Contrast

Use
although / though / even though
at the beginning of a sentence or
between two clauses
all have a similar meaning; though
is more formal at the beginning of a
sentence, but a little more informal
when used between two clauses;
even though is more emphatic

Example
Although / Though / Even though
her job is hard, her salary is low.
Her salary is low, although /
though / even though her job is
hard.

however
at the beginning of a second
sentence

Her job is hard. However, her salary

is low.

yet
between two clauses in the same
way as but
it is emphatic, for surprising or
unusual contrasts

Her job is hard yet her salary is low

Use in spite of / despite

at the beginning of the sentence or between two
clauses
in spite of/ despite + noun I pronoun

In spite of / Despite her qualifications, she can't

find
a job.

Use in spite of / despite + -ing

when the subject of both clauses is the same

In spite of / Despite leaving early. I arrived late. (I

left early; I was late)

Use in spite of/ despite the fact that + subject

+verb
if the clauses of the sentence have different
subjects

In spite of the fact that they live near me, I don't see
them very often.
NOT In spite of / Despite living near me, I dont
often see them. (***different subjects).

Use while
to compare and contrast facts
before a statemenl that is true but is not as
important
as the statement that follows it

My brother is good at sciences while I'm good at

languages.
While I understand your problem, there is nothing I
can do to help you.

Use whereas
to compare and contrast facts and emphasize the
contrast between these facts, in the same way
as while

Whereas I like sport, my friends hate it.

I like sport, whereas my friends hate it.

Use even so I nevertheless

in a second sentence, at the beginning or end, with
the meaning 'although that is true' or 'in spite of that'
for emphasizing that the first statement is true but it
does not prevent the second statement from also
being true

I know he has some bad habits. Nevertheless you

shouldn't be so rude to him.
I know he has some bad habits. You shouldn't be so
rude to him, even so.

Use on the other hand

to introduce a fact or opinion that contrasts with the
fact or opinion before it

It's a nice place to visit. On the other hand, it's

rather expensive.

Contrast & Result

because
at the beginning or a sentence, or between two
clauses
because + subject + verb, etc.
because of+ noun I pronoun
~ note: do not use because of+ subject + verb, etc.

We couldn't travel because the weather was bad.

Because of the bad weather we couldn't travel.
NOT We-eoulfin!t-travel-beeause ef fhe weatherwas
bad.

since/as

Since I As we don't have much time, we 'II have to

hurry.

= because, when the cause produces an

obvious,
logical or expected result
often used at the beginning of a sentence
due to I owing to fin view off on account of
= because of. in fairly formal contexts
at the beginning of a sentence, or between two
clauses
due to I owing to I in view of I on account of
+ noun I pronoun
due to I owing to I in view of I on account of the
fact that+ subject + verb, etc.
I ~ note: Do nol use due to! owing to! in view off on
account of+ subject + verb, etc.

The event has been cancelled due to I

on account
of lack of interest.
The event has been cancelled in view
of I owing to
the fact that not enough tickets have
been sold.
NOT Fhe-event has-been-eanGelled
d1:1e-to net
ene1;;1gh tickets-have bOOA-Solfi.

so
to introduce the result of something I wasn't
listening, so I don't know what he said.
used between two clauses, after a comma, or with
and

I wasn't listening, so I don't know what he said.

I was tired and so I went to bed.

therefore
to introduce lhe result of something
more formal than so
used al the beginning of a second sentence or
between two clauses with and
at the beginning of a sentence often followed by
a comma

We'd losl our tickets. Therefore, we couldn't see the

show
We'd lost our tickets and therefore we couldn't see
the show.

then
to respond to something with what the speaker
believes to be the result of it
used at the beginning or end of the response
~ note: Do not use then to link a cause and a result in
a single sentence.

'There are no buses at this time of night.' 'Then we 'JI have to get a taxi.'
'I was very rude to Jo. - 'You'd better apologize
then.
NOT /wasn't-listening-then /.didn't knew-wha!:hesaki.
Instead, use so (see above).

as a result
used in the following patterns:
as a result+ subject + verb, etc.
used at the beginning of a second sentence or
between
two clauses with and
as a result of + -ing
as a result of+ noun I pronoun

The company was doing very badly. As a result,

many people lost their jobs.
As a result of losing his job, he became depressed.
Many people lost their jobs as a result of the
company's difficulties.