Principle:

Melting point (mp) is thetemperature atwhichasolidbecomes aliquidatstandardatmospheric

pressure;atthispoint,solidanditsliquidareinanequilibriumatacertainpressure.
Meltingpointisoneofphysicalpropertiesofacompoundbywhichitisidentified.Thispropertyis
intrinsictoacompoundwhenitispure.Apurecrystallinecompoundhasasharpmeltingpoint.When
asamplemeltsatalowerthanexpectedtemperatureoveranextendedrange,thisisindicatethatthe
samplewasimpurity.Therefore,meltingpointofacompoundcangiveindicationofcompound'spurity
andforidentification.
Themeltingpointcanbemeasuredby meltingpointapparatus.Inthislabyouwillidentifythe
meltingpointofunknowndifferentcompound.
Materials:

MelTempmeltingpointapparatus

Unknownsample
Instrument:
AdvancedMeltingPointApparatusSMP3fromStuart

Procedure:

To load sample into a capillary of melting point must be dry, powdered form, homogeneous
until give the accurate result in the determination of melting point.

The glass capillary tube is opened at one end and closed at other end.

Put the open end of the capillary tube into a sample so some solid particles enter the tube until
pull down to closed end. (The high of sample about 2 mm).

Switch ON for the heating block of the Mel-Temp apparatus.

Insert the capillary tube into slot of the heating block (Note: You can hold another two capillary
tubes into other slots).

Look through the eyepiece to show the melting of solid sample.

Select the rate of temperature (must be small) about 2C per minute and the starting temperature
about 5-10C below the expected melting point of the sample. (The starting temperature is the
temperature which the capillaries are inserted into the heating stand that helps as the starting
temperature for the heating ramp). Then Record the first temperature which melting begins.
When the heating is stable, the temperature is ramping rapidly that your specified ramping rate
until your stop temperature (Record the second temperature which the solid sample disappears
for exp. 78-80C).

Cool the apparatus to about 20C below the crude melting point for taking the measurements of
the second sample.

Remove the capillary tubes and then turn off the apparatus.
References:

http://www.thinksrs.com/downloads/PDFs/ApplicationNotes/MPProcedure.pdf
http://www.chem.ucalgary.ca/courses/351/laboratory/meltingpoint.pdf

Further readings:

Determinationthemeltingpointofbutter

Determinesthemeltingpointofchocolate

Readthemeltingrangeinthiswebsite

MELTINGPOINTMAINPAGE

Video:Meltingpointdetermination

Result Sheet

:Yourname

Compoundname

Melting range
Start

Finish

Principle:
Turbidity is the cloudiness of the liquid due to the presence of suspended particles that are invisible to
naked eyes. Turbidity can be measured using turbidometer. Turbidometer (or called nephelometer) is
an instrument which is used to determine the turbidity of liquid. It depends on measuring the amount of
light reflected by the suspended particles. The amount of light reflected is directly proportion to the
amount of partials present in a liquid (turbidity).
Turbidity can also be measured by measuring the transparency of the liquid using spectrophotometer
(transmittance mode). Clear liquid (not turbid) has higher transparency (near 100%), turbidity decrease
this transparency.
Meter (measures the amount of reflected lights)

Transmittancelight
Transmittancelight
Lightsource

Suspendedparticles
This figure isreferredtoturbidometry.

Applications:

Determinethewaterquality.

TestthedissolvedO2inwater.

FormationofAbAgcomplex.
Materials:

Differentconcentrationofcalciumchloride(0.1g%)

Dionizedwater

Distilledwater

Tabwater

Drinkingwater
Instruments:

Turbidometer
Spectrophotometer

Procedure:

Usedeionized water as blankforcalibrating that allows alllight passes throughthe water

(transmission100%).

Prepare the following samples: calcium chloride, deionized water, distilled water, drinking
water,andtapwaterbyaddingequalamount(1ml)ofsampleandSulcowichreagent,mixwell,
andthenwaitfor3minute.Thesamplesarecollectedinsamplesbottles.
Note:Ifyouareusingcellinthespectrophotometer,addequalamount(5ml)ofsampleandSulcowich
reagent.

ReadturbidityinNTUs(NephelometricTurbidityUnits)foreachsamplebyturbidometer.

Repeatmeasurements using spectrophotometer at350nmfor readingthetransmittanceof

light.

Seethebelowstepstolearnhowtousetheturbidometer.
Sampleholder
Blanktube(deionizedH2O)

Zerocontrol
Sampletube

Changetherangeofreadingfrom20to200
NTU's(nephelometricturbidityunits)

References:

http://water.me.vccs.edu/concepts/turbidity.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbidometry

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbidity

http://turbiditymeteroutlets.co.cc/reviews
VWR_TURBIDITY_METER_DIG_800___VWR_Model_800_Turbidity_Meter___Model_66120_200
___EachB001UHRN7A.html

Result Sheet

:Youname

Substancename

Turbidity

Transmittance

Write your observations here.