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Final report for

Ageing Disability and Home Care
Department of Human Services
2009-2010
Ageing Disability and Home Care, Department of Human Services report for www.physiotherapyexercises.com
Contents
1.
Project team .............................................................................................2
2.
Project summary.......................................................................................3
3.
Funding period..........................................................................................3
4.
Funding provided by ADHC and other sponsors ......................................3
5.
Aims and objectives..................................................................................4
6.
Background ..............................................................................................5
7.
Methodology .............................................................................................5
8.
Evaluation.................................................................................................6
9.
Presentations and publicity arising from website......................................7
10.
Future plans .............................................................................................7
11.
Acknowledgements ..................................................................................8
12.
Contact details for further information ......................................................9
Appendix 1 - Example of an exercise booklet appropriate for recording a patients

progress..................................................................................................10
Appendix 2 - Example of an exercise booklet appropriate for giving to another
physiotherapist .......................................................................................11
Appendix 3 200 Exercises for children with physical disabilities.............................12
Appendix 4 Website visits from January 2009 to April 2010 ................................112
Appendix 5 - Results from an online questionnaire placed on the website. ............113
Appendix 6 - Presentations related to website since between 2003 - 2009 ............115
1.
Project team
Steering committee
1
Project co-ordinator:
Associate Professor Lisa Harvey
Project officers:
Mr Owen Katalinic
1
Dr Joanne Glinsky
IT consultant:
Peter Messenger
Spinal Cord Injury

sub-committee
Members:
1
1. A/Prof Lisa Harvey
Adult TBI
sub-committee
Stroke sub-committee
ADHC Paediatric
sub-committee
Members:
6
1. Dr Anne Moseley
Members:
5
1. A/Prof Louise Ada
Members:
6
1. Ms Jane Butler
2. Dr Joanne Glinsky
3. Mr Adrian Byak
4. Ms Jill Eyles
3. Mr Tim Fairbairn
4. Ms Taryn Jones
6. Ms Lyndall Katte
6. Ms Anita Mudge
7. Dr Colleen Canning
7. Mr Karl Schurr
2. Ms Alison Chung
4
12
4. Dr Annie McCluskey
5. Ms Julia Batty
3. Ms Stephanie Potts
5. Dr Colleen Canning
2. Dr Catherine Dean
5. Mr Karl Schurr
10
2. Mr Ricky Chan
13
3. Ms Jeannie Bennett
13
4. Ms Katherine Gambell
5. Ms Anita Mudge
10
13
6. Ms Bronwyn Thomas
8. Dr Leanne Hassett
7. Ms Jan Hancock
11
11
8. Ms Ann Lancaster
Paediatric TBI
sub-committee
13
Members:
9
1. Ms Anita Mudge
2. Ms Bronwyn Thomas
3. Ms Jan Hancock
11
11
Affiliations
1. Rehabilitation Studies Unit, Northern Clinical School, Sydney School of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney,
Australia
2. Moorong Spinal Unit, Royal Rehabilitation Centre Sydney, Northern Sydney Central Coast Health, Sydney, Australia
3. Spinal Injury Unit, Royal North Shore Hospital, Northern Sydney Central Coast Health, Sydney, Australia
4. Spinal Injury Unit, Prince of Wales Hospital, South Eastern Sydney and Illawarra Area Health Service, Sydney,
Australia
5. Discipline of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
6. George Institute of International Health, Sydney, Australia.
7. Brain Injury Unit, Westmead Hospital, Sydney West Area Health Service, Sydney, Australia
8. Brain Injury Rehabilitation Unit, Liverpool Health Service, Sydney South West Area Health Service, Sydney, Australia
9. Physiotherapy Department, Sydney Children's Hospital, South Eastern Sydney and Illawarra Area Health Service,
Sydney, Australia
10. Physiotherapy Department, Bankstown Hospital, Sydney South West Area Health Service, Sydney, Australia
11. Physiotherapy Department, The Childrens Hospital at Westmead, Sydney West Area Health Service, Sydney,
Australia.
12. Discipline of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Health Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
13. Ageing Disability and Homecare, Department of Human Services, Australia.
2.
Project summary
The overall purpose of this project was to expand an existing physiotherapy

exercises website (www.physiotherapyexercises.com) to include 200 exercises
appropriate for children with physical disabilities. The existing website was initially
designed to provide inexperienced, isolated and rural physiotherapists with practical
and much-needed information about different types of exercises, stretches and
training strategies appropriate for people with spinal cord injury, traumatic brain injury
and stroke. The website was also designed to enable physiotherapists to readily and
easily generate individualised and professional-looking exercise booklets for their
patients. A committee of clinicians and academics experienced in the management
of paediatric physical disabilities identified 200 appropriate exercises appropriate for
infants and children. Each exercise was illustrated with a sketch and photograph.
Explanatory text was written for each exercise. The existing search engine was
modified so that users could find exercises appropriate to the needs of their clients.
On-line questionnaires and site tracking were used to assess the usefulness of the
website.
3.
Funding period
Commencement: April 2009

Completion:
May 2010
4.
Funding provided by ADHC and other sponsors
Funding body
Amount
% of overall cost
NSW Department of Disability, Aging and

Homecare
Addition of 200 exercises appropriate fro
children with physical disabilities
NSW Department of Health:
$89,320
15.3%
$52,137
8.9%
$16,500
2.8%
$100,000
17.1%
$20,000
3.4%
$5,000
$18,975
0.9%
3.3%
Addition of 200 exercises appropriate for

people with stroke
Motor Accidents Authority:
Database of training exercises for people
with spinal cord injury (2003-2004)
Development of an exercise website for
physiotherapists (2004 -2006)
Addition of exercises appropriate for
children with traumatic brain injury (2005 2006)
Other sponsors:
Royal Rehabilitation Centre Sydney (2002)
NSW Statewide Spinal Service (2004)
3
NSW Statewide Spinal Service (2008)

NSW GMTT of Brain Injury Rehabilitation
Service (2005 2006)
Neurology Group of the New Zealand
Society of Physiotherapists (2009)
Australian Physiotherapy Association (2009)
Funding for translation into different
languages:
$6,000
$10,000
1.0%
1.7%
$2,000
0.3%
$500
0.1%
The Council for Arab Australian Relations

(DFAT)
Hoc Mai Foundation (Vietnamese)
In-kind support1:
$13,255
2.3%
$9,500
1.6%
Time donated by physiotherapists (2002

2006)
Time donated by IT consultant (2002
2006)
Access to facilities and equipment provided
by the institutions of all investigators (2002
2006)
Hong Kong Society for Rehabilitation
Jordan Orthopaedic and Spinal Centre
Helse Og Rehabilitering
Sunnaas Rehabilitation Hospital
$80,000
13.7%
$120,000
20.6%
$40,000
6.9%
TOTAL COST
$583,187
It is difficult to accurately estimate the commercial cost of the time donated by

physiotherapists and the IT consultant. These figures probably underestimate the true cost.
5.
Aims and objectives
The overall aim of this project was to improve the quality of physiotherapy care to
children with physical disabilities. The specific aims of the project were to:
Add 200 exercises appropriate for children with physical disabilities to an
existing website.
Enable therapists to readily compile individualised exercise booklets, for the
parents, teachers and carers of children with physical disabilities.
Provide isolated, rural and junior physiotherapists with much-needed practical
information about exercises appropriate for children with physical disabilities.
The specific objectives of the project were to:

1. Consult with clinicians and academics experienced in the physiotherapy treatment of
children with physical disabilities to identify appropriate exercises.
2. Photograph the 200 exercises.
3. Digitally illustrate the 200 exercises.
4
4. Write accompanying text for the 200 exercises and classify each exercise for search
purposes on the website.
5. Make necessary software changes to accommodate the additional 200 exercises
6. Upload the 200 exercises onto the website
7. Publicise the website
8. Re-evaluate the website
6.
Background
The need for a website containing exercises for people with neurological conditions
was identified in 2001 by physiotherapists working within the specialised spinal cord
injury units in Sydney. Patients discharged from these units are referred back to their
local communities for ongoing physiotherapy. However, physiotherapists working
within local community facilities often had difficulty providing patients with specialised
care because they were not experienced in the management of people with spinal
cord injuries and because the exercises appropriate for these types of patients are
not known by most physiotherapists. Surprisingly, there was no resource or textbook
containing practical information about all the different types of exercises appropriate
for these patients. The website was seen as a way of providing junior and
inexperienced physiotherapists with a large repertoire of exercises appropriate for
patients with different kinds of spinal cord injuries. The website was also seen as a
way on enabling physiotherapists to compile exercise booklets for their patients
(Appendix 1) and for giving to other physiotherapists when patients transitioned
between services (Appendix 2).
The physiotherapy exercises project was commenced in 2002 with initial funding
from the Royal Rehabilitation Centre Sydney and the Motor Accidents Authority of
NSW (MAA). This initial funding was used to generate 150 exercises onto a CD. The
exercises could be searched using Microsoft Access software. A further grant from
the MAA was then used to build on this initial work. It was used to create the website
and add a further 350 exercises for people with spinal cord injury and adults and
children with traumatic brain injury. Another 200 exercises for people with stroke
(funded by the NSW Department of Health) were added recently. The website has
now been live for over 5 years and currently contains over 750 exercises.
Funding was sought from Ageing, Disability and Home Care NSW to add 200
exercises appropriate for children with physical disabilities to the website.
7.
Methodology
The following methods were used to plan and implement the addition of 200
exercises for children with physical disabilities:
1. Consult with clinicians and academics experienced in the physiotherapy treatment of

children with physical disabilities to identify appropriate exercises.
A sub-committee of clinicians experienced in paediatric physiotherapy was
established to identify the 200 most important exercises. This sub-committee met
regularly over a one year period and consisted of physiotherapists (from ADHC,
5
Sydney Childrens Hospital Randwick and The Childrens Hospital at Westmead) and
and academics from the University of Sydney. A community access representative
from ADHC also attended meetings where appropriate. Overall 200 exercises for
infants and children with physical disabilities were identified for addition to the
website. The committee also identified appropriate search terms for these exercises.
2. Photography of the 200 exercises
A photograph of each exercise was produced with the assistance of academics and
clinicians experienced in exercise prescription for children with disabilities.
3. Digital illustration of 200 exercises
A digital illustration of each exercise (consistent with those already on the website) was
produced by an artist.
4. Write accompanying text and classify the 200 exercises
Text was written to accompany the 200 exercises. This text was written in close
consultation with the sub-committee. The text included two sets of aims and
instructions for each exercise: one appropriate for therapists and the other
appropriate for patients or patients carers. The instructions also included ideas for
progression, variations and precautions for each exercise. The exercises were then
categorised for search purposes on the website.
5. Make necessary software changes to accommodate the addition of 200 exercises
An IT consultant made the necessary modifications to the website to enable new search
categories and the addition of exercises.
6. Upload the exercises onto the website
200 exercises appropriate for children with physical disabilities were uploaded onto the
website. The exercises were made freely available to all including ADHC therapists,
Department of Health therapists and therapists worldwide.
7. Publicise the website
The website will be presented at upcoming conferences contingent on acceptance. Subcommittee members will identify and target appropriate conferences.
8. Re-evaluate the success of the website
The success of this project was measured by:
The addition of another 200 exercises to the website appropriate for
children with physical disabilities.
The number of users that have visited the web site.
An on-line questionnaire filled in by users of the website.
8.
Evaluation
The following methods were used to evaluate the ongoing usefulness and success of the
6
website:
1. Upload of 200 exercises appropriate for children with physical disabilities
200 exercises with accompanying sketch and text have been uploaded (see
Appendix 3).
2. Usage of the website
A tracking device installed on the website indicated that more than 240,000 visits
from over 100 countries since January 2009 (Appendix 4). The majority of visitors
are from Australia perhaps reflecting the success of local publicity.
3. Questionnaire
53 respondents have completed on-line questionnaires. They indicate a high level of
user satisfaction (see Appendix 5).
9.
Presentations and publicity arising from website
The website has been publicised and presented both locally and internationally. It
has been written about in Australia, UK, France and New Zealand, and has been
presented at conferences and meetings in Australia, Norway, Netherlands, South
Africa, New Zealand, India, USA, Pakistan and Vietnam (see Appendix 5 for details).
10. Future plans

The following initiatives have commenced:
1. Publicity
Further advertising of the website (including the new 200 exercises) at
national and international forums has commenced.
2. Translation into other languages
The website has been translated into Chinese, Norwegian, Russian,
Vietnamese and Arabic. Future translations are being proposed.
3. Planning for the addition of more exercises
The addition of more exercises would ensure that the website contains a
comprehensive catalogue of exercises for neurological disabilities. Future
groups that may benefit from the addition of exercises are people with
multiple sclerosis, children with cerebral palsy and children with spinal cord
injuries.
2. Develop problem-based learning tutorials linked to the website
Learning modules could be developed to be used in conjunction with the
website. These could take advantage of the websites exercises and on-line
video clips. The modules would be targeted at inexperienced physiotherapists
and physiotherapy students and aim to improve their ability to manage people
with motor delay, stroke, spinal cord and traumatic brain injuries.
7
11. Acknowledgements
The success of this project was due to the dedication of a large number of people
and organisations. In particular this project was made possible with the generous
financial support of NSW Department of Health, the Motor Accidents Authority of
NSW, Statewide Spinal Service of NSW, The Royal Rehabilitation Centre of Sydney,
Australia and Ageing Disability and Home Care Department of Human Services,
NSW.
This project would not have been possible without our IT consultant, Peter
Messenger. When this project was only in concept stage, Peter approached the
organising committee and offered to donate his time and skills. For the next seven
years, he worked by day as a computer consultant writing software for helicopters,
and by night as a programmer for this project. We are very grateful for Peters
generosity and highly superior IT skills.
We also acknowledge our very talented artist, Paul Pattie. Paul illustrated all the
exercises and has been responsible for the artistic direction of this project. We are
also grateful to our past and present clients with neurological disabilities who posed
for the photographs and sketches.
We acknowledge the Departments of Physiotherapy at the Royal Rehabilitation
Centre Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, Prince of Wales Hospital, Bankstown
Hospital, Liverpool Hospital, Westmead Hospital, The Sydney Childrens Hospital,
The Childrens Hospital at Westmead and Ageing Disability and Home Care
Department of Human Services, NSW. We also acknowledge the ongoing support
provided by the Rehabilitation Studies Unit and the Royal Rehabilitation Centre
Sydney. These two units bore most of the associated costs of this project, such as
those associated with employing relief staff and providing ongoing IT support.
12. Contact details for further information

Associate Professor Lisa Harvey, PhD
Rehabilitation Studies Unit
Northern Clinical School, Sydney School of Medicine
University of Sydney
PO Box 6, Ryde, Sydney, Australia 1680
Ph: 61-2-98099099
Fax: 61-2-98099037
Email: l.harvey@usyd.edu.au
Appendix 1 - Example of an exercise booklet appropriate for

recording a patients progress
Mon
Tues
Wed
Thur
Fri
Mon
Tues
Wed
Thur
Fri
Mon
Tues
Wed
Thur
Fri
EXERCISE PROGRAM
for
[client name]
www.physiotherapyexercises.com
This exercise booklet was compiled using software freely available at
10
Appendix 2 - Example of an exercise booklet appropriate for giving

to another physiotherapist
Walking sideways between furniture

Aim: To improve the ability to walk
Instructions: Position the child in
standing with their hands resting on a
chair in front of them. Instruct and
encourage the child to practice stepping
sideways to a second chair.
EXERCISE PROGRAM
Progressions and variations: Less

advanced: 1. Provide assistance. More
advanced: Increase the distance
between the chairs.
for
[client name]
Assisted sit to stand from a block

Aim: To improve the ability to stand up
and sit down.
Instructions: Position the child sitting on
a block. Place a toy on your shoulder to
encourage the child to reach forward
while standing up. Instruct and
encourage the child to stand up. Provide
assistance as required.
advanced: 1. Increase the height of the
block. More advanced: 1. Decrease the
height of the block.
Standing supported by carers legs

Aim: To improve the ability to stand
Instructions: Position the child in
standing with their back against your
legs. Instruct and encourage the child to
maintain a standing position.
advanced: 1. Provide more assistance.
More advanced: 1. Provide less
assistance. 2. Encourage the child to
perform an activity using their arms. 3.
Encourage the child to stand without
support.
This exercise booklet was compiled using software freely available at

11
Appendix 3 200 Exercises for children with physical disabilities
Assisted standing at a table

Therapist`s aim
To improve the ability to stand.
Client`s aim
Therapist`s instructions
Position the patient in standing at a table. Provide support to maintain
good hip and knee alignment. Instruct and encourage the patient to
maintain a standing position for as long as possible.
Client`s instructions
Position the child in standing at a table. Provide support to keep the
legs straight. Instruct and encourage the child to maintain a standing
position for as long as possible.
Progressions and variations
Less advanced: 1. Provide more assistance. 2. Place wrap-around
splints around the knees. More advanced: 1. Provide less assistance.
2. Encourage the child to perform an activity using one arm. 3.
Encourage the child to perform an activity using two arms. 3.
Encourage the child not to lean on the table.
Sidelying
Therapist`s aim
To improve the ability to maintain sidelying.
Client`s aim
Position the patient in sidelying. Instruct and encourage the patient to
look at and play with a toy held or placed in front of them.
Position the child in sidelying. Instruct and encourage the child to look
at and play with a toy held or placed in front of them.
Less advanced: 1. Place a rolled up towel or pillow behind the child. 2.
Provide assistance.
Precautions
1. Ensure that the lower arm does not get trapped under the child's
body.
12
Stepping up and over a step

Therapist`s aim
To improve the ability to stand, walk or walk up and down stairs.
Client`s aim
To improve your ability to stand, walk or walk up and down stairs.
Position the patient in front of a step. Instruct the patient to step up
onto the step with one leg and down off the step with the other leg.
Position yourself in front of a step. Practice stepping up onto the step
with one leg and down off the step with the other leg.
Less advanced: 1. Decrease the height of the step. 2. Provide
assistance. More advanced: 1. Increase the height of the step.
Crawling backwards down a single step

Therapist`s aim
To improve the ability to safely go down a step.
Client`s aim
To improve the ability to safely go down a step.
Position the patient in standing or four-point kneeling at the top of a
step. Instruct the patient to turn around and crawl backwards (feet
first) down the step.
Position the child in standing or four-point kneeling at the top of a step.
Instruct the child to turn around and crawl backwards (feet first) down
the step.
Less advanced: 1. Provide assistance. 2. Decrease the height of the
step. More advanced: 1. Increase the height of the step. 2. Increase
the number of steps.
Precautions
1. Provide appropriate adult supervision.
13
Moving from supported bear-walking to standing

Therapist`s aim
To improve the ability to move into standing.
Client`s aim
Position the patient in a bear-walk position with their hands on a
support and feet on the floor. Instruct the patient to stand up from the
bear-walk position. Encourage the movement by holding a toy just
above the height of the patient's head.
Position the child in a bear-walk position with their hands on a support
and feet on the floor. Instruct the child to stand up from the bear-walk
position. Encourage the movement by holding a toy just above the
height of the child's head.
Less advanced: 1. Provide assistance. 2. Increase the height of the
support. More advanced: 1. Place the child's hands on the floor.
Moving from bear-walk to standing

Therapist`s aim
Client`s aim
Position the patient in a bear-walk position with their hands and feet on
the floor and their bottom in the air. Instruct the patient to stand up
from the bear-walk position. Encourage the movement by holding a toy
just above the height of the patient's head.
Position the child in a bear-walk position with their hands and feet on
the floor and their bottom in the air. Instruct the child to stand up from
the bear-walk position. Encourage the movement by holding a toy just
above the height of the child's head.
Less advanced: 1. Provide assistance by holding the hips from behind.
2. Position the child with their hands on a step.
14
Bear-walking up a slope with assistance

Therapist`s aim
To improve the ability to bear-walk in different environments.
Client`s aim
To improve the ability to bear-walk in different environments.
Position the patient in a bear-walk position with their hands and feet on
a slope and their bottom in the air. Instruct the patient to bear-walk
forwards up the slope. Provide assistance to stabilise the feet.
Position the child in a bear-walk position with their hands and feet on a
slope and their bottom in the air. Instruct the child to bear-walk
forwards up the slope. Provide assistance to stabilise the feet.
More advanced: 1. Bear-walk in different environments. 2. Bear-walk
on a flat surface.
Rolling in bed
Therapist`s aim
To improve the ability to roll.
Client`s aim
Position the patient in supine with one hip and knee flexed and their
arm across their body. Instruct and encourage the patient to roll
towards you.
Position the child lying on their back with one hip and knee bent and
their arm across their body. Instruct and encourage the child to roll
towards you.
Less advanced: 1. Place a pillow behind the back so that the child is
quarter off supine.
15
Supine to sitting over the edge of the bed

Therapist`s aim
To improve the ability to get out of bed.
Client`s aim
To improve the ability to get out of bed.
Position the patient in supine. Instruct and encourage the patient to sit
up by rolling to one side and pushing up through their arms. Provide
assistance as required, supporting the patient behind their trunk and
stabilising their thighs.
Position the child lying on their back. Instruct and encourage the child
to sit up by rolling to one side and pushing up through their arms.
Provide assistance as required, supporting the child behind their trunk
and stabilising their thighs.
Less advanced: 1. Raise the head of the bed.
Riding a tricycle
Therapist`s aim
To improve the ability to ride a tricycle.
Client`s aim
To improve your ability to ride a tricycle.
Position the patient sitting on a tricycle. Instruct and encourage the
patient to pedal the tricycle by pushing down through their feet one
foot at a time.
Position yourself on a tricycle. Practice pedalling the tricycle by
pushing down through your feet one foot at a time.
Less advanced: 1. Provide more assistance. 2. Pedal down a small
slope. More advanced: 1. Provide less assistance.
Precautions
1. Provide adult supervision. 2. Wear a bike helmet.
16
Assisted bilateral ankle stretch on a wedge

Therapist`s aim
To stretch or maintain length of the ankle plantarflexors.
Client`s aim
To stretch or maintain range in your ankles.
Position the patient in standing with both feet on a wedge and a
support in front. Ensure that the patient's knees are kept straight and
both feet point forwards. Provide gentle assistance to keep the
patient's heels down on the wedge.
Position the child in standing with both feet on a wedge and a support
in front. Ensure that the child's knees are kept straight and both feet
point forwards. Provide gentle assistance to keep the child's heels
down on the wedge.
Less advanced: 1. Use wrap-around splints.
Precautions
1. Impaired or absent sensation of stretch. 2. Apply the stretch using a
gentle pressure. 3. Ensure that the ankle is not inverting or everting. 4.
Ensure that the wedge does not tip or slip.
Carry astride the hip

Therapist`s aim
To improve the ability to hold the head and trunk in an upright position.
Client`s aim
Position the patient sitting in your arms in an upright position while
maintaining a firm and comfortable hold. Position the patient facing in
with legs astride your hip.
Position the child sitting in your arms in an upright position while
maintaining a firm and comfortable hold. Position the child facing in
Precautions
1. Ensure that the carry position is comfortable for the child and adult.
2. Alternate sides.
17
Carry astride the hip facing out

Therapist`s aim
Client`s aim
Position the patient sitting in your arms in an upright position while
maintaining a firm and comfortable hold. Position the patient facing out
Position the child sitting in your arms in an upright position while
maintaining a firm and comfortable hold. Position the child facing out
Precautions
2. Alternate sides.
Off-centre carry
Therapist`s aim
To improve the ability to control head position.
Client`s aim
To improve the ability to control head position.
Position the patient facing outwards, lying diagonally across your body
while maintaining a firm and comfortable hold. Instruct and encourage
the patient to hold their head in line with their body.
Position the child facing outwards, lying diagonally across your body
while maintaining a firm and comfortable hold. Instruct and encourage
the child to hold their head in line with their body.
Less advanced: 1. Position the child in a more upright position. More
advanced: 1. Position the child in a less upright position. 2. Encourage
the child to look in different directions.
Precautions
2. Alternate sides.
18
Upright carry looking over a carer's shoulder

Therapist`s aim
Client`s aim
Position the patient in an upright position in your arms while
maintaining a firm and comfortable hold. Position the patient so that
they are resting on your chest and looking over one shoulder.
Position the child in an upright position in your arms while maintaining
a firm and comfortable hold. Position the child so that they are resting
on your chest and looking over one shoulder.
Less advanced: 1. Provide more support for the child using your body
or other hand. More advanced: 1. Move around while holding the child.
Precautions
2. Alternate sides.
Prone carry over both arms

Therapist`s aim
To improve the ability to lie prone and strengthen the neck and trunk
muscles.
Client`s aim
To improve the ability to lie on the front and strengthen the neck and
trunk muscles.
Position the patient in prone lying over both arms while maintaining a
firm and comfortable hold. Instruct and encourage the patient to lift
their head.
Position the child lying on their front over both of your arms while
maintaining a firm and comfortable hold. Instruct and encourage the
child to lift their head.
Less advanced: 1. Position the child in a more upright position. More
advanced: 1. Position the child in prone on the floor.
Precautions
19
Prone carry
Therapist`s aim
muscles.
Client`s aim
trunk muscles.
Position the patient in prone in your arms while maintaining a firm and
comfortable hold. Instruct and encourage the patient to lift their head.
Position the child lying on their front in your arms while maintaining a
firm and comfortable hold. Instruct and encourage the child to lift their
head.
Less advanced: 1. Provide more assistance by using a hand to
support the chest. More advanced: 1. Position the child in a less
upright position.
Precautions
Prone carry along the arm

Therapist`s aim
muscles.
Client`s aim
trunk muscles.
Position the patient prone in your arms while maintaining a firm and
comfortable hold. Position one arm under the patient and use the
other arm to stabilise. Instruct and encourage the patient to lift their
head.
Position the child lying on their front in your arms while maintaining a
firm and comfortable hold. Position one arm under the child and use
the other arm to stabilise. Instruct and encourage the child to lift their
head.
Less advanced: 1. Position the child in a more upright position.
Precautions
20
Tuck carry
Therapist`s aim
Client`s aim
Position the patient sitting in an upright position in your arms while
maintaining a firm and comfortable hold. Position the patient's knees
up towards the chest and encourage the patient to hold their head
upright.
Carry the child sitting in an upright position in your arms while
maintaining a firm and comfortable hold. Position the child's knees up
towards the chest and encourage the child to hold their head upright.
Less advanced: 1. Use your body to provide more support for the
child's head. More advanced: 1. Provide less support for the child's
head with your body.
Precautions
2. Alternate sides.
Tuck carry with one leg flexed

Therapist`s aim
Client`s aim
Position the patient sitting in an upright position in your arms while
maintaining a firm and comfortable hold. Position one leg up towards
the chest and encourage the patient to hold their head and trunk
upright.
Position the child sitting in an upright position in your arms while
maintaining a firm and comfortable hold. Position one leg up towards
the chest and encourage the child to hold their head and trunk upright.
Less advanced: 1. Use your body to provide more support for the
child's head. More advanced: 1. Provide less support for the child's
head with your body.
Precautions
2. Alternate sides.
21
Climbing into and out of a box

Therapist`s aim
To improve the ability to move in different environments.
Client`s aim
To improve your ability to move in different environments.
Position the patient beside a box. Instruct and encourage the patient to
climb into and out of the box by holding onto the side.
Position yourself beside a box. Practice climbing into and out of the
box by holding onto the side.
Precautions
1. Ensure that the box does not tip. 2. Provide adult supervision.
Climbing off a lounge

Therapist`s aim
To improve the ability to move from the lounge to the floor.
Client`s aim
To improve the ability to move from the lounge to the floor.
Position the patient sitting on the lounge. Instruct and encourage the
patient to roll over onto their front and descend from the lounge feet
first. Provide assistance as required.
Position the child sitting on the lounge. Instruct and encourage the
child to roll over onto their front and get off the lounge feet first.
Provide assistance as required.
Less advanced: 1. Provide more assistance. 2. Decrease the height of
the couch by placing a cushion on the floor. More advanced: 1.
Descend from the couch while holding a toy.
Precautions
1. Provide adult supervision.
22
Climbing onto a lounge

Therapist`s aim
To improve the ability to climb.
Client`s aim
To improve the ability to climb.
Position the patient in standing in front of a lounge. Instruct and
encourage the patient to climb up onto the lounge, turn around and sit
down.
Position the child in standing in front of a lounge. Instruct and
encourage the child to climb up onto the lounge, turn around and sit
down.
Less advanced: 1. Climb onto a lower lounge. 2. Provide assistance.
More advanced: 1. Climb onto a higher lounge.
Precautions
1. Ensure the child turns around and sits down once on the lounge to
prevent falling backwards. 2. Provide adult supervision.
Commando crawl through a tunnel

Therapist`s aim
To improve the ability to commando crawl.
Client`s aim
To improve your ability to commando crawl.
Position the patient in prone with their upper body weight supported
through their forearms. Instruct and encourage the patient to
commando crawl through the tunnel by moving forward on their
forearms and pushing through their legs.
Position yourself lying on your front with your upper body weight
supported through your forearms. Practice commando crawling
through the tunnel by moving forward on your forearms and pushing
through your legs.
23
Assisted commando crawl

Therapist`s aim
Client`s aim
Position the patient in prone with their upper body weight supported
through their forearms. Instruct and encourage the patient to move
forward on their forearms while pushing through their legs. Provide
assistance to flex the hip and knee on one side and then the opposite
side. Position a toy just out of reach to encourage movement forwards.
Position the child lying on their front with their upper body weight
supported through their forearms. Instruct and encourage the child to
move forward on their forearms while pushing through their legs.
Provide assistance to bend the hip and knee on one side and then the
opposite side. Position a toy just out of reach to encourage movement
forwards.
Precautions
1. Be aware that the child may overbalance forward if their arms do
not hold their weight.
Crawling through a tunnel

Therapist`s aim
To improve the ability to crawl.
Client`s aim
Position the patient in four-point kneeling at the start of the tunnel.
Instruct and encourage the patient to crawl forward through the tunnel.
Position the child on their hands and knees at the start of the tunnel.
Instruct and encourage the child to crawl forward through the tunnel.
24
Crawling onto a cushion

Therapist`s aim
Client`s aim
Position the patient in four-point kneeling on the floor. Place a suitable
cushion in front of the patient. Instruct and encourage the patient to
crawl forwards onto the cushion.
Position the child in kneeling on all floors on the floor. Place a suitable
cushion in front of the child. Instruct and encourage the child to crawl
forwards onto the cushion.
Less advanced: 1. Decrease the height of the cushion. 2. Provide
assistance. More advanced: 1. Increase the height of the cushion.
Precautions
Assisted moving between sitting and crawling

Therapist`s aim
To improve the ability to move between sitting and crawling.
Client`s aim
Position yourself sitting on the floor with your back supported and legs
outstretched. Position the patient in long sitting between your legs with
a toy placed to the side. Instruct and encourage the patient to move
into four-point kneeling while resting their chest on your leg. Provide
Position yourself sitting on the floor with your back supported and legs
outstretched. Position the child in long sitting between your legs with a
toy placed to the side. Instruct and encourage the child to move into
four-point kneeling while resting their chest on your leg. Provide
Precautions
1. Ensure that the position is comfortable for the child and adult.
25
Crawling up a slope
Therapist`s aim
To improve the ability to crawl in different environments.
Client`s aim
To improve the ability to crawl in different environments.
Position the patient in four-point kneeling on the floor at the bottom of
a slope. Instruct and encourage the child to crawl forwards up the
slope towards a toy placed in front of them.
Position the child on all fours on the floor at the bottom of a slope.
Instruct and encourage the child to crawl forwards up the slope
towards a toy placed in front of them.
Crawling up a step
Therapist`s aim
To improve the ability to crawl up a step.
Client`s aim
To improve the ability to crawl up a step.
Position the patient in standing or four-point kneeling in front of a step.
Instruct and encourage the patient to crawl forwards up the step.
Position the child in standing or on their hands and knees in front of a
step. Instruct and encourage the child to crawl forwards up the step.
step. More advanced: 1. Increase the height of the step. 2. Increase
Precautions
26
Crawling up stairs
Therapist`s aim
To improve the ability to crawl up stairs.
Client`s aim
To improve the ability to crawl up stairs.
Position the patient in standing or four-point kneeling at the bottom of
the stairs. Instruct and encourage the patient to crawl forwards up the
stairs.
Position the child in standing or on their hands and knees at the
bottom of the stairs. Instruct and encourage the child to crawl forwards
up the stairs.
steps. More advanced: 1. Increase the height of the steps. 2. Increase
Precautions
Crawling down stairs backwards

Therapist`s aim
To improve the ability to safely crawl down stairs.
Client`s aim
To improve the ability to safely crawl down stairs.
Position the patient in four-point kneeling at the top of the stairs.
Instruct and encourage the patient to turn around and crawl backwards
(feet first) down the stairs.
Position the child on all fours at the top of the stairs. Instruct and
encourage the child to turn around and crawl backwards (feet first)
down the stairs.
Less advanced: 1. Start partway up the stairs.
Precautions
27
Assisted crawling
Therapist`s aim
Client`s aim
Position the patient in four-point kneeling on the floor. Instruct and
encourage the patient to crawl forward. Provide assistance as required
to move one knee forward and transfer weight from side to side.
Position the child kneeling on all floors on the floor. Instruct and
encourage the child to crawl forward. Provide assistance as required
to move one knee forward and transfer weight from side to side.
Less advanced: 1. Provide more assistance. More advanced: 1.
Provide less assistance.
Precautions
1. Ensure that the position is comfortable for the child and adult. 2. Be
aware that the child may overbalance forward if their arms do not hold
their weight.
Going down stairs in sitting

Therapist`s aim
To improve the ability to go down stairs on the bottom.
Client`s aim
To improve your ability to go down stairs on your bottom.
Position the patient at the top of a flight of stairs. Instruct and
encourage the patient to go down the stairs on their bottom one step
at a time.
Position yourself at the top of a flight of stairs. Practice going down the
stairs on your bottom one step at a time.
Precautions
1. Provide adult supervision. 2. Task is not recommended for an
infant.
28
Supine lying playing with toy on feet

Therapist`s aim
To improve the ability to bring hands to feet in supine.
Client`s aim
To improve the ability to bring hands to feet in lying.
Position the patient in supine with a toy on both of their feet. Instruct
and encourage the patient to reach for the toy.
Position the child lying on their back with a toy on both of their feet.
Instruct and encourage the child to reach for the toy.
Less advanced: 1. Provide more assistance. 2. Place a rolled up towel
under the child's bottom. More advanced: 1. Provide less assistance.
Half-kneel to stand at furniture

Therapist`s aim
Client`s aim
To improve your ability to move into standing.
Position the patient in half-kneeling at a piece of furniture. Instruct and
encourage the patient to stand up.
Position yourself in half-kneeling at a piece of furniture. Practice
standing up by pushing through the foot that is in contact with the floor.
Less advanced: 1. Provide assistance. More advanced: 1. Practice
half-kneel to stand in open space.
Precautions
29
Half-kneel to stand with assistance

Therapist`s aim
To improve the ability to stand up from the floor.
Client`s aim
Position the patient in half-kneeling with their knees slightly apart.
Instruct and encourage the patient to push through their supporting
foot and stand up. Provide assistance by directing weight forward and
down through the foot.
Position the child in half-kneeling with their knees slightly apart.
Instruct and encourage the child to push through their supporting foot
and stand up. Provide assistance by directing weight forward and
down through the foot.
Provide less assistance. 2. Position the child in high kneeling.
Standing up from half-kneeling at furniture with assistance

Therapist`s aim
Client`s aim
Position the patient in half-kneeling with a block in front of them for
hand support. Instruct and encourage the patient to stand up by
pushing through their supporting foot. Assist the patient to move into
standing.
Position the child in half-kneeling with a block in front of them. Instruct
and encourage the child to stand up by pushing through their
supporting foot. Assist the child to move into standing.
More advanced: 1. Provide less assistance.
30
Maintaining half-kneeling
Therapist`s aim
To improve the ability to maintain a half-kneeling position and stand up
from the floor.
Client`s aim
To improve your ability to maintain a half-kneeling position and stand
up from the floor.
Position the patient in half-kneeling. Instruct and encourage the patient
to maintain this position while doing activities.
Position yourself in half-kneeling. Practice maintaining this position
while doing activities.
More advanced: 1. Stand up from half-kneeling.
Sitting on carer's lap

Therapist`s aim
To improve the ability to sit.
Client`s aim
Position yourself sitting comfortably with your back supported and your
legs outstretched. Position the patient on your lap with their feet flat on
the floor. Instruct and encourage the patient to maintain an upright
position.
Position yourself sitting comfortably with your back supported and your
legs outstretched. Position the child on your lap with their feet flat on
the floor. Instruct and encourage the child to maintain an upright
position.
Less advanced: 1. Provide back support. More advanced: 1.
Encourage the child to look around or reach for a toy. 2. Provide less
support around the child's lower legs.
31
Hopping forward
Therapist`s aim
To improve the ability to hop.
Client`s aim
To improve your ability to hop.
Position the patient in standing on one leg. Instruct the patient to hop
forwards. Ensure that their knee flexes when landing.
Position yourself in standing on one leg. Practice hopping forwards.
Ensure that your knee bends when landing.
Less advanced: 1. Stand on one leg. 2. Land on both feet 3. Hop on
the spot with upper limb support. More advanced: 1. Hop in different
directions or around obstacles. 2. Hop on different surfaces.
Hopping on the spot

Therapist`s aim
To improve the ability to hop.
Client`s aim
To improve your ability to hop.
Position the patient standing on one leg. Instruct the patient to hop up
and down on the spot. Ensure that their trunk is erect and their knee is
slightly flexed on impact.
Position yourself standing on one leg. Practice hopping up and down
on the spot. Ensure that your shoulders remain over your hips and
your knee is slightly bent on impact.
Less advanced: 1. Stand on one leg. 2. Hop with hands held. More
advanced: 1. Hop forward. 2. Hop in different directions.
32
Jumping from a step with assistance

Therapist`s aim
To improve the ability to jump.
Client`s aim
Position the patient on a step. Instruct and encourage the patient to
jump off the step while holding your hands. Ensure that their knees
flex when landing.
Position the child on a step. Instruct and encourage the child to jump
off the step while holding your hands. Ensure that their knees bend
when landing.
Less advanced: 1. Decrease the height of the step. More advanced: 1.
Increase the height of the step. 2. Provide less assistance.
Jumping on the spot

Therapist`s aim
Client`s aim
To improve your ability to jump.
Position the patient in standing with their feet shoulder width apart.
Instruct the patient to jump up and down on the spot. Ensure that both
feet leave and land on the floor at the same time and the knees flex
during landing.
Position yourself in standing with your feet shoulder width apart.
Practice jumping up and down on the spot. Ensure that both feet leave
and land on the floor at the same time and your knees bend during
landing.
Less advanced: 1. Provide hand support for balance. More advanced:
1. Jump on a target.
33
Play in kneeling
Therapist`s aim
To improve the ability to maintain kneeling.
Client`s aim
To improve the ability to maintain kneeling.
Position the patient in kneeling with objects placed in front of them.
Instruct and encourage the patient to reach up for and play with an
object.
Position the child in kneeling with objects placed in front of them.
Instruct and encourage the child to reach up for and play with an
object.
Less advanced: 1. Provide more upper body support. More advanced:
1. Position the toy to either side.
Sidelying with assistance

Therapist`s aim
Client`s aim
Position the patient in sidelying while providing assistance to maintain
their position. Instruct and encourage the patient to look at or play with
a toy held or placed in front of them.
Position the child in sidelying while providing assistance to maintain
their position. Instruct and encourage the patient to look at or play with
a toy held or placed in front of them.
Less advanced: 1. Provide more support. More advanced: 1. Provide
less support. 2. Provide support using a rolled up towel or pillow.
Precautions
1. Ensure that the position is comfortable for the child and adult. 2.
Ensure that the child's lower arm does not get trapped under their
body.
34
Head turning in supine

Therapist`s aim
To improve the ability to turn the head in supine.
Client`s aim
To improve the ability to turn the head while lying on the back.
Position the patient in supine lying on the floor. Gain the patient's
visual attention with a toy or suitable object. Instruct and encourage
the patient to turn their head to follow a slow-moving toy or object from
side to side.
Position the child lying on their back on the floor. Gain the child's
visual attention with a toy or suitable object. Instruct and encourage
the child to turn their head to follow a slow-moving toy or object from
side to side.
Precautions
1. Keep the toy within arm's reach. 2. Choose an object suitable for an
infant.
Lying supine on the lap with legs resting on carer's chest

Therapist`s aim
To improve the ability to look and play in supine.
Client`s aim
To improve the ability to look and play while lying on the back.
Position yourself sitting with your knees bent and feet elevated on a
block. Position the patient in supine on your lap with their hips flexed
and their legs resting on your chest. Instruct and encourage the patient
to look at your face and use their hands.
Position yourself sitting with your knees bent and feet up on a block.
Position the child lying on their back on your lap with their hips bent
and their legs resting on your chest. Instruct and encourage the child
to look at your face and use their hands.
Precautions
35
Head turning in prone

Therapist`s aim
To improve the ability to turn the head in prone.
Client`s aim
To improve the ability to turn the head while lying on the front.
Position the patient in prone lying, supporting their weight through their
hands. Instruct and encourage the patient to turn their head to follow a
toy moved from side to side in front of them.
Position the child in lying on their front, supporting their weight through
their hands. Instruct and encourage the child to turn their head to
follow a toy moved from side to side in front of them.
Less advanced: 1. Position the child propping through their forearms.
Precautions
1. Keep the toy within arm's reach.
Moving between sitting and crawling with assistance

Therapist`s aim
Client`s aim
Position the patient in sitting. Instruct and encourage the patient to
rotate their body and kneel on all fours. Provide manual assistance to
move the patient into four-point kneeling.
Position the child in sitting. Instruct and encourage the child to rotate
their body and kneel on all fours. Provide manual assistance to move
the child into four-point kneeling.
More advanced: 1. From four-point kneeling continue to rotate the
body to the opposite side into sitting. From sitting assist the child to
move back into four-point kneeling and then return to the initial
position.
Precautions
1. Be aware that the child may overbalance forward if their arms do
36
Assisted moving between crawling and sitting

Therapist`s aim
To improve the ability to move between crawling and sitting.
Client`s aim
To improve the ability to move between crawling and sitting.
Position the patient in four-point kneeling on the floor. Instruct and
encourage the patient to move into sitting. Provide manual assistance
by guiding the patient's bottom to the floor.
Position the child on their hands and knees on the floor. Instruct and
encourage the child to move into sitting. Provide manual assistance by
guiding the child's bottom to the floor.
Moving into sitting from a semi-upright position

Therapist`s aim
To improve the ability to move into sitting.
Client`s aim
Position the patient sitting in a semi-upright position weight bearing
through one arm on a support. Instruct the patient to sit upright and
reach for a toy by pushing through their arm and hand.
Position the child sitting in a semi-upright position weight bearing
through one arm on a support. Instruct the child to sit upright and
reach for a toy by pushing through their arm and hand.
Less advanced: 1. Increase the height of the support
37
Moving into sitting with assistance

Therapist`s aim
Client`s aim
Position the patient in side-sitting while weight-bearing through their
hand. Instruct and encourage the patient to sit upright by pushing
through their arm and hand. Provide assistance, supporting the patient
under their trunk and stabilising their thighs as required.
Position the child in side-sitting while weight-bearing through their
hand. Instruct and encourage the child to sit upright by pushing
through their arm and hand. Provide assistance, supporting the child
under their trunk and stabilising their thighs as required.
Less advanced: 1. Move into sitting from a semi-upright position.
Moving into sitting

Therapist`s aim
Client`s aim
Position the patient in side-sitting while weight bearing through their
forearm. Instruct and encourage the patient to sit upright by pushing
through their arm.
Position the child in side-sitting while weight-bearing through their
forearm. Instruct and encourage the child to sit upright by pushing
through their arm.
Less advanced: 1. Position the child weight-bearing through their
hand. 2. Provide assistance. More advanced: 1. Position the child in
sidelying.
38
Playing with one foot with assistance

Therapist`s aim
To improve the ability to bring the feet to the hands.
Client`s aim
To improve the ability to bring the feet to the hands.
Position the patient in supine. Draw the patient's attention to their foot.
Instruct and encourage the patient to reach for their foot. Practice the
exercise with the alternate foot.
Position the child lying on their back. Draw the child's attention to their
foot. Instruct and encourage the child to reach for their foot. Practice
the exercise with the alternate foot.
Playing with feet with assistance

Therapist`s aim
To improve the ability to find the feet in supine.
Client`s aim
To improve the ability to find the feet when lying on the back.
Position yourself sitting with your knees flexed and feet elevated on a
block. Position the patient in supine on your lap and bring their feet
towards their hands. Instruct and encourage the patient to play with
their feet.
Position yourself sitting with your knees bent and feet elevated on a
block. Position the child lying on their back on your lap. Bring the
child's feet towards their hands. Instruct and encourage the child to
play with their feet.
More advanced: 1. Position the child in supine on the floor.
39
Pivoting in prone
Therapist`s aim
To improve the ability to move in prone
Client`s aim
To improve the ability to move while propping through hands.
Position the patient in prone on the floor. Place a toy to the side of the
patient. Instruct and encourage the patient to pivot in prone to get the
toy.
Position the child lying on their front on the floor. Place a toy to the
side of the child. Instruct and encourage the child to get the toy by
pivoting while lying on their front.
Moving between prone and four-point kneeling

Therapist`s aim
To improve the ability to move from prone to four-point kneeling.
Client`s aim
To improve the ability to move from lying on the front to four-point
kneeling.
Position the patient in prone lying on the floor. Instruct and encourage
the patient to move onto their hands and knees. Assist the patient by
flexing the hip and knee as required.
Position the child lying on their front on the floor. Instruct and
encourage the child to move onto their hands and knees. Assist the
child by bending the hip and knee as required.
Precautions
1. Be aware that the child may overbalance forwards if their arms do
40
Placing in sidelying
Therapist`s aim
To improve the ability to move in and out of sidelying.
Client`s aim
To improve the ability to move in and out of sidelying.
Position the patient in your arms in an upright position while
maintaining a firm and comfortable hold. Encourage the patient to hold
their head upright. Place the patient on the ground in sidelying.
Encourage the patient to move to another position.
Carry the child in your arms in an upright position while maintaining a
firm and comfortable hold. Encourage the child to hold their head
upright. Place the child on the ground in sidelying. Encourage the child
to move to another position.
Precautions
Placing in side sitting

Therapist`s aim
To improve the ability to move out of side-sitting.
Client`s aim
To improve the ability to move out of side-sitting.
Position the patient in your arms in an upright position while
maintaining a firm and comfortable hold. Position the patient's knee up
to their chest and encourage the patient to hold their trunk and head
upright. Place the patient on the ground in side sitting. Encourage the
patient to move into prone, sitting or four point kneeling.
Position the child in your arms in an upright position while maintaining
a firm and comfortable hold. Position the child's knee up to their chest
and encourage the child to hold their trunk and head upright. Place the
child on the ground in side sitting. Encourage the child to move into
prone, sitting or four-point kneeling.
1. Ensure that the carry position is comfortable for child and adult.
41
Reaching in supported sitting

Therapist`s aim
To improve the ability to reach for toys.
Client`s aim
To improve the ability to reach for toys.
Position the patient in a supported sitting position. Instruct and
encourage the patient to look at and reach for a toy positioned or held
in front of them.
Position the child in a supported sitting position. Instruct and
encourage the child to look at and reach for a toy positioned or held in
front of them.
Precautions
Play in supine
Therapist`s aim
To improve the ability to look at and reach for toys.
Client`s aim
To improve the ability to look at and reach for toys.
Position the patient in supine. Instruct and encourage the patient to
look at and reach for the toys that are placed within arm's reach.
to look at and reach for the toys that are placed within arm's reach.
Less advanced: 1. Provide assistance. 2. Place toys closer to the
child. 3. Place a pillow under the child's head and shoulders. More
advanced: 1. Place toys further from the child.
42
Sitting with a narrow base of support

Therapist`s aim
Client`s aim
Position the patient sitting on the floor between two firm cushions.
Place a toy just beyond arm's length on one of the cushions beside
them. Instruct and encourage the patient to reach for and play with the
toy. Ensure that the cushions are positioned to encourage the patient
to have their legs close together.
Position the child sitting on the floor between two firm cushions. Place
a toy just beyond arm's length on one of the cushions beside them.
Instruct and encourage the child to reach for and play with the toy.
Ensure that the cushions are positioned to encourage the patient to
have their legs close together.
More advanced: 1. Reach for the toy with both hands.
Riding a push-along bike

Therapist`s aim
To improve the ability to ride a push-along bike.
Client`s aim
To improve your ability to ride a push-along bike.
Position the patient sitting on a push-along bike. Instruct and
encourage the patient to propel forward with their feet.
Position yourself sitting on a push-along bike. Practice propelling
forward with your feet.
Less advanced: 1. Practice on a gentle downwards slope. More
advanced: 1. Negotiate obstacles.
Precautions
1. Provide adult supervision. 2. Wear a bike helmet.
43
Rolling from supine to sidelying with assistance

Therapist`s aim
Client`s aim
Position the patient in supine with a toy by their side. Position your
hand on the patient's knee and flex their hip and knee. Instruct and
encourage the patient to roll into sidelying. Assist the patient to move
into sidelying by applying a gentle pressure.
Position the child in supine with a toy by their side. Position your hand
on the child's knee and flex their hip and knee. Instruct and encourage
the child to roll into sidelying. Assist the child to move into sidelying by
applying a gentle pressure.
Less advanced: 1. Provide more assistance. 2. Position the child one
quarter off supine. More advanced: 1. Provide less assistance. 2.
Encourage the child to roll into prone.
Precautions
1. Provide support for the child's head when rolling back to supine.
Rolling from sidelying to prone with assistance

Therapist`s aim
Client`s aim
Position the patient in sidelying. Instruct and encourage the patient to
roll into prone. Assist the patient by flexing the uppermost leg and
guiding the movement.
Position the child in sidelying. Instruct and encourage the child to roll
onto their front. Assist the child by bending the uppermost leg and
guiding the movement.
Precautions
1. Ensure that the child's lower arm does not get trapped under their
body. 2. Ensure that the child does not roll onto their face.
44
Rolling from prone to supine with assistance

Therapist`s aim
Client`s aim
Position the patient in prone lying. Instruct and encourage the patient
to roll into supine. Assist the patient by guiding the movement.
Position the child lying on their front. Instruct and encourage the child
to roll onto their back. Assist the child by guiding the movement.
Less advanced: 1. Roll from sidelying to supine. More advanced: 1.
Precautions
1. Provide support for the child's head.
Rolling from side lying to prone

Therapist`s aim
Client`s aim
Position the patient in side lying. Instruct and encourage the patient to
roll into prone.
Position the child lying on their side. Instruct and encourage the child
to roll onto their front.
Less Advanced: 1. Provide more assistance. More advanced: 1. Roll
from supine into prone.
45
Rolling from supine to prone with assistance

Therapist`s aim
Client`s aim
Position the patient in supine. Instruct and encourage the patient to roll
into prone. Assist the patient by guiding the movement.
to roll into prone. Assist the child by guiding the movement.
Less advanced: 1. Roll from sidelying to prone. More advanced: 1.
Precautions
1. Ensure that the child's lower arm does not get trapped under their
body. 2. Ensure that the child does not roll onto their face.
Rolling from supine to sidelying with assistance

Therapist`s aim
Client`s aim
Position the patient in supine with one hip and knee flexed. Instruct
and encourage the patient to roll over on the spot by pushing through
their leg and bringing their arm over. Use a toy to encourage the
patient to roll.
Position the child in supine with one hip and knee flexed. Instruct and
encourage the child to roll over on the spot by pushing through their
leg and bringing their arm over. Use a toy to encourage the child to
roll.
Less advanced: 1. Provide assistance to hold the leg in a flexed
position. More advanced: 1. Position the child on a soft mattress.
46
Rolling with assistance

Therapist`s aim
Client`s aim
Position the patient in supine. Instruct and encourage the patient to roll
into prone. Provide assistance under the shoulder blade and ensure
the lower arm does not get trapped under the body. Assist the patient
to return to supine.
to roll into prone. Provide assistance under the shoulder blade and
ensure the lower arm does not get trapped under the body. Assist the
child to return to their back.
Side-sitting while playing

Therapist`s aim
To improve the ability to side-sit.
Client`s aim
To improve the ability to side-sit.
Position the patient in side-sitting propping through one arm with
objects placed on the floor in front of them. Instruct and encourage the
patient to reach for or play with the objects with their non-supporting
hand.
Position the child in side-sitting propping through one arm with objects
placed on the floor in front of them. Instruct and encourage the child to
reach for or play with the objects with their non-supporting hand.
Less advanced: 1. Look at a toy or book while using both hands for
support. 2. Use an elbow splint for the supporting arm.
47
Reaching while sitting on a block

Therapist`s aim
Client`s aim
Position the patient in sitting on a block with their feet flat on the floor.
Blow bubbles in front of and to the side of the patient. Instruct and
encourage the patient to reach and touch the bubbles.
Position the child in sitting on a block with their feet flat on the floor.
Blow bubbles in front of and to the side of the child. Instruct and
encourage the child to reach and touch the bubbles.
Less advanced: 1. Move the child back on the step to provide more
thigh support. More advanced: 1. Move the child forward on the step to
provide less thigh support.
Precautions
1. Detergent from the bubbles may cause the floor surface to become
slippery.
Supported sitting between a carer's legs

Therapist`s aim
Client`s aim
Position yourself on the floor with your back supported. Position the
patient in long sitting between your legs. Place your hands on their
trunk to provide support. Instruct and encourage the patient to
maintain an upright position for as long as possible.
Position yourself on the floor with your back supported. Position the
child in sitting between your legs. Place your hands on their trunk to
provide support. Instruct and encourage the child to maintain an
upright position for as long as possible.
More advanced: 1. Provide less support by placing the hands lower on
the trunk. 2. Encourage looking in different directions. 3. Encourage
the child to use their hands to play with the toy.
Precautions
48
Turning the head while sitting on a block

Therapist`s aim
Client`s aim
Position the patient sitting on a block with their feet flat on the floor.
Hold a toy or blow bubbles in front of the patient. Instruct and
encourage the patient to look at and follow the toy or bubbles.
Position the child sitting on a block with their feet flat on the floor. Hold
a toy or blow bubbles in front of the child. Instruct and encourage the
child to look at and follow the toy or bubbles.
Less advanced: 1. Provide more support to sit. More advanced: 1.
Practice looking in different directions. 2. Encourage the child to reach
for and touch the toy or bubbles.
Precautions
slippery.
Moving over a carer's leg from sitting

Therapist`s aim
To improve the ability to move from sitting.
Client`s aim
To improve the ability to move from sitting.
Position yourself sitting with your back supported and your legs
outstretched. Position the patient in long sitting between your legs with
a toy placed beside you. Instruct and encourage the patient to reach
over your leg to play with the toy.
outstretched. Position the child in long sitting between your legs with a
toy placed beside you. Instruct and encourage the child to reach over
your leg to play with the toy.
Less advanced: 1. Provide assistance. More advanced. 1. Position the
toy further away.
49
Sitting on a wedge to play

Therapist`s aim
To improve the ability to play in sitting.
Client`s aim
To improve your ability to play in sitting.
Position the patient sitting on a wedge with an activity set up on a table
in front of them. Instruct and encourage the patient to sit upright while
carrying out the activity.
Position yourself sitting on a wedge with an activity set up on a table in
front of you. Sit upright while carrying out the activity.
Precautions
1. This exercise is appropriate for children with tight hamstrings that
wouldnt otherwise be able to sit and play on the floor.
Reaching across the body while sitting

Therapist`s aim
Client`s aim
Position the patient sitting on the floor. Place or hold objects to the
side of the patient. Instruct and encourage the patient to reach across
their body using the hand furthest away from the objects.
Position the child sitting on the floor. Place or hold objects to the side
of the child. Instruct and encourage the child to reach across their
body using the hand furthest away from the objects.
Less advanced: 1. Position the objects closer. 2. Provide assistance.
More advanced: 1. Position the objects further away. 2. Reach with
both hands.
50
Pivoting in sitting
Therapist`s aim
To improve the ability to pivot in sitting.
Client`s aim
To improve the ability to pivot in sitting.
Position the patient in sitting. Place a toy behind the patient. Instruct
and encourage the patient to pivot to reach the toy. Practice pivoting in
both directions.
Position the child in sitting. Place a toy behind the child. Instruct and
encourage the child to pivot to reach the toy. Practice pivoting in both
directions.
Less advanced: 1. Provide assistance.
Reaching behind in sitting

Therapist`s aim
Client`s aim
To improve your ability to sit.
Position the patient sitting on the floor. Place or hold objects behind
the patient. Instruct and encourage the patient to reach for the objects.
Position yourself sitting on the floor with objects positioned behind you.
Practice reaching behind you for the objects.
Less advanced: 1. Place the objects closer. More advanced: 1. Place
the objects further behind. 2. Reach with both hands.
51
Reaching forward while sitting on a chair

Therapist`s aim
Client`s aim
To improve your ability to sit.
Position the patient sitting at a table with their feet flat on the floor or a
block. Place a stacking toy in front of the patient just beyond arm's
reach. Instruct the patient to carry out the stacking task.
Position yourself sitting at a table with your feet flat on the floor or a
block. Practice placing rings on a stacking toy placed just beyond
arm's reach.
Less advanced: 1. Place the stacking toy closer so that it is at arm's
length. 2. Use a less complex toy. More advanced: 1. Place the
stacking toy further away. 2. Use a bimanual task.
Reaching forward in sitting

Therapist`s aim
To improve the ability to sit unsupported.
Client`s aim
To improve the ability to sit unsupported.
Position the patient in sitting on the floor with a toy placed in front of
them at or just beyond arm's length. Instruct and encourage the
patient to reach for the toy.
Position the child in sitting on the floor with a toy placed in front of
them at or just beyond arm's length. Instruct and encourage the
patient to reach for the toy.
Less advanced. 1. Decrease the distance to reach for the toy. More
advanced: 1. Increase the distance to reach for the toy. 2. Reach with
both hands.
Precautions
1. Be aware that the child may overbalance forward.
52
Reaching down while sitting on a stool

Therapist`s aim
Client`s aim
Position the patient sitting on a block with their feet flat on the floor.
Place a toy on the floor in front of the patient. Instruct and encourage
the patient to reach down for the toy and return to upright sitting.
Position the child sitting on a block with their feet flat on the floor.
Place a toy on the floor in front of the child. Instruct and encourage the
child to reach down for the toy and return to upright sitting.
Less advanced: 1. Decrease the height of the block. 2. Increase the
amount of thigh support on the block. More advanced: 1. Increase the
height of the block. 2. Decrease the amount of thigh support on the
block.
Precautions
1. Ensure that the child does not overbalance forward. 2. Provide adult
supervision.
Reaching to the side while sitting

Therapist`s aim
Client`s aim
side of the patient. Instruct and encourage the patient to reach for the
objects.
of the child. Instruct and encourage the child to reach for the objects.
Less advanced: 1. Position the objects closer. More advanced: 1.
Position the objects further away. 2. Reach with both hands.
53
Reaching up and to the side in sitting

Therapist`s aim
Client`s aim
side of the patient. Instruct and encourage the patient to reach for the
objects. Ensure the positioning of the object requires the patient to
reach up as well as to the side.
of the child. Instruct and encourage the child to reach for the objects.
Ensure the positioning of the object requires the child to reach up as
well as to the side.
Less advanced: 1. Position the objects closer. More advanced: 1.
Position the objects further away. 2. Reach with both hands.
Reaching up while sitting on a block

Therapist`s aim
To improve the ability to sit and reach.
Client`s aim
To improve the ability to sit and reach.
Position the patient in sitting on a block with their feet flat on the floor.
Place or hold an object in front of the patient. Instruct and encourage
the patient to reach up for the object.
Position the child in sitting on a block with their feet flat on the floor.
Place or hold an object in front of the child. Instruct and encourage the
child to reach up for the object.
Less advanced: 1. Position the object closer. More advanced: 1.
Position the object further away. 2. Use both hands. 3. Move the child
forward on the block to provide less thigh support.
54
Reaching up in sitting
Therapist`s aim
Client`s aim
Position the patient in sitting on the floor. Hold a toy to the side of the
patient at arm's length. Instruct and encourage the patient to reach for
the toy.
Position the child in sitting on the floor. Hold a toy to the side of the
child at arm's length. Instruct and encourage the child to reach for the
toy.
Less advanced. 1. Decrease the distance to reach for the toy. More
advanced: 1. Increase the distance to reach for the toy. 2. Reach with
both hands.
Rotating to the side while sitting

Therapist`s aim
To improve the ability to sit and rotate to the side.
Client`s aim
To improve the ability to sit and rotate to the side.
Position the patient on the floor with a firm cushion beside them. Place
a toy on the cushion. Instruct and encourage the patient to reach for
and play with the toy.
Position the child on the floor with a firm cushion beside them. Place a
toy on the cushion. Instruct and encourage the child to reach for and
play with the toy.
More advanced: 1. Position the toy on the floor.
55
Rotating to the side while sitting between a carer's legs

Therapist`s aim
To improve the ability to move out of sitting.
Client`s aim
To improve the ability to move out of sitting.
Position yourself sitting comfortably with back support and your legs
outstretched. Position the patient sitting on the floor in between your
legs. Place or hold objects to the side of the patient. Instruct and
encourage the patient to reach for the objects with both hands.
Position yourself sitting comfortably with back support and your legs
outstretched. Position the child sitting on the floor in between your
legs. Place or hold objects to the side of the child. Instruct and
encourage the child to reach for the objects with both hands.
More advanced: 1. Encourage the child to move into four-point
kneeling.
Manipulating toys while sitting on a chair

Therapist`s aim
To improve the ability to manipulate objects with the hand.
Client`s aim
To improve your ability to manipulate objects with the hand.
Position the patient in a supported sitting position. Place a sorting toy
in front of the patient. Instruct the patient to pick up and sort the
shapes.
Position yourself sitting at a table with your feet flat on the floor or a
block. Practice placing shapes into a sorting toy placed in front of you.
Less advanced: 1. Decrease the complexity of the sorting task. More
advanced: 1. Increase the complexity of the sorting task.
56
Sitting supported in a basket

Therapist`s aim
Client`s aim
Position the patient sitting in a basket. Instruct and encourage the
patient to play with toys placed in front of them.
Position the child sitting in a basket. Instruct and encourage the child
to play with toys placed in front of them.
Less advanced: 1. Look at objects while sitting. More advanced: 1.
Practice sitting without the support of the basket.
Precautions
1. Ensure that the basket is placed on the floor on a flat surface. 2.
Ensure that the basket does not tip. 3. Ensure that the child has
adequate head control for the exercise. 4. Provide adult supervision.
Sitting with assistance

Therapist`s aim
Client`s aim
Position yourself sitting on the floor with your back supported. Position
the patient sitting between your legs. Place your hands on their trunk
to provide support. Instruct and encourage the patient to maintain an
Position yourself sitting on the floor with your back supported. Position
the child sitting between your legs. Place your hands on the trunk to
provide support. Instruct and encourage the child to maintain an
Less advanced: 1.Provide support higher up on the trunk. More
advanced: 1. Provide support lower down on the trunk.
Precautions
1. Ensure that the position is comfortable for the child and adult. 2.
Ensure that the child's arms are free to play.
57
Reaching down and to the side in sitting

Therapist`s aim
Client`s aim
Position the patient sitting on the floor. Place or hold objects at or just
beyond arm's length. Instruct and encourage the patient to reach for
the objects.
Position the child sitting on the floor. Place or hold objects at or just
beyond of arm's length. Instruct and encourage the child to reach for
the objects.
Less advanced: 1. Place the objects closer. More advanced: 1. Place
the objects further away. 2. Reach with both hands.
Getting onto and sliding down a slide

Therapist`s aim
To improve the ability to use play equipment.
Client`s aim
To improve your ability to use play equipment.
Position the patient at the bottom of the steps of a slide. Instruct and
encourage the patient to climb up the steps, position themselves and
then slide down the slide.
Position yourself at the bottom of the steps of a slide. Practice
climbing up the steps, positioning yourself at the top of the slide and
then sliding down the slide.
Less advanced: 1. Position the child at the top of the slide. 2.
Decrease the height of the slide. 3. Provide assistance. More
advanced: 1. Increase the height of the slide.
Precautions
1. Provide appropriate adult supervision. 2. Ensure that the child has
adequate sitting balance for the task. 3. Ensure that the equipment
and activity is safe for the child.
58
Squat to stand from a low block with assistance

Therapist`s aim
To improve the ability to stand up.
Client`s aim
Position the patient in sitting on a low step or telephone book. Instruct
and encourage the patient to stand up by holding a toy just out of their
reach. Provide assistance as required.
Position the child in sitting on a low step or telephone book. Instruct
and encourage the child to stand up by holding a toy just out of their
reach. Provide assistance as required.
Less advanced: 1.Provide more assistance. 2. Increase the height of
the step. More advanced: 1. Provide less assistance. 2. Decrease the
height of the step.
Reaching while squatting

Therapist`s aim
To improve the ability to squat.
Client`s aim
Position the patient in a squatting position with toys on the floor in front
of them. Instruct and encourage the patient to reach for and play with
toys while maintaining the squatting position.
Position the child in a squatting position with toys on the floor in front
of them. Instruct and encourage the child to reach for and play with
toys while maintaining the squatting position.
Less advanced: 1. Position the toys closer. 2. Provide trunk support.
More advanced: 1. Position the toys further away. 2. Position the toys
to the left and right side of the child. 3. Squat on different surfaces.
59
Supported squatting
Therapist`s aim
Client`s aim
Position the patient in squatting supported by a wall with toys placed
on the floor in front of them. Instruct and encourage the patient to play
with the toys while maintaining the squatting position.
Position the child in squatting supported by a wall with toys placed on
the floor in front of them. Instruct and encourage the child to play with
the toys while maintaining the squatting position.
More advanced: 1. Practice squatting away from the wall.
Squat to play
Therapist`s aim
To improve the ability to play in squatting.
Client`s aim
To improve the ability to play in squatting.
Position the patient in front of a toy that encourages squatting. Instruct
and encourage the patient to play with the toys while maintaining the
squatting position.
Position the child in front of a toy that encourages squatting. Instruct
and encourage the child to play with the toys while maintaining the
squatting position.
More advanced: 1. Choose toys that require the child to move from
squatting to standing.
60
Moving between squatting and standing

Therapist`s aim
Client`s aim
Position the patient in standing. Instruct the patient to reach for the
object, squat down and place it on the floor. Repeat the task.
Position the child in standing. Instruct the child to reach for the object,
squat down and place it on the floor. Repeat the task.
Less advanced: 1. Place the object on a box. 2. Decrease the height
that the child is required to reach.
Walking down stairs with assistance

Therapist`s aim
To improve the ability to walk down stairs.
Client`s aim
Position the patient in standing at the top of a flight of stairs. Instruct
the patient to walk down the stairs while holding on to your hand.
Position the child in standing at the top of a flight of stairs. Instruct the
child to walk down the stairs while holding on to your hand.
Less advanced: 1. Decrease the height of the stairs. 2. Walk down the
stairs placing both feet on each step. More advanced: 1. Increase the
height of the stairs. 2. Increase the number of stairs.
Precautions
1. Ensure that the task is within the capabilities of the child and adult.
61
Standing supported with the back against the wall

Therapist`s aim
Client`s aim
To improve your ability to stand.
Position the patient in standing with their back to the wall. Instruct and
encourage the patient to maintain a standing position.
Position yourself standing with your back to the wall. Practice
maintaining a standing position.
Less advanced: 1. Place wrap-around splints on the legs. 2. Rest
hands on the wall. More advanced: 1. Practice standing without using
the wall. 2. Practice reaching while supported by the wall.
Precautions
Play in assisted standing

Therapist`s aim
Client`s aim
Position the patient in standing with one hand resting on a support in
front of them. Instruct and encourage the patient to maintain a
standing position by placing a suitable toy in front of them. Provide
assistance by applying a gentle pressure through the buttocks and
front of the thigh.
Position the child in standing with one hand resting on a support in
front of them. Instruct and encourage the child to maintain a standing
position by placing a suitable toy in front of them. Provide assistance
by applying a gentle pressure through the buttocks and front of the
thigh.
Less advanced: 1. Hold on with both hands for support. 2. Provide
more assistance. 3. Place wrap-around splints around the knees.
More advanced: 1. Remove one or both hands from the support. 2.
62
Standing at furniture to play

Therapist`s aim
Client`s aim
Position the patient in standing with a toy placed in front of them.
Instruct and encourage the patient to play while maintaining the
standing position.
Position the child in standing with a toy placed in front of them. Instruct
and encourage the child to play while maintaining the standing
position.
Less advanced: 1. Provide more assistance. 2. Use the chair in front
for support. 3. Place wrap-around splints around the knees. More
advanced: 1. Position the chair and toy so that the child does not lean
on it for support.
Standing at a table to play supported by arms

Therapist`s aim
Client`s aim
Position the patient in standing with their arms resting on a table in
front of them. Place a suitable toy on the table. Instruct and encourage
the patient to maintain a standing position.
Position the child in standing with their arms resting on a table in front
of them. Place a suitable toy on the table. Instruct and encourage the
child to maintain a standing position.
Less advanced: 1. Provide more assistance. 2. Place wrap-around
splints around the knees. More advanced: 1. Provide less assistance.
2. Remove upper limb support. 3. Decrease the height of the table.
Precautions
63
Stomping
Therapist`s aim
To improve the ability to stand on one leg.
Client`s aim
Position the patient in standing. Blow bubbles onto the ground in front
of the patient. Instruct the patient to stomp on the bubbles. Encourage
the patient to alternate the leg that they stomp with.
Position the child in standing. Blow bubbles onto the ground in front of
the child. Instruct the child to stomp on the bubbles. Encourage the
child to alternate the leg that they stomp with.
Less advanced: 1. Provide hand support for balance.
Precautions
slippery.
Standing with one leg forward

Therapist`s aim
Client`s aim
Position the patient in standing with one leg forward. Instruct and
encourage the patient to reach forward while maintaining standing.
Position the child in standing with one leg forward. Instruct and
encourage the child to reach forward while maintaining standing.
Precautions
64
Reaching down and to the side from standing

Therapist`s aim
To improve the ability to reach in standing.
Client`s aim
Position the patient in standing with their feet slightly apart and a table
in front of them. Instruct and encourage the patient to reach down and
sideways for a toy.
Position the child in standing with their feet slightly apart and a table in
front of them. Instruct and encourage the child to reach down and
sideways for a toy.
Less advanced: 1. Decrease the distance between the child and the
toy. More advanced: 1. Increase the distance between the child and
the toy.
Precautions
Reaching down in supported standing

Therapist`s aim
Client`s aim
Position the patient in standing with their feet slightly apart and a table
or appropriate support in front of them. Instruct and encourage the
patient to reach down and sideways to touch the toy.
Position the child in standing with their feet slightly apart and a table or
appropriate support in front of them. Instruct and encourage the child
to reach down and sideways to touch the toy.
Less advanced: 1. Decrease the distance to bend down to reach for
the toy. More advanced: 1. Increase the distance to reach down to
touch the toy.
65
Reaching to the ground in standing

Therapist`s aim
Client`s aim
Position the patient in standing. Place a toy near to the ground beside
the patient. Instruct and encourage the patient to reach for the toy.
Position the child in standing. Place a toy near to the ground beside
the child. Instruct and encourage the child to reach for the toy.
Less advanced: 1. Position the object higher. 2. Position the feet wider
apart. More advanced: 1. Pick up a bigger object. 2. Practice the task
in different environments.
Reaching to the side in standing

Therapist`s aim
Client`s aim
Position the patient in standing. Hold a toy just beyond arm's reach.
Instruct and encourage the patient to reach for the toy.
Position the child in standing. Hold a toy just beyond arm's reach.
Instruct and encourage the child to reach for the toy.
Less advanced: 1. Decrease the distance to reach for the toy. More
advanced: 1. Increase the distance to reach for the toy.
66
Reaching up in standing
Therapist`s aim
Client`s aim
Position the patient in standing with an object at or above shoulder
height a little further than an arm's length away. Instruct and
encourage the patient to reach forwards for the object.
Position the child in standing with an object at or above shoulder
height a little further than an arm's length away. Instruct and
encourage the child to reach forwards for the object.
Less advanced: 1. Position the table and object closer. 2. Provide
assistance to stand. More advanced: 1. Position the table and object
further away.
Reaching up while standing

Therapist`s aim
Client`s aim
Position the patient in standing. Instruct and encourage the patient to
reach up for an object placed above their head.
Position the child in standing. Instruct and encourage the child to
reach up for an object placed above their head.
Less advanced: 1. Look up at the object without reaching 2. Increase
the height of the object. More advanced: 1. Decrease the height of the
object. 2. Reach in different directions.
67
Rotation in standing
Therapist`s aim
Client`s aim
Position the patient in standing with one hand resting on a support in
front of them. Instruct and encourage the patient to rotate to look at
you.
Position the child in standing with one hand resting on a support in
front of them. Instruct and encourage the child to turn and look at you.
More advanced: 1. Remove hand support. 2. Encourage the child to
turn, look and reach for you.
Standing supported by carer's legs

Therapist`s aim
Client`s aim
Position the patient in standing with their back against your legs.
Instruct and encourage the patient to maintain a standing position.
Position the child in standing with their back against your legs. Instruct
and encourage the child to maintain a standing position.
Provide less assistance. 2. Encourage the child to perform an activity
using their arms. 3. Encourage the child to stand without support.
68
Supported standing on one leg

Therapist`s aim
To improve the ability to bear weight through one leg.
Client`s aim
To improve the ability to bear weight through one leg.
Position the patient in standing with a support in front of them. Instruct
and encourage the patient to stand on one leg. Assist the patient to lift
up one leg. Provide support as required.
Position the child in standing with a support in front of them. Instruct
and encourage the child to stand on one leg. Assist the child to lift up
one leg. Provide support as required.
Standing on one leg while balancing a beanbag on the foot

Therapist`s aim
Client`s aim
To improve your ability to stand on one leg.
Position the patient standing on one leg while balancing a bean bag on
the opposite foot. Instruct and encourage the patient to maintain the
position for as long as possible.
Position yourself standing on one leg while balancing a bean bag on
the opposite foot. Practice maintaining the position for as long as
possible.
69
Assisted sit to stand from a block

Therapist`s aim
Client`s aim
Position the patient sitting on a block. Place a toy on your shoulder to
encourage the patient to reach forward while standing up. Instruct and
encourage the patient to stand up. Provide assistance as required.
Position the child sitting on a block. Place a toy on your shoulder to
encourage the child to reach forward while standing up. Instruct and
encourage the child to stand up. Provide assistance as required.
Less advanced: 1. Increase the height of the block. More advanced: 1.
Decrease the height of the block.
Sit to stand from a block

Therapist`s aim
To improve the ability to stand up and sit down.
Client`s aim
To improve your ability to stand up and sit down.
Position the child sitting on a block with their feet flat on the floor.
Instruct and encourage the child to stand up and sit down.
Position yourself sitting on a block with your feet flat on the floor.
Practice standing up and sitting down.
Less advanced: 1. Provide more assistance. 2. Increase the height of
the block. More advanced: 1. Provide less assistance. 2. Decrease the
height of the block.
70
Standing up and sitting down from a block using arm

support
Therapist`s aim
To improve the ability to stand up or sit down.
Client`s aim
Position the patient sitting on a block with their hands on a table in
front of them. Instruct and encourage the patient to stand up and sit
down.
Position the child sitting on a block with their hands on a table in front
of them. Instruct and encourage the child to stand up and sit down.
Less advanced: 1. Provide assistance. 2. Increase the height of the
block. More advanced: 1. Decrease the height of the block. 2. Remove
upper limb support.
Sit to stand with assistance from a carer's lap

Therapist`s aim
Client`s aim
Position the patient sitting on your lap while you kneel behind them.
Instruct and encourage the patient to stand up and reach forward or
place an object on the table. Provide assistance as required.
Position the child sitting on your lap while you kneel behind them.
Instruct and encourage the child to stand up to and reach forward or
place an object on the table. Provide assistance as required.
Provide less assistance. 2. Position the child on a block.
71
Sit to stand pushing up through hands

Therapist`s aim
Client`s aim
To improve your ability to stand up or sit down.
Position the patient in sitting with their feet underneath their knees.
Instruct and encourage the patient to stand up while pushing through
their hands for assistance. Ensure that the shoulders and knees move
forward while moving between sitting and standing, and weight is
borne equally through both legs.
Position yourself sitting with your feet underneath your knees. Practice
standing up while pushing through your hands for assistance. Ensure
that your shoulders and knees move forward when you move between
sitting and standing and your weight is borne equally through both
legs.
Less advanced: 1. Increase the height of the chair. More advanced: 1.
Decrease the height of the chair. 2. Stand up without using your
hands.
Assisted standing between carer's legs

Therapist`s aim
Client`s aim
Position yourself sitting with your back supported and legs
outstretched. Position the patient in standing in between your legs
while providing gentle pressure over their buttocks and trunk.
Position yourself sitting with your back supported and legs
outstretched. Position the child in standing in between your legs while
providing gentle pressure over their buttocks and trunk.
72
Stepping down off a step

Therapist`s aim
To improve the ability to walk and go down stairs.
Client`s aim
To improve your ability to walk and go down stairs.
Position the patient in standing on a block. Instruct and encourage the
patient to step down from the block.
Position yourself in standing on a block. Practice stepping down from
the block.
Less advanced: 1. Decrease the height of the block. 2. Provide hand
support for balance. More advanced: 1. Increase the height of the
block.
Precautions
Maintaining a kneeling position

Therapist`s aim
To improve the ability to maintain a kneeling position.
Client`s aim
To improve your ability to maintain a kneeling position.
Position the patient in kneeling with quoits in one hand. Instruct and
encourage the patient to throw the quoits while maintaining hip
extension.
Position yourself in kneeling with quoits in one hand. Practice throwing
the quoits while maintaining an upright position.
73
Walking sideways between furniture

Therapist`s aim
To improve the ability to walk.
Client`s aim
Position the patient in standing with their hands resting on a chair in
front of them. Instruct and encourage the patient to step sideways to a
second chair.
Position the child in standing with their hands resting on a chair in front
of them. Instruct and encourage the child to step sideways to a second
chair.
Less advanced: 1. Provide assistance. More advanced: 1. Increase
the distance between the chairs.
Walking backwards along a line

Therapist`s aim
To improve the ability to walk backwards.
Client`s aim
To improve your ability to walk backwards.
Position the patient in standing on a line with one leg directly in front of
the other. Instruct and encourage the patient to walk backwards along
the line by placing one foot straight behind the other and not stepping
off the line.
Position yourself standing on a line with one leg directly in front of the
other. Practice walking backwards along the line by placing one foot
straight behind the other and not stepping off the line.
Less advanced: 1. Use a wider line. 2. Provide hand support for
balance. More advanced: 1. Add a concurrent task.
74
Walking on a balance beam with assistance

Therapist`s aim
To improve the ability to walk with a narrow base of support.
Client`s aim
Position the patient in standing at one end of the beam. Instruct and
encourage the patient to walk along the beam. Provide assistance as
required.
Position the child standing at one end of the beam. Instruct and
encourage the child to walk along the beam. Provide assistance as
required.
Less advanced: 1. Walk on a wider beam. More advanced: 1. Walk on
the beam without assistance. 2. Walk on a narrower beam.
Precautions
1. Provide adult supervision. 2. Ensure that the task is within the
capabilities of the child and adult.
Walking between a carer and furniture

Therapist`s aim
Client`s aim
Position the patient in standing a short distance from furniture. Instruct
and encourage the patient to walk to the furniture.
Position the child in standing a short distance from furniture. Instruct
and encourage the child to walk to the furniture.
Less advanced: 1. Decrease the distance between the child and
furniture. More advanced: 1. Increase the distance between the child
and the furniture.
Precautions
75
Walking between furniture

Therapist`s aim
Client`s aim
Position the patient standing at furniture. Position a second piece of
furniture a short distance from the patient. Instruct and encourage the
patient to walk between the furniture.
Position the child standing at furniture. Position a second piece of
furniture a short distance from the child. Instruct and encourage the
child to walk between the furniture.
Less advanced: 1. Decrease the distance between the furniture. More
advanced: 1. Increase the distance between the furniture.
Precautions
Walking with a narrow base of support

Therapist`s aim
Client`s aim
To improve the ability to walk with your feet closer together
Position the patient in standing with planks or other similar objects laid
lengthways along the floor in front of them. Instruct and encourage the
patient to walk forwards along the walkway.
Position the child in standing with planks or other similar objects laid
lengthways along the floor in front of them. Instruct and encourage the
child to walk forwards along the walkway.
Less advanced: 1. Increase the width of the walkway. More advanced:
1. Decrease the width of the walkway.
Precautions
76
Walking between two people

Therapist`s aim
Client`s aim
Position the patient in standing in front of a carer. Position a second
carer approximately one metre away. Instruct and encourage the
patient to walk to the second carer.
Position the child in standing in front of a carer. Position a second
carer approximately one metre away. Instruct and encourage the child
to walk to the second carer.
Less advanced: 1. Provide assistance. 2. Decrease the distance
between carers. More advanced. 2. Increase the distance between
carers.
Bridging gaps between furniture

Therapist`s aim
To improve the ability to stand and walk.
Client`s aim
Position the patient standing at a piece of furniture. Position a second
piece of furniture at or just beyond arm's length. Instruct and
encourage the patient to step between the furniture.
Position the child standing at a piece of furniture. Position a second
piece of furniture at or just beyond arm's length. Instruct and
encourage the child to step between the furniture.
Less advanced: 1. Place the furniture closer together. More advanced:
1. Place the furniture further apart.
Precautions
77
Walking while carrying an object in one hand

Therapist`s aim
Client`s aim
To improve your ability to walk.
Position the patient in standing while holding onto an object. Instruct
the patient to walk forwards while carrying the object in one hand.
Position yourself in standing while holding onto an object. Practice
walking forwards while carrying the object with one hand.
Less advanced: 1. Decrease the size and weight of the object. More
advanced: 1. Increase the size and weight of the object. 2. Change
directions while walking.
Walking down stairs using a hand rail

Therapist`s aim
Client`s aim
To improve your ability to walk down stairs.
Position the patient at the top of a flight of stairs. Instruct and
encourage the patient to walk down the stairs while holding onto the
rail.
Position yourself at the top of a flight of stairs. Practice walking down
the stairs while holding onto the rail.
Less advanced: 1. Decrease the height of the stairs. 2. Walk down
placing both feet on each step. More advanced: 1. Increase the height
of the stairs. 2. Increase the number of stairs.
Precautions
78
Walking in a figure-of-eight
Therapist`s aim
To improve the ability to change directions while walking.
Client`s aim
To improve your ability to change directions while walking.
walk in a figure-of-eight pattern around two suitably placed objects.
Position yourself standing up. Practice walking in a figure-of-eight
pattern around two suitably placed objects.
Less advanced: 1. Walk in a larger figure-of-eight pattern. More
advanced: 1. Walk in a smaller figure-of-eight pattern. 2. Increase
the speed of the task.
Walking on uneven ground

Therapist`s aim
To improve the ability to walk in different environments.
Client`s aim
To improve your ability to walk in different environments.
Position the patient in standing on uneven ground. Instruct and
encourage the patient to walk over the uneven ground.
Position yourself standing on uneven ground. Practice walking over
the uneven ground.
Precautions
1. Ensure patient is wearing suitable footwear. 2. Provide adult
supervision.
79
Walking with one hand held

Therapist`s aim
Client`s aim
walk forward while holding their hand below shoulder height.
Position the child in standing. Instruct and encourage the child to walk
forward while holding their hand below shoulder height.
Less advanced: 1. Walk with two hands held. More advanced: 1. Walk
without support.
Precautions
1. Ensure that the hand is held below shoulder height. 2. Ensure that
the task is within the capabilities of the adult and child.
Walking over sand

Therapist`s aim
Client`s aim
Position the patient standing on the sand. Instruct and encourage the
patient to walk over the sand.
Position yourself standing on the sand. Practice walking over the sand.
Less advanced: 1. Provide hand support. More advanced: 1. Add a
concurrent task such as carrying a bucket.
80
Pushing a wheeled toy

Therapist`s aim
Client`s aim
Position the patient in standing while holding onto a wheeled toy.
Instruct and encourage the patient to walk while pushing the toy.
Position yourself standing behind a wheeled toy. Practice walking
forward while pushing the toy.
Less advanced: 1. Provide assistance. More advanced: 1. Change
direction while pushing the toy.
Precautions
1. Ensure that the wheeled toy is suitable for the task. 2. Provide adult
supervision.
Cruising along furniture

Therapist`s aim
To improve the ability to cruise.
Client`s aim
Position the patient in standing with their hands resting on a support
placed in front of them. Place a toy at the end of the table. Instruct and
encourage the patient to step sideways towards the toy while keeping
their hands on the table.
Position the child in standing with their hands resting on a support
placed in front of them. Place a toy at the end of the table. Instruct and
encourage the child to step sideways towards the toy while keeping
their hands on the table.
Less advanced: 1. Provide assistance. More advanced: 1. Position the
toy to encourage the child to cruise further around the furniture.
Precautions
1. Ensure the table or support used is suitable. 2. Provide adult
supervision.
81
Stepping sideways with assistance

Therapist`s aim
Client`s aim
Position the patient in standing with their hands resting on your hands.
Instruct and encourage the patient to step sideways while holding
hands.
Position the child in standing with their hands resting on your hands.
Instruct and encourage the child to step sideways while holding hands.
Cruising around a corner

Therapist`s aim
Client`s aim
Position the patient near the corner of a support. Instruct and
encourage the patient to cruise around the corner of the support.
Position the child on the corner of a support. Instruct and encourage
the child to step sideways around the corner of a support while holding
on.
Precautions
82
Walking sideways facing a wall

Therapist`s aim
Client`s aim
Position the patient in standing facing the wall using their hands for
support. Place self-adhesive paper along the wall just beyond arm's
reach. Instruct and encourage the patient to walk sideways along the
wall and reach up for the self-adhesive paper.
Position the child in standing facing the wall using their hands for
support. Place self-adhesive paper along the wall just beyond arm's
reach. Instruct and encourage the child to walk sideways along the
wall and reach up for the self-adhesive paper.
Less advanced: 1. Rest the hands on the wall. 2. Place the selfadhesive paper within reach. More advanced: 1. Remove hand
support.
Stepping up onto a block

Therapist`s aim
To improve the ability to walk up stairs and to strengthen your hip and
knee extensors.
Client`s aim
To improve your ability to walk up stairs and to strengthen the muscles
that straighten your hip and knee.
Position the patient in standing with a step in front of them. Instruct
and encourage the patient to step up onto the step.
Position yourself standing with a step in front of you. Practice stepping
up onto the step.
Less advanced: 1. Decrease the height of the step. 2. Provide hand
support for balance. More advanced: 1. Increase the height of the
step.
83
Stepping into and out of buckets

Therapist`s aim
To improve the ability to balance on a single leg while stepping.
Client`s aim
To improve the ability to balance on a single leg while stepping.
Position the patient in front of a row of buckets. Instruct and
encourage the patient to step into and out of the buckets.
Position the child in front of a row of buckets. Instruct and encourage
the child to step into and out of the buckets.
Precautions
Stepping over a ladder

Therapist`s aim
Client`s aim
Position the patient in standing in front of an appropriately sized ladder
or chalk lines drawn on the floor. Instruct and encourage the patient to
step over the rungs of the ladder or chalk lines.
Position yourself standing in front of a ladder placed on the floor or
chalk lines drawn on the floor. Practice stepping over the rungs of the
ladder or chalk lines.
Less advanced: 1. Provide hand support.
Precautions
84
Stepping over an obstacle

Therapist`s aim
To improve the ability to step over objects while walking.
Client`s aim
To improve your ability to step over objects while walking.
Position the patient in standing with an obstacle in front of them.
Practice stepping over the obstacle without touching it.
Position yourself in standing with an obstacle in front of you. Practice
stepping over the obstacle without touching it.
Less advanced: 1. Decrease the height of the obstacle. 2. Provide
hand support for balance. More advanced: 1. Increase the height of
the obstacle. 2. Increase the number of obstacles.
Precautions
Standing with assistance facing a wall

Therapist`s aim
Client`s aim
Position the patient in standing with leg splints on while facing a wall.
Place self-adhesive paper on the wall within arm's reach. Instruct and
encourage the patient to reach while maintaining a standing position.
Position the child in standing with leg splints on while facing a wall.
Place self-adhesive paper on the wall within arm's reach. Instruct and
encourage the child to reach while maintaining a standing position.
Provide less assistance. 2. Reach while standing 3. Remove wraparound splints.
Precautions
85
Walking with two hands held

Therapist`s aim
Client`s aim
walk forwards while holding onto the carer's hands.
Position the child in standing. Instruct and encourage the child to walk
forwards while holding onto your hands.
Less advanced: 1. Walk a short distance. More advanced: 1. Walk a
longer distance. 2. Walk with one hand held.
Precautions
1. Ensure that the child's hands are not held above shoulder height. 2.
Ensure this exercise is within the capabilities of the adult and child.
Walking up stairs with assistance

Therapist`s aim
To improve the ability to walk up stairs.
Client`s aim
Position the patient at the bottom of a flight of stairs. Instruct and
encourage the patient to walk up the stairs while holding onto your
hand.
Position the child at the bottom of a flight of stairs. Instruct and
encourage the child to walk up the stairs while holding onto your hand.
Less advanced: 1. Decrease the height of the stairs. 2. Walk up the
height of the stairs. 2. Increase the number of stairs.
Precautions
1. Provide appropriate assistance from an adult. 2. Ensure that the
task is within the capabilities of the adult and child.
86
Walking with assistance using clothing

Therapist`s aim
Client`s aim
Position the patient in standing while maintaining a firm hold of their
shirt. Instruct and encourage the patient to walk forwards.
Position the child in standing while maintaining a firm hold of their
shirt. Instruct and encourage the child to walk forwards.
More advanced: 1. Provide less assistance.
Precautions
1. Ensure that the shirt does not cause discomfort to the child or
impede the child's breathing.
Walking with a rear walker

Therapist`s aim
Client`s aim
Position the patient standing in the rear walker. Instruct and encourage
the patient to walk forward providing assistance as required.
Position the child standing in the rear walker. Instruct and encourage
the child to walk forward providing assistance as required.
Precautions
87
Walking backwards pulling a toy

Therapist`s aim
To improve the ability to walk backwards.
Client`s aim
To improve your ability to walk backwards.
Position the patient in standing holding a toy that can be pulled along
the floor. Instruct and encourage the patient to walk backwards while
pulling the toy.
Position yourself in standing holding a toy that can be pulled along the
floor. Practice walking backwards while pulling the toy.
Walking down stairs

Therapist`s aim
Client`s aim
To improve your ability to walk down stairs.
Position the patient standing at the top of a set of stairs. Instruct and
encourage the patient to walk down the stairs.
Position yourself standing at the top of a set of stairs. Practice walking
down the stairs.
Less advanced: 1. Decrease the height of the stairs. 2. Walk down the
height of the stairs. 2. Increase the number of stairs
Precautions
88
Walking up stairs
Therapist`s aim
Client`s aim
To improve your ability to walk up stairs.
Position the patient in standing at the bottom of a set of stairs. Instruct
and encourage the patient to walk up the stairs.
Position yourself in standing at the bottom of a set of stairs. Practice
walking up the stairs.
Less advanced: 1. Decrease the height of the stairs. 2. Walk up the
height of the stairs. 2. Increase the number of stairs
Precautions
Walking up stairs using a hand rail

Therapist`s aim
To improve the ability to walk up stairs with a hand rail.
Client`s aim
To improve your ability to walk up stairs with a hand rail.
Position the patient at the bottom of a flight of stairs. Instruct and
encourage the patient to walk up the stairs while holding onto the hand
rail.
Position yourself at the bottom of a flight of stairs. Practice walking up
the stairs while holding onto the handrail.
Less advanced: 1. Decrease the height of the stairs. 2. Walk up
placing both feet on each step. More advanced: 1. Increase the height
of the stairs. 2. Increase the number of stairs.
Precautions
89
Single-leg calf raises

Therapist`s aim
To strengthen the ankle plantarflexors.
Client`s aim
To strengthen your calf muscles.
Position the patient in standing on one leg. Instruct and encourage the
patient to plantarflex their ankle.
Position yourself standing on one leg. Start with your heel on the
ground. Finish with your heel lifted off the ground and standing on your
toes.
Precautions
1. Ensure that the support is stable.
Single leg calf raises on a wedge

Therapist`s aim
Client`s aim
To strengthen your calf muscles.
Position the patient in standing with one foot on a wedge, their other
foot in the air and a chair nearby for support. Instruct the patient to lift
their heel off the wedge by plantarflexing their ankle.
Position yourself standing with one foot on a wedge, the other foot in
the air and a chair nearby for support. Start with your foot flat on the
wedge. Finish with your heel lifted off the wedge and standing on your
toes.
1. Ensure that the support is stable. 2. Ensure the wedge does not slip
or tip.
90
Ankle dorsiflexion using ribbon on toes

Therapist`s aim
To strengthen the ankle dorsiflexor muscles.
Client`s aim
To strengthen the muscles at the front of your ankle.
Position the patient in long sitting with a ribbon tied to their toes.
Instruct and encourage the patient to dorsiflex their ankles so that they
can touch the ribbon. Ensure that the knee is kept straight.
Position yourself sitting with your legs in front of you and a ribbon tied
to your toes. Practice bending your ankles so that you can reach and
touch the ribbon while keeping your knee straight.
Less advanced: 1. Provide assistance to dorsiflex. 2. Use a larger toy
on the toes. More advanced: 1. Position the child in standing.
Ankle dorsiflexion while sitting

Therapist`s aim
To strengthen the ankle dorsiflexors
Client`s aim
To strengthen the muscles at the front of your ankle.
Position the patient in sitting. Place an object between the patient's
toes. Instruct and encourage the patient to dorsiflex their foot to
remove the object from between the toes.
Position yourself sitting. Place an object between your toes. Practice
bending your foot to remove the object from between the toes.
Precautions
91
Unilateral ankle plantarflexor stretch using a rolled-up

towel
Therapist`s aim
To stretch or maintain length of the ankle plantarflexors
Client`s aim
Position the patient standing against a wall with their forefeet resting
on a rolled-up towel and a table nearby for support. Ensure that the
legs are kept straight, the feet point forward and the ankles do not
invert or evert.
Position yourself standing against a wall with your forefeet resting on a
rolled-up towel and a table nearby for support. Ensure that your legs
are kept straight, your feet point forward and your ankles do not roll in
or out.
Precautions
1. Impaired or absent sensation of stretch. 2. Ensure that the support
is stable.
Unilateral ankle plantarflexor strengthening with one leg on

a stool
Therapist`s aim
Client`s aim
To strengthen your calf muscles
Position the patient in standing with one foot on the ground, the other
foot on a support and a chair nearby. Instruct and encourage the
patient to lift their heel off the ground by plantarflexing their ankle.
Position yourself in standing with one foot on the ground, the other foot
on a support and a chair nearby. Start with your foot flat on the ground.
Finish with your heel lifted off the ground and standing on your toes.
Precautions
1. Ensure that the supports are stable.
92
Ankle plantarflexor strengthening off a wedge

Therapist`s aim
Client`s aim
To strengthen the calf muscles.
Position the patient in standing with both feet on a wedge and a
support nearby. Instruct and encourage the patient to lift their heels off
the wedge by plantarflexing their ankle.
Position yourself standing with both feet on a wedge and a support
nearby. Start with your feet flat on the wedge. Finish with your heel
lifted off the wedge and standing on your toes.
Precautions
1. Ensure that the wedge does not tip or slip. 2. Ensure that the
support is stable.
Reaching in standing
Therapist`s aim
To improve the ability to reach in standing and strengthen the ankle
plantarflexors.
Client`s aim
To improve the ability to reach in standing and strengthen the calf
muscles.
Position the patient in standing in front of a table. Place a toy on the
table in a position that requires the patient to go onto tiptoes to reach
the toy. Instruct and encourage the patient to reach for the toy.
Position the child in standing in front of a table. Place a toy on the
table in a position that requires the child to go onto tiptoes to reach the
toy. Instruct and encourage the child to reach for the toy.
Precautions
93
Resting in prone on carer's chest

Therapist`s aim
To improve the ability to lie prone.
Client`s aim
To improve the ability to tolerate lying on the front
Position the carer in supine with their head supported by a pillow.
Position the patient lying prone on the carers chest.
Position yourself lying on your back with your head supported by a
pillow. Position the child lying on their front on your chest.
Less advanced: 1. Decrease the duration. More advanced: 1. Increase
the duration. 2. Encourage the child to prop on their forearms.
Pulling up to sit with assistance at forearms

Therapist`s aim
To strengthen the neck and trunk muscles.
Client`s aim
Position the patient in supine on the floor with your hands over their
forearms. Instruct and encourage the patient to lift their head while
bringing them up into sitting. Lower the patient back to the supine
position while keeping their head in line with their body.
Position the child in lying on their back on the floor with your hands
over their forearms. Instruct and encourage the child to lift their head
while bringing them up into sitting. Lower the child back to the lying
position while keeping their head in line with their body.
Less advanced: 1. Support the child behind the shoulder blades. 2.
Position the child in a more upright position.
Precautions
aware that the child's head may fall backwards. 3. Ensure that the
child is able to pull to sit with assistance behind the shoulder blades
prior to doing this exercise.
94
Pulling up to sit with assistance over shoulder blades

Therapist`s aim
Client`s aim
Position yourself in a supported sitting position with your knees bent.
Position the patient in a reclined position, facing towards you on your
lap with your hands supporting them. Bring the patient forward by
supporting their back and shoulders. Instruct and encourage the
patient to lift their head up. Lower the patient back to the reclined
position ensuring the patient keeps their head in line with their body.
Position yourself in a supported sitting position with your knees bent.
Position the child in a reclined position, facing towards you on your lap
with your hands supporting them. Bring the child forward by supporting
their back and shoulders. Instruct and encourage the child to lift their
head up. Lower the child back to the reclined position ensuring the
child keeps their head in line with their body.
Less advanced: 1. Decrease the amount of forward movement. More
advanced: 1. Increase the amount of forward movement.
Precautions
aware that the child's head may fall backwards.
Reaching in prone with assistance

Therapist`s aim
To improve the ability to reach in prone.
Client`s aim
To improve the ability to reach while lying on the front.
Position the patient in prone propping on their forearms with a toy
placed in front of them. Instruct and encourage the patient to reach
forward for the toy while propping on their opposite arm. Provide
assistance to transfer weight onto the supporting arm.
Position the child lying on their front propping on their forearms with a
toy placed in front of them. Instruct and encourage the child to reach
forward for the toy while propping on their opposite arm. Provide
assistance to transfer weight onto the supporting arm.
95
Prone propping on elbows while lying on carer

Therapist`s aim
To improve the ability to prop on the forearms and strengthen the
neck, trunk and shoulder muscles.
Client`s aim
To improve the ability to prop on the forearms and strengthen the
Position the patient in prone, propping through their forearms on the
carers front. Instruct the carer to encourage the patient to lift their
head.
Position yourself lying on you back with your head supported by a
pillow. Position the child lying on their front, propping through their
forearms while lying on your front. Instruct and encourage the child to
lift their head.
Less advanced: 1. Position the child prone on the carer's chest without
forearm support. 2. Position the carer in a semi-reclined position. More
advanced: 1. Position the child propping on their forearms on the floor.
Precautions
1. Be aware that the child may fall forward onto their face.
Prone propping on forearms looking at carer

Therapist`s aim
To improve the ability to prop on forearms and strengthen the neck,
trunk and shoulder muscles.
Client`s aim
To improve the ability to prop on forearms and strengthen the neck,
Position the patient in prone propping through their forearms. Instruct
and encourage the patient to lift their head to look at their carer.
Position the child lying on their front propping through their forearms.
Instruct and encourage the child to lift their head to look at their carer.
More advanced: 1. Position the child in prone while weight-bearing
through the hands.
Precautions
1. Provide adult supervision. 2. Do not leave the child unsupervised on
the bed. 3. Be aware that the child may fall forward onto their face.
96
Prone propping on hands

Therapist`s aim
To improve the ability to prop through the hands and strengthen the
Client`s aim
To improve the ability to prop through the hands and strengthen the
Position the patient in prone on the floor while propping through their
hands. Instruct and encourage the patient to lift their head.
Position the child lying on their front on the floor while propping
through their hands. Instruct and encourage the child to lift their head.
Less advanced: 1. Position the child in prone while propping through
the forearms. 2. Position the child in prone, propping through the
hands while lying on carer.
Precautions
1. Be aware that the child may fall forward onto their face.
Prone lying on a carer's lap

Therapist`s aim
To improve the ability to lie prone and strengthen the neck, trunk and
shoulder muscles.
Client`s aim
To improve the ability to lie on the front and strengthen the neck, trunk
and shoulder muscles.
Position the patient in prone lying across your lap. Instruct and
encourage the patient to lift their head and chest up.
Position the child lying on their front across your lap. Instruct and
encourage the child to lift their head and chest up.
Precautions
97
Assisted prone
Therapist`s aim
To improve the ability to prop on forearms in prone and strengthen the
Client`s aim
To improve the ability to prop on forearms in prone and strengthen the
Position the patient in prone on the floor while propping through their
forearms. Instruct and encourage the patient to lift their head. Provide
assistance at the patient's elbows to stabilise their arms.
Position the child lying on their front on the floor while propping
through their forearms. Instruct and encourage the child to lift their
head. Provide assistance at the child's elbows to stabilise their arms.
More advanced: 1. Provide less assistance 2. Position the child
propping through their hands.
Prone propping on forearms

Therapist`s aim
To improve the ability to prop on forearms and to strengthen the neck,
Client`s aim
To improve the ability to prop on forearms and to strengthen the neck,
Position the patient in prone while propping through their forearms.
Instruct and encourage the patient to lift their head.
Position the child lying on their front while propping through their
forearms. Instruct and encourage the child to lift their head.
Less advanced: 1. Place a rolled-up towel or pillow under the child's
chest. More advanced: 1. Encourage the child to prop through their
hands.
98
Kneeling over a carer's leg

Therapist`s aim
To improve the ability to crawl and strengthen the neck, trunk and
shoulder muscles.
Client`s aim
To improve the ability to crawl and strengthen the neck, trunk and
shoulder muscles.
Position yourself sitting on the floor with your back supported and your
legs outstretched. Position the patient in four-point kneeling over one
leg and place a toy beside you. Instruct and encourage the patient to
reach over your leg to play with the toy.
Position yourself sitting on the floor with your back supported and your
legs outstretched. Position the child in four-point kneeling over one leg
and place a toy beside you. Instruct and encourage the child to reach
over your leg to play with the toy.
More advanced: 1. Encourage the child to crawl over your leg.
Prone propping on hands while lying on carer

Therapist`s aim
To improve the ability to prop on the hands and strengthen the neck,
Client`s aim
To improve the ability to prop on the hands and strengthen the neck,
Position the patient in prone, propping through their hands on the
carers front. Instruct the carer to encourage the patient to lift their
head.
Position yourself lying on your back with your head supported by a
pillow. Position the child lying on their front and propping through their
hands. Instruct and encourage the child to lift their head to look at you.
Less advanced: 1. Position the child prone on the carer's chest without
propping. 2. Position the child in prone propping on forearms. More
advanced: 1. Position the child lying on the floor while prone propping
on their hands.
99
Propping on one forearm while reaching in prone

Therapist`s aim
To improve the ability to reach in prone and strengthen the neck, back
Client`s aim
To improve the ability to reach while lying on the front and to
strengthen the neck, back and shoulder muscles.
Position the patient in prone while propping on their forearms with a
toy placed in front of them. Instruct and encourage the patient to reach
forward for the toy while propping on their opposite arm.
Position the child lying on their front while propping on their forearms
with a toy placed in front of them. Instruct and encourage the child to
reach forward for the toy while propping on their opposite arm.
Forearm supination
Therapist`s aim
To improve the ability to supinate the forearm.
Client`s aim
To improve the ability to rotate the forearm.
Position the patient in sitting with their forearms in pronation and
stickers placed on the palms of the patient's hands. Instruct and
encourage the patient to supinate their forearms to display the stickers
on their palm.
Position the child in sitting with their palms facing the floor and stickers
placed on the palms of the child's hands. Instruct and encourage the
child to rotate their forearms to display the stickers on their palm.
100
Prone lying over a pillow

Therapist`s aim
To improve the ability to lie in prone and strengthen the neck, trunk
Client`s aim
To improve the ability to lie on the front and strengthen the neck, trunk
Position the patient in prone lying across a pillow taking their weight
through their forearms. Instruct and encourage the patient to lift their
head.
Position the child lying on their front across a pillow taking weight
through their forearms. Instruct and encourage the child to lift their
head up.
More advanced: 1. Remove the pillow
Precautions
1. Provide adult supervision. 2. Be aware that the child may fall
forwards onto their face.
Assisted gastrocnemius stretch in supine

Therapist`s aim
To induce transient increases in ankle plantarflexor extensibility.
Client`s aim
To induce transient increases in the extensibility of the muscles at the
back of the ankle.
Position the patient in supine with your hand stabilising the patient's
knee. Place your other hand around the patient's heel with your palm
along the length of the foot and gently push the ankle into dorsiflexion.
Ensure that the ankle does not invert or evert.
Position the child lying on their back with your hand stabilising their
knee. Place your other hand around the child's heel with your palm
along the length of the foot and gently push the foot upwards. Ensure
that the ankle does not roll in or out.
Precautions
gentle pressure. 3. Ensure the position is comfortable for the child and
adult.
101
Unilateral ankle plantarflexor stretch on wedge

Therapist`s aim
To stretch or maintain the length of the ankle plantarflexors.
Client`s aim
Position the patient in standing against a wall with one foot on a wedge
and the other foot resting on a stool beside them. Ensure that the leg
on the wedge is kept straight and that the ankle does not invert or
evert.
Position yourself standing against a wall with one foot on a wedge and
your other foot resting on a stool beside you. Ensure that the leg on
the wedge is kept straight and that your ankle does not roll in or out.
Precautions
1. Impaired or absent sensation of stretch. 2. Ensure that the wedge
does not tip or slip. 3. Ensure that the support is stable.
Single leg calf stretch on rolled-up towel

Therapist`s aim
To stretch or maintain length of the ankle plantarflexors.
Client`s aim
Position the patient standing at a table with their back against a wall,
one foot on a rolled-up towel and their other foot up on a block. Ensure
that the knee is kept straight on the leg receiving the stretch, both feet
point forwards and the ankle does not invert or evert.
Position yourself standing at a table with your back against a wall, one
foot on a rolled-up towel and your other foot up on a block. Ensure that
the knee is kept straight on the leg receiving the stretch, both feet
point forwards and the ankle does not roll in or out.
Precautions
1. Absent or impaired sensation of stretch. 2. Ensure that the wedge
does not slip or tip 3. Ensure that the support is stable.
102
Assisted bilateral hamstring stretch in supine

Therapist`s aim
To induce transient increases in hamstring extensibility.
Client`s aim
back of the thigh.
Position the patient in supine with their hips flexed, knees extended
and their legs resting on your shoulders. Apply a gentle pressure over
their knees to ensure that their legs remain as straight as possible.
Position the child lying on their back with their hips bent, knees straight
and their legs resting on your shoulders. Apply a gentle pressure over
their knees to ensure that their legs remain as straight as possible.
Precautions
1. Impaired or absent sensation of stretch. 2. Seek medical clearance
for patients with recent spinal cord or orthopaedic leg injuries. 3. Apply
stretch using gentle pressure. 4. Ensure the position is comfortable for
child and adult. 5. Ensure the childs back remains straight.
Assisted unilateral hamstring stretch in supine

Therapist`s aim
To induce transient increases in hamstring extensibility.
Client`s aim
back of the thigh.
Position the patient in supine with their hip and knee flexed. Support
their upper leg with one hand. Apply a gentle upwards pressure to the
lower leg to straighten the knee as much as possible.
Position the child lying on their back with their hip and knee bent.
Support their upper leg with your hand. Apply a gentle upwards
pressure to the lower leg to straighten the knee as much as possible.
Precautions
1. Impaired or absent sensation of stretch. 2. Seek medical clearance
for patients with recent spinal cord or orthopaedic leg injuries. 3. Apply
stretch using gentle pressure. 4. Ensure that the position is
comfortable for the child and adult.
103
Hamstring and hip adductor stretch in long sitting using

wrap-around splints
Therapist`s aim
To stretch or maintain length of the hamstring and hip adductor
muscles.
Client`s aim
To stretch or maintain length in the muscles at the back and inside of
the thigh.
outstretched. Position the patient sitting between your legs with their
legs in abduction and wrap-around splints applied. Ensure that the
patient's knees are kept as extended as possible and their pelvis is not
posteriorly tilted.
outstretched. Position the child sitting between your legs with their legs
apart and wrap-around splints applied. Ensure that the child's knees
are kept as extended as possible and their pelvis is not tilted
backwards.
More advanced: 1. Remove the leg splints. 2. Reach forward in this
position.
Precautions
1. Impaired or absent sensation of stretch. 2. Ensure that the position
is comfortable for the child and adult.
Hamstring and hip adductor stretch in long sitting

Therapist`s aim
To increase and maintain the length in the hamstrings and hip
adductors.
Client`s aim
To increase and maintain the length of the muscles at the back and
the inside of the thigh.
outstretched. Position the patient sitting between your legs with their
legs in abduction. Ensure that the patient's knees are kept as
extended as possible and their pelvis is not posteriorly tilted.
outstretched. Position the child sitting between your legs with their legs
apart and outstretched. Ensure that the child's knees are kept as
extended as possible and their pelvis is not tilted backwards.
104
Precautions
1. Impaired or absent sensation of stretch. 2. Ensure that the position
is comfortable for the child and adult.
Hand stretch
Therapist`s aim
To stretch or maintain range in the hand.
Client`s aim
To stretch or maintain range in your hand.
Position the patient with their hand around a rolled up bandage or
washcloth.
Position yourself with your hand around a rolled up bandage or
washcloth.
Precautions
1. Impaired or absent sensation of stretch.
Hip adductor stretch in supine with assistance

Therapist`s aim
To induce transient increases in hip adductor extensibility.
Client`s aim
To induce transient increases in the extensibility of the muscles on the
inside of the thigh.
Position the patient in supine with their legs in abduction. Apply a
gentle outwards pressure at the knees to maintain an abducted
position.
Position the child lying on their back with their legs apart. Apply a
gentle outwards pressure at the knees to maintain the position.
Precautions
gentle pressure. 3. Ensure that the position is comfortable for the child
and adult.
105
Hip adductor stretch with wedge in long sitting

Therapist`s aim
To stretch or maintain length of the hip adductors.
Client`s aim
To stretch or maintain range in the hips.
Position yourself in sitting with your back supported and legs
outstretched. Position the patient in long sitting with a foam wedge
placed between their thighs. Encourage the patient to maintain this
position by reading a book while carrying out the stretch.
Position yourself in sitting with your back supported and legs
outstretched. Position the child in long sitting with a foam wedge
placed between their thighs. Encourage the child to maintain this
position by reading a book while carrying out the stretch.
Precautions
1. Impaired or absent sensation of stretch. 2. Ensure that the size of
the wedge is suitable for the child and that the wedge provides a
gentle stretch. 3. Ensure that the position is comfortable for the adult
and child.
Hip adductor and rotator stretch in supine with assistance

Therapist`s aim
To induce transient increases in hip adductor extensibility.
Client`s aim
To induce transient increases in the extensibility of the muscles on the
inside of the thigh.
Position the patient in supine. Gently place their legs in a `froggie`
position with their hips abducted and externally rotated. Apply a gentle
pressure with your hands over their knees to maintain the position.
Position the child lying on their back. Gently place their legs in a
`froggie` position. Apply a gentle pressure with your hands over their
knees to maintain the position.
Less advanced: 1. Place a rolled-up towel under the knees for support.
Precautions
1. Impaired or absent sensation of stretch. 2. Apply the stretch using
and adult.
106
Hip flexor stretch on a wedge

Therapist`s aim
To stretch or maintain length of the hip flexors.
Client`s aim
To stretch or maintain range of the muscles at the front of the hips.
Position the patient in prone on a wedge. Instruct and encourage the
patient to maintain the position by reading a book or playing with a
suitable object. Apply a gentle pressure over the patient's buttocks.
Position the child lying on their front on a wedge. Instruct and
encourage the child to maintain the position by reading a book or
playing with a suitable object. Apply a gentle pressure over the child's
buttocks.
Precautions
gentle pressure. 3. Ensure that the position is comfortable for the adult
and child.
Assisted unilateral ankle stretch on wedge

Therapist`s aim
To stretch and maintain the length of the ankle plantarflexors.
Client`s aim
To stretch or maintain range in the ankles.
Position the patient standing at a table with one foot on a wedge and
the other foot held in the air. Ensure that the patient's leg on the
wedge is kept straight, the foot points forwards and the ankle does not
invert or evert. Provide gentle assistance to maintain the position and
keep the patient's heel on the wedge.
Position the child standing at a table with one foot on a wedge and the
other foot held in the air. Ensure that the child's leg on the wedge is
kept straight, the foot points forwards and the ankle does not roll in or
out. Provide gentle assistance to maintain the position and keep the
child's heel on the wedge.
Precautions
and adult.
107
Bilateral shoulder stretch in supine

Therapist`s aim
To stretch or maintain length of the shoulder internal rotators and
adductors.
Client`s aim
To stretch or maintain range in your shoulders.
Position the patient in supine with their hands behind their head.
Ensure that their elbows are free to drop down onto the bed or floor.
Position yourself lying on your back with your hands behind your head.
Ensure that your elbows are free to drop down onto the bed or floor.
Less advanced: 1. Place pillows under the elbows.
Precautions
1. Impaired or absent sensation of stretch. 2. Shoulder pain.
Assisted soleus stretch in supine

Therapist`s aim
To induce transient increases in ankle plantarflexor extensibility.
Client`s aim
back of the ankle.
Position the patient in supine with their knee flexed. Place your hand
around the patients heel with your palm along the length of the foot
and gently push their ankle into dorsiflexion. Ensure that the ankle
does not invert or evert.
Position the child lying on their back with their knee bent. Place your
hand around the childs heel with your palm along the length of the foot
and gently push the foot upwards. Ensure that the ankle does not roll
in or out.
Precautions
gentle pressure.
108
Squatting
Therapist`s aim
To improve the ability to maintain a squatting position.
Client`s aim
To improve your ability to maintain a squatting position.
Position the patient squatting with objects on the floor in front of them.
Instruct the patient to reach for the objects while maintaining their
position.
Position yourself squatting down with objects on the floor in front of
you. Practice reaching for the objects while maintaining your position.
Less advanced: 1. Look at the objects without reaching for them. 2.
Position the objects closer. 3. Provide trunk support. More advanced:
1. Position the objects further away.
Walking while carrying a large object

Therapist`s aim
Client`s aim
Position the patient in standing while holding onto a large object.
Instruct the patient to walk forwards while carrying the object, trying
not to drop it.
Position yourself standing up while holding onto a large object.
Practice walking forwards while carrying the object, trying not to drop
it.
Less advanced: 1. Walk without holding onto an object. 2. Decrease
the size and weight of the object. More advanced: 1. Increase the size
and weight of the object. 2. Change directions when walking.
109
Stepping sideways against a wall

Therapist`s aim
Client`s aim
Position the patient in standing with their back against a wall. Instruct
the patient to step sideways. Ensure that both feet point forwards.
Position yourself standing with your back against a wall. Practice
stepping sideways. Ensure that both feet point forwards.
Less advanced: 1. Take smaller steps. 2. Provide hand support for
balance. More advanced: 1. Take larger steps.
Walking sideways along a line

Therapist`s aim
Client`s aim
Position the patient in standing with their toes touching a line across
the floor. Instruct the patient to walk sideways along the line. Ensure
that both feet point forwards.
Position yourself standing with your toes touching a line across the
floor. Practice walking sideways along the line. Ensure that both feet
point forwards.
Less advanced: 1. Take smaller steps. More advanced: 1. Take larger
steps.
110
Standing on one leg with support

Therapist`s aim
To improve the ability to stand or walk.
Client`s aim
To improve your ability to stand or walk.
Position the patient in standing on one leg with a chair or table nearby
for support. Instruct the patient to maintain the position without
touching their other foot on the floor. Ensure that hand support is used
only if necessary.
Position yourself standing on one leg with a chair or table nearby for
support. Practice maintaining the position without touching your other
foot on the floor. Ensure that hand support is used only if necessary.
Less advanced: 1. Stand in tandem stance. More advanced: 1.
Remove hand support. 2. Add a concurrent task. 3. Throw and catch a
ball in this position.
Precautions
1. Ensure that the support is stable.
Walking on slopes
Therapist`s aim
Client`s aim
Position the patient in standing with a slope in front of them. Instruct
the patient to walk up and down the slope.
Position yourself standing with a slope in front of you. Practice walking
up and down the slope.
Less advanced: 1. Provide hand support for balance. More advanced:
1. Practice walking over obstacles. 2. Add a concurrent task.
This booklet was created using software freely available at www.physiotherapyexercises.com
111
Appendix 4 Website visits from January 2009 to April 2010
25000
15000
10000
5000
-8
20
09
20 -9
09
-1
20 0
09
-1
20 1
09
-1
2
20
10
-1
20
10
-2
20
10
-3
20
10
-4
-7
20
09
-6
20
09
-5
20
09
-4
20
09
-3
20
09
-2
20
09
20
09
-1
20
09
Visits to website
20000
Year-month
112
Appendix 5 - Results from an online questionnaire placed on the

website.
Response rate = 53 users
Users were asked to rate the following statements on a 5-point scale where:
strongly agree
agree
no opinion
disagree
strongly disagree
The diagrams illustrating the exercise demo nstrate the exercise well
The diagrams illustrating the exercise are useful
1 1
11
16
32
36
The text accompanying the exercises describes the exercise adequately
The diagrams illustrating the exercise are in lne with exercises I would
prescribe
1 1
26
22
29
17
I found it easy to select my desired exercises using the search screen
The text accompanying the exercise is clear and easily understood
01
20
29
17
24
It was clear how to select and exercise for my patient booklet
It was clear how to view my selection of exercises
3
4
2
7
22
20
20
20
113
It was clear how to save exercises into booklets
I found the layout of the entire site easy to follow and professionallooking
16
21
2
20
21
Users were asked to respond with a yes or no to the following questions:

I found the speed of the website satisfactory
I implemented a succesful search for exercises
10
10
43
43
I viewed some of the videoclips
legend:
no
12
yes
41
114
Appendix 6 - Presentations related to website since between 2003 2009

Conference Presentations
Katalinic O, Ada L, Dean C, McCluskey A, Potts S, Schurr K, Harvey L (2009).
Physiotherapyexercsies.com. A website of physiotherapy exercises for people with stroke.
Smart Strokes Conference, Sydney, Australia.
Katalinic O, Glinsky J, Harvey L and Sydney physiotherapists (2009)
Physiotherapyexercises.com: where to from here? Australian Physiotherapy Association
Conference, Sydney, Australia.
Jrgensen V, Gaupseth HK, Harvey L (2007) Translation of website on Physiotherapy
Exercises for people with Spinal Cord Injury. The International Spinal Cord Society (ISCOS),
Iceland.
Mudge A, Thomas B, Hancock J, Katalinic O and Harvey L (2007) Physiotherapy Exercises
for Children with Traumatic Brain Injury a website for physiotherapists. The Research
Forum of the NSW Brain Injury Rehabilitation Program, Sydney, Australia.
Mudge M, Thomas B, Hancock J, Katalinic O and Harvey L (2007) Website of physiotherapy
exercises for children with traumatic brain injury. The National Paediatric Group Conference
of the Australian Physiotherapy Association, Cairns, Australia.
Harvey L, Glinsky J, Katalinic O, Byak A, Eyles J, Batty J and Katte L (2006) Website of
physiotherapy exercises for people with spinal cord injuries. The International Spine and
Spinal Injuries Conference, Delhi, India.
Harvey L, Katalinic O, Glinsky J, Batty B, Eyles J and Katte L (2006) Physiotherapy
management of patients with SCI goes electronic. The Combined Annual Meetings of the
American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) and the International Spinal Cord Society
(ISCOS), Boston, USA.
Moseley A, Canning C, Ada L, Jones T, Fairbairn T, Mudge A, Katalinic O, Harvey L (2005)
Website of physiotherapy exercises for people with traumatic brain injury Proceedings of 6th
World Congress on Brain Injury, Melbourne, Australia.
Mudge A, Thomas B, Hancock J, Katalinic O and Harvey L (2005) Website of physiotherapy
exercises for children with traumatic brain injury. Australian Physiotherapy Association 6th
National Paediatric Conference, Alice Springs, Australia.
Harvey L, Katalinic O, Glinsky J, Messenger P, Batty J, Pattie P, Eyles J, Chee S, Katte L
(2005) Educational web-based resource of physiotherapy exercises for people with spinal
cord injuries. Excellence in Quality and Safety Forum, NSW Department of Health, Sydney,
Australia.
Harvey L, Glinsky J, Byak A, Batty J, Katte L and Eyles J (2004) Website of physiotherapy
exercises for people with spinal cord injury The International Spinal Cord Society, Athens,
Greece.
Glinsky J, Katalinic O, Byak A, Eyles J, Batty J, Katte L and Harvey L (2004) Website of
physiotherapy exercises for people with spinal cord injuries. The International Spinal Cord
Society, Australasian Branch Meeting, Adelaide, Australia.
Moseley A, Canning C, Ada L, Jones T, Fairbairn T, Mudge A, Katalinic O, Harvey L (2004)
Website of physiotherapy exercises for people with traumatic brain injury The Ninth Annual
Research Forum of the NSW Brain Injury Rehabilitation Program, Sydney, Australia.
115
Byak A, Harvey L, Glinsky J, Batty J, Katte L and Eyles J (2003). Database of training
exercises for people with spinal cord injury. The International Spinal Cord Society,
Australasian Branch Meeting, Perth, Australia.
Harvey L, Glinsky J, Byak A, Batty J, Katte L and Eyles J (2003). Database of training
exercises for people with spinal cord injury. The Australian National Neurology Conference
of the Australian Physiotherapy Association, Sydney, Australia.
Presentations at Professional Development Meetings
2009: Hunter New England Health Rural Physiotherapy Professional Development day,
Tamworth, Australia.
2007: Hunter New England Health Physiotherapy Professional Development day,
Newcastle, Austraila.
2006 School of Physiotherapy, Raipur, India.
2006 Department of Physiotherapy, Primary Institute of Medical Services, Islamabad,
Pakistan.
2006 Handicap International, Ho Chi Mi City, Vietnam.
2006 The Victorian Neurology Special Interest Group of the Australian Physiotherapy Association.
2005: Indian Spinal Injury Centre Institute of Rehab Science, Delhi, India.
2005: Townsville District Hospital, Townsville, Australia.
2005 Hampstead Rehabilitation Centre, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide.
2005: New Zealand Neurological Physiotherapy Symposium, Auckland, New Zealand.
2004: Polio and Accident Victims Clinic, Copenhagen, Denmark.
2004: Sunnaas Rehabilitation Hospital, Norway.
2004: Directorate of Avdelingsdirektor Divisjon for Kunnskapshandtering, Oslo, Norway
2004: Neurology Special Interest Group of the Australian Physiotherapy Association,
Sydney, Australia.
Publications in physiotherapy-related bulletins:
2008: Australian Journal of Physiotherapy, Volume 54, p 225.
2006: In Motion, magazine of the Australian Physiotherapy Association, June/July, p.4.
2005: electronic newsletter Net News, Australian Resource Centre for Healthcare Innovations
4.
2004: Kinesitherapie, les annals (French physiotherapy journal). Nov/Dec, p. 41-42.
2004: Physiotherapy frontline. The Chartered Society of Physiotherapy magazine (UK
publication). Oct, p. 25.
2004: Accord. Spinal Cord Injuries Australia. Spring, p. 11.
Awards
2005 Winner of Northern Sydney and Central Coast Area Health Service Quality Award for information
management.
2005 NSW Baxter Health Ministers Award for Innovation.
116

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Website of physiotherapy exercises

Final report for

Project team .............................................................................................2

Funding provided by ADHC and other sponsors ......................................3

Aims and objectives..................................................................................4

Presentations and publicity arising from website......................................7

Future plans .............................................................................................7

Contact details for further information ......................................................9

Appendix 1 - Example of an exercise booklet appropriate for recording a patients

Associate Professor Lisa Harvey

Spinal Cord Injury

2. A/Prof Louise Ada

4. A/Prof Louise Ada

The overall purpose of this project was to expand an existing physiotherapy

Commencement: April 2009

Funding provided by ADHC and other sponsors

NSW Department of Disability, Aging and

Addition of 200 exercises appropriate for

NSW Statewide Spinal Service (2008)

The Council for Arab Australian Relations

Time donated by physiotherapists (2002

It is difficult to accurately estimate the commercial cost of the time donated by

Aims and objectives

The specific objectives of the project were to:

1. Consult with clinicians and academics experienced in the physiotherapy treatment of

Presentations and publicity arising from website

10. Future plans

12. Contact details for further information

Appendix 1 - Example of an exercise booklet appropriate for

Appendix 2 - Example of an exercise booklet appropriate for giving

Walking sideways between furniture

Progressions and variations: Less

Assisted sit to stand from a block

Standing supported by carers legs

This exercise booklet was compiled using software freely available at

Appendix 3 200 Exercises for children with physical disabilities

Assisted standing at a table

Stepping up and over a step

Crawling backwards down a single step

Moving from supported bear-walking to standing

Moving from bear-walk to standing

Bear-walking up a slope with assistance

Supine to sitting over the edge of the bed

Assisted bilateral ankle stretch on a wedge

Carry astride the hip

Carry astride the hip facing out

Upright carry looking over a carer's shoulder

Prone carry over both arms

Prone carry along the arm

Tuck carry with one leg flexed

Climbing into and out of a box

Climbing off a lounge

Climbing onto a lounge

Commando crawl through a tunnel

Assisted commando crawl

Crawling through a tunnel

Crawling onto a cushion

Assisted moving between sitting and crawling

Crawling down stairs backwards

Going down stairs in sitting

Supine lying playing with toy on feet

Half-kneel to stand at furniture

Half-kneel to stand with assistance