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GE Digital Energy
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October 2002
Introduction
During the late 1990s, the rise of internet-based
companies those heavily dependent on servers and
other computer loads resulted in an explosion in
demand for electrical infrastructure capable of
protecting delicate equipment from outages (as short
as 1.5 cycles). While these particular companies
have suffered a recent downturn, the need for
conditioned power continues due to the increased
dependence on computer-controlled equipment in
fields such as medicine, bio-technology, and
semiconductor manufacturing. Even old economy
processes like coating, painting, and machining now
have a single computer controlling the finishing
operation on millions of dollars worth of finished
goods (such as the coatings on gas turbine blades).
Bypass AC
source
Normal Mode
Normal AC
source
Rectifier/
Charger
Inverter
Critical
Load
Stored Energy Mode
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Bypass
Mode
Static Bypass
Switch
Bypass Mode
Static Bypass
Switch
Series xf
Bypass switch
Normal Mode
Parallel
Converter
Static
switch
Series
Converter
Battery
Critical
Load
Mains
Input
disconnect
Stored
Energy
Mode
Normal mode
Buffer Inductor
Output
disconnect
Bi-directional
Power Converter
Synchronous
Motor/Generator
Critical
Load
Stored Energy
mode
Induction
Coupling /
Flywheel
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Bypass mode
Bypass AC
source
Passive Stand-By
In this topology, the system monitoring and control
unit continuously monitors the utility voltage and
frequency to determine if they are within the
specified limits. If the utility source parameters are
within +/-10%, the load is directly fed from the utility
mains through the fast acting static switch. During
this condition (standby mode) the power inverter
remains energized but does not supply any power to
the load. The battery charger maintains the voltage
level of the batteries during this time.
AC
Mains
Bypass Switch
static
switch
Bypass mode
Normal mode
Critical
Load
Battery
Charger
System
monitoring
and control
Battery
Inverter
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Voltage
Swell
Delta Conversion
Voltage
waveform
distortion
Voltage
unbalance
4
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Rotary T
Passive Standby
150
Rotary
Double Conversion
100
CBEMA Boundary
50
# of Power Cycles
0
0.001
0.1
10
1000
100000
% of Nominal
Voltage
200
150
Passive Standby
Delta Conversion
100
CBEMA Boundary
50
# of Power Cycles
0
0.001
0.1
10
1000
100000
200
150
100
50
Rotary T
PQ events
Double
Conversion
# of Power Cycles
0
0.001
0.1
10
1000
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% of Nominal Voltage
% of Nominal
Voltage
200
100000
Tradeoff Analysis
In order to properly design the critical power system,
the type of UPS and amount of redundancy must be
matched to the nature of the load, the type of power
distribution, the quality of local power, and the
required reliability. These attributes vary by location
and customer, so it is important not to prejudge the
solution going strictly by past experience. The
objective of this section is to present some of the
tradeoffs that can be used to constrain the myriad of
options available to the design engineer or customer.
250
150
100
% of Nominal Voltage
Passive Standby
200
Delta
Conversion
PQ events
50
# of Power Cycles
0
0.001
0.01
0.1
10
100
1000
10000 100000
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500KVA
1MVA
1.3MVA
Phase reversal
2MVA
Frequency shift
Input short
circuit
Voltage
unbalance
Mid-Range
Small
Cost-Performance
Trade-off
Rotary
Line-Int
Interruption
Large
500KVA
Output short
Circuit
Static UPS
Double
Conversion
Frequency
Transients
Rotary UPS
Mega
1MVA
1.3MVA
2MVA
Waveform
Distortion
0.01
0.1
10
100
1000
10000
Double
Conversion
Rotary
Line-Int.
Passive
Off Line
Standby
N+N
N+1
Installed
Cost
N+0
Process
Batch
Process
Data
Centers
Assembly
99%
99.9%
99.99%
Reliability
Fig. 12 Asymptotic cost analysis of different topologies as a
function of reliability using probabilities from Fig. 11. While no
amount of redundancy can produce a 6-9s system with passive
standby, not all customers require this or even N+N systems.4
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Passive
Standby
Output single
phasing
References
1. Prasad P, et al., Topologies of Uninterruptible
Power Supplies used in Critical Power Systems,
GE Digital Energy Report No. 11, 2001.
2. Prasad P, et al , Sensitivities of various UPS
systems to grid-based power quality events, GE
Digital Energy Report No. 12, 2001.
Acknowledgements
The numerical analysis of the topology response was
led by Bansi Phansalker and his team at the Jack F.
Welch Technology Center, part of GE Global
Research-Bangalore. The interpretation of results
was done in conjunction with Robert Delmerico at
GE Corporate Research-Niskayuna.
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