Business Energy June 2015

WWW.BUSINESSENERGY.
NET
JUNE 2015
Business
Energy
GENERATION | EFFICIENCY | TECHNOLOGY
A Healthy
Dose of
Efficiency
Hospitals prescribe
HVAC & lighting
upgrades
Managing Our Way to

the Internet of Energy
Engines and Gensets
Switchgear: Safety
and Matters of Space
Perspectives on
Lighting Retrofits
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Business
Energy
TABLE OF CONTENTS
JUNE 2015 | VOLUME 13, NO. 4
Features
10 A Healthy Dose of Efficiency
Hospitals may prioritize medical equipment,
but cant ignore their unique HVAC needs.
By David C. Richardson
20 Switchgear: Safety and Matters of Space
Arc flash prevention, mobility, and regulatory compliance
By Matt M. Casey
25 Perspectives on Lighting Retrofits
Improved efficiency and safety,
lowered costs and maintenance
By Carol Brzozowski
SWITCHGEAR
pg 20
32 Engines and Gensets

The latest advances, with more to come
By Daniel P. Duffy
Continued on page 6
GENSETS
pg 32
LIGHTING
pg 25
HOSPITALS
pg 10
4 www.BusinessEnergy.net
TABLE OF CONTENTS
JUNE 2015 | VOLUME 13, NO. 4
Features continued
40 Managing Our Way to the Internet of Energy
Enabling granular, real time, actionable information, and control
By Mark Scott Lavin
Departments
EMS
pg 40
Editors Comments 8
Products & Services Directory 47
Project Profile 48
Spotlight 51
ShowCase 52
Marketplace 57
Advertisers Index 57
Reader Profile 58
pg 25
Cover Photo: FloydMedicalCenter/CMTA Engineers
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EDITORS COMMENTS
Nancy Gross
The Building of
Wellness
iStock/Ridofranz
hy go to great efforts to manage energy and

the processes that employ it? Even if energy
engineering is your passion, you probably also
enjoy having well-performing, fresh, bright
spaces where the whole of your life can go on.
We may love the outdoors, but most of us spend more time indoors.
Our buildings are key to the quality of our lives.
I was reading up on the Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) component of
HVAC, and my main takeaway is to note the symbiotic relationship
between IAQ and the structures we spend our time in. A poorly managed or maintained structure will have
poor IAQ, and poor IAQ will degrade
the structure. It may make sense to
define buildings as either healthy or
sick, and this can apply even to the
buildings where we go to have sickness
alleviated. Thus, our focus on hospitals
in this issue can offer prescriptions for
other kinds of facilities that serve the
needs of people, too, because wellness
should ripple outward from hospitals
whenever possible.
When people are choosing a field
of study and land on health care, they
will often be applauded for taking up a
noble profession; they are also likely to be told that they are making
a smart move, that these careers are always in demand, that they can
find employment wherever they go. Likewise hospitals and health care
facilities are significant businesses in all communities everywhere,
creating many kinds of work.
Hospitals are energy intensive with their around the clock operations and specialized equipment. Vendors in the energy space who
fill orders for these properties may be looking at sizeable accounts,
as well as reputation-building opportunities. While patient diagnosis, treatment and safety are foremost, the fixtures and systems that
define the space do integrate with health concerns. Also, health care
companies are finding it important to keep up with trends that affect
other kinds of industries; some are showing that energy efficiency
can be achieved without compromising health and safety.
Our cover story, David Richardsons A Healthy Dose of Efficiency (page 10), highlights the specific IAQ needs of hospitals,
with reporting on technologies that are also employed in other
commercial, industrial, and institutional settings. When I spoke with
Kevin DeMaster, designer of utility rebate programs, about one of
the technologies profiled, Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF), I was
informed that these use a third to half as much energy to produce the
same result as conventional HVAC, and there is no cycling, making
the processes, he says, quieter than a human whisper.
Many innovations in HVAC in the US, such as VRF, are not as
new as they seem, but have been used in
Europe for decades. They often incorporate passive processes; such peaceful
systems speak to the topics of health
and wellness.
Saving money is important to
the governing boards of many health
care facilities, and even if other kinds
of equipment are prioritized, this is an
argument for efficiency, too. We have
a submission from Kansas City Power
and Light that discusses an outdoor
lighting upgrade at a rural Missouri
hospital which led to significant savings on costs and energy (page 48).
Efficiency rebates made the LED project even more attractive to the
hospital leadership.
Our article on engines and gensets (page 32) is certainly
relevant to the health care industry, where critical power couldnt be
more critical, both for the preservation of patient lives and patient
records. Hurricane Sandy brought attention to the need for gensets
and their fuel to be in the best possible shape and location should
they become all that a building has to rely on.
Shelterit is among our basic needs. Moreover, we rely on
buildings for our quality of life, and buildings rely on us for theirs. I
propose that an old standard can be a fitting toast for ribbon cutting
ceremonies at hospitalsand other propertieseverywhere, but it
should be said once facing the building, and again facing the crowd:
To your health! BE
Editorial Advisory Board

David Baldwin
J. Michael Edwards
Jim Moxley
David Van Holde
Michael Zimmer
President
Principal
Aquarian Technology Systems

Lexington, OH
Power Recruiting Group

Houston, TX
Assistant Vice President

of Facility Management
Healthsouth Corp.
Birmingham, AL
Senior Engineer
& Project Manager
SBW Consulting Inc.
Seattle, WA
Executive in Residence
& Senior Fellow
Ohio University
Athens, OH
Jeff Dummermuth
Justin Fortmeyer, P.E.
Director, Energy and Engineering

Big Lots Stores Inc.
Columbus, OH
Project Manager
Patton Air Conditioning
Fresno, CA
James W. JT Thielman, CFE
Barry Worthington
Director of OperationsSMG
SeaGate Convention Centre/
Huntington Center Arena
Toledo, OH
Executive Director, US
Energy Association
Washington DC
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HOSPITALS
A Healthy Dose
of Efficiency
ospitals use a lot of energy, typically, twice

as much as the equivalent size office building, says Travis English, engineering manager for Kaiser Permanentes nationwide
network of health care facilities. While he
says energy consumption for the typical
office building might run about 90K BTU per square-foot
annually, the average hospital in contrast, consumes 250K
BTU per square foot yearly.
Hospitals, overall, are the second-most energy-intensive
commercial buildings in the US (topped only by supermarkets), and the health care industry is responsible for 8% of the
countrys greenhouse gas emissions, according to Kathy Gerwig, Vice President of Employee Safety, Health, and Wellness
at Kaiser Permanente.
With around 600 medical facilities under Kaiser Perma-
HOSPITALS MAY PRIORITIZE

MEDICAL EQUIPMENT,
BUT CANT IGNORE THEIR
UNIQUE HVAC NEEDS.
BY DAVID C. RICHARDSON
nentes purview, its not difficult to see why English says from
his perspective, Every project is an energy project.
Stephanie Buckler, Esquire, an Outreach Specialist for
Healthier Hospitals Initiative, says working toward energy
efficiency is a chance for hospitals across the nation to save
significantly and improve their bottom line. She wrote in a
blog post, Energy Star estimates that nationally, every $1
savings in annual energy costs is equivalent to an increase of
$20 in annual revenue (based on a 5% net operating margin).
When a hospital has a net margin of 1.5%, every $1 energy
savings is worth $67 in increased revenue.
Most of us would not be surprised to see a hospitals
investments in helping people resolve health issues take precedence over energy management; hospitals are in business
to save lives, not to haggle over BTU expenditures. Rightfully,
they are not bashful about their caregiving mission goals,
Photos: Berner International
HOSPITALS
however some hospitals are taking a closer look at where

energy efficiency can help fulfill obligations towards
patients, while at the same time helping to bolster the
bottom line.
Patient health and safety is the driving force behind
everything hospitals do, says Melissa Baker, Vice President of Technical Solutions with Practice Greenhealth
a nonprofit membership organization founded on the
principles of positive environmental stewardship and best
practices by organizations in the health care community.
Nonetheless, she says, hospitals are also gradually
moving towards adopting sustainable and less energyAir curtain installation
intensive practices, with a number of them going after
cedes that hospitals use as much or more plug in equipment
Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED)
than a typical office building he says, We have gigantic HVAC
certification now that standards for LEED for Health Care
and most research shows that most of our energy use goes
were published in 2011.
towards heating and cooling.
Baker, however, says that one of the main reasons hospiBut theres a lot more to meeting patient comfort and
tals may hesitate to take steps towards energy efficiency is the
safety needs than temperature control. There is a big emphaassumption that specifying investments in energy-efficient
sis on indoor air quality and a lot of science now developing
initiatives and products will be cost prohibitive.
on occupant comfort, he adds.
According to Practice Greenhealths online guide, Best
According to Tom Rice, Director of Sales for Desiccant
Practices in Energy Efficiency, Heating and cooling systems
Wheel Products at SEMCO, its not temperature that makes
account for a significant portion of a buildings energy use
the biggest difference in patient care but air quality, and airtypically about a quarter, and represent one place where
quality improvements can also lead to measurable results in
hospitals are finding almost instantaneous gains in efficiency
energy efficiency.
from new investments large and small.
English, of Kaiser, amplifies the point. Although he conAdding Up Cool Points
Tom Malloy, CEO of the Phoenix Design Group in Nashville, TN, that designed a new surgical suite for Floyd Medical Center, says consultants face a dilemma when trying to
encourage health care facilities to integrate energy-efficient
measures in their capital planning and design strategies.
Although his firm performs 90% of its work for clients from
the health care arena, he says rarely do projects come to the
table with the primary goal of achieving energy efficiency.
Hospitals are not simply looking for energy-efficient heating
and cooling, but instead are seeking better patient results,
and energy-efficient technology enters the picture when they
realize its not just the heat, its the humidity.
Rice explains that along with temperature control, indoor
air quality is fast becoming a focal point for all kinds of building design projects and this is especially true for hospitals and
health care environments. He says a key component providing
indoor comfort is control of humidity, and, in hospitals,
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Its not temperature

that makes the biggest
difference in patient care
but air quality, and airquality improvements can
lead to measurable results
in energy efficiency.
controlling humidity is of critical importance for health.

According to Rice, with the evolving dynamic in the
sphere of health care financing and insurance, the number
one thing hospitals began to look at was mortality rates, insurance costs, and the overall health of their buildings. He says
that research shows that mortality rates are lower in buildings
with effective air quality control.
But more specifically, Rice says the American Society
of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers
(AHSRAE) 170 code Ventilation of Health Care Facilities specifies a temperature of 62F, and relative humidity
between 20% and 60% for such facilities. Rice says however,
insurers of those facilities are generally more conservative
than the code specifies, preferring their clients maintain less
than 50% relative humidity under the premise that high
humidity ranges promote the growth of microorganisms,

some of which may be harmful to health.
Within an economic climate that poses limitations on
financing available across all business sectors, the health care
industry is no exception. Malloy says there is always competition for funds.
Every hospital is competing for capital, he says. The
question is: Where is the best use of capital? The place where
we find difficulty is that hospitals are not so energized by the
idea of the newest high-efficiency chiller as they are by the
newest imaging systems. In a head-to-head competition, the
imaging systems frequently prevail.
Nonetheless, Malloy says the economics of energy-efficient infrastructure are impressive when placed in the proper
context. We show them not just the upfront cost, but [also]
the life cycle costs of the piece, he says.
From a business perspective, he says that energyefficient enhancements can readily generate a 25% rate of
return over a life cycle.
In contrast, he adds, it is very rare that a hospital can
show anywhere near that kind of return for other types of
capital investments.
The unyielding demands for accurate dew point, humidity, and temperature control in surgical suites creates a challenge for any engineer aspiring to deliver efficiency and optimum space conditions, but the Phoenix Design Group Inc. has
become adept at meeting this challenge. An air-quality control
Business Energy June 2015 13
HOSPITALS
Pinnacle primary ventilation system

with integral energy recovery when
designing the surgery centers mechanical system. Rice says that in a critical
environment like a health care facility,
it is preferable to control humidity
throughout the entire building and not
just the individual targeted suites.
Without vapor barriers, moisture
can move readily from areas with high
temperature to areas with a lower temperature, making it difficult to maintain consistent adherence to specified
air-quality standards throughout the
SEMCO
enhancement designed by Phoenix

Design Group increases the energy
efficiency of Floyd Medical Centers
new Surgery Suite HVAC system, while
making a vital contribution to patient
comfort and safety.
In hospitals, surgical suites
demand strict control of temperature
and dewpoint to maintain comfort
and control perspiration, especially
for surgical teams clad in the requisite
infection control garments, Rice says.
In addition, pinpoint control of air
temperature and humidity param-
SEMCOs Ascendant active desiccant energy recovery unit at a hospital
eters gives surgeons an additional tool

to specify the precise environment
required to optimize the outcomes for
whatever type of surgical procedure
the patient may need.
According to John Wade, Senior
Mechanical Engineer for the Phoenix
Design Group, the low temperature and
relative humidity needed in the surgical suite environment makes it difficult
to rely on conventional refrigeration
alone. The Phoenix Design Group
consulted with surgical staff before
setting the design parameters for the
new suite. Based on the feedback they
received, they set out to design a system
that could maintain 62F at a relative
humidity of 45%.
His firm opted for SEMCOs
facility, says Rice.

The optimal situation from a
humidity control design standpoint, he
says, is when you can design the entire
building to a common dew point of 50%
relative humidity.
Rice says SEMCO Pinnacle allows
designers to do this while increasing
the efficiency of the HVAC system by
removing the necessity to heat or cool
unwanted water vapor in the air, reducing the demand and energy load on the
HVAC system to reach the desired temperature set point. In addition, removing excessive moisture from the indoor
air improves air quality and enhances
health outcomes by discouraging microorganisms that require a moist environment in order to propagate.
But Wade says the challenge

remains of communicating the monetary benefits of energy efficient
practices early in the design process.
With any project, its all about the first
costs. Often, he says, By the time the
engineers are brought on board, the
customers have already overestimated
the scope of the project and underestimated the budget.
Wade believes this mode of decision-making complicates the making
of the tradeoffs that might be needed
to pair energy efficiency along with the
essential core goals of the
health care institutions:
patient safety and health.
There is a solution,
however. Wade says that
if health care institutions
are really serious about
getting the highest efficiency possible for the
facility, those discussions
need to happen before the
budget is decided.
Comfort at a Discount
Fred Rogers directed his
Rush system design team
in 2009 to plan for the
John C. Stennis Memorial Hospital, focusing on
two important elements.
For thishis fourth critical access hospitalhe
emphasized patient comfort and energy savings,
both of which centered on
the facilitys HVAC system. Rogers is
Rush Health Systems veteran vice president, chief resource officer, and facility manager. He says for three years at
Rushs hospital in downtown Meridian,
energy costs had steadily risen at an
adjusted $25,000 each year. When the
institution added a Womens Services
facility on the third floor in two wings
in 2008, he installed his first Mitsubishi
Electric Cooling & Heating (Mitsubishi Electric) Variable Refrigerant Flow
(VRF) system for the new construction.
With its unique, ductless, two-pipe,
simultaneous cooling and heating capability taking the load off my chillers, I
was able to realize a savings of $36,000
a year. That was very gratifying. With
this outstanding track record, I ordered
my team to install the very same system

at Stennis.
Rather than expending vast sums
of energy cooling and heating ventilation ductwork and pushing air back
and forth all over the building, Mitsubishis two pipe VRF technology
circulates chilled refrigerant directly
to air handlers situated on the ceiling
of each patients room. There, it can
be used to either chill or warm the air
in the room directly as the patient or
caregiver desires.
Stan Williamson, a senior project
manager with McLain Plumbing &
Electrical Services Inc., in Philadelphia,
MS, explains the system: The entire
patient wing is a ductless installation.
Every patient room has its own cooling system and controls in the form of
a ceiling-recessed fan coil and remote
controller. These intelligent indoor fan
coils are connected to the six outdoor
units through a series of electrical wires
and piping for the refrigerant, all of
which fits neatly into a three-inch space
that runs concealed along the ceiling to
the outdoor unit.
The Mitsubishi Electric Cooling &
Heating VRF system can be equipped
with a remote control capability to give
the patient or caregiver on demand
precision control of the temperature
settings for each room.
In addition to its efficacy, Williams
says a ductless system simplifies installation, while individual controls for
temperature and humidity enhance the
patient experience.
Here in Mississippi, we have a very
annoying wet heat, says Williamson.
This wet heat clings to the body. For
patient care and comfort, the importance of dehumidification cannot be
overemphasized in a hospital environment. Mitsubishi Electrics VRF dry
mode is one tool that has helped remove
humidity in the patient care rooms.
Opening a Door to Efficiency
Even a well-designed air-conditioning
and heating system can provide scant
gains in efficiency if the entire investment in reconditioned air can simply
escape through the front or back door
any time a patient, visitor, or facility
staff member enters or exits the hospital. While carefully planned and prop-
erly executed vestibules provide many

hospitals with a first line of defense
against paying twice for heating and
cooling, Berner Internationals Steve
Benes says vestibules are unreliable
and inefficient when they are needed
most. Installing strategically placed
air curtains can take the process a step
further, retaining hard fought gains in
efficiency by preventing intrusion from
unwanted outdoor air.
When the University of Pittsburgh
Medical Center (UPMC) set out to

make its $252 million Monroeville,
PA, facility the most sustainable of its
30-hospital network, its design team
delivered a building thats saving an
estimated $350,000 to $500,000 annually in energy. That design team for the
302,000-square-foot, 155-bed space
included Joseph T. Badalich, corporate
construction project director, UPMC;
and architect Timothy Spence, principal, BBH Design, from Raleigh, NC.
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HOSPITALS
Mitsubishi Electric Cooling and Heating
Our HVAC system

design exceeds ASHRAE
90.1-2004 requirements,
and when combined with
reduced electrical and lighting loads, it's saving an estimated 18% in energy, versus
the standard minimum construction requirements of
a standard HVAC system,
says Matthew J. Stevens,
senior project manager, CJL
Engineering, the project's
mechanical, electrical, and
plumbing (MEP) engineering firm.
While some engineers
rely only on major HVAC
equipment to rack up LEED
credits, CJL sees every green
opportunity as critical to
building performance. CJL
specified 11 air curtains for
energy conservation by protecting all entrances from
outdoor air infiltration. Ten
of the air curtains are inceiling models that appear
as flush ceiling grilles and
supplement BBHs aesthetic
Rush Hospital
lobby design. To protect
air quality, the air curtains
all draw clean air from the
lobby through an integral diffuser, as opposed to models that
need a supply duct or claim air from potentially contaminated,
unconditioned air spaces above the ceiling.
Besides energy savings, the air curtains all have electric
heaters that are critical for lobby indoor air comfort. The
heaters are efficiently controlled with a delay that continues
spot heating at a lower air velocity until the doorway areas set
point temperatures are reached.
The 11th air curtain is a conventional model mounted
above the emergency room (ER) doorway that saves energy,
but also prevents infiltration of any idling ER vehicle fumes,
which is a common hospital industry indoor air-quality
(IAQ) problem.
According to a study funded by Berner International and
performed by the independent validation firm Blue Ridge
Numerics in Charlottesville, VA, air curtains use less supplemental heat than vestibule heaters, enhance employee comfort,
reduce liability by maintaining drier entryway floors during
inclement weather, keep traffic flow unhindered, and improve
sanitation by reducing insect entry. According to Benes, air
curtains provide energy savings year round, whether during
the cooling or heating seasons, and customers can see a 1-year
to 1--year payback on the initial investment.
The UPMC design teams green design is LEED Silver
certified. It includes a combination chilled water loop and
rooftop/variable air volume

design. Three high-efficiency,
750-ton water-cooled chillers
by Trane; three 9,900-Mbh boilers by Bryan Steam LLC; and
one 6,000-Mbh domestic hot
water boiler by Leslie Controls
helped in capturing the LEED
designation. The boilers operate
ultra efficiently due to variable
frequency drives.
CJL also specified three
750-ton cooling towers by Baltimore Aircoil Co., five custom
rooftop units ranging from
68,000 to 80,000-cfm each by
TMI Climate Solutions, and
pumps by Bell & Gossett.
BBHs unitized building
envelope features low U-factor
glass from PPG Industries,
Pittsburgh. Reducing the heat
load enabled CJL to use smaller
mechanical equipment, but
attain the same indoor air comfort efficacy.
The UPMC project was
awarded Project of the Year
honors in the Commercial
Category for 2013 from the
Engineers Society of Western
Pennsylvania, PA.
This is certainly one of
the most, if not the most, sustainable hospital designs in the
Mideast region, says Badalich, who oversaw the projects
construction for UPMC.
Air Quality in the Limelight
Ultraviolet (UV) light comes in three varieties. UV-A is
widely known as the black light that makes the once popular,
but nonetheless tacky, velvet posters appear to glow in the
dark. Then there is UV-B, which reaches the earth from the
sun and contributes to the sunburn that affects avid worshippers; and finally there is UV-C, an invisible part of the
electromagnetic spectrum, also generated by the sun. UV-C
propagates at just the right electromagnetic frequency to disrupt DNA within the cells of living organisms.
Fortunately, our planets dense and complex atmosphere
topped with a protective ozone layer filters UV-C from sunlight completely before it can reach the Earths surface cause
any damage to people. However, a company called Triatomic
Environmental Incorporated has developed a product called
Fresh-Aire UV that uses artificially generated UV-C to
enhance indoor air quality and improve the operational efficiency of ventilation systems.
Mike Walrath of Triatomic Environmental Inc., says the
cooling surfaces of air-conditioning coils are especially susceptible to the accumulation of layers of biofilms, arising from
HOSPITALS
colonies of organisms such as mold and bacteria that tend to

system installation could enable a return on investment in as
cling for refuge to the cool dark recesses of air-conditioning
few as 612 months.
grills and ductwork. These aggregations of biofilms can have
a negative impact on both indoor air quality and energy effiPermanent Improvement
ciency, while adding to increased operating costs for mainteEven with the substantial gains that can be realized in return,
nance and cleaning air-conditioning coils in a facility.
energy efficiency is often not the direct objective of capital
Walrath explains that mold and slime of even a minimal
investments in hospital equipment; however, thoughtful
thickness can act as a sweater insulating cooling coils, forcing investments in efficiency can also contribute to health efficacy
the chilled water to struggle to maintain the proscribed room
and patient health and safety.
temperature set point.
One of the leaders in the industry making a push for
Walrath says Fresh-Aire solves the problem by eliminatsustainable practices in health care is Kaiser Permanente. The
ing microbial growth in treated areas. Broadly speaking, he
giant health care non-profit, has committed to LEED Gold
says because in nature UVC light from the sun is filtered comCertification for all of its new construction. Melissa Baker of
pletely by the ozone layer of the atmosphere, living things
Practice Greenhealth says Kaiser Permanentes health system
including bacteriahave never had to deal with UVC, and
has been phenomenally successful in moving towards its
hence have developed no evolutionary defense mechanisms
sustainability goal with the minimal cost of 1% net added to
against it. Since no earth-bound organisms have any defense
their projects.
against UVC it can act as an ideal disinfectant when applied to
She adds that the United States Green Building Council
surfaces that might otherwise represent safe haven for undesir- (USGBC) is beginning to create incentives for more frequent
able microorganisms.
discussions of sustainable and energy-efficient practices in the
Shane Lutz, of Henderson Engineers, says over the past
early stages of capital investment planning that can lead to
10 years, UV germicidal irradiation (UVGI) technologies have
fruitful energy efficiency projects in health care facilities.
been building a reputation as irreplaceable specifications for
LEED version 4 contains a planning credit, which she says
the health and safety of patients and staff. Weve seen the
encourages everyone to come to the table, and the leadership
effects of no UV lights in older HVAC systems, says Lutz,
in sustainable initiatives in hospitals can come from a variety
and theres a tendency for coil microorganism growth that
of sources from engineering staff to line employees. We know
you definitely wouldnt want distributed throughout a critical
there is a payback from the energy efficiency savings that can
environment such as an operating room, or any other health
really reinforce the desire to get there, continues Baker. One
care environment.
of the biggest ways to do that is to get into integrated design
and integrated operations, where you have everybody at the
In designing the ventilation system for Geary Hospital
table, so you know upfront people will be able to take advanhis firm specified Fresh-Aire UVGI units to help keep coils
tage of those savings that youre going to be seeing and that
clean and ventilation optimal. When installed, UVGI alters an
youll get the outcomes you want for staff and other people.
organisms DNA and disables the reproductive capabilities of
We cared enough about that to make it a credit in LEED verany microbe passing through its UV field in the air handler;
sion 4 to bring people to the table to start the planning process
the microbes later become entrapped in each units High Effiearly on. There is definitely a need to have everyone on board
ciency Particulate Arrestor (HEPA) filters manufactured by
teach them how to use the space well and then to really see
Camfil Farr. Combined with each air handlers 30% pre-filter
efficient operations.
and 65% filter, the HEPA filters 99.9% particle-free filtration
helps prevent particles of microbes or mold from comproTravis English of Kaiser Permanente says, Were trying
mising patient care. The absence of particulate buildup also
to look at building energy consumption wherever we can. Its
reduces the maintenance costs for shutting down and cleaning always a multiple contingent strategy. For us, energy conservation is a health issue; sustainability is a health issue; our
ventilation system coils and ductwork.
Besides maintenance cost savings, UVGI also weighs heav- carbon footprint is a health issuea public health issue. We
want to be good players in that field, and were looking at it
ily into each HVAC units energy efficiency. Industry studies
from both a measure-by-measure level, and also at the strareveal that coils void of biological growth have unrestricted
tegic level. Were involved in the day-to-day operating of the
static pressure, reduced blower electric load, and optimum
lighting system, all the way up to advocating where the future
heat transfer. For example, a thin growth of biofilm on coil
of codes and regulations needs to be.
surfaces can reduce the free area and increase air velocity up to
With about 600 medical offices across the nation, English
9%. Cleaner coils also deliver up to a 30% increase in cooling
says, Kaiser is a not-for-profit, so when we can make improvecapacity when compared to dirty coils, according to Michael
ments in energy efficiency, its a direct
Wixson, principal, Associated Air Prodcontribution to lowering costs. We believe
ucts, a manufacturers representative that
energy efficiency is aligned with better
assisted with the UVGI specification.
According to Walrath, the health care
patient experience; we believe we can
achieve both goals simultaneously. BE
industry is beginning to see a growing
www.businessenergy.net/facilities
interaction between infection control and
Writer David C. Richardson is a frequent
engineering departments to the benefit
contributor to Forester publications.
of both groups, and he says a Fresh-Aire
BE
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SWITCHGEAR
Switchgear:
Safety and
Matters of Space
iStock/ulkan
ARC FLASH PREVENTION, MOBILITY, AND REGULATORY COMPLIANCE

BY MATT M. CASEY
n November 2014, a large North American utility

experienced a quiet disaster. A month earlier, thirdparty contractors at the new power distribution
center installed a cable improperly. When the utility
energized the facility, the cable triggered an arc event.
Uncontrolled, it could have severely damaged the
building, its equipment, and the workers inside.
Robert Kowalik, vice president of medium-voltage switchgear at ABBs Lake Mary, FL, facility, estimated that the damage caused by the arc could have cost the utility $1.5 million
to repair, and it would have taken six months to get the Power
Distribution Center (PDC) running again. That timeline
would have created hardship for the utility, which had a January 1 operation deadline to receive tax incentives. In addition,
the building held 14 workers, whose injuriesor deaths
could have compounded the financial, morale, and public
relations cost of the disaster.
But the utility had purchased arc-resistant equipment
from ABB. The switchgear contained the entire energy dis-
charge inside of a 2B certified cubicle.

Replacement of parts and re-energization of the equipment took only eight weeks with minimal costs to the utility
[less than $50K], says Kowalik. And, Nothing happened to
anyone. I dont think anybody lost a single hair.
He says that stories like this are why arc-resistant equipment makes up a significantand growingportion of ABBs
sales. The company introduced some of the first arc-resistant
equipment to the US in 1994. Now nearly all (95%) of the
equipment the company sells in Europe is arc resistant.
Kowalik expects the North American market to also migrate
to the new, safer style of equipment.
Arc resistant switchgear may cost more to purchase, but
it has enormous potential to save money over the long run.
Fiber optics in the switchgear detect arc events, and ABBs
earthing switches can interrupt an arc event in less than
four milliseconds, Kowalik says. Once tripped, the earthing
switches channel the bulk of the uncontrolled energy harmlessly into the ground.
That safety measure can prevent damage and injury on a

huge scale. According to the Department of Labor, hundreds
of workers suffer electrical injuries per year with more than
130 fatalities. But arc-resistant switchgear also offers another
significant benefit: It improves reliability. When arc events
remain contained to a single 2B cubicle, nearby equipment
remains in working condition and often continues working,
undisturbed.
While ABB may have been a leader, other companies
have taken their own approaches to containing arc flash
events. When Silicon Valley Power installed a new distribution substation serving an area that accounts for up to 20%
of the utilitys loadincluding a large sports entertainment
complex and multiple data centersthey bought arc flash
systems from Eaton that monitor cable and bus faults inside
the switchgear. The system achieves a similar result to ABBs
arc-resistant switchgear by shutting off the affected bus/
breaker in the event of an arc flash. The system even allows
the rest of the substation to continue running uninterrupted.
Eaton also introduced new low-voltage switchgear in
March that helps safeguard workers from dangerous arcing faults when they access switchgear instrumentation
and control compartments. The two-part design allows the
circuit breaker panel door to remain closed while workers
access control wires. This lets the gear retain its arc-resistant
rating during use by protecting workers against potential
internal arcing faults.
Taking a similar idea in a different direction, Anord
Critical Power Inc. constructs substations and switchrooms
for its customers that use compartmentalization to place
physical barriers around gear. This keeps flashing gear from
damaging other gear or injuring workers in the facility.
Compartmentalization helps from the point of safety,
says Rob Sweaney, vice president of operations and general
manager for Anord Critical Power. It keeps people from
being exposed to arc flashes.
In some cases, the people the gear protects may also be
the cause for those arc flashes. IEEE has stated that 88% of
faults are due to human error and 95% of those faults occur
during routine maintenance, says John Day, vice president
of Sales and Marketing at Anord Critical Power.
Sometimes, these mistakes occur when workers incorrectly assume that gear is de-energized when its not. But
sometimes workers drop wires or tools and cause a fault. In
these cases, a physical barrier between the device the worker
maintains, and other nearby gear can prevent the mistake
from becoming an accident report.
Day puts it like this: Compartmentalization improves
personal safety by reducing the potential for human error
while performing maintenance.
Tighter Spaces
In addition to arc flash monitoring and mitigation systems,
the Silicon Valley Power project faced a space challenge. The
lot itself presented an awkward footprint that was made
tighter by necessary safety clearances from the edge of the
property and between pieces of equipment. The site also had
to comply with Californias environmental and landscaping
regulations, which further reduced available space.

As national power demands grow, utilities and other large
electricity producers face a space crunch. Utilities or facilities
managers are often confined to the electrical rooms and vacant
property they already have. Even when they can acquire more
space, real estate prices in cities like San Francisco and New
York make that prospect prohibitively expensive.
We see a lot of pressure from customers both in the
industrial and utility sectors to reduce size of their electrical
equipment, says Kowalik. Many companies are adding new
equipment to the existing rooms and buildings or are replacing existing equipment with more voltage or current density.
As a result, ABB has worked to make smaller equipment that can handle larger loads. The companys ReliaGear
ND, for example, offers a two-high breaker design for 15-kV
switchgear applications up to 2,000 amperes (A) of the continuous current and 31.5 kilo-amperes (kA) of the interrupting current. All of this fits in a 26-inch-wide frame.
Anord Critical Power Inc. has also taken a tighter-space
approach to its switchgear, but the company focuses narrowly on the data center business. By using compartmentalization instead of air gaps to separate switches from each
other, theyve compressed the space required for gear in their
data center substations and switchrooms. It reduces the
depth a lot in the switchgear, says Sweaney.
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than they would be with air gaps, he says. Depending on the customers needs, this can make it easier
for Anord to fit new gear into an existing electrical
room, leave space for future expansion, or leave
space for employees to enter and work in the room
comfortably.
For Pioneer Power Solutions, their approach to
tight spaces has more to do with installation than
equipment. Were pretty flexible; we dont have a
standardized product, says Vince Visconti, general
manager of Pioneers strategic sales group.
The company recently completed a project for
the Federal Emergency Management Agency, he says,
in which they had to fit a 4,000-A, 480-V emergency
switchboard into a particularly awkward equipment
room. The agency built the room on eight parking
spaces in a garage. In addition to its L-shaped footprint, the second section had clearance of just 80
inches due to overhead pipes.
The challenge of cramming more equipment
into the same (or less) space has grown, Visconti
says, because new codes have made the new equipment physically larger. New UL standards, for
example, require more gutter space on switchgear.
(See the section later in this article, titled Regulatory
Environment.)
Pioneer Power Solutions, Visconti says, generally gets around these problems by building custom
busses and cabinets for off-the-shelf breakers from
Eaton, GE, Siemens, or Square-D. You can basically
configure the custom gear any way you want, he
explains. Within physical limitations, obviously.
But Pioneer doesnt work magic. Youre talking
about cutting inches, he says, not taking 20 feet worth of
equipment and stuffing it into a 10-foot space.
And custom work isnt for everyone, Visconti adds.
Pioneer charges less for custom work than other companies
do, but custom work still comes at a premium. If a utility
or facility manager needs standard indoor switchgear and
switchboards, he says, the majors can do that pretty well.
Mobility and Mirrored Design
In addition to working in tight
spaces, Kowalik says his customers
increasingly need substations that
can physically move on short notice.
Customers working in fracking or in the natural gas industry
often need substations quickly. But
their use at a particular site might
be short-lived, making a traditional
install inconvenientespecially
when they may suddenly be needed
on another field. So, ABB and
other switchgear suppliers can now
deliver their equipment that fits in
pre-fabricated buildings known as
E-Houses.
A manual transfer switch
Photos: ESL Power Systems
SWITCHGEAR
It takes days or a few hours to install this on the site,

says Kowalik. You can [also] have it on a skid, and you can
move it around.
These pre-fab buildings, Kowalik says, add extra pressure for manufacturers to shrink the size of their standard
switchgear, but also have side benefits. The predesigned
buildings can include sheltered aisles for improved
safety for workers and equipment.
Theyre also modular, allowing
customers to tailor their design to
their individual needs.
While they can be mobile,
e-houses can also be simply convenient. When Skyonic Corporation
took on the task of retrofitting a
cement facility with carbon dioxide
(CO2) capturing equipment, they
hired Eaton to fill their switchgear
needs. Eaton delivered Skyonics
switchgear in a pre-assembled and
pre-tested E-house that was immediately ready for installation outside the cement plant.
ESL Power Systems focuses on
a different angle of mobilitythe
connection between mobile generators and the facilities they

power. The company works with banks, hospitals, cell phone
tower sites, shipyards, and other businesses where its important to give workers quick, easy, and safe power connection
equipment. In place of using lug nuts to pinch raw wire
endings, ESL provides cam-style connectors that resemble
microphone cords. This lets workers pop connections in and
out without cranking lug nuts or fraying wire ends.
ESL brings these same technologies to businesses that
sometimes need temporary generators to perform loadbank testing, or to keep the shop running in the event of a
power outage. Businesses have the option of installing just
the manual transfer switch and get[ting] a portable generator
for emergencies, which is considerably more affordable than
purchasing and installing an automatic transfer switch and
a permanent generator, says Lesleyanne Daniels, marketing
manager for ESL.
Daniels notes that this isnt an option for critical facilities like hospitals, but it can save money for less-critical
installations like retail stores or wastewater treatment plants.
This approach can be particularly worthwhile, she says, for
businesses in places that sometimes suffer power outages
from predictable, seasonal weather events.
The southeast has hurricanes and heavy storms, she
says. The northeast has heavy snow, and the Midwest has
tornadoes. Those areas are constantly preparing for power
outages due to weather.
Non-critical businesses could secure emergency generators even without cam-style connectors, she explains, but
they would expose themselves to certain hassles. When a
crisis occurs, it may be difficult to find a qualified electrician
because everyone else is doing the same thing.
US newcomer Anord Critical Power Inc. uses its outsider
status an advantage. The Ireland-based company has been in
business for 45 years, but has only recently crossed the Atlantic Ocean. At the time of this writing, the company had just
moved into a new, 50,000 square foot manufacturing facility
in Sandston, VA, on the outskirts of Richmond.
Because the company focuses on work with data centers,
their clients often have similar installations all over the world.
By ensuring that its equipment has earned UL certification
in addition to IEC standards, Anord can install the same gear
for the same company at all of their siteswhether thats an
US company expanding overseas or a foreign company venturing into the US.
They can take basically one setup and put it anywhere
they want to in the world because we have the accreditation,
says Sweaney.
The data center may have to make a few minor changes
based on the local power grid, Sweaney says, but those are
peripheral and have no impact on the heart of the switchroom.
Such consistency appeals to data center companies because it
allows them to install nearly identical, standardized facilities
everywhere that they need them.
but critical. Fortunately, switchgear providers continue to

improve the maintenance environment.
ESLs transfer switches, for example, streamline the
process of connecting electrical gear during the load-bank
testing. According to marketing material from ESL, one of
the companys end-users needed up to 20 man-hours to perform a load-bank test with its existing equipment. With ESLs
TripleSwitch, a single employee could complete the same task
in as little as four hoursthough Daniels cautioned that not
all businesses would see that drastic of a time reduction.
Each business is different, but the time saved in making
the connections can be quite significant, says Daniels.
According to one businesses case evaluation summary,
she adds, the labor savings from ESLs TripleSwitch would
help the equipment pay for its own installation in just two to
five years.
ABB has also deployed its engineers to simplify the process of maintaining switchgear itself. A traditional breaker,
says Kowalik, contains between 200 and 400 moving parts.
With such complex innards, these traditional breakers need
to be inspected and serviced at least once per year. Hinges
need to be lubricated. Springs need to be checked for tension.
But ABB now offers magnetic actuators with just one
moving part.
We call it the iPhone of the breaker, he says.
With starkly fewer parts and less friction, these magnetic
breakers only need to be inspected once every five years. That
Maintenance . . . Or Lack Thereof

When switchgear fails, so does the business or utility it
servesmaking proper maintenance not just important,
SWITCHGEAR
Photos: ABB
can save utilities a lot of man-hours

and payroll. In addition, Kowalik says,
the field failure rate for the magnetic
switchgear is just 0.08% versus a 0.4%
failure rate for traditional spring
charged breakers.
If you switch the breakers, you
can save $3 to 4 million over 40 years,
he explains. Those are big numbers. It
gets a lot of attention from the senior
executives.
In addition to its low-maintenance
breakers, ABB also sells a variety of
gas-insulated switchgear. This gear
allows businesses or utilities install
gear with higher voltage ratings on
a smaller footprint and improved
reliability.
ABB IS-Limiter
ABBs AMVAC
magnetically
actuated breaker
AMVAC
Gas-insulated switchgear, Kowalik

says, also saves time and money on
maintenance costs. It only needs to be
serviced to as often as air-insulated switchgearthough it does come
with a bit of a catch.
I would say it is maybe more
complex than air insulated switchgear,
says Kowalik. You would normally like
to use ABB for any maintenance on the
gas insulated switchgear.
That has served to be only a minor
barrier, though. The company introduced outdoor gas-insulated switchgear about 10 years ago, and it has been
growing in popularity ever since.
Regulatory Environment
While meeting utilities and businesses
needs shape how providers design their
switchgear, the regulatory environment nudges what businesses demand.
In recent years, regulatory groups
have issued several rulings that impact
switchgearif only tangentially.
In 2008, UL introduced new standards for wireways, auxiliary gutters,
and associated fittings that demanded
more space for wire-bending. This put
pressure on switchgear providers to
make their gear smallerespecially
when the American National Standards
Institute adopted the same standards
in 2013. UL has also published new
requirements for remote racking devices
for switchgear and controlgear (2014),
and switchboards (UL 205, ANSI 2012).
The Occupational Safety & Health
Administration (OSHA) also instituted
new switchgear-related rules in July
2014 that became fully effective in February 2015. The new rules cover a wide
variety of situations common to utility
workers, including potential exposure
to arc-flashes. The rules, which hadnt
been updated in four decades, bring
OHSAs guidelines in line with industry standards. Among other prescriptions, the new rules broadly require
employers to accurately estimate the
intensity of arc-flashes employees may
be exposed to. Then, they must equip
their workers with adequate protections
from those arc flashes.
While this doesnt directly impact
the manufacture of switchgear, OSHA
suggests that choosing more modern
switchgear could minimize danger.
Employers may institute measures (such as selecting circuit breakers designed to keep the probability of
restrikes extremely low...) to reduce the
probability of restrike to a negligible
level. Employers may then ignore the
potential for restrike in calculating
maximum transient overvoltages as
long as those measures are in place.
This also means that employers
who institute safety measures directly
on their switchgearsuch as using
arc-resistant switchgear or earthing
switchescan relax the intensity of
their employees safety equipment.
Altogether, OSHA projected that
the new ruleswhich also include
guidelines for fall-protection equipment and safety distances from
exposed energized partswould prevent approximately 118 serious injuries
and 20 fatalities each year.
And its likely that the existing
installations of the kind of gear the
new regulations encourage has already
saved dozensif not hundredsof
lives. As the anecdote at the beginning of this article shows, a North
American utility could have added
14 casualties to 2014s injury statistics when they energized their power
distribution center in November.
Instead, the utility chose to disasterproof its switchgear. Ultimately, that
choice saved both money and human
well-being.
But modern switchgear improves
on traditional equipment in many ways.
As existing gear reaches the end of its
useful life, utilities and facilities managers have plenty of reason to upgrade.
New gear saves time and money on
maintenance. It fits into increasingly
tight spaces. And it improves uptime
and reliabilityall of which are tremendous bonuses on top of new gears
potential to save lives. BE
Journalist Matt M. Casey writes about
science and technology.
BE

www.businessenergy.net/reliability
LIGHTING
Georgia Pacific Building,

in Atlanta
Perspectives
on
Lighting
Retrofits
IMPROVED EFFICIENCY AND
SAFETY, LOWERED COSTS
AND MAINTENANCE
BY CAROL BRZOZOWSKI
JD Scott Photography Inc.
iven that a significant portion

of energy consumption is in
lighting, replacing inefficient
lighting offers a good opportunity to save on energy and
maintenance, points out Jeff
Spencer, director of product management and
market development for Juno Lighting.
According to the US Energy Information
Administration, in 2012, the commercial sectorcommercial
and institutional buildings and public streets and highways
consumed about 274 billion kWh for lighting. This was about
21% of commercial sector electricity used.
Facility managers and owner/operators should consider
retrofitting when a sound economic case can be made, notes
Chris Bailey LC, LEED AP BD+C, DDI, MIES, director of the
Lighting Solutions Center for Hubbell Lighting.
Typical payback scenarios include the basic operating
costs associated with lighting, such as energy and maintenance, says Bailey, but he suggests that there is more to consider. For some, this may be a bit shortsighted. Industrial
facilities may experience disruptions in productivity and place
maintenance staff at some level of assumed risk when maintaining and servicing lighting equipment.
He continues, Due to limited accessibility, some facilities knowingly or unknowingly operate lighting systems well
below recommended illuminance levels on account of lamp

burnout, lumen depreciation, and dirt depreciation factors.
Unfortunately, as in many applications, poor maintenance of
industrial lighting systems can result in unintended consequences to worker productivity and health.
Additionally, serious consideration should be given to the
environment where the lighting system will operate, Bailey
says. One size does not fit all. Candidate products should be
commiserate with the operating ambient temperature and
general conditions of the space, which may range from basic to
very complex, he adds.
Light quality is extremely important to retailers, notes
Bailey. The latest generation of LED lighting technology
offers a much broader and more balanced spectral distribution than conventional fluorescent technology, he says. If
applied correctly, LED luminaries may result in a greater
level of lighting quality, and potentially positively influence
LIGHTING
the customer experience and store sales.

Still, the benefits may be difficult to quantity, Bailey says.
As a result, many facility owners and operators will overlook
such factors, looking exclusively at energy and maintenance.
They should seriously consider the full impact of upgrading
or retrofitting lighting systems, says Bailey. There are several
total costs of ownership analysis tools available from Hubbell
Lighting and others.
Often overlooked in prospective lighting projects is
the fact that the lighting system, for a majority of facilities,
is being depreciated along with the building over several
years, he says. Because commercial real estate is considered
an asset rather than an expense, the IRS requires owners to
decrease its value every year by a small amount to simulate
its gradual loss of value as it deteriorates. This process is
called depreciation. While most commercial buildings have a
39-year life, some speed up the process and claim the depreciation in less time.
In a retrofit where the majority of the original luminaires
are maintained and electrical components are upgraded, the
depreciated value of the discarded components will need to
be accounted for at the time of replacement, Bailey points out.
If the lighting system will be changed out completely, then
the entire depreciated value of the original lighting system will
need to be accounted for, he adds.
Lighting companies such as Hubbell Lighting offer a vast
range of lighting and lighting control solutions for commercial, industrial and residential applications, as well as competitive financing, which in many cases can provide immediate
positive cash flow, says Bailey.
One program of note is our createchange platform, he
adds. Coupled with our flexible funding program called Cash
Flow Positive, the programs give customers the resources they
need to maximize energy savings and ensure project success.
For seven years, the iconic Georgia-Pacific building thats
seen in Atlantas skyline had gone dark due to a lighting
system that was energy-inefficient. Hubbell Lighting Solutions Beacon products were chosen to replace the buildings
wasteful 1,000- and 400-W metal halide bulbs. The retrofit
incorporated 60 Alpha LED floodlights, including 8 ALU36NB-90W-6x6, 22 ALU-60NB-136W-6x6, 27 ALU-72NB220W-2x2, and 3 ALU-72NB-170W-5x5.
As a result of the retrofit, Beacon Products was able to
reduce the installed wattage from 64,800 to 10,162, offering a
75% energy consumption reduction. The retrofit has helped
move the Georgia-Pacific building closer to its goal of reduc-
The lights are

designed with
optimal light source
concealment for an
aesthetically pleasing
quiet ceiling look.
ing energy consumption 20% by 2020.

Beacon Products Alpha LED Floods can be polemounted, wall-mounted, or base-plate mounted, and are
designed to eliminate light spill and light trespass for lighting
commercial facilities in residential and urban settings. The
Alpha product can be specified for aiming either below horizontal or above horizontal. The six standard NEMA beam
spread options allow the light to be placed where desired.
When it comes to doing retrofits, the no-brainers are
anything with a high ceiling, cumbersome to get to in order
to replace the lamp, says Spencer. Its an easy decision just
to retrofit with an LED, and then its going to be years before
you have to worry about it.
University Renovations
Energy efficiency was a primary goal in a 2008 retrofit project at Concordia University Texas. The liberal arts college
with an enrollment of more than 2,600 relocated its campus
from its 23-acre downtown Austin home to 385 aces on Austins West side, creating a new campus with both renovated
buildings and new construction. University officials pursued
energy-efficient measures for all of the buildings.
Building A was constructed in the mid-1980s as a research
and development facility for a major oil services company
and was one of six buildings remaining on the new campus.
It was renovated before the university moved in and had been
outfitted with 200-W square downlights. The building houses
the universitys largest auditorium, which hosts guest lectures,
musical performances, and worship services. But the existing
fixtures produced uneven illumination and emitted high levels
of heat that required extra cooling from the universitys HVAC
systems during the hot Texas summers.
The fixtures remained in use for more than 60 hours
each week, and that necessitated frequent replacement, which
required the maintenance staff to access them by high-rise
catwalks.
University facilities management staff focused on the
environment, maintenance requirements and lighting quality, and determined LED lighting would significantly increase
operational life, reduce power consumption, offer cooler
operation, and allow for higher-quality light.
With help from Juno Lighting Groups business partner
FSG Lighting, Concordia University Texas officials selected
the Indy Designer Series Architectural LED 6-inch Square
Downlights from Juno Lighting Group by Schneider Electric
to be installed in the auditorium of Building A. The Energy
Star-certified Indy Designer Series Architectural LED Square
Downlights consume 34-W input and provide a luminaire
efficacy of 50 lumens per watt, in contrast to the old luminaires, which consumed approximately 200 W per fixture.
The lights are designed to cut power consumption by up
to one-third and provide optimal brightness control, allowing
for smooth, even light distribution on the auditoriums floors
and walls. The lights also are designed with optimal light
source concealment for an aesthetically pleasing quiet ceiling
look. Additionally, the fixture-to-fixture color consistency and
reduced glare of the Indy Designer Series Architectural LED
Square Downlights enable hearing-impaired students to be
able to better read presenters lips in the building.

Pre-programmed lighting layouts allow the space to be
adjusted to the specific need of the event being held. The fixtures are equipped with a dimmable LED driver to allow facilities staff to adjust brightness, too.
The lights are equipped with a cast-aluminum heat
sink to maintain the LED junction temperature and significantly reduce the amount of heat in the building. The lights
cool operation allows for air conditioning to be scaled back,
enabling cost and energy savings. Additionally, maintenance
costs have been reduced as the LED lamps provide 50,000
hours of service at 70% lumen maintenance.
Juno Lighting has several lines of recessed downlights
for retrofits to replace fluorescent fixtures, notes Spencer.
They include Basics retrofit LED downlights in 4-, 5-, and
6-inch models and the Indy Low Profile 2x2, 2x4, and 1x4
LED basket-style fixtures.
The Indy retrofit is one that will convert pretty much
any six-inch, eight-inch, or larger recessed fixturewhether
its an incandescent, HID, or compact fluorescentinto a
UL-listed LED fixture.
Juno offers downlights that replace a 42-W compact
fluorescent (which actually draws 46 W, Spencer says) with a
15-W fixture. Retrofit products have to be versatile, Spencer
points out.
All manufacturers change their products over time, he
adds. Every manufacturer uses different junction box sizes
and covers. Whatever is up there, this will work with it, and we
have a retention system that allows it to fit. It could be as small
as five-and-one-fourth, and as large as six-and-a-halfwe
wanted one fixture that could fit that whole range.
Spencer points out a feature offered by Juno Lighting that
is favored by users: If you have a compact fluorescent bulb,
you would have a certain amount of foot-candles and when
the compact fluorescent was no good, it would burn out. You
would replace it with a new lamp, and when you do, it reestablishes the light levels in that space. With LED, it doesnt
burn outit just keeps getting dimmer and dimmer. Looking
at an office space, classroom, or stairwell, somebody with a
trained eye would notice it has half the light or less than its
supposed to have.
To mitigate that, Juno Lighting designed a lumen depreciation indicator. We made it really easy to replace the light
engine and the driver from below, but somehow we needed to
tell them that its time to replace the light, because its not like
a compact fluorescent when it burns out, says Spencer.
Juno Lighting designed the indicator to turn off the LED
once it reaches 70% of its initial output. The most intuitive
thing for a maintenance worker to do is to pull the trim down
and take a look inside to find out why this is off, says Spencer. When he does, we have a small indicator light that turns
orange, and the label next to it says if this is orange, its time to
replace the LED to re-establish light levels.
The indicator enables the maintenance worker to turn the
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LIGHTING
light back on until replacement parts are obtained. Pressing the

button once provides an extra 1,000 hours of light, or about 1.5
more months, Spencer says. That button is called the snooze
button and is designed to reset the light up to five times, offering another 1.5 months each time toward the eventual end of
the lights life cycle. A label offers information on the replacement part number, which provides information on the generation of the light, its color temperature and lumen package.
Because replacement parts are becoming less expensive,
its better to order them when needed rather than to stockpile
them, Spencer says. When the maintenance worker gets the
replacement part kit, he replaces the LED and the driver, and
its good to go, he adds.
When LED lights are used to replace metal halide lights,
there is a noticeable difference, Spencer says. Metal halide has
a greenish tint to it. You dont notice it as much until you see
it side-by-side to an LED, and all of a sudden the space that
went from a 100-watt metal halide to a 40-watt LED looks so
much brighter, so much cleaner, and the light is a cooler color.
A couple of hours of retrofitting can really change the way a
place looks, and theyll never have to replace the lamps for five
to 10 years depending on how long theyre on.
Airport Parking
In the world we live in today, poor lighting is something we
adjust to, says Shawn Campbell, national accounts manager
for the Southeast for CED Atlanta, an electrical parts distributor that primarily services commercial, industrial, and
electrical contractors. In an outdoor lighting application,
poor or no lighting is often forgotten, he adds. Lights may
burn out, and people wont park under those poles. After an
outdoor retrofit, a space can light up like a Christmas tree,
illustrating the important factors of safety and security.
Payback is important to the extent that a parking lots
electric bill is purely overhead, says Campbell. You have to
operate these lights; theres no way around that. You cant just
go dark to save money.
A retrofit not only shaves thousands of dollars from the
electric bills, but maintenance costs, too, Campbell adds.
With the old-fashioned lights, the HID, you have moving
parts in that fixture. You have a lamp that goes bad on average
once every two years. You have a ballast that goes bad and costs
three times as much as the lamp. These are on fixtures that are
30 feet up in the air. Changing a light requires a licensed electrician with a boom lift, he explains.
Energy and cost efficiencies, as well as safety issues, were
the driving factors in an outdoor lighting retrofit project at the
Park N Fly at the Atlanta Airport, where two years ago, CED
Atlanta partnered with Eaton Cooper Lighting in using its
Galleon LED luminaires in a lighting retrofit. Also part of the
team was Balboa Capital to provide the financing and Light
Source Unlimited for the installation.
The AccuLED Optics system is designed to provide uniform and energy-efficient illumination to walkways, parking
lots, roadways, building areas, and security lighting applications. The luminaires are IP66 rated and UL/cUL listed for
wet locations.
The retrofit entailed 80 outdoor fixtures on 40 poles, with
two light fixtures on mast arms on each pole. It was executed

in less than five weeks.
The Galleon LED luminaires are a true workhorse, notes
Campbell. With the luminaires, one gets to the naked eye
what would appear to be twice the lighting as you do for a
standard HID fixture.
Outdoor parking areas often have lighting requirements
12 hours a day, every day, thus retrofitting outdoor spaces usually gives the best bang for your buck, notes Campbell. In
doing retrofits, CED makes the case for switching to LED from
fluorescent or HID using simple payback calculations.
The Atlanta Park N Fly location can save an average of
$30,000 on its electric bill, says Campbell, adding thats a fraction of the number that were typically seeing.
Campbell acknowledges that there are many upfront
costs associated with outdoor lighting retrofits that should
be considered, including installation and other work, such as
painting. Especially with outdoor lighting, a lot of other factors come into play, says Campbell. Sometimes you add some
bells and whistles, or you have to tweak your design and you
find light poles that are out there on the site that dont work,
the electrical wire has been stripped, or any number of other
issues that add to the timetable.
While the Park N Fly project costs $100,000, rebates and
associated incentives brought that down to $80,000 with a calculated two-year return on investment, says Campbell.
Controllable Lighting
There are several simple conditions under which a facility
operator should consider doing a lighting retrofit, notes Bob
Smith, P.E., Director, Energy Marketing Solutions, Eatons
Cooper Lighting business. Simple ones to consider include
high energy rates for which a retrofit can help reach a faster
payback with incentives offered by the utility to buy-down
the cost of the installation, which helps reduce the initial
investment, he adds.
Timing of group re-lamping helps justify the rebate,
says Smith. When a facility or a space is up for a group relamping, the funds planned for the re-lamping can be used to
help justify the retrofit. As the time of use increases, the kilowatt-hour savings expand. For example, a system that operates
at 24/7 has a faster payback than one that only operates three
hours per day.
Additionally, there are more complex elements to consider, he adds. The scope of the technologies that can be
replaced with LED luminaires affordably covers not only
incandescent/halogen systems but also HID, compact fluorescent, linear fluorescent, and induction.
Spaces that have lighting operating for long periods to
allow for safe conditions when occupied can achieve higher
savings with controlled LED luminaires, notes Smith. The
required time of use can be dramatically reduced resulting in
higher kilowatt-hour savings. There are various means of controlling the LEDs.
One is occupancy control for vacancy and motion sensing. This reduces kilowatt-hours based upon the activity in
the space. The system can be commissioned to turn off or
reduce light levels, he says.
Another means: daylighting control to sense for reduction

in power where sunlight is present. This reduces kilowatthours based upon the amount of sunlight in a space, he says.
Additionally, controls integrated within the overall building
energy management system can be implemented in retrofits.
It is most cost effective when the system is already in
place such as zero to ten Vdc low-voltage control, says Smith.
LEDs commonly offer continuous dimming with deeper
energy savings than traditional sources like linear fluorescents
that include ballasts with the same zero to ten Vdc control.
As network security of wireless controls within a building are
addressed, these will eventually facilitate simpler commissioning with the opportunity for deeper energy savings.
To reduce commissioning expenses, integrated sensors
within luminaires are effective in many applications such as
small spaces and where granular control is desired without
additional wiring, he notes.
Areas that are very difficult to reach can be replaced
with properly-designed luminaires that last, not only
reducing energy costs, but [also] maintenance savings with
higher reliability.
When undertaking a retrofit, safety is the paramount
factor to consider. Equipment available on the market may
save energy and the initial cost may be low, but the safety of
the installation is critical, says Smith. Be sure to know the
real cost of the lighting equipment proposed and the amount
of time it really takes to install in accordance with the safety
requirements.
Smith advises facility owners and operators to avoid
technologies that require luminaire rewiring, and to be careful of not fully understanding what ballast each luminaire has
installed. This is a signal of retrofits that can result in alterations that render the luminaire unsafe and remove the original
equipment manufacturer from their responsibilities, he says.
Be aware that UL-recognized [Underwriters Laboratories,
which refers to product safety testing] components do not
mean the retrofit will be installed safety.
Smith also advises facility operators to have an audit conducted by someone who understands luminaire construction.
The occupancy of the space is another factor to consider
when doing a lighting retrofitting. If the space stays occupied 24/7, scheduling the retrofit can be difficult and can also
be costly, says Smith.
Consider tall mounting heights with many obstructions.
If luminaires are installed at tall heights that require equipment to perform the retrofit, survey the space for obstructions that will make it difficult for the equipment to maneuver around to allow the contractor to perform the retrofit,
he points out.
Another factor is that mounting and wire connections
vary by luminaire type. Be sure to understand how a luminaire is mounted and supply wiring is connected, says Smith.
The luminaire may require special hangers and special plugs
to be an easy retrofit.
Smith says building owners and operators can start with
DesignLights Consortium-qualified and Energy Star-certified
luminaires. This makes sure that one is comparing manufacturers by having a third-party validate the basic performance
levels, he says. Once that is done, be sure to have a lighting

design done because not all luminaries perform the same way
in every space. This will assure the light levels are adequate and
the energy minimized optimized.
Eaton offers a broad range of controllable energy-efficient
luminaires that are designed to last, audit support, lighting
layouts support, financing support when funds are not available and the energy savings can fund the monthly expense,
and DesignLights Consortium-qualified and Energy Starcertified recessed luminaires.
Turnkey Solutions, Important Considerations
Josh Kurtz, senior vice president of sales for Orion Energy
Systems, agrees that energy savings and maintenance reduction are important factors in considering lighting retrofits.
Orion focuses almost exclusively on lighting retrofitting
and offers lighting solutions for commercial, exterior, and
industrial applications. Orion manufacturers a broad range
of lighting systems, including LED and fluorescent high-bay
fixtures, wet-rated LED fixtures for dairy farms, the ISON
class exterior line with hundreds of configurations, and its
LDRLED Door Retrofit that ships fully assembled and installs
in one minute to replace traditional fluorescent troffers. Its fixtures are designed to deliver the most amount of light output
for the least amount of energy, says Kurtz.
Orion works with clients to determine their needs are a
per-facility basis, providing lighting project engineering and
turnkey solutions for cradle to grave coverage of energy-efficient lighting projects, says Kurtz. The company is technology
agnostic in providing lighting technology to meet needs in
LED, T8, T5, induction, and solar lighting, he adds.
Today, many facility managers and facility executives
are tasked with reducing both energy and maintenance costs.
Retrofitting their facilities lighting systems with todays lighting technology is often the lowest hanging fruit, says Kurtz.
When engineered the right way, lighting retrofits increase
light levels while reducing both energy consumption and
ongoing lighting system maintenance.
Many areas of the United States have rebates available
from utility companies or other state agencies that help reduce
the facilitys out-of-pocket costs for lighting upgrades and dramatically increase the lighting projects return on investment,
says Kurtz. After reducing energy and maintenance costs,
some other reasons to retrofit lighting are increased light levels
and improving the quality of the lighting. Increased light levels are needed in some facilities for both safety and employee
performance, he says. Todays lighting technologies provide a
much better quality of light. Many studies show that employee
productivity improves after a well-designed and engineered
lighting retrofit.
Since fluorescent hit the market in the 1930s, there
has been little radical change, Kurtz points out. With the
increased efficiencies and reduced maintenance costs of
LED lighting, adoption of LED lighting is growing across
the board.
In considering a retrofit, facility owners and operators
also need to consider the age of the current lighting system.
Was it five years ago, and do you have fixtures that are not yet
LIGHTING
fully depreciated? says Kurtz.

Determining what technology is
best suited for a facility is important.
In some applications such as freezers or cold storage, LED is easily the
technology of choice, he says. In other
applications, fluorescent may still be
the best technology.
Other factors to consider:
What is the corporate light level
standard for both quality and quantity of light?
Can the facility complete the installation work in-house, or will it
require installation?
When can the project be completed? A 24/7 manufacturer, for
instance, requires the installation
to be done in the smallest possible
window or during a holiday or third
shift. Those considerations will
affect your labor rates, which will
affect your return on investment
[ROI], notes Kurtz.
Will reduced maintenance be considered part of the savings model
in the ROI calculations? More and
more companies believe strongly
that maintenance cost should
be considered; others only want
to focus on the energy savings
aspects, says Kurtz.
If the lighting retrofit is being done
in an office setting in an older
building where asbestos is present, the facility owner may want to
explore options that dont disturb
existing fixtures or the people working around them, notes Kurtz.
A question to ask is will energy
management systems or lighting
controls help the facility reach its
energy reduction goals. The type
of application will drive whether or
not you may want to consider sensors and controls, says Kurtz.
More Factors and Possibilities
According to Todd Smith, head of
Value Added Services, Sylvania Lighting Services (SLS) at OSRAM Sylvania,
while the factors a facilities manager
should consider when doing a retrofit
vary by facility and business environment, common reasons for lighting
retrofit opportunities in addition to
energy savings include:
replacement of outdated lighting
Be sure to understand how

a luminaire is mounted and
supply wiring is connected.
The luminaire may require
special hangers and special
plugs to be an easy retrofit.
systems such as T12, early generation T8, and HID
the need to add lighting control to
dynamic spaces for energy savings
and better support of the space
based on its use
aesthetic upgrades to the
existing solutions
the ability to take advantage of
available rebates for LEDs and controls solutions and upgrades
the ability to generate positive cash
flow by utilizing a leasing or performance contracting retrofit model
Factors that need to be taken into consideration when undergoing a retrofit
vary for the individual user, Smith points
out, adding that utilizing a full-service
turnkey provider such as SLS ensures all
relevant factors are considered.
In addition to cost, typical considerations include existing light levels
and whether the space has too little or
too much lighting; whether a facility is
changing from traditional light sources
to LED, which may produce different
photometrics; and putting the correct
solution in the correct space.
Not all spaces are good candidates for LED and some spaces do better with local versus advanced lighting
controls, says Smith. A good provider
will help to navigate these decisions in
the end users best interest.
There are many parties involved in
a lighting retrofit, including architects,
lighting designers, installers, and rebate
processors. Full-service companies
such as SLS handle all of this under
one umbrella and serve as one point of
contact for the customer before, during
and after the project is completed,
says Smith.
SLS offers energy management
solutions for interior and exterior lighting systems. Those services include
LED lighting, design and rebate management through energy-efficient lighting products, audit and survey capabilities, and project management, as well as
lighting control system design, installation, and commissioning.
RAB Lighting offers LED lighting
and controls and free lighting design
services. There are three factors that
drive a facility owner/operators decision
to engage in a lighting retrofit, notes
Donald G. Andrews, LC, MIES, design
studio coordinator and senior lighting
designer for RAB Lighting.
Facilities paying a high cost per
kilowatt-hour will see the most benefit in retrofitting to LED, he notes. He
agrees with Kurtz that fixture age is
another factor, pointing out that facilities that have a significant number of
fixtures near end of life, such as old
ballast, faded or discolored reflectors,
cracked or broken lens, will find this to
be a natural time to retrofit to LED.
A need to improve the lighting is
a third consideration, touching on factors such as correlated color temperature, lighting distribution and glare
control, Andrew says.
Shaun Fillion, LC, MIES, and
senior lighting designer for RAB Lighting, says that in modern facilities,
electric lighting uses less than 5% of
the total energy use of the building.
As such, energy savings from LED is
superseded by the impact that LED can
have on maintenance, he points out.
Traditional sources use lamps,
which require spot re-lamping when
they fail, explains Fillion. This can
result in disruptions, which impact
the productivity of a modern facility.
LEDs have integrated light engines
which do not need replacing, resulting
in 100,000 hours, or more, of dependable, uninterrupted performance. LED
keeps a facility functioning without

service interruptions.
Fixture type and distribution are
the two major factors facility owners and
operators need to consider when undertaking a retrofit, says Andrews. Replacing fluorescent tubes with bay LEDs will
require more junction boxes and possibly more conduit, he says. Replacing
an Acorn fixture with a full cutoff area
light will change the way light is distributed, and may have benefits of reduced
glare, with unintended consequence of
less facial recognition.
Fillion contends that comparing
the lumens of LED with traditional
sources does not tell the whole story.
The distribution of LED allows for
more controlled light distribution,
resulting in better uniformity using
less light, he adds.
He also advises facility owners/
operators to retrofit a facility properly in order to utilize design services,
which can provide photometric layouts of LED fixtures to ensure the
lighting retrofit will deliver the needed
light, while maximizing energy savings
and ease of installation.
Lighting retrofits typically see an
ROI of two to five years, says those in
the industry. Ive seen a significant
increase in the adoption rate of LEDs,
and so early on, retrofitting was definitely a strict ROI story, explains Spencer. Today, the ROI has to make sense,
but I think people are also willing to do
it even if it takes a little bit longer just
because it does seem like they like the
benefits of LED lighting.
An ROI is case-specific, but, generally speaking, high energy costs, ample
utility incentives, and long operating
hours using high-performance luminaires can be less than a two-year ROI
and are beginning to be less than one
year, says Smith. With low energy costs,
no utility incentives, and short operating
hours with poor performing, it may be
as high as seven years.
An ROI can take on other mean-
BE
ings, Kurtz points out. We also retrofit

many facilities where lighting levels
are very low. These low light levels risk
employee safety and the quality of the
products provided by the companies,
he says. In these cases, shortness of the
payback is not as important as employee
safety and productivity.
Fillion agrees. The savings based
on energy alone are often two to three
years for HID sources, but the improvements in productivity and elimination
of downtime to re-lamp a facility translate to savings are far greater.

The ROI is different for every
company, Kurtz emphasizes.
Areas of the country with the highest kilowatt rates, or where rebates are
available to reduce the cost of the retrofit, are usually where companies start
their projects, he says. BE
Carol Brzozowski writes on the topics of
technology and industry.
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eople living in a golden age usually dont

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It could also be argued that we are living in a golden age
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Genset is short for engine generator set. These portable
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The electrical generator is the source of the electrical
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The reciprocating engine drives the generator: The engine
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Auxiliary Systems and Regulators

In addition to its main components, there are multiple auxiliary systems required for the operation of a genset. These
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speed regulator (or
governor), a voltage
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engine lubrication system, a battery starter
for smaller gensets, and
compressed air starters
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An electronic servomotor is equipped with an electronic
module that measures engine speed by counting the frequency
of spark plug discharges. Using the feedback from this measurement, it sends proportional voltage back to the servo to
control engine speed.
A pneumatic regulator measures an engines exhaust air
stream. Again, using a feedback mechanism, it adjusts the
engine carburetors intake throttle. It continues to increase

and decrease air flow proportionally until equilibrium is
reestablished.
The simpler centrifugal regulator utilizes a flyweight
linked by a spring mechanism to a rapidly rotating axle. The
centrifugal force generated by the rotating axle causes the
weights to move outward or back in towards the axle depending on engine speed. This movement adjusts engines speed via
a leveraged linkage mechanism.
Diesel Versus Gasoline Fuel
Gensets tend to be powered by diesel engines instead of
gasoline engines. There are several reasons for this. The
fuel consumption of a diesel engine is approximately half
that of a gasoline engine. As a result, the same amount of
energy can be stored in a much smaller and compact diesel
fuel tank. This is a significant advantage for potentially
portable gensets.
Genset enclosure
Kraft Power
complete power unit. The engine, itself, is typically an

internal combustion engine, with some gensets utilizing
turbines to drive the generators.
The fuel powers the engine and its storage tank: larger
gensets typically use diesel fuel, while smaller gensets use
gasoline, though other fuels such as natural gas, propane,
biodiesel, hydrogen, and even sewer gas can be used.
Actually, the entire unit is typically considered to be a specific
type of portable single-phase generator. These can vary in
size from handheld models for emergency home use or recreational activities, to larger trailer-mounted units hauled to
sites by trucks. Larger, immobile, three-phase generators are
not considered to be gensets. (Even though the general configurationgenerator, power source, fuelis identical.)
Diesel engines tend to be safer since they dont use a spark

plug to ignite the fuel mixture. In diesel engine, combustion
occurs as part of the compression process itself. Without a
spark there is less danger of an accidental explosion. Compression ratios for diesel engines are higher (up to 25:1 for diesel
versus a maximum of 12:1 for gasoline). As a side benefit,
diesel engines are built more ruggedly to withstand these high
internal pressures.
Diesel operations, therefore, are likely to be more efficient
and typically deliver 2530% better fuel economy than similarly performing gasoline engines. Since gasoline engines tend
to be more complicated and run hotter than diesel, they often
suffer greater wear and tear over time. Diesel engines will tend
to have lower overall maintenance and replacement parts costs.
Despite these disadvantages, gasoline remains the preferred choice in America for personal transport, and is used by
most automobiles and utility trucks. Gasoline is usually much
cheaper per gallon than diesel fuel. Gasoline engines also tend
to be less noisy. These same advantages have allowed gasolinepowered gensets to carve out a section of the portable power
market for themselves.
The oil and fuel industry itself benefits from the use of
gensets. Dresser-Rand is one genset supplier whose products
and services are used for a wide range of applications in the oil
and gas industry, as well as power generation and its associated
technologies (biomass, waste-to-energy, CHP/cogeneration,
marine propulsion, marine auxiliary power generation, and
compressed air energy storage).
A perfect example of the crossover capabilities that allow
them to utilize gensets to service the oil and gas industry
would be Dresser-Rands recent project in the Anzoategui area
of Venezuela. A region noted for its rich deposits of oil and
natural gas, the associated petroleum gas produced during
extraction operations was used as fuel for power generation.
The company provided 150 containerized gensets with Guascor
SFGLD 560 engines, basic engineering, voltage transformers,
MT transfer switches, PLC controls, installation materials, and
equipment for this project over a phased period of time. The
units have been configured to use venting gas that is extracted
Genset technology
continues to improve
along the lines of
ever-greater efficiency,
safety, environmental
protection, and ease
of use.
from nearby oil wells, putting to work what was once a waste
byproduct to generate 112.5 MWe of electrical power.
Genset Technology Advances
Genset technology continues to improve along the lines of
ever-greater efficiency, safety, environmental protection,
and ease of use. Lets begin with the fuel itself. Traditionally,
diesel fuel tended to have high sulfur content. This resulted
in a less clean burn and the production of greater amounts
of post combustion. As a result of EPA mandates published
in 2006, a new kind diesel fuel has been reformulated with
sulfur content as low as 15 parts per million (ppm). This
Ultra-Low-Sulfur-Diesel fuel meets these more stringent
emission standards.
GENSETS
Kraft Power
In addition to improved fuel, the diesel engines powering gensets also have achieved greater fuel efficiencies. Newer
diesel engines have pre-chambers and combustion chambers that have been modified to maximize combustion and
minimize noise. Combustion efficiency is a function of how
small and widely distributed the droplets of fuel are that are
injected into the pre-chamber. By properly sizing and reconfiguring the chamber, the desired physical distribution of
fuel can be achieved.
Not just improved fuels, but alternate fuels are finding
a place in genset operations. A leader in these technological
advances is MTU Onsite Energy who manufactures and services both diesel- and gasoline-powered gensets. MTU is one
of the core brands of Rolls Royce Power Systems AG, a worldwide provider of high-speed and medium-speed diesel and gas
engines, complete drive systems, distributed energy systems,
and fuel injection systems. It provides a wide range of power
systems; mission-critical; standby power; and continuous
power, heating, and cooling. The product line includes diesel
gensets up to 3,250 kW, gas-powered cogeneration systems up
to 2,500 kW, and gas turbines up to 50,000 kW. The company
continues to develop further advances in genset technology by
developing sustainable alternatives, with systems that produce
greener energy from climate-neutral, regenerative fuels, combined heat and power (CHP) plants, biogas, landfill gas, or
sewage gas.
As mentioned above, diesel engines tend to be noisy
(especially at start up), so sound reduction is an issue. To minimize noise, redesigned pre-chambers come lined with sound
attenuation pockets. Like the recessed pits in sound muffling
materials, these pockets are sized and spaced to attenuate
shock waves from the combustion detonation. Additionally,
Genset controls
these pockets can be filed with porous, metallic, or ceramic

pellets. Physically, these pellets act to further absorb sound
waves, while their metallic coatings act as a catalyst to further
improve combustion rates.
Once combustion has been achieved, its byproducts
have to be dealt with. While low-sulfur fuels burn cleaner, the
engines exhaust system can be further modified to reduce airborne pollutants. Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) is one such
technique to lower nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions. EGR recirculates part of the exhaust back into the engines combustion
chamber to mix with the incoming air. As a result, the adiabatic flame temperature is reduced while the heat capacity of
the fuel/air mix increases. This allows combustion to occur at
a lower temperature, which reduces NOx formation (without
reducing the amount of available oxygen). Another method of
reducing NOx emissions is the use of selective catalytic reduction (SCR). Exhaust gases pass through a reducing catalyst
such as aqueous ammonia. The resulting interaction converts
NOx into nitrogen and water.
An industry leader in managing genset emissions
is Cummins, whose engines are noted for their superior
exhaust controls. Cummins Bridgeway is the Cummins distributor responsible for the sales and service of Cummins
engines, power generation equipment, and related products
in Michigan, Ohio, and Western Pennsylvania. It serves multiple markets, including industrial, automotive, agricultural,
marine, RV, mining, construction, military, bus, rail, oil
and gas, and power generation. The companys gensets are
designed to start up and assume load in less than 10 seconds,
and rated load in a single step. The diesel gensets have been
utilized at utility peaking plants, distributed generation (DG)
facilities, peak shaving, and power management at large
commercial or industrial sites. Each unit
can be equipped with
optional factory-integrated exhaust after
treatments to reduce
emissions during
high-hour use. Gensets
range from 7.5- to
25-kW air- and liquidcooled diesel generator
sets, 35- to 500-kW
diesel-fueled generator
sets with Power Command control systems,
and 600-kW to
2.7-MW units.
Improved emissions are often the
byproduct of improved
operating efficiency, as
evidenced by the performance of Caterpillar gensets. As part of
the Caterpillar dealer
network, Northeast
Improvements in how
the fuel is introduced
into the combustion
chamber are also
areas of technical
advancement.
CAT Dealers has access to a large rental fleet of power generation and temperature control equipment. This equipment
is specifically designed to meet the requirements of commercial, industrial, institutional, and manufacturing applications. The companys gensets range in size 614,040 ekW
(7.517,550 kVA) of power potential. These units are built for
high efficiency, low fuel consumption, and global emissions
compliance (equivalent to US EPA Tier 2 or Tier 3 non-road
emissions standards). There is also a range of options of these
generator sets.
Harco Manufacturing is a leading fabricator of premium
engine exhaust silencers for diesel engines along with a complete line of supporting products. The company produces
the HAPCO line of exhaust silencers, third-party diesel oxidation catalysts, and diesel particulate filter systems, diesel
engine exhaust spark arrestors, and other related emission
control products.
Improvements in how the fuel is introduced into the
combustion chamber are also areas of technical advancement. Common rail fuel injection (CRF) injects fuel stored
in tanks under high pressure into individual solenoid valves.
Since this process is electronically monitored it allows for
greater control over the timing of combustion (with as much
as five separate injections per combustion cycle) and the
quantity of fuel injected with each cycle. The high-pressure
further improves efficacies by homogenizing the air fuel mixture to a much greater extent.
Electronic digital controls have also begun to supplant
traditional analog controls. Analog controls cannot handle
the requirements of critical facilities and their complex
power backup and distribution systems. Analog controls are
applicable for simple or small facilities, but digital is preferred for systems having both non-linear and linear load
requirements. Advanced digital controls also provide feedback, reporting the status of their system components in real
time while displaying this information on computer monitoring screens.
Yet, gensets with traditional analog controls retain a significant portion of the genset market. Taylor Power Systems
Inc. manufactures industrial-sized diesel and natural gas
generators, for a wide range of applications. The generators
range in size from 9 to 2,000 kW. Taylor generators are used by
industrial, commercial, agricultural, and residential customers. In addition to standard models, the company can design,
engineer, and manufacture custom-built generators tailored to
meet specific power needs. The mobile generators range in size
from 20 to 500 kW, and are powered by mobile EPA-certified

engines. These gensets also come with DOT-rated integral
tank trailers, heavy-duty weather enclosures, critical grade
exhaust silencers, and full output circuit breakers. Instrumentation and control is provided by an analog control panel.
Electronic controls can be used for controlling performance, as well as tracking performance. As one of the largest
rental companies in the US, Sunbelt Rentals provides gensets
to a wide variety of customers (commercial, residential,
industrial, municipal, and specialized service industries)
from over 450 locations nationwide. In addition to gensets,
Sunbelts product line includes general construction equipment, industrial tools, pumps and large power generation
equipment, trench shoring, scaffolding, remediation, and
restoration equipment. Ranging in size from 2.5 to 10 kW,
these gas portable generators are suitable for powering
120/240-V power tools, lighting equipment, fans and blowers, and such. All models come with automatic idle control
resulting in greater fuel economy and reduced noise levels.
Roll cage steel frames and shock mounting are standard to
provide durability during operations and help ensure onthe-job performance.
A further advantage is that digital controls allow
for remote monitoring via SCADA systems. SCADA is an
acronym that stands for Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition. SCADA gathers real-time data on the operations of mechanical and hydraulic systems and allows for
And no one dared disturb

the sound of silence
800.394.7571
www.harcomanufacturing.com
Harco Manufacturing Company

1000 Industrial Parkway, Newberg, OR 97132
GENSETS
Martin Machinery
remote control of
1,000-kW CHP +
these systems from
H2S Scrubber
a central remote
operator (though
some SCADA systems merely monitor
without allowing for
control). The result
is an information
feedback loop where
data from current
operations guides
the control changes
needed to optimize or
modify these operations, which in turn
generates a new data
set describing these
operations, that can
lead to further control changes.
For over 15 years,
OmniMetrix Inc.
(an Acom Energy
Inc. company) has been a leader and
pioneer in wireless remote monitoring,
control, and diagnostics for emergency
power generator systems. The systems
have been proven to make emergency
power systems more reliable. Omnimetrixs innovative technology includes
the introduction in 1998 of the first
wireless remote monitor for onsite
power generation. In 2012, the company joined with Nixon Power Services
(the worlds largest Kohler generator
distributor headquartered in Nashville, TN) to supply one of the largest
regional supermarkets in the US with
backup power supply monitoring capabilities for their generators.
Recent utility grid failures on the
East Coast of the US emphasize the need
for reliable backup power for a myriad

of facilities. Sustained loss of power
accompanied by failed backup power
would pose a risk to shoppers and significant financial loss for the stores that
OmniMetrix will be monitoring, says
Deena Redding, former president. This
order, and the connections it constitutes,
validate the recent change in our business model that emphasizes growth by
connection volume and recurring revenue versus sales of individual units.
In addition to the engine powering the genset, there have been recent
advances in the generators themselves,
involving inverter technology. A standard inverter converts direct current
(DC) power from a battery, solar cell,
or fuel cell into alternating current
There remains a strong showing

in the market for traditional firms
that have been supplying gensets
for decades. They have done so
by remaining agile, staying ahead
of the technological curve, and
supplying ever-improving gensets
to their customers.
(AC) power by means of properly configured electronic circuitry. The resultant AC power can be of the necessary
voltage and frequency required by the
equipment, homes, and businesses utilizing the energy. An inverter generator,
on the other hand, uses advanced electronic circuitry that initially produces
electrical power output that starts as
basic three-phase AC, gets converted to
DC, and then gets inverted back into
single-phase sine wave AC.
Despite, or perhaps because of,
these advances, there remains a strong
showing in the market for traditional
firms that have been supplying gensets
for decades. They have done so by
remaining agile, staying ahead of the
technological curve, and supplying everimproving gensets to their customers.
Take for example Girtz Industries.
Since 1963, Girtz Industries has been
a designer and manufacturer of power
modules and enclosures for gensets,
chillers, boilers, and switchgear for
turnkey power packaging solutions.
Their Z-CUBE ISO containerized
packages house gensets from 400 to
2,250 kW. All packages utilize a similar
mechanical and electrical design resulting in a consistent look and feel for the
operators and service technicians.
Nearly as old, Kraft Power Corporation is celebrating 50 years in the
BE
cal and plumbing contractor. Only then

would the vendor come to the site to
do a commissioning startup.
Martin Energy Group of Martin
Machinery followed this basic
approach, manufacturing electrical
power systems powered by innovative
internal combustion engines fueled
by waste gas. These systems vary in
size from 40 to 1,300 kW and are
designed to parallel to the electrical
utility, a setup that stabilizes electrical
production and allows the user to sell
New On-Demand Webcasts!
electricity back to the utility. Martin

Energy and the market has moved
more to walk-in type enclosures.
These have the advantage of being
more like a plug-in-and-play system,
which reduces labor costs at the job
site. These modular units also allow for
faster depreciation than a site built
building and are easier to resell since
they are self-contained systems. BE
Daniel P. Duffy, P.E., is a frequent con-
tributor to Forester Media publications.
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power generation industry. Since 1965,

Kraft Power is one of the major providers of CHP systems, emergency/standby
generators and power systems, power
transmission products, and diesel and
gas engines, including parts and accessories. The companys CHP modules
are suitable to operate on natural gas,
digester gas, as well as landfill gas.
These CHP modules are designed
and built with long-term success and
durability in mind. They use only the
highest-quality industrial grade components, carefully selected to result in
a highly efficient system that provides
clients with maximum uptime and
reliability, along with industry-leading
performance.
Kraft Power also specializes in servicing CHP systems in the Northeast
and Midwest, and offers long-term
service agreements for CHP modules,
using their own service teams (not subcontracting), located in New York, New
Jersey, Massachusetts, Ohio, Michigan,
North Carolina, Georgia, and Texas.
Their unique commitment to CHP service is backed by extensive inventories
of service parts, technical staff, and
component repair capabilities. Kraft
Power builds long-term serviceability
into all of their products. The products
can be custom designed and manufactured for customers specific needs.
One company in particular has
tracked the changes in the industry,
keeping pace with customer needs.
In the past 30 years, gensets were
often shipped as skid-mounted units
with the radiators and the switchgear
included but not connected together.
Upon arrival, the genset and switchgear would typically be installed inside
a building. Then, the radiators would
be mounted outside of the building to
maximize heat dissipation rates.
Meanwhile, the paralleling switchgear (the gear that electrically locks
the generator unit to the electrical utility)
would be installed in a separate climate
controlled room. Complete installation
would require the services of an electri-
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EMS
Internet
of Energy
ENABLING GRANULAR, REAL TIME,
ACTIONABLE INFORMATION, AND CONTROL
BY MARK SCOTT LAVIN
ntil recently, knowing how much energy a

facility was consuminglet alone knowing
in real time and responding dynamically to
utility demand moment-by-momentwas
an affair that, if possible at all, required
running wires behind walls and teams of
specialized engineers able to do sophisticated, costly, and
sometimes dangerous, work. But in the age of wireless, thats
changing. Paired with intelligent lighting solutions, smart
devices ranging from thermostats to outlets with miniature
radios that talk to data centers, to cloud-based applications
that turn cell phones into personal energy consumption
dashboards, energy management systems (EMSs) are
coming of age.
In essence, todays most sophisticated EMSs use the
Internet of Things technology, essentially wireless devices
meshed into networks, to deliver fine-grained, real-time
data to cloud-based applications that return actionable
energy visualization information to any Web-enabled platform. They can often support multiple modes of targeted
control, from the ability to fine-tune lighting output fixture
by fixture to the ability to automatically adjust overall
consumption, to moment-to-moment utility
requests. They can even help employees change their energy consumption
behavior. The net result of all of this
is not only do enterprises now have
multiple, cost-effective channels
for managing the energy bottom
line, they may soon be able to
participate as prosumers in
transactive energy markets set to
emerge in the coming decade.
Power Analytics Corporation, one of the companies staking its claim within what some
are calling an emerging Internet
of Energy, states on its homepage
that the old power grid is becoming
a transactional network.
And, the story begins with the new
generation of energy management systems coming-of-age with the confluence
of economic crash, cheap wireless controls
for buildings moving parts, programmable
LED lighting, smart devices, and updates to
energy efficiency regulations like Californias Title
24. Energy, lighting, building automation, software,
and even large-scale distributed energy startups and
established players are taking position.
Orion Energy Systems, Inc. reinvented itself during the
Great Recession as an industrial and commercial LED lighting manufacturer. Scott Green, president of Orion Energy,
iStock/KrulUA
Managing
Our Way to the
Photos this page: GELI
Top left: Orion Apollo LED High Bays installed in a 24/7

manufacturing facility outside of Milwaukee, WI. The retrofit
project emphasized maximizing light output and delivery for
productivity and safety. Top right: EOS installation in Benecia
Bottom left: Close up of the EOS with the gates closed
says, Lighting has changed more in the last six years than in
the previous 60.
In fact, LED efficiency drove Orions decision to leave the
lighting control business to others. As LED gets more efficient, the return on lighting automation actually gets harder
to sell, says Green. Two-year paybacks in fluorescent days are
becoming 10-year paybacks. So, Orion refocused on great

fixtures that play well with others.
Green says that LED bulbs are designed to deliver
300,000400,000 hours of life, and for offices using lights
about 4,000 hours per year, thats a bulb change every 100
years. But perhaps just as important for how energy gets
shared in decades to come, LED can be precisely controlled.
Wired controls could let fluorescents do a few tricks, but many
LEDs with solid-state drivers can be programmed, wirelessly,
right out of the box.
Some companies in the energy management space are discovering that wirelessly controlling everything in a building
and not just lightingis now a short, but lucrative, leap.
Daintree Networks, Inc., also pivoted during the crash by
adding drivers for other smart building elements such as
thermostats, fans, and plug loads to its Controlscope platform
and redefining its niche as mesh networks, or the Enterprise
Internet of Things. With the appearance of nearly 1,500 Zigbee certified smart-wireless products by hundreds of manufacturers in the last few years, Daintrees open platform can now
remotely control 8090% of the smart devices in a building.
Zigbee is the most prevalent open standard, and it will
only become more robust as it becomes more pragmatic, says
Mandeep Khera, Vice President of Marketing and Channels at
Daintree Networks, Inc.
And while some companies fear open standards, for Daintree, theyre the how of leveraging the brilliance of wireless
smart device makers. As open standards now make it possible
for any wireless mouse or WiFi hotspot to work instantly with
your laptop, Daintrees platform will similarly show any new
Zigbee-certified LED fixture, thermostat, or dimmer on its
Santa Rita Jail in

Alameda County
is a well-known
microgrid.
of such systems, they jumped on board

and paired ControlScope with highperformance Cree LED fixtures in their
office and break areas.
The installation involved replacing hundreds of fluorescents and
reducing the number of fixtures, and
that alone improved light quality. But
ControlScope gave United Stationers an
Internet-accessible floor plan display-
ing lighting status facility-wide, allowing them to design automated lighting

plans for all zones, change any fixtures
set point with a click, and adapt plans
as workflows change. They can see
which lights are working, set maximum
outputs, and track energy consumption. Personal remote controls let workers set and adjust their overhead light
level throughout the day. Daylight and
Budderfly
dashboard the instant

you plug it in. Judging from 200300%
sales increases year
over year since 2011,
the open standards
approach seems to be
working. And while
code compliance,
affordability, energy
paybacks, pressure
on carbon emissions,
and other factors
have driven sales, its
precisely examples
like wireless mice and
WiFi that are making
companies comfortable with the idea of
wireless building management solutions,
Khera says.
United Stationers,
a leading North American wholesale distributor of business
products and a company committed to
sustainability across its 60 facilities was
delighted to learn that a Daintree system
combined with LED lighting in its Sacramento facility routinely clocks 94%
in lighting energy savings. When the
Sacramento Municipal Utility District
(SMUD) approached United Stationers
with a proposal to examine the benefits
Encorp
EMS
EMS dashboard
the following: visualize consumption

from the facility level down to a light
switch; integrate smart metering, monitoring, and control; participate in AutoDemand Response; and interface with
typical building management systems
that monitor and control mechanical,
plumbing, heating, and ventilation.
In one pilot program conducted
by Budderfly and the New York College of Podiatric Medicine (NYCPM),
benchmarking in the colleges test clinic
quickly showed that 60% of worksta-
tion energy consumption and 28% of

lighting energy consumption happened
during evenings and weekends when
the clinic was closed. After an initial
facility evaluation, Budderfly installed
its cloud-integrate hardware in the test
clinic. With 60 days of tracking, daily,
weekly, and monthly consumption patterns emerged and enabled Budderfly
to recommend system-based control
schemes. They worked with college staff
to implement automated schedules
for turning lighting and workstations
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motion sensors turn lights on and off as

needed, and wall switches in most areas
let people temporarily override the system if theyre working late or working a
projector during business hours.
As it turned out, staff members are
controlling nearly half of the facilitys
lighting with personal dimmers, but
thats not a bad thing. Despite widely
varying preferences, the majority of
people are turning lights down, says
Dave Bisbee, Project Manager with
SMUD. They do it naturally.
By communicating with staff every
step of the way, United Stationers created a genuine excitement that was
helped along by a quick and virtually
painless installation and the prospect of
a more comfortableand productive
work environment.
As a customer, you used to have to
buy a wired solution for each building
application. One for lighting, another
for HVAC, and another for energy monitoring and control. It was an expensive
nightmare, says Khera. Now you set
up one wireless controller and expand
the network one application at a time.
You can start with lighting, and add
the thermostat or the plug load. In the
future, youll be able to add non-energy
applications, too.
Fine granular data is another critical
ingredient driving a new energy order,
and here, too, companies in the energy
management space are rising to the
occasion. Though it makes switches,
dimmers, thermostats, temperature
sensors, wall sockets, and power strips,
Budderfly LLC considers itself a software
company. Embedded with a tiny submeter, each of Budderflys devices in
an installation gets assigned a user and
pings a cloud based in Green Bay, WI,
from a wireless controller. Meanwhile,
the MyBudderfly app turns a phone into
a personal remote control and dashboard that shows consumption, history,
trends, office ranking, and utility peak
alerts. It even learns when youve forgotten to turn the lights off.
Budderfly considers its platform a
biofeedback tool inspired by the idea
that granular awareness at the plug level
will fuel a domino effect of participation, accountability, and action from
C-level executives to receptionists. While
its primarily focused on human behavior, the platform lets an enterprise do
Miss a session? Not a problem!

All sessions are recorded for on-demand viewing.
off and noted after 30 more days of

monitoring that the automated controls
dropped consumption 36% on workdays, dropped it 87% on off-days, and
delivered a payback in less than
18 months.
The pilot program took place in
NYCPMs Clinic A, comprised of 11
examination rooms and adjacent areas
that make up about of the college
facilitys main floor. With Budderfly
control profiles in place, NYCPM was
assured energy waste was eliminated
without compromising clinic operations, says Ken Buda, Vice President of
Product Management and Operations
at Budderfly LLC.
And Budderfly and NYCPM are
currently planning to expand the system to other clinics and administrative areas. Not only will this generate
greater savings throughout the colleges
60,000-square-foot facility that serves
more than 20,000 patients a year, but it
will also enable participation in demand
response initiatives.
Utilities asking for energy usage data
in detail as fine as Budderfly can provide
is an exciting prospect, but theyre not
knocking just yet, Buda says. Nevertheless, he expects that to change, perhaps
with help from an ecosystem of energy
management innovators whose visions
extend beyond office building walls.
Microgrids
A microgrid is a network of power
generation and storage, usually on a
campus, typically designed to augment power from the local utility. Early
microgrids in the 1990s were experiments in peak shaving by campuses
like the US military base at Fort Bragg,
near Fayetteville, NC. Fort Bragg is one
of the USs largest military bases, today
covering 160,000 acres and staffed
by 45,000. By the late 90s, Bragg
was pushing hard against a 78-MW
demand contract with Carolina Power
and Light. To avoid penalties, the base
teamed up with the utility, PI Encorp
LLC, and Honeywell Home and Building Control Division to lay the early
groundwork of what would become
one of the first microgrids.
In the summer of 1999, the base
retrofitted 11 standby generators able to
supply 3.85 MW of backup power. An
iStock/portarefortuna
EMS
Collaboration
Monitoring and controls are significant aspects of microgrid development.

The Advanced Power and Energy Program, a center of research located at the
University of California Irvine, hosts a yearly
Microgrid Global Summit to examine issues
and learn about real-world, on-the-ground
microgrid deployments that are pushing the
envelope of energy reliability, quality, and
accessibility. Mike Firenze, President and CEO
of CleanSparka clean, affordable power
infrastructure companywas among the
many speakers at the 2015 Summit.
Firenze compared a microgrid, distributed assets that can work autonomously
and that can also come together, to the
human brain, and invited listeners to conEncorp Gold Box Generator Power
Control (GPC), integrating traditional
control modules, protective relays, and
network connectivity into a single programmable unit was installed at each
generator, letting it run in parallel with
its partners and connect with the grid.
The whole system tied into a central
Dispatch Workstation running Encorps
entelligent-VMM (Virtual Maintenance
Monitor) software so operators could
set the overall demand threshold, monitor demand at local substations, watch
the generators, and receive maintenance
alerts. Once the setup passed its first
peak-shaving test in February 2000,
and as Fort Bragg and similar campuses
sider microgrids arranged in fractal pattern,

self-similar units stacked together, the way
nature creates many of its forms. Smaller
units linked together to create larger units
can scale to infinite levels.
Within the very complex systems are
much simpler components. The goal of
a fractal formed grid, with the individual
microgrids able to island, is energy security
in each discrete location as well as for the
larger picture as more real-time resource
sharing capability comes online.
James Lee, of Schneider Electric,
also spoke. He emphasized that the key to
interaction and interconnection with the
local utility is to bring utilities on board early
in the microgrid planning process.
started adding more generators, photovoltaics, microturbines, windmills,

inverters, and batteries to these distributed energy networks, the microgrid
concept was born.
As a 20-year-old energy tech survivor, Encorp has learned something new
with every one of its 400 microgrid client
projectsboth in the US, and recently,
Indiasays PI Encorp CEO Michael
Clark. He adds that the challenge is often
to enable legacy generation hardware to
talk to the new network, though newer
equipment such as inverters can sometimes be equally troublesome.
Encorps Gold Box GPC, developed with grants from the Department
controls, and thermal storage. MelRoks

ESP is taking the data from 100 new,
advanced meters and the existing meters
and returning insight into cost, weather
normalization, profiling, load forecasts,
thresholds, and alerts so that UCI can
now better control the microgrid. The
microgrid has successfully disconnected
from the grid without power interruption, and can now participate as a smart
power for the California Independent
System Operator (CAISO).
And the ability to monitor, control,

and optimize energy input and consumption leaps from buildings to power
networks, an energy revolution may be
taking shape.
Peer-to-peer energy sharing, is
inevitable in the near-term future, says
Kevin Meagher, COO of PowerAnalytics Corporation, a software company
thats betting its own 20-year microgridbuilding business on that proposition.
Acquired by Causam Energy in 2014,
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of universal adapter that solves that
problem. The current generation GPC is
a solid-state, open protocol device thats
become the cornerstone of a full service
company offering design and startup
services, customer training, technical
support, remote monitoring, operational
management, switchgear, and distributed system control software.
Demand for microgrids is growing,
Clark says, and not just in early adopter
states such as California and New York.
Small towns in places like Wisconsin,
Connecticut, and New Jersey are seeing the logic as well, he says, especially
since 9/11 and Hurricane Sandy have
added power security and reliability to
their concerns.
An example of what microgrids
may be evolving into might be the
tantalizing science experiment that
serves distributed power resources to
more than 30,000 people at the University of California, Irvine (UCI). The
UCI Microgrid serves several types of
buildings and fleets of cars and buses
running on several kinds of renewable
fuel. As configured today, the microgrid
networks more than 3 MW of solar
power, a 19-MW natural gas-fired
combined cycle plant, centralized chilling with a 4.5-million-gallon thermal
energy storage tank and a Southern
California Edison substation supplying
power from the grid at reduced voltage.
The microgrid provides heating and
cooling, energy, and thermal monitoring, and metering and control to all
major buildings. It integrates electric
and hydrogen vehicle charging stations,
and its all connected via a 1-mile utility tunnel hidden under the campus
central park.
As microgrids reach such levels of
complexity, data-rich energy management and Internet of Things operability hasnt been lost on developers like
MelRok LLC, whose cloud-based, scalable EnergiStream Platform (ESP) interfaces with UCIs Microgrids simulation
model to provide real time information and analytics. Even just calibrated
with conventional sub-meters, UCIs
Microgrid Model has been an invaluable
resource thats helped UCI explore how
best to add photovoltaic arrays, molten
carbonate fuel cells, advanced inverter
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EMS
PowerAnalytics has recontextualized its

software and services and transformed
its market strategy. The company has
recently added a new development frontend to its legacy DesignBase and Paladin
cloud-based software for designing distributed energy systems. Its purpose is to
help partner companies solve the power
engineering part of letting neighbors and
enterprises successfully trade energy.
Its all about optimizing Moores
Law, the Law of Thermodynamics, and
market constraints to get the best energy
performance possible, says Meagher.
And solving the power problem will
enable the energy industry to leapfrog
the paradigm of load-solving.
Markets are based upon predictability, Meagher says, and when you
can predict your golden gooses future
output, you can monetize the forecasts.
As inverters that can maximize solar
penetration, real-time grid communication, and solar forecasting become
widely available, utilities are becoming
more willing to pay more for energy
from rooftops and do so for longer
periods. As more generation types and
especially energy storage become part of
the distributed energy equation, peering
is going to take off, Meagher says.
Various storage technologies are
being experimented with, from electrochemical batteries to thermal, hydroelectric, and even compressed air, he
explains. But, however it evolves, storage is going to enable distributed providers to monetize their energy output
in new ways.
Andrew Krulewitz, Director of Marketing and Product at Growing Energy
Labs Inc. (GELI), agrees. The solarplus-storage market is expected to grow
from $42 million in 2014, to more than
$1 billion by 2018. Hawaii is brimming
with so much solar that the utilities have
placed a moratorium on further installations, he says, adding that such growth
is awakening the US to the potentials of
new revenue streams from distributed
generation and storage.
Its not hard to imagine whole
neighborhoods disconnecting from the
grid in the near future, and as energy
storage becomes efficient, we can start
building tradable surpluses. Were not
there yet, concedes Krulewitz. Currently,
were focusing on helping enterprises
backup 10 to 20% of their load through

storage and smart distribution capacities.
But energy storage R&D grants are being
issued at a fast clip, prices are dropping,
and storage is becoming more and more
financially viable.
GELI itself formed in 2010 to build
better large grid-scale batteries, but soon
moved to fill a void of operating systems for unifying energy generation and
storage with its GELI Energy Operating
System (EOS). The system lets users plug
in any configuration of energy assets
from EMSs, electric vehicle chargers,
and home-scale or grid-scale batteries;
to thermal energy storage, grid power,
natural gas generators, and solar arrays.
The EOS then aggregates available
resources, pricing, demand load data,
user priorities, and other considerations
to calculate the best plan for optimizing supply and demand over the entire
energy network.
Essentially, were building the drivers to make everything work together,
says Krulewitz.
As the grid moves more and more
to the distributed sharing model, the
EOS will more and more empower users
to monitor demand, sell energy to the
grid at optimal times, and help battery
manufacturers monetize multiple
value streams.
The GELI EOS has most recently
shown what it can do in an installation
for the City Hall in Benecia, CA. Like
many well-intentioned organizations the
City of Benecia discovered that electric
vehicle chargers can drive major demand
spikes, sometimes at inconvenient times.
A spike might modestly impact energy
bills at one hour and be hugely expensive at another. GELIs installation now
helps the City Hall, which derives its
power from both a solar array and the
grid, solve the problem by telling the EV
chargers when to run off the grid, the
solar array, or the battery array.
This year, GELI is collaborating
with storage manufacturer Imergy
Power Systems on a microgrid project
at Los Positas College in Livermore,
CA, funded by a $1.5 million California
Energy Commission grant. The EOS
will coordinate Imergy vanadium batteries capable of storing 250 kW and
delivering 1 MWh, an existing 2.35-MW
solar array, 10 electric vehicle charge
stations, and 3,200 ton-hours of ice

energy storage. The project will reduce
peak charges, improve the Chabot-Los
Positas College districts energy independence, and likely save $75,000 a year.
Once we can design storage systems
that keep users days ahead of their loads,
emerging ancillary markets will hockeystick, and the Internet of Energy will follow, once user-friendly business models
get worked out, Krulewitz says. Neighborhoods and networks of enterprises
will be able to pool their energy to even
out peaks and troughs, and become even
greater net energy producers.
In the short term, EMSs at the facility-level embracing Internet of Things
technology can help enterprises generate
significant energy savings, help users
customize productive work environments for themselves, and can pay for
themselves quickly as installation and
maintenance costs decline precipitously.
But the longer-term prospects cant be
ignored either.
GELIs Krulewitz says the latest
crop of building and EMSs are making
our job a lot easier. He says, Building
management systems collect all of a
buildings data at a single coordination
point. Tapping in at one point is a lot
easier than treating building systems
separately.
And the better the EMSs resolution,
precision, and responsiveness, the better it will play with the GELI EOS, or
whatever else might be running things
at larger scales. The more precisely you
can tell whats happening in a building,
the more possible it becomes to push
and price a precise amount of energy
into the forward energy market. As the
precision and predictability becomes
the norm, virtual power plants will
emerge, and it will become possible
to achieve benefits and revenues far
beyond what conservation and peak
savings can generate alone. BE
Mark Scott Lavin writes on efficiency and
the environment.
BE

www.businessenergy.net/EMS
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PROJECT PROFILE
ing more energy-efficient equipment,
these facilities can improve their bottom lines and free up funds to invest
in new medical technologies and
patient care.
For just this reason, St. Francis
Hospital & Health Services in
Maryville, MO, began looking into
more energy-efficient equipment.
With the help of its local utility, Kansas City Power & Light (KCP&L), the
hospital explored ways to reduce its
energy usage and operating costs so
that it could remain financially viable
well into the future.
Small
Changes,
Big Savings
BY CHUCK CAISLEY
ospitals and health

care facilities around
the country spend billions each year on their
energy needs. One of
the primary reasons they consume
such a large amount of energy is that
a majority of them are operating 24
hours a day, creating a need for heating, cooling, and lighting at all times.
In addition to the constant energy
usage, many energy-intensive activities

happen in these facilities as well. Everything from laundry, to using lab equipment, to food services takes place over
the course of a typical day in a health
care facility.
While this energy usage is a necessity, many hospitals and health care
facilities have tight budgets, making
reductions in energy consumption
increasingly more important. By install-
iStock/gantico
An exterior lighting upgrade for one rural Missouri hospital
Looking to Save Money

Serving mostly the residents of
Nodaway County, MO, St. Francis has
been providing full-service medical
treatment for more than 120 years.
With roughly 20,000 people in its service area, the rural hospital provides
for emergency treatment, acute medical and surgical requirements, obstetric needs, and mental health care.
As a fixture of the northwestern
Missouri community, its important
that St. Francis constantly seeks ways
to reduce energy usage and expenditures in order to ensure longevity.
Thats why in early 2014, Facilities
Management Director Phil Larabee
started looking into energy efficiency
upgrades for the hospital.
Yes, its important for us to save
money, but its also important for
us to be here for our patients, says
Larabee. Our patients are our customers, and we want to be as efficient
and effective as we can for them.
While researching various
energy-efficient upgrades St. Francis
could make, Larabee was assisted in
the process by a hospital electrician.
As a supporter of energy-efficient
lighting, the electrician recommended
that the hospital replace their exterior
light bulbs with LED lighting. Having
worked in a number of other facilities
that made the switch to LED lighting,
the electrician knew firsthand how
successful they could be in saving
energy and money.
Our staff always has a lot of
Getting a Little Help

After his electrician suggested upgrading to LED lighting, Larabee decided
to do some research of his own. He
reached out to a lighting contractor and
in the process found out the local utility,
KCP&L, had energy efficiency rebates
available for its business customers. The
electric utility, which serves more than
800,000 customers in Kansas and Missouri, currently offers up to $250,000
in rebates for various business energy
efficiency upgrades, including lighting,
HVAC, and air compressors, among
many other things.
Making energy efficiency upgrades
are a way for our customers to invest
in their businesses, says Kim Winslow,
KCP&Ls Director of Energy Solutions.
Even a straightforward project like
upgrading to more efficient lighting can
directly impact the bottom line. And by
reducing operating costs, customers can
put those savings into growing other
areas of their business.
When Larabee finished researching
what rebates were available and which
upgrades he thought would give the
hospital the best return on its investment, he presented his findings to the
hospitals leadership. He was able to get
buy in from the leadership by showing what the hospitals current lighting
usage and costs were, and then what
they could be with new energy-efficient
lighting. After gaining approval, Larabee worked with KCP&L to decide the
specific type of lighting the hospital
should upgrade to.
Having worked with hundreds of
facilities on energy efficiency upgrades,
including a number of hospitals, we
were able to help St. Francis Hospital
identity what type of lighting was best
for them, says Winslow. We were able
to explain what types of lighting they

could get rebates on and what kind of
energy savings they could expect by
making these upgrades.
Choosing the Best Fit
Larabee listened to KCP&Ls comparison of LEDs and other traditional
lighting, as well as the energy-saving
projections of each. When it came time
for him to select a lighting type, Larabee

says the biggest selling point was longevity. LEDs, which can last up to five
times longer than a CFL, have a lifespan
of approximately 50,000 hours. He saw
that decreased lighting maintenance
time as a real benefit. Since LEDs dont
have to be switched out as often, St.
Francis could spend more time maintaining other areas of its operations.
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interest in how the hospital can save

energy and money, says Larabee. In
fact, sometimes we even have to hold
them back a little, because they like
to spend money. And we want to do
our research and make sure that any
upgrades we make are going to pay us
back in the future and make us a better
hospital.
PROJECT PROFILE
Looking Towards the Future

While St. Francis may have only completed its exterior lighting project as of
now, Larabee says the hospital will definitely be looking at additional lighting
upgrades in the near future because of
the energy savings it has seen with this
project. St. Francis will also be researching different HVAC upgrades to see if it
can save on its heating and cooling costs.
We want to see if there are any
more energy-saving products out there
that would help make us a more efficient facility, says Larabee. Heating
and cooling are a very big costs for this
hospitalsometimes up to $50,000 to
$55,000 per monthand finding savings in that area would really help us
BE

www.businessenergy.net
Kansas City Power and Light
So, in early 2014, St. Francis made

the decision to replace all of the exterior light fixtures that lined the hospitals driveway and illuminated the
parking lot with LED lighting. In total,
the hospital upgraded 72 light fixtures. Even though St. Francis has only
replaced its exterior lighting so far, it
has already seen a significant reduction
in its energy usage. In fact, the lighting
upgrades are expected to reduce the
facilitys energy consumption by more
than 112,000 kWh annually.
Not only is our exterior lighting
brighter, but weve also seen a considerable reduction in energy, says Larabee.
Were saving almost $1,000 on our
monthly energy bill since we installed
our new LEDs.
In addition to the monthly energy
savings, St. Francis also saved money
with the actual rebates. The total cost
of the lighting retrofit was just less than
$34,000, but with KCP&Ls Business
Energy Efficiency Rebate program, St.
Francis paid less than $17,000. Because
the KCP&L rebate covered 50% of the
project cost, the hospital will see a return
on investment in less than two years.
St. Francis Hospital now boasts brighter exterior lighting and savings from less energy use and an
efficiency rebate.
reduce our operating costs.

Regardless of the future upgrades
St. Francis makes, the money it saves will
go toward improving other areas of its
business and making sure that the hospital is in the community long term for
patients in the northwestern Missouri
area. This is just one reason why Larabee
recommends other hospitals, and businesses in general, invest in energy efficiency upgrades.
I would tell other businesses look-
ing to upgrade to more energy-efficient

equipment to establish a good working relationship with your local utility
and also see what kind of rebates are
available, says Larabee. By using their
expertise and their incentives, you can
make your facility more energy efficient
and save a lot of money as well. BE
Chuck Caisley is vice president of market-
ing and public affairs for Kansas City

Power & Light.
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SENSAPHONE
The new Sentinel system from Sensaphone remotely monitors unattended HVAC units, refrigerators, and freezers. When environmental changes or equipment malfunctions threaten HVACR units and the assets they protect,
the Sentinel system automatically alerts facility managers, who can quickly address the potentially costly situation. The Sentinel system monitors up to 12 different environmental and equipment status conditions including
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EMERSON NETWORK POWER
The Avtron LPH150 portable load bank is the new standard for multiple capacity
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CAPSTONE TURBINE CORP.
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Business Energys ShowCase is based on information supplied by manufacturers.

Some manufacturers did not respond to requests for information. Publication of materials received is subject to editing and space availability.
DENT INSTRUMENTS
The ELITEpro XC is a portable

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FOREST LIGHTING
Forest Lightings new line of LED Floodlights is ideal for both indoor and
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SHOWCASE
COMRENT
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LEGACY BUILDING SOLUTIONS
Combining superior-quality solid-frame engineering with

the proven benefits of tension fabric, Legacy Building
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fabric roofs that eliminate the corrosion concerns associated with metal-constructed facilities. A wide variety of
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Multiquip, a diverse manufacturer and supplier of world-class quality products and solutions, introduces the first in a new line of MQ Power natural
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MIRATECH CORP.
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Cover 2
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Cover 4
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GET SEEN. GET RESULTS. PLACE YOUR AD TODAY. / t: 805 682 1300 ext. 100 / f: 805 682 0200
MARKETPLACE
Reader Prole
BY CAROL BRZOZOWSKI
or Matt Brugman, LEED AP, LEED BD&C, successful sustainability is built on a research and analysis
foundation. Brugman is a consultant in the sustainability division of Affiliated Engineers Inc. (AEI),
which provides mechanical, electrical, piping design,
engineering, commissioning and technology services to various
clients. When people have particular technologies whose functioning they dont understand or theyre not entirely convinced the
sales pitch theyve been given is accurate, were usually called upon
to develop a mathematical model to help describe how individual
pieces of equipment will work,
how equipment in a big design
works together or how human
beings will respond to some
aspects of our companys
design, says Brugman.
Architects typically hire
AIE to provide a daylighting,
thermal comfort, or energy
analysis to improve a buildings architectural features.
One of Brugmans clients is his
alma mater: the University of
Texas (UT) at Austin, where
his efforts focus on building
energy efficiency and thermal and visual comfort. Internal pressure
can result when clients deploy energy savings targets.
When a provost or someone else declares a 20% energy
reduction for a building, youre honor-bound to meet it because
its the clients will, says Brugman. It can become an interesting
back-and-forth between people setting energy policies and others
setting the budgets who dont realize the cost of meeting some of
the energy goals.
Many clients conduct a typical 30- to 40-year life cycle cost
analysis of buying or not buying equipment and energy savings relative to each decision. Its difficult to predict energy prices beyond 30
years, he adds. Some buildings pose special challenges, such as an old
hall being retrofitted with modern systems.
Codes have changed so much, notes Brugman. Were trying
to meet current codes with a building that was never intended to
meet them. Ultimately, for most clients, there are significant savings
derived from energy efficiency projects, he adds.
What He Does Day to Day
Brugman typically spends his days doing design analysis, whether its
a buildings entire mechanical system, or the lighting and daylighting
controls in a single room. I am building mathematical or computer
models to assess how things in a building will actually operate: how
are the chillers going to run? How are the boilers going to operate?
Whats the temperature going to be like in a space? Whats the func-
58 www.BusinessEnergy.Net
Matt Brugman
tion of outside conditions? Is it going to be too bright, or too dark in
a space thats daylit? Brugman also does construction administration to ensure system and lighting installations are progressing in a
positive fashion.
What Led Him Into This Line of Work
The son of two engineers, Brugman grew up with a strong math and
engineering background. He earned a B.S. in architectural engineering from UT at Austin. As a student engineer on the universitys
team for the US Department of Energys Solar Decathlon Project,
Brugman took a special
interest in energy efficiency,
sustainability, daylighting and
alternative lighting technologies. That led him to an M.S.
degree in civil engineering
through the University of
Colorado Boulders building
systems program.
What He Likes Best
About His Work
Brugman enjoys the satisfaction he gets when a client
particularly an architect
approaches him with a question. They have some interesting things
they want to try in a building or theyre hoping you have some
interesting idea that will help them out, he says. You actually get to
see them design a building with this particular idea, technology or
technique being implemented. Its very satisfying when you put in an
analysis effort to try to come up with at least some customized solution and then see it carried forward in a design.
His Biggest Challenge
We dont always have a quick solution thats inexpensive or easy to
operate and install, says Brugman. A lot of it becomes managing
client expectations. When they say they want a zero net energy building or a building where no one is going to have a thermal comfort
complaint, we have to show them what it would take to get there.
He says that when clients see the cost, required maintenance, and
project completion time, the gap emerges between the desire for
something and meeting the reality of implementation. BE
Carol Brzozowski writes on the topics of technology and industry.
Help Us Highlight Industry Superstars

Business Energy is accepting Reader Profile nominees.
E-mail us for more information, at BEeditor@forester.net.
ing
n
i
Tra
d
an w et!
m
-De ble No rsity.n
n
O ila ive
d
n
a Ava rUn
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ste
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at F
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U N L I M I T E D
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S O LU T I O N S

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Editorial Advisory Board

David Van Holde

Aquarian Technology Systems

Power Recruiting Group

Assistant Vice President

Justin Fortmeyer, P.E.

Director, Energy and Engineering

James W. JT Thielman, CFE

The best transfer switches and bypass/isolation

Other transfer switch controls spit out status

Mitsubishi Electric Cooling and Heating

ospitals use a lot of energy, typically, twice

HOSPITALS MAY PRIORITIZE

Photos: Berner International

however some hospitals are taking a closer look at where

Available Certified IBC Seismic Compliance

BALTIMORE, MD | 800.231.2258 | WWW.PRITCHARDBROWN.COM

Its not temperature

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humidity ranges promote the growth of microorganisms,

Business Energy June 2015 13

Pinnacle primary ventilation system

enhancement designed by Phoenix

SEMCOs Ascendant active desiccant energy recovery unit at a hospital

eters gives surgeons an additional tool

facility, says Rice.

But Wade says the challenge

my team to install the very same system

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Business Energy June 2015 15

Our HVAC system

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colonies of organisms such as mold and bacteria that tend to

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