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1.
Let P ( n ) = 1 + 3 + 3 + .......... + 3
P (1) = 1 =
For n = 1
(3
=
1)
n 1
( 3 1)
P (1) is true.
Now,
P ( k ) = 1 + 3 + 32 + .......... + 3k 1 =
For n = k + 1
1=1
(3
1)
.(i)
(3
=
P ( k + 1) = 1 + 3 + 3 + .......... + 3
k 1
+3
1)
2
+ 3k
3k 1 + 2.3k 3.3k 1 3k +1 1
=
=
2
2
2
P ( k + 1) is true.
P ( k + 1) =
Therefore, P ( k ) is true.
P ( k + 1) is true.
n ( n + 1)
Let P ( n ) = 1 + 2 + 3 + .......... + n =
2
3
1(1 + 1)
P (1) = 1 =
For n = 1
1=1
P (1) is true.
Now,
k ( k + 1)
P ( k ) = 1 + 2 + 3 + .......... + k =
2
3
.(i)
k ( k + 1)
3
P ( k + 1) = 1 + 2 + 3 + .......... + k + ( k + 1) =
+ ( k + 1)
2
2
For n = k + 1
2
k2
( k + 1) ( k + 2 )
2 k + 4k + 4
P ( k + 1) = ( k + 1) + k + 1 = ( k + 1)
=
4
4
4
( k + 1)( k + 2 )
P ( k + 1) =
P ( k + 1) is true.
Therefore, P ( k ) is true.
P ( k + 1) is true.
Let P ( n ) = 1 +
1
1
1
2n
+
+ .......... +
=
(1 + 2 + 3 + ...... + n ) ( n + 1)
(1 + 2 ) (1 + 2 + 3)
P (1) = 1 =
For n = 1
2 1
1+1
P (1) is true.
Now,
P (k ) = 1+
For n = k + 1
1=1
1
1
1
2k
+
+ .......... +
=
(1 + 2 ) (1 + 2 + 3)
(1 + 2 + 3 + ...... + k ) ( k + 1)
P ( k + 1) = 1 +
.(i)
1
1
1
+
+ .......... +
(1 + 2 ) (1 + 2 + 3)
(1 + 2 + 3 + ...... + k )
+
1
2k
1
[Using (i)]
=
+
(1 + 2 + 3 + ...... + k + 1) ( k + 1) (1 + 2 + 3 + ...... + k + 1)
2
2k
1
2k
2
2 ( k + 1) 2 ( k + 1)
+
P ( k + 1) =
=
+
=
=
k + 1 ( k + 1)( k + 2 )
k +2
k + 1 ( k + 1)( k + 2 ) k + 1 k + 2
2
P ( k + 1) is true.
Therefore, P ( k ) is true.
P ( k + 1) is true.
For n = 1
1 2 3 4
4
P (1) is true.
Now,
n ( n + 1)( n + 2 )( n + 3)
4
6=6
k ( k + 1)( k + 2 )( k + 3)
4
(i)
For n = k + 1
4
4
=
P ( k + 1) =
( k + 1)( k + 2 )( k + 3)( k + 4 )
4
P ( k + 1) is true.
Therefore, P ( k ) is true.
P ( k + 1) is true.
P (1) = 1 3 =
For n = 1
2n 1) 3n +1 + 3
(
=
4
( 2 1 1) 3
1+1
+3
P (1) is true.
Now,
2k 1) 3k +1 + 3
(
=
4
For n = k + 1
P ( k + 1) = 1.3 + 2.3 + 3.3 + .......... + k .3 + ( k + 1) 3
2
P ( k + 1) =
( 2k 1) 3
4
k +1
k +1
2k 1) 3k +1 + 3
(
=
+
4
( k + 1) 3k +1
3
2k 1
3
+ ( k + 1) 3k +1 = 3k +1
+ k + 1 +
4
4
4
2k 1 + 4k + 4 3
6k + 3 3
P ( k + 1) = 3k +1
+ = 3k +1
+
4
4 4
P ( k + 1) =
3=3
3k +1.3 ( 2k + 1) 3 ( 2k + 1) 3k + 2 + 3
+ =
4
4
4
P ( k + 1) is true.
Therefore, P ( k ) is true.
P ( k + 1) is true.
n ( n + 1)( n + 2 )
Let P ( n ) = 1.2 + 2.3 + 3.4 + .......... + n ( n + 1) =
1(1 + 1)(1 + 2 )
P (1) = 1(1 + 1) =
For n = 1
P (1) is true.
Now,
2=2
k ( k + 1)( k + 2 )
3
(i)
For n = k + 1
k ( k + 1)( k + 2 )
+ ( k + 1)( k + 2 )
3
k
k + 3 ( k + 1)( k + 2 )( k + 3)
P ( k + 1) = ( k + 1)( k + 2 ) + 1 = ( k + 1)( k + 2 )
=
3
3
3
P ( k + 1) = 1.2 + 2.3 + .......... + k ( k + 1) + ( k + 1)( k + 2 ) ==
P ( k + 1) is true.
Therefore, P ( k ) is true.
P ( k + 1) is true.
n ( 4n 2 + 6n 1)
3
1 4 (1) + 6 1 1
P (1) = ( 2 1 1)( 2 1 + 1) =
3
P (1) is true.
Now,
For n = 1
3=3
k ( 4k 2 + 6k 1)
3
For n = k + 1
P ( k + 1) = 1.3 + 3.5 + 5.7 + .......... + ( 2k 1)( 2k + 1) + 2 ( k + 1) 1 2 ( k + 1) + 1
k ( 4k 2 + 6k 1)
3
+ 2 ( k + 1) 1 2 ( k + 1) + 1
4k 3 + 6k 2 k + 3 ( 4k 2 + 8k + 3)
4k 3 + 6k 2 k
P ( k + 1) =
+ ( 2k + 1)( 2k + 3) =
3
3
2
4k 3 + 6k 2 k + 12k 2 + 24k + 9 4k 3 + 18k 2 + 23k + 9 ( k + 1) ( 4k + 14k + 9 )
P ( k + 1) =
=
=
3
3
3
P ( k + 1) is true.
Therefore, P ( k ) is true.
P ( k + 1) is true.
P (1) = 1 21 = (1 1) 21+1 + 2
For n = 1
2=2
P (1) is true.
Now,
For n = k + 1
P ( k + 1) = ( k 1) .2k +1 + 2 + ( k + 1) .2k +1 = 2k +1 ( k 1 + k + 1) + 2 = 2 k +1 2k + 2 = k .2 k + 2 + 2
P ( k + 1) is true.
Therefore, P ( k ) is true.
P ( k + 1) is true.
Let P ( n ) =
For n = 1
1 1 1
1
1
+ + + .......... + n = 1 n
2 4 8
2
2
1
1
P (1) = 1 = 1 1
2
2
P (1) is true.
Now,
P (k ) =
1 1
=
2 2
1 1 1
1
1
+ + + .......... + k = 1 k
2 4 8
2
2
For n = k + 1
1 1 1
1
1
1
1
+ + + .......... + k + k +1 = 1 k + k +1
2 4 8
2
2
2 2
1
1
1
2 1
P ( k + 1) = 1 k k +1 = 1 k +1 = 1 k +1
2
2 2
2
P ( k + 1) =
P ( k + 1) is true.
Therefore, P ( k ) is true.
P ( k + 1) is true.
1
1
1
1
n
+
+
+ .......... +
=
2.5 5.8 8.11
( 3n 1)( 3n + 2 ) ( 6n + 4 )
P (1) =
For n = 1
( 3 1 1)( 3 1 + 2 )
P (1) is true.
Now,
P(k ) =
1
( 6 1 + 4 )
1
1
=
10 10
1
1
1
1
k
+
+
+ .......... +
=
2.5 5.8 8.11
( 3k 1)( 3k + 2 ) ( 6k + 4 )
For n = k + 1
P ( k + 1) =
1
1
1
1
1
+
+
+ .......... +
+
2.5 5.8 8.11
( 3k 1)( 3k + 2 ) 3 ( k + 1) 1 3 ( k + 1) + 2
=
k +1
1
+
6 ( k + 1) + 4 3 ( k + 1) 1 3 ( k + 1) + 2
P ( k + 1) =
3k 2 + 5k + 2
( k + 1)( 3k + 2 )
1
1
1
1
k
+
=
=
( 3k + 2 ) 2 3k + 5 ( 3k + 2 ) 2 ( 3k + 5) ( 3k + 2 ) 2 ( 3k + 5)
P ( k + 1) =
k +1
6k + 10
P ( k + 1) is true.
Therefore, P ( k ) is true.
P ( k + 1) is true.
n ( n + 3)
1
1
1
1
+
+
+ .......... +
=
1.2.3 2.3.4 3.4.5
n ( n + 1)( n + 2 ) 4 ( n + 1)( n + 2 )
P (1) =
For n = 1
1(1 + 3)
1
=
1(1 + 1)(1 + 2 ) 4 (1 + 1)(1 + 2 )
P (1) is true.
Now,
P(k ) =
1 1
=
6 6
k ( k + 3)
1
1
1
1
+
+
+ .......... +
=
1.2.3 2.3.4 3.4.5
k ( k + 1)( k + 2 ) 4 ( k + 1)( k + 2 )
For n = k + 1
R.H.S. =
And
L.H.S. =
( k + 1)( k + 4 )
4 ( k + 2 )( k + 3)
k ( k + 3)
1
+
4 ( k + 2 )( k + 3) ( k + 1)( k + 2 )( k + 3)
.(i)
k 3 + 6k 2 + 9k + 4
k 2 + 3k
1
1
+
=
4 ( k + 3)
k + 3 ( k + 1)( k + 2 )
( k + 1)( k + 2 ) 4
( k + 1) 2 ( k + 4 )
( k + 1)( k + 4 )
=
=
( k + 1)( k + 2 ) 4 ( k + 3) 4 ( k + 2 )( k + 3)
1
P ( k + 1) is true.
Therefore, P ( k ) is true.
P ( k + 1) is true.
P (1) = ar11 =
a ( r 1)
a ( r n 1)
r 1
r 1
P (1) is true.
Now,
a=a
P ( k ) = a + ar + ar + .......... + ar
2
k 1
a ( r k 1)
For n = k + 1
R.H.S.
L.H.S.
a ( r k +1 1)
r 1
.(i)
r 1
L.H.S. =
a ( r k +1 1)
r 1
+ ar k
ar k
a
a
a
1
+ ar k = ar k
= ar k
+ 1
r 1 r 1
r 1 r 1
r 1 r 1
k +1
ar k +1
a
ar k +1 a a ( r 1)
=
=
r 1 r 1
r 1
r 1
P ( k + 1) is true.
Therefore, P ( k ) is true.
P ( k + 1) is true.
( 2 1 + 1) = 1 + 1 2
P (1) = 1 +
For n = 1
4=4
( )
12
P (1) is true.
Now,
2
3 5 7
2k + 1
P ( k ) = 1 + 1 + 1 + .......... 1 + 2 = ( k + 1)
k
1 4 9
For n = k + 1
R.H.S.
= ( k + 2)
2k + 3
2
L.H.S. = ( k + 1) 1 +
( k + 1)2
.(i)
( k + 1)2 + 2k + 3
2
L.H.S. = ( k + 1)
= k 2 + 4k + 4 = ( k + 2 )
2
( k + 1)
P ( k + 1) is true.
Therefore, P ( k ) is true.
P ( k + 1) is true.
P (1) = 1 + = 1 + 1
2=2
1
P (1) is true.
Now,
1 1 1
1
P ( k ) = 1 + 1 + 1 + .......... 1 + = ( k + 1)
1 2 3
k
R.H.S. = k + 2
For n = k + 1
1
L.H.S. = ( k + 1) 1 +
[Using eq. (i)]
k +1
k +1+1
L.H.S. = ( k + 1)
= ( k + 2)
k +1
P ( k + 1) is true.
Therefore, P ( k ) is true.
P ( k + 1) is true.
n ( 2n 1)( 2n + 1)
3
1( 2 1 1)( 2 1 + 1)
2
P (1) = ( 2 1 1) =
For n = 1
3
P (1) is true.
Now,
1=1
k ( 2k 1)( 2k + 1)
3
( k + 1)( 2k + 1)( 2k + 3)
For n = k + 1
R.H.S. =
3
k ( 2k 1)( 2k + 1)
2
+ ( 2k + 1)
L.H.S. =
[Using eq. (i)]
3
P ( k ) = 12 + 32 + 52 + .......... + ( 2k 1) =
2
.(i)
2
k ( 2k + 1)
k 2 k + 6k + 3 ( 2k + 1) ( 2k + 5k + 3)
+ ( 2k + 1) = ( 2k + 1)
= ( 2k + 1)
=
3
3
3
Therefore, P ( k ) is true.
P ( k + 1) is true.
1
1
1
1
n
+
+
+ .......... +
=
1.4 4.7 7.10
( 3n 2 )( 3n + 1) ( 3n + 1)
P (1) =
( 3 1 2 )( 3 1 + 1)
1
( 3 1 + 1)
1 1
=
4 4
P (1) is true.
Now,
P(k ) =
1
1
1
1
k
+
+
+ .......... +
=
1.4 4.7 7.10
( 3k 2 )( 3k + 1) ( 3k + 1)
For n = k + 1
L.H.S. =
R.H.S. =
k +1
3k + 1
.(i)
L.H.S. =
k
1
+
3k + 1 ( 3k + 1)( 3k + 4 )
1 3k 2 + 4k + 1
1 ( 3k + 1)( k + 1) k + 1
1
1
=
=
k
+
3k + 4
3k + 1
3k + 4 3k + 1 3k + 4 3k + 1
3k + 4
P ( k + 1) is true.
Therefore, P ( k ) is true.
P ( k + 1) is true.
1
1
1
1
n
+
+
+ .......... +
=
3.5 5.7 7.9
( 2n + 1)( 2n + 3) 3 ( 2n + 3)
P (1) =
For n = 1
( 2 1 + 1)( 2 1 + 3)
P (1) is true.
Now,
P(k ) =
1
3 ( 2 1 + 3)
1
1
1
1
k
+
+
+ .......... +
=
3.5 5.7 7.9
( 2k + 1)( 2k + 3) 3 ( 2k + 3)
For n = k + 1
L.H.S. =
R.H.S. =
k +1
3 ( 2k + 5 )
1
1
=
15 15
.(i)
L.H.S. =
k
1
+
3 ( 2k + 3) ( 2k + 3)( 2k + 5)
2k 2 + 5k + 3
( k + 1)( 2k + 3)
1
1
1
1
k
+
=
( 2 k + 3 ) 3 2 k + 5 ( 2 k + 3 ) 3 ( 2 k + 5 ) ( 2k + 3 ) 3 ( 2k + 5 )
=
k +1
3 ( 2k + 5 )
P ( k + 1) is true.
Therefore, P ( k ) is true.
P ( k + 1) is true.
P (1) = 1 <
1
2
( 2n + 1)
8
1
2
( 2 1 + 1)
8
P (1) is true.
Now,
1<
9
8
P ( k ) = 1 + 2 + 3 + .......... + k <
For n = k + 1 ,
1
2
( 2k + 1)
8
.(i)
P ( k + 1) = 1 + 2 + 3 + .......... + k + ( k + 1) <
1
2
( 2k + 1) + ( k + 1)
8
4 ( k + 1)( k + 2 ) < 4k 2 + 9 + 6k
(
)
2
8
1 + 2 + 3 + .......... + k + ( k + 1) <
4 ( k 2 + 3k + 2 ) < 4k 2 + 9 + 6k
8<9
P ( k + 1) is true.
Therefore, P ( k ) is true.
4 k 2 + 12 k + 8 < 4k 2 + 9 + 6 k
P ( k + 1) is true.
For n = 1,
P (1) is true.
Let P ( n ) be true for n = k ,
k ( k + 1)( k + 5) = 3
For n = k + 1 ,
P ( k ) = k ( k + 1)( k + 5) is a multiple of 3.
k 3 + 6 k 2 + 5k = 3
k 3 = 3 6 k 2 5k
P ( k + 1) = ( k + 1)( k + 2 )( k + 6 ) is a multiple of 3
P ( k + 1) is true.
Therefore, P ( k ) is true.
P ( k + 1) is true.
Hence by Principle of Mathematical Induction, P ( n ) is true for all n N.
Let P ( n ) = 102 n 1 + 1 is divisible by 11.
For n = 1,
P (1) = 10211 + 1 is divisible by 11 = 11 is divisible by 11
Now,
20.
.(i)
P (1) is true.
P ( k ) = 102 k 1 + 1 is divisible by 11 = 10 2 k 1 + 1 = 11
10 2 k 1 = 11 1
.(i)
P ( k + 1) = 10
For n = k + 1,
2( k +1) 1
+ 1 is divisible by 11
P ( k + 1) = 102 k +1 + 1 is divisible by 11
Now,
Therefore, P ( k ) is true.
P ( k + 1) is true.
For n = 1,
P (1) is true.
Let P ( n ) be true for n = k ,
P ( k ) = x 2 k y 2 k is divisible by ( x + y ) = x 2 k y 2 k = ( x + y )
x 2 k y 2k = ( x + y )
.(i)
P ( k + 1) = x
For n = k + 1,
2( k +1)
2( k +1)
is divisible by ( x + y )
x 2 k + 2 y 2 k 2 = x 2 k + 2 x 2 k y 2 + x 2 k y 2 y 2 k 2 = x 2 k .x 2 x 2 k y 2 + x 2 k y 2 y 2 k . y 2
Now,
= x 2 k ( x 2 y 2 ) + y 2 ( x 2 k y 2 k ) = x 2 k ( x 2 y 2 ) + y 2 . ( x + y )
= ( x + y ) x 2 k ( x y ) + y 2
2( k +1)
2( k +1)
is divisible by ( x + y )
P ( k + 1) is true.
Therefore, P ( k ) is true.
P ( k + 1) is true.
For n = 1,
P (1) is true.
Let P ( n ) be true for n = k ,
P ( k ) = 32 k + 2 8k 9 is divisible by 8 = 32 k + 2 8k 9 = 8
32 k + 2 = 8 + 8k + 9
For n = k + 1,
.(i)
P ( k + 1) = 3
2( k +1) + 2
8 ( k + 1) 9 is divisible by 8
P ( k + 1) = 32 k + 2.32 8k 8 9 is divisible by 8
Now,
32 k + 2.9 8k 17 = ( 8 + 8k + 9 ) .9 8k 17
= 72 + 72k + 81 8k 17 = 72 + 64k + 64 = 8 ( 9 + 8k + 8 )
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2 k +1) + 2
8 ( k + 1) 9 is divisible by 8
3(
P ( k + 1) is true.
Therefore, P ( k ) is true.
P ( k + 1) is true.
For n = 1,
P (1) is true.
Let P ( n ) be true for n = k ,
For n = k + 1,
Now,
= 41k ( 41 14 ) + 14 ( 41k 14 k )
= 41k 27 + 14 27
= 27 ( 41k + 14 )
41k +1 14 k +1 is a multiple of 27
P ( k + 1) is true.
Therefore, P ( k ) is true.
P ( k + 1) is true.
For n = 1,
P (1) = ( 2 1 + 7 ) < (1 + 3)
9 < 16
P (1) is true.
Let P ( n ) be true for n = k
P ( k ) = ( 2k + 7 ) < ( k + 3)
.(i)
For n = k + 1
P ( k + 1) = 2 ( k + 1) + 7 < ( k + 1 + 3) = 2 ( k + 1) + 7 < ( k + 4 )
2
( 2k + 7 ) + 2 < ( k + 3) + 2
2 ( k + 1) + 7 < k 2 + 9 + 6k + 2
2 ( k + 1) + 7 < k 2 + 6k + 11
2 ( k + 1) + 7 < k 2 + 6k + 11
2
..(i)
Also
2 ( k + 1) + 7 < k 2 + 6k + 11 < ( k + 4 )
2 ( k + 1) + 7 < ( k + 4 )
P ( k + 1) is true.
Therefore, P ( k ) is true.
P ( k + 1) is true.