subcernzuus.
Flowers unknown; leaves very thin; capsules 6-ia mm. long.
Capsules large, 8-io mm. long, pyriform; leaves and stem 2-5 mm. wide, serrulate; pedicels flexuous.
II.
HI. serrtlalts.
Capsules 6-7 mm. long, obovoid-oblong; leaves and stem narrower, not serruI2.
1i tr-anzslucens.
late; pedicels spreading or recurved.
HYDASTYLUS CALIFORNICUS
(Ker.) Salisb. Trans. Hort. Soc.
I: 3 10.
I8 I2.
Marica Californtica
Ker-Gawl. Bot. Mag. t. 983. i8o6.
Hlort.Kew. ed. 2, IV.: I135. I812.
Sisyrinchium
Californicuin
lineatumTorrey,Pac. R. R. Rep. IV., I 43. I8 57.
Sisyrincli'urn
Sisyrinc/ziurn
flavidurnKellogg, Proc. Cal. Acad. II.: 50. t. 3.
I863.
Mostly 20-30 cm. high (i5-6o cm.), dull green and glauces-
376
BICKNELL:
SPECIES
cent, turning dark or oftenquite black on the herbariumsheet

and readilystaininga deep purple,roots spreading froma weak
descending rootstock. Leaves thin and rather openly weaknerved,mostlyabout half the heightof the stem but sometimes
equaling it, obtusely pointed, commonly 2-4 mm. wide (I . 5-7
mm.): stem usually 2-3 mm. 'wide, sometimes broadly wingflattenedand becoming6 mm. wide, the edges like those of the
leaves smooth or obscurely serrulate-roughened:spathes erect,
3-8 mm. wide in pressed specimens; outerbract 20-52 cm. long,
narrowedto an obtuse point,occasionallysubequal withthe inner
one but usually slightlysurpassingit and sometimesas much as
mm. longer, the margins below narrowly hyaline, often
20
purplish,united-claspingfor 5-IO mm. ; inner bract 20-35 mm.
long, white-scariousand obtuse or obtuselypointed at the apex;
interiorscales brownishhyaline,often slightlyexserted: flowvers
3-7, on erect pedicels 20-40 mm. long, usually a littlesurpassing
the bracts, at least the inner ones, and sometimesexserted as
much as IO mm.; perianthbrightyellow, 12-18 mm. long, the
oblong obtuse or acutish segmentswith 5-7 black or dark brown
nerveswhich oftenbecome tortuousor crinkledwhen dry: stamens about 7 mm. high, subequal with or surpassing the style
versatileanthers orange-yellow,3.5-5 mm.
branches,the narrowv
long: capsules on erect pedicels, at maturity7.5-I2 mm. long,
6-8 mm. wide, trigonous-obovoidor ellipsoid, becoming very
dark: seeds numerous,1.25-1.5 mm. in diameter,black, strongly
pitted,excavated-umbilicate.
Coast region of California,in marshes, perhaps exclusively
withinmaritimeinfluence,fromSan Diego to Mendocino County,
floweringfromApril to June.
SAN DIEGO, Pac. R. R. Rept. 1. c.
MONTEREY Co., C. C. Parry,M.D., April, I85o, in full flower,
Torrey; Mrs. Rich, on sheetwithtype; Herb.
typeof S. iincatz,m
Columbia.
Near the 35th parallel, Dr. J. M. Bigelow, WVhipple's
expedition, I853-4.
CONTRACOSTA CO., Antioch,Dr. A. Kellogg, April 21,I,87,
just in flower.
SAN FRANCISCO, Mrs. Brandegee; Kellogg and G. W. Harford,i868; Kellogg, i866; Presidio, I887, EdwvardL. Greene.
SAN MATEO CO., CrystalSprings,April, I896, Miss Alice Eastwood.
Bodega Point,
SONOMA CO., Michener and Bioletti, I892;
Eastwood.
BICKNELL:
SPECIES
OF THE GENUS HYDASTYLLUS
377
MENDOCINO Co., Bolander, i866; Eastwood, I894;

H. E.
Brown, 1898.
Specimens from "California" have also been examined, collected by Dr. Gibbons (I853), Dr. Coulter and E. Hall.
IRELAND, near lWexford,Rev. E. S. Marshall, June, I 896,
fideA. B. Rendle, Journ.Bot. XXXIV., 494.
Numerous specimens covering the extended range of this
plant of at least seven hundred miles along the Californiacoast
show a great amnount
of variationand give indicationsapparently
little less than conclusiveof two closely allied species withinthe
region.
The type locality of I-H. Cil/ifoir-iicuis
is stated to be " Port
Bodega " (A. B. Rendle, 1. c.), fromwhencespecimensweretaken
to England over a centuryago. Recent collectionsby Miss Alice
Eastwood, made at Bodega Point,Sonoma County,presumablythe
type locality,are of the formwhichhas been most frequentlycollected and whichshows certainrathersuggestivedifferences
from
the type specimensof Torrey's S. Iinlcatumii.
As a rule this more
northernplant is tallerand less discoloredfromdryingwithlonger
and thinneroftenbroader leaves and longer spathes having the
outer bract often considerablyprolonged, flowerslarger,apparentlymore delicatelyveinedand withthe segmentsless broadened
towardthe apex, and longer anthers. Presentmaterialis not conclusive as to the exact relationshipof these two forms,but it
would seem thatTorrey's specimensmay representa closely allied
species of more southernrange extendingfromSan Diego to San
Francisco,the true HI. Califorwicus
perhaps not rangingfar south
of San Francisco. It may be now impossibleto determinefrom
Kellogg's descriptionof his S. favidumnto which of these plants
his name implies. It may be noted, however,that in the Herbariumof the CaliforniaAcademy of Science are two sheets of the
more northernplant labelled in pencil " S. azulrciz Kellogg " and
another sheet bearing specimens of both plants with penciled
memorandanotingtheirdifferences. It would appear that these
were part of Kellogg's material and since they bear date some
years later than the publicationof his S. faaviduimii
the inference
is that he regardedhis S. aur-cuni
as distinctfromthe latterwhich
would thus be shown to be identical with Torrey's S. lincatum.
37 8
BICKNELL: SPECIES OF THE GENUS HYDASTYLUS
A somewhatdistinctappearingformof the plant which would

if two species are ever to
seem to belong withtrue H. Californicuis
be distinguishedis indicated by the specimens collected by Dr.
These
Bigelow on Lieutenant Whipple's expeditionof I853-4.
broad
their
with
compared
as
stature
low
are remarkablefortheir
leaves and stems,whichare 3-6 mm.wide,and theirstoutspathes;
the broad thinwings are notablybroadenedtowardsthe top of the
destem but abruptlycontractedat the spathe as in H. braclzypts,
largest
of
the
are
flowers
the
latter
the
unlike
cribedbeyond,but
size, becomingI8 mm. long, on slightlyexsertedpedicels,and the
spathes are much largerwiththe outer bract more united-clasping
and the innerone less obtuse.
Quite an opposite extremeof developmentis shown by specimens fromSonoma Co. collectedby Michenerand Bioletti. These
are remarkablytall and slenderwithshort spathes and decidedly
exserted pedicels.
Hydastylus borealis sp. nov.
but ordinarilymuch smaller and
Very close to H. Califoriziczus
about one half the size,
flowers
and
with
spathes
more slender,
much smallerstamineal-columnand anthers,smallercapsules and
decidedlysmallerseeds.
Commonly I5 cm. high (6-30 cm.) not usually turningvery
dark in dryingand whenyoung showinglittlediscoloration; roots
often
usually more slender and delicate than in H. Californzicuts,
much elongated. Leaves commonlyonly I-3 mm. wide, rarely
4 mm.,oftenwithabruptlylineartip,sometimeseven almost subcaudate; stem usually narrowerthan the leaves: spathe stiffy
erect,the inner bract I2-I8 mm. long, slightlysurpassed by the
outer one which is less united-claspingthan in H. Califoruzic?ususually only 3-4 mm.: flowerson closely erectslightly exserted
pedicels I5-22 mm. long; perianthyellow, 8-Io mm. long, the
segments apparentlymostlyfive-nerved:stamens 5-6 mm. high,
the antherssmall, 2-2.5 mm. long : styles 2.5-3 mm. long: capsules ellipsoid,6-8 mm. long or sometimes narrowerobovoid-oblong, and a little longer, 3.5-6 mm. wide: seeds .75-I mm. in
diameter,globose, excavated on one side, finelypitted,oftenof a
reddishcolor.
semi-transparent
Vancouver Island to Whatcom County,Washington,growing
on shores of freshwater lakes and floweringfromearly in July
BICKNELL:
SPECIES OF THE GENUS HYDASTYLUS
379
until afterthe middle of August. ProfessorMacoun writes " It

grows always in soft mud on the margins of freshwater lakes
away fromthe coast."
Whatcom Co., W. N. Suksdorf,flowersJuly
WASHINGTTON:
7; fruitAugust.
Lake shores, July I, I887, first flowers,
ISLAND:
VANCOUVER
and Shawnigan Lake, July I2, I887, John Macoun; Shawnigan
Lake, Aug. I8, I897, fruitand last flowers,Wm. N. Canby;
Sooke, Aug. 3, 1893, John Macoun, fruitand last flowers.
The very close affinity
of this plant to H. CaZlor;ziczus
is much
more apparent than its diversity; nevertheless,its much smaller
average size throughoutand especiallyits smaller flowers,short
anthersand small seeds, taken in connectionwithits inland distributionand lacustrinehabits,is certainlysufficientevidencethat it
cannot be regarded as the same. The question of varietal relationshipin cases such as this mustalways of course,remainmerely
.a matterof conjecturein the absence of conclusiveproof.
The presentcase is almost fatallycomplicatedby the existence
in the coast regionof Washingtonand Oregon of yet anotherform
even more closely relatedto H. Calijornicuts. In a way this plant
is intermediatebetween the two but I cannot conscientiously
it presentsby referringit to either,nor do I
escape the difficulty
know how to treatit as a variety; neithercan it be ignored. The
only consistentcourse thereforeis to give it recognitionas a
closely allied species, even thoughits entirevalidityremainsto be
established. It may thereforebe called to notice as Hydastylus
brac/zypus.
Hydastylus brachypus sp. nov.
Mostly low and stout, 8-i5 cm. high,but becoming twice as
tall, leaves and stem broad, 2-5 mm. wide, sometimesnarrower,
commonlybecomingvery dark in drying,the leaves abruptat the
apex or shortacuminate,mostlyobtuselypointed,the stem often
very broadly thin-winged,and abruptly contracted below the
spathe; roots veryslender and delicate: spathes short,the inner
bract I 5-20 mM. long, mostlybroad above and obtusely rounded
and scarious at the apex; outer bract abruptlynarrowedto an
obtuse point,subequal with or but slightlysurpassing the inner
one, the broad base rather loosely short-claspingfor 2-5 mm.,
thelowermarginsconspicuouslywhiteor purplish-hyaline;interior
380
BICKNELL:
SPECIES
scales ample,usually slightlyexserted: flowersapparentlymedium

sized, the anthers3-4 mm. long: capsules oblong to broadlyellipsoid, 7-IO mm. long, at maturitycrowdedtogetheron shortpedicels mostly IO-I5 mm. long, on large plants becoming 20 mm.
long, mostlymuch shorterthan the bracts: seeds black, distinctly
pittedand umbilicate,small, .75-I mm. in diameter.
Coast regionof Oregon and Washington. Floweringin June
and July.
OREGON:
Elihu Hall, I871 ; Newport,A. Isabel Mulford,
I,
June I892.
WASHINGTON: Near Gray's Harbor,Wilke's Expedition,183842; Chehalis Co., July6, 1897, F. H. Lamb; Estuary of the Columbia,Nuttall; low hills of the Columbia, Dr. Scouler.
and oftenequally stout,
Very near indeed to H. Calfornzicits
but mostlylower,withshorterspathes,broaderand less unequal
bracts, the inner one more obtuse, smaller flowers,very much
shorterpedicels and smaller capsules and seeds.
The plantis mostlymuchstouterthanH. bo-realis
withbroader
and more obtuse leaves and bracts and dries darker; the flowers
and capsules are ratherlarger,althoughthe seeds appear to be
equally small; in the specimens examined the seeds are darker,
less finelypittedand less widelyumbilicate,except in size agreeing
more nearly with those of H. Califor'Zlcuts. Although a larger
plant than H. bor-calis,
the pedicels, which are relativelymuch
shorter,are in most specimensabsolutelv so, say ioIi5 mm. as
against I 5-20 mM.
The exact status of the plant can probablybe determinedonly
by criticalcomparativestudy in the field.
Hydastylus Elmeri (Greeine).
Elieri Greene, Pittonia,2: IO6. iS90.
Sisyrinchivum
Nearly allied to H. Calforn
wicusbut smaller and especially
more slender,15-30 cm. high, not turningdark unless carelessly
dried. Leaves half the height of the stem or less, 1-3.5 mm.
wide: stems veryslender,.75-1.5 mm., rarely2 mm. wide, very
narrowlywinged or merelymargined,like the leaves sometirnes
minutelyserrulate; bractsof the spathe subequal or the outer one
slightly the longer, I6-2 5 mm. long and united-claspingfor
mostly5-6 mm., narrowedor short-attenuateto an obtulsepoint,
the rathernarrow inner bract scarious obtuse: flowersyellow,
BICKNELL:
SPECIES OF THE GENUSHYDASTYLUS
381
rather closely 5-7-nerved; perianth 10-12 mm. long: stamens

5-7 mm. high: anthersas long as in H. Califorizzcisor nearlyso,
usually 4-5 mm. loingr;pedicels very slender,18-23 mm. long,
erectlyexsertedfor i-6 mm.: fruitunknown.
A plant of the Sierra Nevada fromn
northernto middle California,representing
therethe much largerand stouterh. Ca/Zforizicusof the coast.
Though clearly an excellentspecies as recognizedby Professor
Greene it can be but poorly understood fromn
existing material.
As compared withH. borealis it is decidedly more slender with
relativelyshorterleaves, narrowerbracts,longer anthersand more
exserted pedicels.
CALIFORNIA: Sierra Nevada, June 28, I889, Elmer Drew;
Type in Herb. Prof.E. L. Greene; Plumas Co., 1876, Mrs. R. M.
Austin; Mrs. Ames; Indian Valley, J. G. Lemmon; American
Valley, May, 1879, Miss M. A. Plumer.
Hydastylus rivularis sp. nov.
Very small, 3-1O cm. or even I5 cm. high,becomingdull but
not turningblack in drying,the roots veryslenderand delicate.
Leaves a$cending and erectin a short basal tuft,the longer ones
2-6 mm.long,.05-1.5 mm. rarely3 mm.wide,faintly
few-nerved,
ratherabruptlyobtuse,the translucentextremeedges like those of
the stem crenulatelyuneven under a lens; stem straightor outcurved,.05-I mm. or even I.5 mm. wvide,
distinctly thin-winged:
spathesstraightor deflected,verysmall,the innerbract I 2-I 7 mm.
long, usually surpassing the outer one, the scarious-margined
tip
obtuse or acutish; outer bract narrowedto an obtuse tip, unitedclasping below for3-6 nmm.;interiorscales subequal with the
bracts,dark-lineate: flowers few,1-3, on capillary loosely erect
or flexuously spreading, much exserted pedicels 15-23 mm. long,
surpassing the bracts 5-I
mm., sometimes even twice their
length: perianth orange-yellow, 6-8 mm. long, the segmenits
oblong, obtusely pointed, rather openly 5-nerved: stamens 3-5 mm.
high, the anthers very small, 2-2.5 mm. long, about the length
of the style-branches:seeds apparentlyfewand relativelylarge.
CALIFORNIA: Fresno Co., Ford of Bubb's Creek, July 5, 1899,

in full flower, Miss Alice Eastwood; Mariposa Co., June 3, 1883,
J. W. Congdon, firstflowers; Eldorado Co., July 13, 1897, first
flowers,Ezra Brainerd, wet rocks near SlipperyFord, altitude,

6ooo feet.
382
BICKNELL:
SPECIES
OF THE
GENUSHYDASTYLUS
A diminutiveand very delicateplant growing in the wet and

sandy or stony margins of fords of mountain streams,and apparentlyconfinedto the Sierra Nevadas of middle California.
is withH. Elulzeriand reduced examples of thelatter
Its affinity
appears betweenfullydeapproach it closely,but a wide difference
veloped specimensof the two plants. The verymuchsmallersize
and shorternarrowerleaves of more delicate texture,the small
spathes with elongated inner bract, the small flowerswith less
close-veinedsegments,small anthersand mostlyflexuouslylongexsertedpedicelsafforda combinationof characterswhichI cannot
reconcile with what appear to be the normal characters of H.
Elmeroi.
The species is not unlikethe smallest examples of H. borealis
which,however, is normally altogetherlarger and stouter,with
longerand much broaderand more acute leaves, largerspathesand
flowers,the outerbractthe longer,and but littleexsertedpedicels.
Hydastylus longipes sp. nov.
Pale dull green and glaucescent,not turningdark when dry,
fromI 5 to 30 cm. high,oftenin narrowtufts. Leaves numerous,
mostly about half the height of the stem, closely erect,rather
to an obtuse or acutish usually
thin, 1-3 mm. wide, narrowved
slightlybent point,the almost hyalineedges smooth: stems from
less than I mm. to 2.5 mm. wide, the narroxvwings smoothedged: spathes sometimesslightlypurplish,rathernarroxv,I.
mm. wide, erect or a littlebent: bractsthin,oftenonly obscurely
nerved,outer one 1.7-2.5 cm. long, connate beloxv for4-6 mm.,
and obtusely-pointedtip
narrowlyhyalineabove to the narrowved
whichsurpasses the inner bract 2-6 mm.: inner bract much enclosed, the tip white-scariousand' obtuse: longer interiorscales
equaling the inner bract or nearlyso : flowers3-6 on slender,
erect,much exsertedpedicels 2-3.S cm. long, sometimestwice the
lengthof thespathes: perianthS-I 2 mm.long, apparentlyorangeyellow, the segmentswithfineorange or brownishveins,narrowly
oblong, rounded or obtuselypointed at apex: stamens6-7 mm.
high, anthers about 4 mm. long: capsules broadly oblong or
obovoid-oblong,slightly retuse, 5-7 mm. high, 4-5 mm. wvide,
thin-walled,turningdark, erect and contiguous: nearly mature
seeds irregularlvobovoid or subglobose, I mm. in diameter,umbilicate,rugulosepitted.
High mountainsof Arizona and northernMexico, flowvering
fromearly July untilafterthe middle of August.
BICKNELL:
383
ARIZONA: San Francisco mountain,Aug. iS, iSS9, fruitand

last flowers,F. H. Knowlton; Aug. 4, I898, 9000-IO,OOO ft.in
meadows, Dr. D. T. MacDougal; E incon Mts., 7500 ft., I 89 I, G.
C. Neally; Harts Little Spring,July 14, IS92, fullflower,E. 0.
WVooton;J. W. Toumey.
MEXICO: Chihuahua, Sierre Madre, 7500 ft.,July IS, I899,
full flower; communicatedby Prof.E. 0. Wooton.
The aspect of this plant is nearest thatof H. Eicrli but it is
moretuftedand leafywithratherbroaderstembut narrowerleaves,
rathermore prolonged and narrower outer bract, much more
exsertedpedicels apparentlyalso with less closely and distinctly
lineateperianthsegmentsand somewhatshorterantlhers.
Hydastylus Schaffneri(Watson)
Sisyri,wc/ziu;tin
TWatson,Proc. Am. Acad. i8:
Scliaffizcri
I60.
ISS3.
Low, in erector somewhat depressed leafy tufts,4-I0 cm.

high,fromshortrootstocksbearing pale and apparentlysoft and
somewhat thickened simple roots, dull green,discoloringwhen
dry. Leaves equaling the stems or shorter,very narrow,0.51.5 mm. wide, ratherabruptlymembranouslyexpanded to a relativelylong conduplicatebase, narrowedto a very obtuse sub-cartilaginous tip, apparentlythickish,the ratherobscure fine nerves
becomingsomewhat prominentin drying,the intervals minutely
cross-ruguloseor even subscabrellous,the edges smoothor nearly
so : stems erect or spreading, narrowly wing-margined, .05-1 mm.
wide, rugulose like the leaves and smooth edged or nearly so:
spathes mostlydeflected,small, 10-I5 mm.long, I.5-2 mm. wide,
the bractssubequal or usually the outer one slightlythe longer,rugulose,the outer one attenuateto an obtuse tip or sometimes
more abruptlynarrowed,united-clasping
for--5 mm.,the margins
below narrowly hyaline: inner bract less narrowed, scarious ob-
tuse at apex : interiorscales subequal with the bracts: flowers

few, 3-5, on slenderly exserted, erect or sub-spreading pedicels
I5-23 mm. long, exserted 5-8 mm.: perianth yellow, distinlctly
lineate, about 6-8 mm. long: anthers 2.5-3 mm. long.
CentralMexico, San Luis Potosi, 6ooo-8ooo ft. altitude,no.

Ssi, C. C. Parryand Ed. Palmer, IS7S, no. 527, Shaffner.
I have examinedthreesheets of this type material,two of no.
88i. It does not appear thatthe plant has since been collected.
384
BICKNELL:
Hydastylus parvus sp. n1ov.

(Watson) of Mexico, butwithbroader
Similarto H. Sc/kafuzer-i
leaves and stem and larger spathes,the flowerson more exserted
pedicels and larger withlonger anthers.
Leaves shorterthan the stems,mostly I . 5-2 mm. or even 2.5
mm. wide, apparently thinner and rather more distantly nerved

than in H. Sciaffiizeri and only obscurely if at all ruLgulose: stem
mm. wide, wing-flattened: spathes I3-I8 mm. long, dis1.5-2
tinctly broader than in I1. Sc/zaffizri, 2.5-3 mm. wide, the bracts
subequal, but often the inner one slightly the longer, the outer onie
rather more loosely united-clasping than in H. Sc/af2licri and less
attenuate, the inner one broader above and more scarious-obtuse;
the length
pedicels 2 3-28' mm.long,,usuallybecomingnearlytwvice
of the bracts, erect or diverging: perianth 7-1O mm. long; anthers
3.5-5 mm. long.
" loxvvalley near Saltillo, March 22, 1847, no. 340,
MEXICO:
Dr. Gregg" just in flower. Type in Herb. Miss. Bot. Gard. and
Herb. Columbia.
Hydastylus cernuussp. nov.

Caespitose in small open tufts 7-18 cm. high from a cluster
of pale and delicate fibrillate roots, dull green and glaucescent,
turning brown or blackish when dry. Leaves membranously
equitant at base, sometimes equaling, the stems but mostly shorter,
very thin with delicate rather distant nerves often with a fainter
alternatingseries,I.5-4.5 mm. vide, acuminateto an obtusishpoint,
sometimes obscurely roughened on the sides above, the almost hyaline edges smooth or minutely serrulate: stems erect or ascending,
mm. wide, delicately wing-margined, the edges
slender, .75-I
smooth to serrulate: spathes erect; outer bract much prolonged,
mostly twice the length of the inner one or even longer and surpassing it 5-25 mm., 15-40 mm. long, attenuate to an obtuse point or
foliaceously broadened and acuminate, united-clasping for about 5
mm. at base; inner bract IO-I 5 mm. long, narrow, acutish to obtuse, usually much concealed ; interior scales narroNw,shorter
than the inner bract: flowers very small, 3-5 mm. long, pale
yellow, the segments somewhat obtuse, dark-lineate: anthers

linear, .05-I mm. long, the stamens 1.5-2 mm. high: pedicels
capillary,becoming 12-18 mm. lon1g,finallyslenderlyexsertedand
recurved,the capsules mostlycernuous: capsules pale brownwith
verythinalmostmembranouswalls takingtheimpressionofthecontainedseeds, subglobose and 3-5 mm. high to somew7hat
pyriform
and ratherlonger; seeds mostly2-4 in each row,sometimesmore,
BICKNELL:
large, 1.25-1.5
SPECIES
OF THE
GENUS
HYDASTYLUS
385
mm. in diameter, subglobose to broadly oblong,
semi-transparentbrown, deeply close-pittedand excavated-umbilicate.

MExIco: Chihuahua; Sept. 7, I887, fruitmature and last
flowers; " High plains between Cusihuiriachicand Guerrero,C.
G. Pringle; wet places, Sierra Madre, Oct. II, I888, fruitmature
and last flowers,"C. G. Pringle.
Printed labels referthe older collections of this plant to H.
Schzafieri fromwhich,however,it may be readilydistinguishedby
much broader leaves, elongated primary bracts and much smaller
flowerswithveryshortanthersand recurvedpedicels.
Hydastylus subcernuus sp. nov.
Caespitose in small tufts,6-I5 cm. high,the leaves mostly
erect,the stems erector ascending,turningdark brown in drying;
roots pale, verydelicate and fibrillate. Leaves about half the
heightof the longer stems, mostly I.5 mm. wide (I-2 mm.), thin
to an obtuse point,the edges
and delicatelyopen-nerved,taperinog
smooth to distantlydenticulate: stem 2-15 cm. high, .05-1.5
mm. wide, delicately wing-margined,the thin edges minutely
denticulateor usually so: spathes small, the narrowbracts sub-
equal or usually the outer one a little surpassing the inner, someI3-22 mm. long, united-clasping
for 5-6 mm., attenuate to an obtuse point; innler bract narrowly
obtuse-pointed; interior scales nearly equaling the inner bract:
floVers 3-5, small, perianth about 5 mm. long, yellow, delicately
dark lineate: stamens about 3-50 mm. long; pedicels capillary,
I 5-20 mm. long, finallyexserted and recurved spreading: capsules
less membranousthan in H. cerizutSsbut similarlymoulded over
timesas much as 6 mm. longer,
and 5-6 mm. high:

the contained seeds, mostlyobovoid-pyriform
seeds few in a row, larger and rather darker and more coarsely
pitted than in H. cernuus, 1.5-1.75 mm. in diameter, widely excavated on one side or more or less acetabuliform.
LOWER CALIFORNIA: Sierra de la Laguna, January 22, T. S.
Brandegee, type in Herb. Cal. Acad. Sci.
Nearly related to H. ccrnutus,but with narrower leaves, much
shorter outer bract, larger flowers with much larger anthers, pedicels less exserted and recurved, capsules rather larger, seeds larger
and more coarsely pitted and acetabuliform.
Hydastylus serrulatussp. nov.

Growingin nearlysimpletufts,14-32 cm. tall, from very deli-
386
BICKNELL:
SPECIES
OF
THE
GENUS
HYDASTYLUS
cate and fibrillatenearlysimple roots,rather bright transparent

green,discoloringbut littlewhencarefullydried. Leaves acuminate
to an acutishpoint,2-5 mm. wide,thinand somewhattranslucent,
very delicately nerved,the main nerves rather distantwith 1-3
fainternerves in the intervals,rather distantlyreticulatedwith
minutecross-veinlets,the edges sharplyfine-serr-ulate:
stems 2-5
mm. wide, the stem properverynarrow,the wilngsverybroad alnd
thin,nerved and semi-transparent
like the leaves and withserrulate edges: spathes mostlynarrowerthan the stem: outer bract
lanceolate-attenuate,
25-37 mm. long, surpassing the inner one
3-I2 mm., united clasping 6-S mm. at the flattenedand sharply
two-edged base: inner bract attenuate and acutish,20-25 mm.
long: interiorscales more than three-quartersthe length of
the inner bract: capsules 3-6, large, pyriform,narrowed to
an almost substipitatebase, 8-io mm. long, on slender,somewhat
flexuouslyspreading pedicels about 25 mm. long: seeds black,
subglobose,about I. 5 mm.in diameter,stronglypitted,excavatedumbilicate.
A species verydistinctfromany of the othershere described,
characterizedespecially by the very thin and reticulatedsemitransparentleaves, broadly-wingedstem and large pyriform
capsules.
MEXICO:
Orizaba, "in the mountains," Botteri, no. I856.
Type in Herb. Dr. Charles Mohr; Michoacan, 1857, Dr. Carlos
Sartorius,Herb. Dr. Charles Mohr.
Hydastylustranslucenssp. nov.
Very similar to H. serrulatus: glaucescent,the spathes often
purplish tinged, 15-25 cm. high, showing more or less discolorationfromdrying,leaves equaling the stems or nearly so,
mm. wide: as compared withthose of H. serritlauis longer
2-3.5
and narrower,
much moreslenderlyattenuateand eventhinnerand
more translucent,with fewercross-veinlets,the edges not distinctlyserrulate,but wholly smooth except near the apex, or
withsome veryminute or obscure denticulations: stem I-1.25
mm. wide, the verythin translucentwings much narrowerthan
in H. se-rulratus and smooth-edged or nearly so: spathes not
narrowerthan the stems,usually somewhat broader, the outer
bract usually foliaceouslyprolonged,30-47 mm. long, surpassing
the inner one IO-25 mm., united-clasping8-io mm. above the
sharplytwo-edged base: inner bract 17-22 mm. long, narrow,
obtuse or emarginate: interiorscales longer than in H. serruilatus, equaling the inner bract or nearly so: pedicels very
BICKNELL:
SPECIES
387
slenderand long-exserted,more or less spreading and finallyrecurved forabout halftheirlenigth,25-37 mm. long: capsules 3-5,
obovoid-oblongor somewhatpyriform,
smallerand thinner-valled
than in hT.sewrrlatus,about 6-7 mm. long: seeds larger than in
any other species of the genus at present known1,2-2.5 mm.
in longer diameter,flattenedacetabuliform,strongly reticulatepitted.
LOWER CALIFORNIA, Sierra de la Lagura, January 24, some
fruitmature. T. S. Brandegee, Herb. Cal. Acad. Sci.
and H. subce;muus
Closely relatedto H. serrulatus,
H. CCYU-UUS
but unmistakablya distinctspecies, as clearlyshown by its much
largerseeds, longerouter bractand longer pedicels withoutregard
to other characters. These four plants form a group of closely
relatedspecies constituting
a section of the genus ratherobviously
distinctfrom the more northerngroup representedby H. Californiicus. The group characters especiallyto be noted are very
thinmembranousleaves showing cross-reticulationsbetweenthe
nerves,although these are fewor obsolete in H. cernzuas
and H.
subcernuus,
more or less spreadingor recurved pedicels and very
thin-walled,mostlypyriform
capsules.

Studies in Sisyrinchium-VIII Sisyrinchium Californicum and Related Species of The

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Studies in Sisyrinchium-VIII Sisyrinchium Californicum and Related Species of The

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Torrey Botanical Society

Studies in Sisyrinchium-VIII: Sisyrinchium Californicum and Related Species of the Neglected

The well-knownSisyrinchilum Ca?lifornicu;n

BICKNELL: SPECIES OF THE GENUSHYDASTYLUS

or orange veins,obtuse or acute but not aristulatenoremnarginate;

OF THE GENUS HYDASTYLUS

Of the genus Hydastylusit should be said that it may require

(Ker.) Salisb. Trans. Hort. Soc.

OF THE GENUS HYDASTYLUS

cent, turning dark or oftenquite black on the herbariumsheet

OF THE GENUS HYDASTYLLUS

MENDOCINO Co., Bolander, i866; Eastwood, I894;

BICKNELL: SPECIES OF THE GENUS HYDASTYLUS

A somewhatdistinctappearingformof the plant which would

SPECIES OF THE GENUS HYDASTYLUS

until afterthe middle of August. ProfessorMacoun writes " It

OF THE GENUS HYDASTYLUS

scales ample,usually slightlyexserted: flowersapparentlymedium

SPECIES OF THE GENUSHYDASTYLUS

rather closely 5-7-nerved; perianth 10-12 mm. long: stamens

of the style-branches:seeds apparentlyfewand relativelylarge.

CALIFORNIA: Fresno Co., Ford of Bubb's Creek, July 5, 1899,

flowers,Ezra Brainerd, wet rocks near SlipperyFord, altitude,

A diminutiveand very delicateplant growing in the wet and

SPECIES OF THE GENUS HYDASTYLUS

ARIZONA: San Francisco mountain,Aug. iS, iSS9, fruitand

Low, in erector somewhat depressed leafy tufts,4-I0 cm.

tuse at apex : interiorscales subequal with the bracts: flowers

CentralMexico, San Luis Potosi, 6ooo-8ooo ft. altitude,no.

SPECIES OF THE GENUS HYDASTYLUS

Hydastylus parvus sp. n1ov.

mm. wide, apparently thinner and rather more distantly nerved

Hydastylus cernuussp. nov.

alternatingseries,I.5-4.5 mm. vide, acuminateto an obtusishpoint,

yellow, the segments somewhat obtuse, dark-lineate: anthers

mm. in diameter, subglobose to broadly oblong,

semi-transparentbrown, deeply close-pittedand excavated-umbilicate.

timesas much as 6 mm. longer,

and 5-6 mm. high:

Hydastylus serrulatussp. nov.

cate and fibrillatenearlysimple roots,rather bright transparent

OF THE GENUS HYDASTYLUS

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