Joint Movement

1. Temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

(Synovial joint)
a. Open mouth
b.
c.
d.
e.

Close mouth
Protrusion : push out lower jaw
Retrusion : tuck in lower jaw
Lateral motion : slide jaw from side
to side

Range

Muscle Group (S)

1-25 in

Masseter, temporalis

Complete

Pterygoideus lateralis

closure
0,5 in

Pterygoideus lateralis,

0,5 in

pterygoideus medialis

0,5 in
2. Cervical Spine (Pivot joint)
a. Flexion : rest chin on chest
b. Extension : return head to midline
c. Hyperextension : tilt head back
d. Lateral flexion : move head to
touch ear to shoulder
e. Rotation : turn head to look to side

45 degrees

Sternocleidomastoid

each side

Trapezius

45 degrees

Trapezius

10 degrees

Sternocleidomastoid

40 degrees

Sternocleidomastoid, trapezius

each side
90 degrees
each side
3. Shoulder (ball and socket joint)
a. Flexion : raise straight arm forward
to a position above the head
b. Extension : retur straight arm
foward and down to side of body
c. Hyperextension : move straight
arm behind body
d. Abduction : move straight arm
laterally from side to a position
above the head, calm facing away
from head
e. Adduction : move straight arm
downward laterally and across
front of body as far as possible
f. Circumduction : move straight arm
in a full circle
g. External rotation : bent arm lateral
pararell to floor, palm down, rotate

180 degrees

Pectoralis ajor, coracobrachialis,

180 degrees

deltoid, biceps brachi

50 degrees

Latissimus dorsi, deltoid, triceps

180 degrees

brachi, teres major

230 degrees

Latissimus dorsi, deltoid, teres

360 degrees

major

90 degrees

Deltoid, supraspinatus

90 degrees

Pectoralis major, teres major

Deltoid coracobrachialis,
latissmus dorsi, teres major
Intraspinatus, teres minor,
deltoid
Subscapularis, pectoralis major,
latissimus dorsi, teres major

shoulder so finger point up

h. Internal rotation : bend arm lateral,
pararell to floor, rotate shoulder so
fingers point down
4. Elbow (hinge joint)
a. Flexion : bend elbow, move lower
arm toward shoulder, palm facing
shoulder
b. Extension : straighten lower arm
forward and downward
c. Rotation for supination : elbow
bent, tur hand and forearm so palm

150 degrees

Biceps brachi, brachialis,

150 degrees

brachioradialis

70 degrees to

Triceps brachi

90 degrees

Biceps brachi, supinator

70 degrees tp

Pronator teres, pronator

90 degrees

quadratus

is facing upward
d. Rotation for pronation : elbow
bend turn hand forearm so palm is
facing downward
5. Wrist (Condyloid joint)
a. Flexion : bend wrist so fingers move
toward inner aspect of forearm
b. Extension : straigten hand to same plane
as arm
c. Hyperextension : bend wrist to fingers
move back as far as possible

80 degrees to
90 degrees
80 degrees to
90 degrees
80 degrees to
90 degrees

Plexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi

ulnaris
Extensor carpi, radialis longus,
extensor carpi radialis brevis,
extensor carpi ulnaris
Extensor carpi, radialis longus,

d. Radial flexion : abduction-bend wrist

Up to 20

extensor carpi radialis brevis,

interally toward thumb

degrees

extensor carpi radialis

e. Ulnar flexion : adduction-bend wrist

30 degrees to

Extensor carpi ulnaris, flexor

laterally away from thumb

6. Hand and Fingers (Condyloid and Hinge

50 degrees

carpi ulnaris

Joint)

90 degrees

Interosseus dorsals manus,

a. Flexion : make a fist

90 degrees

flexor digitorum supericials

b. Extension : starighten fingers

30 degrees to

Extensor indicis, extensor digiti

c. Hyperextension : bend fingers back as

50 degrees

minimi

far as possible

25 degrees

Extensor indicis, extensor digiti

d. Abduction : spread fingers apart

25 degrees

minimi

e. Adduction : bring fingers together

Interosseus dorsalis manus

Interosseus palmares
7. Thumb (Saddle Joint)
a. Flexion : move thumb across palmar

90 degrees

Lexor potiois brevis, opponens

surface of hand

90 degrees

policis

b. Extension : move thum away from hand

30 degrees

Extensor policis brevis, extensor

c. Abduction : move thumb laterally

30 degrees

policis longus

d. Adduction : move thumb back to hand

touching

Abductor policis brevis,

e. Opposition : touch thumb to tip of each

abductor policis longus

finger of same hand

Adductor policis transversus,

adductor policis obliquus
Opponens policis, flexor policis
brevis

8. hip (ball and socket joint)

a. Flexion : move straight leg forward
and upward
b. Extension : move leg back beside the

90 Degrees To

Psoas Major, Iliacus, Ilippsoas

120 Degrees

other leg
c. Hyperextension : move leg behind
body
d. Abduction : move leg laterally from

Gluteus Maximus, Adductor

90 Degrees To
120 Degrees

midline
e. Adduction : move leg back past

a circle

Semimembranosus
Gluteus Maximus,

midline
f. Circumduction : move leg backward in

Magnus, Semitendinosus,

Semitendinosus,
30 Degrees To

Semimembranosus

50 Degrees
Gluteus Medius, Gluteus

g. Internal rotation : turn foot and leg

inward, pointing toes toward other leg
h. External rotation : turn foot and leg
cutward, pointing toes away from other

Minimus
40 Degrees To
50 Degrees
Adductor Magnus, Adductor

leg

Brevis, Adductor Longus

20 Degrees To
30 Degrees

Psoas Major, Gluteus Maximus,

Gluteus Medius, Adductor

Magnus
360 Degrees
Gluteus Minimus, Gluteus
Medius, Tensor Fasciae Latae

90 Degrees
Obturator Externus, Obturator
Internus, Quadratus Femoris

90 Degrees
9. Knee (Hinge Joint)
a. Flexion : bend knee to bring heal back
toward thigh

120 degrees to
130 degrees

Eliceps femoris, semitendnosus,

semimembranosus

b. Extension : straighten each leg place

foot beside other foot

120 degrees to
130 degrees

Rectus femoris, vastus lateralis,

vastus medialis, vastus
intermedius

10. Ankle (Hinge Joint)

a. Plantar flexion : point toes downward
b. Dorsiflexion : point toes upward

45 degrees to
50 degrees

Gastroonemius, soleus
Peroneus tertius, tibialis anterior

20 degrees
11. foot (gliding joint)
a. eversion : turn o foot laterally

5 degrees

Peroneus longus, peroneus

b. inversion : turn side of foot medially

5 degrees

brevis
Tibialis posterior, tibialis
anterior
Flexor hallucis brevis,

12. toes (condyloid)

a. flexion : curve toes downward

35 degrees to

lumbricales pedis, flexor

b. extension : straighten toes

c. abduction : spread toes apart
d. adduction : bring toes together

60 degrees

digitorum brevis

35 degrees to

Extensor digitorum longus,

60 degrees

extensor digitorum brevis,

Up to 15

extensor halucis longus

degrees

Interosseus dorsalis pedis,

Up to 15

abductor hallucis

degrees

Adductor haluccis, intercosseus

plantares