Nuremberg

Nrnberg redirects here. It is not to be confused with male line around 1190, the burgraviate was inherited by
Nrburg.
the last counts son-in-law, of the House of Hohenzollern.
From the late 12th century to the Interregnum (1254
Nuremberg (/njrmbr/; German: Nrnberg German 73), however, the power of the burgraves diminished
as the Hohenstaufen emperors transferred most nonpronunciation: [nrnbrk][3] ) is a city on the Pegnitz river
and the RhineMainDanube Canal in the German state military powers to a castellan, with the city administration and the municipal courts handed over to an Imperial
of Bavaria, in the administrative region of Middle Fran[4][5]
conia, about 170 kilometres (110 mi) north of Munich. It mayor (German: Reichsschulthei) from 1173/74.
is the second-largest city in Bavaria (after Munich), and The strained relations between the burgraves and the
the largest in Franconia (Franken). The population as of castellan, with gradual transferral of powers to the latter
February 2015, is 517,498, which makes it Germanys in the late 14th and early 15th centuries, nally broke out
enmity, which greatly inuenced the history of
fourteenth-largest city. The European Metropolitan into open
[5]
the
city.
[2]
Area Nuremberg has 3.5 million inhabitants.

History

See also: Timeline of Nuremberg

1.1

Middle Ages

See also: Burgraviate of Nuremberg and Imperial City of The Imperial Castle
Nuremberg
Nuremberg is often referred to as having been the 'unNuremberg was, according to the rst documentary menocial capital' of the Holy Roman Empire, particularly because Imperial Diet (Reichstag) and courts met
at Nuremberg Castle. The Diets of Nuremberg were
an important part of the administrative structure of the
empire. The increasing demand of the royal court and
the increasing importance of the city attracted increased
trade and commerce to Nuremberg. In 1219, Frederick
II granted the Groen Freiheitsbrief (Great Letter of Freedom), including town rights, Imperial immediacy (Reichsfreiheit), the privilege to mint coins, and an independent customs policy, almost wholly removing the city
from the purview of the burgraves.[4][5] Nuremberg soon
became, with Augsburg, one of the two great trade centers on the route from Italy to Northern Europe.
In 1298, the Jews of the town were accused of having
desecrated the host, and 698 of them were killed in one
of the many Rinteisch Massacres. Behind the massacre of 1298 was also the desire to combine the northern and southern parts of the city, which were divided
by the Pegnitz river. The Jews of the German lands suffered many massacres during the plague years. In 1349,
Nurembergs Jews were subjected to a pogrom.[6] They
were burned at the stake or expelled, and a marketplace
was built over the former Jewish quarter.[7]

Old fortications of Nuremberg

tion of the city in 1050, the location of an Imperial castle between the East Franks and the Bavarian March of
the Nordgau.[4] From 1050 to 1571, the city expanded
and rose dramatically in importance due to its location on key trade routes. King Conrad III established
a burgraviate, with the rst burgraves coming from the
Austrian House of Raab but, with the extinction of their
1

HISTORY

The plague returned to the city in 1405, 1435, 1437, in lands of 25 sq mi (64.7 km2 ), becoming one of the
1482, 1494, 1520 and 1534.[8]
largest Imperial cities.[5]

1.2 Early modern age

Nuremberg in 1493
(from the Nuremberg Chronicle).

The largest gains for Nuremberg were in the 14th century; including Charles IV's Golden Bull of 1356, naming Nuremberg as the city where newly elected kings
of Germany must hold their rst Imperial Diet, making
Nuremberg one of the three most important cities of the
Empire.[4] Charles was the patron of the Frauenkirche,
built between 1352 and 1362 (the architect was likely
Peter Parler), where the Imperial court worshipped during its stays in Nuremberg. The royal and Imperial connection was strengthened when Sigismund of Luxembourg granted the Imperial regalia to be kept permanently
in Nuremberg in 1423, where they remained until 1796,
when the advancing French troops required their removal
to Regensburg and thence to Vienna.[4]

Map of Nuremberg, 1648

The cultural owering of Nuremberg, in the 15th and

16th centuries, made it the centre of the German Renaissance. In 1525, Nuremberg accepted the Protestant Reformation, and in 1532, the religious Peace of Nuremberg,
by which the Lutherans gained important concessions,
was signed there.[5] During the 1552 revolution against
Charles V, Nuremberg tried to purchase its neutrality, but
the city was attacked without a declaration of war and
was forced into a disadvantageous peace.[5] At the Peace
of Augsburg, the possessions of the Protestants were conrmed by the Emperor, their religious privileges extended
In 1349 the members of the guilds unsuccessfully re- and their independence from the Bishop of Bamberg afbelled against the patricians in the Handwerkeraufstand rmed, while the 1520s secularisation of the monasteries
(Craftsmens Uprising), supported by merchants and some was also approved.[5]
councillors, leading to a ban on any self-organisation of
the artisans in the city, abolishing the guilds that were The state of aairs in the early 16th century, increased
customary elsewhere in Europe; the unions were then trade routes elsewhere and the ossication of the social
dissolved, and the oligarchs remained in power while hierarchy[5]and legal structures contributed to the decline
Nuremberg was a free city.[4][5] Charles IV conferred in trade. Frequent quartering of Imperial, Swedish and
upon the city the right to conclude alliances indepen- League soldiers, the nancial costs of the war and the cesdently, thereby placing it upon a politically equal foot- sation of trade caused irreparable[5]damage to the city and
ing with the princes of the empire.[5] Frequent ghts took a near-halving of the population. In 1632, the city, ocplace with the burgraves without, however, inicting last- cupied by the forces of Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden,
ing damage upon the city. After the castle had been de- was besieged by the army of Imperial general Albrecht
stroyed by re in 1420 during a feud between Frederick von Wallenstein. The city declined after the war and reIV (since 1417 margrave of Brandenburg) and the duke covered its importance only in the 19th century, when it
of Bavaria-Ingolstadt, the ruins and the forest belonging grew as an industrial centre. Even after the Thirty Years
to the castle were purchased by the city (1427), resulting War, however, there was a late owering of architecture
in the citys total sovereignty within its borders. Through and culture secular Baroque architecture is exemplithese and other acquisitions the city accumulated consid- ed in the layout of the civic gardens built outside the
erable territory.[5] The Hussite Wars, recurrence of the city walls, and in the Protestant citys rebuilding of the
Black Death in 1437, and the First Margrave War led to Egidienkirche, destroyed by re at the beginning of the
a severe fall in population in the mid-15th century.[5] At 18th century, considered a signicant contribution[4]to the
the beginning of the 16th century, siding with Albert IV, baroque church architecture of Middle Franconia.
Duke of Bavaria-Munich, in the Landshut War of Suc- After the Thirty Years War, Nuremberg attempted to
cession led the city to gain substantial territory, resulting remain detached from external aairs, but contributions

1.3

After the Great French War

Old town of Nuremberg in the 19th century

Wolscher Bau of the old city hall

were demanded for the War of the Austrian Succession

and the Seven Years War and restrictions of imports
and exports deprived the city of many markets for its
manufactures.[5] The Bavarian elector, Charles Theodore,
appropriated part of the land obtained by the city during
the Landshut War of Succession, to which Bavaria had
maintained its claim; Prussia also claimed part of the territory. Realising its weakness, the city asked to be incorporated into Prussia but Frederick William II refused,
fearing to oend Austria, Russia and France.[5] At the
Imperial diet in 1803, the independence of Nuremberg
was armed, but on the signing of the Confederation of
the Rhine on 12 July 1806, it was agreed to hand the city
over to Bavaria from 8 September, with Bavaria guaranteeing the amortisation of the citys 12.5 million guilder
public debt.[5]

1.3

After the Great French War

See also: Kingdom of Bavaria

After the fall of Napoleon, the citys trade and commerce revived; the skill of its inhabitants together with its
favourable situation soon made the city prosperous, particularly after its public debt had been acknowledged as
a part of the Bavarian national debt. Having been incorporated into a Catholic country, the city was compelled
to refrain from further discrimination against Catholics,

The British-built Adler was the locomotive of the rst German

Railway between Nuremberg and Frth.

who had been excluded from the rights of citizenship.

Catholic services had been celebrated in the city by the
priests of the Teutonic Order, often under great diculties. After their possessions had been conscated by
the Bavarian government in 1806, they were given the
Frauenkirche on the Market in 1809; in 1810 the rst
Catholic parish was established, which in 1818 numbered
1,010 souls.[5]
In 1817, the city was incorporated into the district
of Rezatkreis (named for the Franconian Rezat river),
which was renamed to Middle Franconia (German:
Mittelfranken) on 1 January 1838.[5] The rst German
railway, the Bavarian Ludwigsbahn, from Nuremberg to
nearby Frth, was opened in 1835. The establishment of
railways and the incorporation of Bavaria into Zollverein
(the 19th-century German Customs Union), commerce
and industry opened the way to greater prosperity.[5] In
1852, there were 53,638 inhabitants: 46,441 Protestants
and 6,616 Catholics. It subsequently grew to become
the most important industrial city of Bavaria and one of
the most prosperous towns of southern Germany.[5] In
1905, its population, including several incorporated suburbs, was 291,351: 86,943 Catholics, 196,913 Protestants, 3,738 Jews and 3,766 members of other creeds.[5]

1.4

HISTORY

Nazi era

Map of city centre with air raid destruction

The bombed-out city of Nuremberg, 1945

Nuremberg rally, 1935

Nuremberg held great signicance during the Nazi Germany era. Because of the citys relevance to the Holy Roman Empire and its position in the centre of Germany, the
Nazi Party chose the city to be the site of huge Nazi Party
conventions the Nuremberg rallies. The rallies were
held 1927, 1929 and annually 1933-1938 in Nuremberg.
After Adolf Hitlers rise to power in 1933 the Nuremberg rallies became huge Nazi propaganda events, a centre of Nazi ideals. The 1934 rally was lmed by Leni
Riefenstahl, and made into a propaganda lm called Triumph des Willens (Triumph of the Will). At the 1935
rally, Hitler specically ordered the Reichstag to convene
at Nuremberg to pass the anti-Semitic Nuremberg Laws
which revoked German citizenship for all Jews and other
non-Aryans. A number of premises were constructed
solely for these assemblies, some of which were not nished. Today many examples of Nazi architecture can
still be seen in the city. The city was also the home of the
Nazi propagandist Julius Streicher, the publisher of Der
Strmer.

During the Second World War, Nuremberg was the headquarters of Wehrkreis (military district) XIII, and an important site for military production, including aircraft,
submarines and tank engines. A subcamp of Flossenbrg
concentration camp was located here. Extensive use was
made of slave labour.[9] The city was severely damaged in
Allied strategic bombing from 194345. On 29 March
1944, RAF endured its heaviest losses in the bombing
campaign of Germany. Out of more than 700 planes participating, 106 were shot down or crash landed on the way
home to their base, and more than 700 men were missing, as many as 545 of them dead. More than 160 became
prisoners of war.[10] On 2 January 1945, the medieval city
centre was systematically bombed by the Royal Air Force
and the U.S. Army Air Forces and about ninety percent
of it was destroyed in only one hour, with 1,800 residents
killed and roughly 100,000 displaced. In February 1945,
additional attacks followed. In total, about 6,000 Nuremberg residents are estimated to have been killed in air
raids.
Nuremberg was a heavily fortied city that was captured
in a erce battle lasting from 17 to 21 April 1945 by
the US 3rd Infantry Division, 42nd Infantry Division and
45th Infantry Division, which fought house-to-house and
street-by-street against determined German resistance,
causing further urban devastation to the already bombed
and shelled buildings.[11] Despite this intense degree of
destruction, the city was rebuilt after the war and was to
some extent, restored to its pre-war appearance including
the reconstruction of some of its medieval buildings.[12]
However, the biggest part of the historic structural condition of the old Imperial Free City was lost forever.

1.5

Nuremberg trials

Main article: Nuremberg trials

Between 1945 and 1946, German ocials involved in

Map of Nuremberg
Defendants in the dock at the Nuremberg trials

war crimes and crimes against humanity were brought

before an international tribunal in the Nuremberg trials.
The Soviet Union had wanted these trials to take place in
Berlin. However, Nuremberg was chosen as the site for
the trials for specic reasons:

Fischbach in the south-east; and Katzwang, Kornburg in

the south. Langwasser is a modern suburb.

Nuremberg has an oceanic climate (Koppen: Cfb), inuenced by its inland position and higher altitude causing
seasonal dierences reminiscent of continental climates,
although its winters are somewhat milder. Winters are diverse, with either mild or cold weather: the average tem The city had been the location of the Nazi Partys perature is around 3 C (27 F) to 4 C (39 F), while
Nuremberg rallies and the laws stripping Jews of summers are generally warm, mostly around 13 C (55
their citizenship were passed there. There was sym- F) at night to 25 C (77 F) in the afternoon. Precipitabolic value in making it the place of Nazi demise.
tion is evenly spread throughout the year, although February and April tend to be a bit drier whereas July tends to
The Palace of Justice was spacious and largely unhave more rainfall.
damaged (one of the few that had remained largely
intact despite extensive Allied bombing of Germany). The already large courtroom was reasonably
easily expanded by the removal of the wall at the 3 Demographics
end opposite the bench, thereby incorporating the
adjoining room. A large prison was also part of the Nuremberg has been a popular destination for imcomplex.
migrants. 37% of the residents have an immigrant
background.[14]
As a compromise, it was agreed that Berlin would
become the permanent seat of the International Military Tribunal and that the rst trial (several were
planned) would take place in Nuremberg. Due to 4 Economy
the Cold War, subsequent trials never took place.
Nuremberg for many people is still associated with its
The same courtroom in Nuremberg was the venue of the traditional gingerbread (Lebkuchen) products, sausages,
Nuremberg Military Tribunals, organised by the United and handmade toys. Pocket watches Nuremberg eggs
were made here in the 16th century by Peter HenStates as occupying power in the area.
lein. In the 19th century Nuremberg became the industrial heart of Bavaria with companies such as Siemens
and MAN establishing a strong base in the city. Nurem2 Geography and climate
berg is still an important industrial centre with a strong
standing in the markets of Central and Eastern Europe.
Several old villages now belong to the city, for example Items manufactured in the area include electrical equipGrossgrndlach, Kraftshof, Thon, and Neunhof in the ment, mechanical and optical products, motor vehicles,
north-west; Ziegelstein in the north-east, Altenfurt and writing and drawing paraphernalia, stationery products,

5 CULTURE

and printed materials. The city is also strong in the elds

of automation, energy, and medical technology. Siemens
is still the largest industrial employer in the Nuremberg
region but a good third of German market research agencies are also located in the city. The Nuremberg International Toy Fair is the largest of its kind in the world. The
city also hosts several specialist hi-tech fairs every year,
attracting experts from every corner of the globe.

Culture

Christkindlesmarkt with Schner Brunnen

works of art. In 1470 Anton Koberger opened Europes

rst print shop in Nuremberg. In 1493, he published the
Nuremberg Chronicles, also known as the World Chronicles (Schedelsche Weltchronik), an illustrated history of
the world from the creation to the present day. It was written in the local Franconian dialect by Hartmann Schedel
and had illustrations by Michael Wohlgemuth, Wilhelm
Pleydenwur, and Albrecht Drer. Others furthered geAlbrecht Drers House
ographical knowledge and travel by map making. NoNuremberg was an early centre of humanism, science, table among these was navigator and geographer Martin
printing, and mechanical invention. The city con- Behaim, who made the rst world globe.
tributed much to the science of astronomy. In 1471 Sculptors such as Veit Stoss, Adam Kraft and Peter VisJohannes Mueller of Knigsberg (Bavaria), later called cher are also associated with Nuremberg.
Regiomontanus, built an astronomical observatory in
Nuremberg and published many important astronomical Composed of prosperous artisans, the guilds of the
charts. In 1515, Albrecht Drer, a native of Nuremberg, Meistersingers ourished here. Richard Wagner made
created woodcuts of the rst maps of the stars of the their most famous member, Hans Sachs, the hero of his
northern and southern hemispheres, producing the rst opera Die Meistersinger von Nrnberg. Baroque comprinted star charts, which had been ordered by Johannes poser Johann Pachelbel was born here and was organist
Stabius. Around 1515 Drer also published the Stabiuss- of St. Sebaldus Church.
che Weltkarte, the rst perspective drawing of the ter- The academy of ne arts situated in Nuremberg is the
restrial globe. Perhaps most famously, the main part of oldest art academy in central Europe and looks back to a
Nicolaus Copernicus's work was published in Nuremberg tradition of 350 years of artistic education.
in 1543.
Nuremberg is also famous for its Christkindlesmarkt
Printers and publishers have a long history in Nuremberg. (Christmas market), which draws well over a million
Many of these publishers worked with well-known artists shoppers each year. The market is famous for its handof the day to produce books that could also be considered made ornaments and delicacies.

5.2

Performing arts

5.1

Museums

7
Neues Museum Nrnberg (Modern Art Museum)
Nuremberg Toy Museum
Nuremberg Transport Museum

5.2 Performing arts

Documentation centre at the former Nazi party rally

grounds

Documentation Centre
The Nuremberg State Theatre

Neues Museum, museum of modern art and design

Neues Museum Nrnberg

Germanisches Nationalmuseum

Renaissance art gallery of the Germanisches Nationalmuseum

Germanisches Nationalmuseum
House of Albrecht Drer
Kunsthalle Nrnberg
Kunstverein Nrnberg

Bardentreen 2013

The Nuremberg State Theatre, founded in 1906, is dedicated to all types of opera, ballet and stage theatre.
During the season 2009/2010, the theatre presented 651
performances for an audience of 240,000 persons.[15]

6 MAIN SIGHTS

The State Philharmonic Nuremberg (Staatsphilharmonie

Nrnberg) is the orchestra of the State Theatre. Its
name was changed in 2011 from its previous name: The
Nuremberg Philharmonic (Nrnberger Philharmoniker).
It is the second-largest opera orchestra in Bavaria.[16] Besides opera performances, it also presents its own subscription concert series in the Meistersingerhalle. Christof
Perick was the principal conductor of the orchestra between 20062011. Marcus Bosch heads the orchestra
since September 2011 .

6 Main sights

The Nuremberg Symphony Orchestra (Nrnberger Symphoniker) performs around 100 concerts a year to a combined annual audience of more than 180,000.[17] The regular subscription concert series are mostly performed in
the Meistersingerhalle but other venues are used as well,
including the new concert hall of the Kongresshalle and
the Serenadenhof. Alexander Shelley has been the principal conductor of the orchestra since 2009.
The Nuremberg International Chamber Music Festival
(Internationales Kammermusikfestival Nrnberg) takes
place in early September each year, and in 2011 celebrated its tenth anniversary. Concerts take place around
the city; opening and closing events are held in the meNuremberg, seen from the castle
dieval Burg. The Bardentreen, an annual folk festival
in Nuremberg, has been deemed the largest world music
festival in Germany and takes place since 1976. 2014 the
Nuremberg Castle: the three castles that tower over
Bardentreen starred 368 artists from 31 nations.[18]
the city including central burgraves castle, with Free
Reichs buildings to the east, the Imperial castle to
the west.

5.3

Cuisine

Heilig-Geist-Spital. In the centre of the city, on the

bank of the river Pegnitz, stands the Hospital of the
Holy Spirit. Founded in 1332, this is one of the
largest hospitals of the Middle Ages. Lepers were
kept here at some distance from the other patients.
It now houses elderly persons and a restaurant.
Hauptmarkt, which provides a picturesque setting
and famous market for gingerbread. Nurembergs
star attraction is the Gothic Schner Brunnen (Beautiful Fountain) which was erected around 1385
but subsequently replaced with a replica (the original fountain is kept in the Germanisches Nationalmuseum). The unchanged Renaissance bridge
Fleischbrcke crosses the Pegnitz nearby.

Nrnberger Bratwurst

Nuremberg is known for Nrnberger Bratwurst (grilled

sausage), which is shorter and thinner than other
bratwurst sausages.
Another Nuremberg speciality is Nrnberger Lebkuchen,
a kind of ginger bread eaten mainly around Christmas
time.

The following churches are located inside the city

walls: St Sebalds, St. Laurences, Frauenkirche
(Our Ladys Church), Saint Clares, Saint Marthas,
Saint James the Greaters, Saint Giless, and Saint
Elisabeths.
Gothic St Lorenz-Kirche (St. Lorenz church, St.
Laurence), one of the most important buildings in
Nuremberg. The main body was built around 1270
1350.
The church of the former Katharinenkloster is preserved as a ruin, the charterhouse (Kartause) is

7.2

City and regional transport

integrated into the building of the Germanisches

Nationalmuseum and the choir of the former
Franziskanerkirche is part of a modern building.
The Germanisches Nationalmuseum is Germanys
largest museum of cultural history, among its exhibits are works of famous painters such as Albrecht
Drer, Rembrandt, and Ernst Ludwig Kirchner.
The Neues Museum Nrnberg is a museum for modern and contemporary art.

The main railway station

The Walburga Chapel and the Romanesque Doppelkapelle (Chapel with two oors) are part of
Nuremberg Castle.
The Johannisfriedhof is a medieval cemetery, containing many old graves (Albrecht Drer, Willibald
Pirckheimer, and others). The Rochusfriedhof or
the Whrder Kirchhof are near the Old Town.
The Tiergarten Nrnberg is a zoo stretching over
more than 60 hectares (148 acres) in the Nrnberger
Reichswald forest.
There is also a medieval market just inside the city
walls, selling handcrafted goods.

An automatic U-Bahn train on the line U3

7.2 City and regional transport

The German National Railways Museum (German)
(an Anchor Point of ERIH, The European Route of The Nuremberg tramway network was opened in 1881.
As of 2008, it extended a total length of 36 km (22
Industrial Heritage) is located in Nuremberg.
mi), had six lines, and carried 39.152 million passen The Nuremberg Ring (now welded within an iron gers annually. The rst segment of the Nuremberg
fence of Schner Brunnen) is said to bring good luck U-Bahn metro system was opened in 1972. Nurembergs trams, buses and metro system are operated by
to those that spin it.
the VAG Nrnberg (Verkehrsaktiengesellschaft Nrnberg
The Nazi party rally grounds with the or Nuremberg Transport Corporation), itself a member
of the VGN (Verkehrsverbund Grossraum Nrnberg or
documentation-center.
Greater Nuremberg Transport Network).
There is also a Nuremberg S-Bahn suburban metro
railway and a regional train network, both centred on
7 Transport
Nrnberg Hauptbahnhof. Since 2008, Nuremberg has
had the rst U-Bahn in Germany (U2/U21 and U3) that
The citys location next to numerous highways, railways, works without a driver. It also was the rst subway sysand a waterway has contributed to its rising importance tem worldwide in which both driver-operated trains and
for trade with Eastern Europe.
computer-controlled trains shared tracks.

7.1

Railways

Nrnberg Hauptbahnhof is a stop for IC and ICE trains

on the German long-distance railway network. The
NurembergIngolstadtMunich high-speed line with 300
km/h (186 mph) operation opened 28 May 2006, and
was fully integrated into the rail schedule on 10 December 2006. Travel times to Munich have been reduced to
as little as one hour. The NurembergErfurt high-speed
railway is scheduled to open in December 2017.

7.3 Motorways
Nuremberg is conveniently located at the junction of several important Autobahn routes. The A3 (Netherlands
FrankfurtWrzburgVienna) passes in a south-easterly
direction along the north-east of the city. The A9
(BerlinMunich) passes in a northsouth direction on the
east of the city. The A6 (FranceSaarbrckenPrague)
passes in an eastwest direction to the south of the city.
Finally, the A73 begins in the south-east of Nuremberg

10

10 FAMOUS RESIDENTS

and travels north-west through the city before continuing

towards Frth and Bamberg.

9 International relations
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany

7.4

Airport

Nuremberg Airport has ights to major German cities and 9.1 Twin towns Sister cities
many European destinations, and is a focus city for Air
Berlin, Germanys second largest airline. A signicant Nuremberg is twinned with:
amount of the airports trac ies in and out during the
peak winter season. The airport (Flughafen) is connected
9.2 Associated cities
with the subway system by U-Bahn Line 2.

7.5

Canals

Nuremberg is an important port on the RhineMain

Danube Canal.

Apart from the ocial twin towns (sister cities), there

are a number with which Nuremberg maintains cordial
relations":[27]

10 Famous residents

Sport

Grundig-Stadion is the football stadium of Bundesliga club 1. FC

Nuremberg

8.1

Football

1. FC Nrnberg, known locally as Der Club (English:

The Club), was founded in 1900 and plays in the Albrecht Drer is the best-known son of the city
Bundesliga. The ocial colours of the association are red
and white, but the traditional colours are red and black.
The current chairmen are Martin Bader and Ralf Woy.
Peter Angermann[28]
They play in the Grundig-Stadion which was refurbished
Chaya Arbel (Israeli composer)[29]
for the 2006 FIFA World Cup and accommodates 50,000
spectators.
Heinz Bernard (British Israeli actor-director)[30]
German Champion: 1920, 1921, 1924, 1925,
1927, 1936, 1948, 1961, 1968

Ernst von Bibra (German Naturalist and author)

German Cup: 1935, 1939, 1962, 2007

Albrecht Drer (painter and engraver)

Peter Bucher

11

11 See also

Heinrich Egersdrfer (artist)

Ludwig Andreas Feuerbach

List of mayors of Nuremberg

Hans Folz (poet)

Kaspar Hauser

Norisring Racetrack, where Pedro Rodriguez died

in 1971

Johann Kaspar Hechtel (board game designer)

Tinsel (invented in Nuremberg)

Peter Henlein

12 References

Augustin Hirschvogel
Siegfried Jerusalem (operatic tenor)
Hermann Kesten (writer)
Anton Koberger
Eliyahu Koren (graphic designer)
Adam Kraft (sculptor and architect)
Robert Kurz (author and social critic)
Katerina Lemmel (businesswoman, patron of the
arts, Birgittine nun)

[1] Fortschreibung des Bevlkerungsstandes. Bayerisches

Landesamt fr Statistik und Datenverarbeitung (in German). 31 December 2013.
[2] Key Data for Investors City of Nuremberg, Nuernberg.de, 2011, Nde-keydata.
[3] Mangold, Max, ed. (1995). Duden, Aussprachewrterbuch (in German) (6th ed.). Dudenverlag. pp. 590, 54.
ISBN 978-3-411-20916-3.
[4] (German) Nrnberg, Reichsstadt: Politische und soziale
Entwicklung (Political and Social Development of the Imperial City of Nuremberg), Historisches Lexikon Bayerns

Kunz Lochner

[5] Nuremberg. Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert

Appleton Company. 1913.

Maria Sybilla Merian (naturalist and scientic illustrator)

[6] "Black Death". JewishEncyclopedia.com

Max Morlock

[7] Cities and People: A Social and Architectural History,

Mark Girouard, Yale University Press, 1985, p.69

Johann Pachelbel (Baroque composer)

Caritas Pirckheimer (abbess)

[31]

Willibald Pirckheimer (humanist)

Conrad Paumann
Lorenz Ritter (painter and etcher)
Hans Sachs (poet)
Hartmann Schedel
Alexander Schreiner (organist, Mormon Tabernacle)
Veit Stoss (Renaissance sculptor)
Peter Vischer the Elder
Johann Christoph Volckamer who authored here his
Hesperides.
Arnold Hans Weiss (US Army investigator who
helped nd Hitlers will)
Michael Wolgemut
Johann Philipp von Wurzelbauer
Hans M. Nunemaker

[8] Jerry Stannard, Katherine E. Stannard, Richard Kay

(1999). Herbs and herbalism in the Middle Ages and Renaissance. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-86078774-5
[9] Christine O Keee. Concentration Camps List. Tartanplace.com. Retrieved 12 January 2015.
[10] Robert Hardman. Still we insult their sacrifice:Exactly
70 years ago, the RAF suered its worst night ever, losing
106 bombers and 545 men in a raid on Nuremberg. So
why is it going unmarked?". dailymail.co.uk. Retrieved
24 May 2015.
[11] Stanton, Shelby, World War II Order of Battle: An Encyclopedic Reference to U.S. Army Ground Forces from
Battalion through Division, 19391946, Stackpole Books
(Revised Edition 2006), p. 90, 129, 135
[12] Neil Gregor, Haunted City. Nuremberg and the Nazi Past
(New Haven, 2008
[13] Ausgabe der Klimadaten: Monatswerte. Dwd.de. Retrieved 12 January 2015.
[14] Statistisches Bundesamt Deutschland Neue Daten zur
Migration in Deutschland verfgbar. Destatis.de. 20 October 2008. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
[15] Audience of the Staatstheater (Mehr Besucher im Staatstheater Nrnberg)" (in German). Mittelbayerische.de.
2011. Retrieved 5 March 2011.

12

13

[16] Die Staatsphilharmonie Nrnberg (in German).

Staatstheater-nuernberg.de. 2012. Retrieved 11 February
2012.
[17] Nuremberg Symphony Orchestra, audience and concerts
stats. (in German). 2011. Retrieved 3 March 2011.
[18] ""Krieg und Frieden Pippo Pollina ernet Bardentreen. Frankenfernsehen.tv. Retrieved 12 January 2015.
[19] Villes jumeles avec la Ville de Nice (in French). Ville
de Nice. Retrieved 2013-06-24.
[20] Krakw - Miasta Bliniacze [Krakw - Twin Cities].
Miejska Platforma Internetowa Magiczny Krakw (in Polish). Archived from the original on 2013-07-02. Retrieved 2013-08-10.
[21] Skopje - Twin towns & Sister cities. Ocial portal
of City of Skopje. Grad Skopje - 2006 - 2013, www.
skopje.gov.mk. Archived from the original on 2013-1024. Retrieved 2013-11-04.
[22] Skopje Die Partnerschaft (in German).
Nrnberg. Retrieved 10 June 2012.

Town of

[23] Partnersk msta HMP [Prague - Twin Cities HMP].

Portl Zahranin vztahy [Portal Foreign Aairs"] (in
Czech). 2013-07-18. Archived from the original on
2013-06-25. Retrieved 2013-08-05.
[24]
[25]
[26]
[27] Befreundete Kommunen. Ocial Web site of the city of
Nuremberg (in German). Nuremberg Oce for International Relations. Retrieved 18 April 2009.
[28] Biography of Peter Angermann. Biographies.net. Retrieved 12 January 2015.
[29] Chaya Arbel. Jwa.org. Retrieved 12 January 2015.
[30] OBITUARIES: Heinz Bernard. The Independent. Retrieved 12 January 2015.
[31] Caritas Pirckheimer. Home.inonline.net. Archived
from the original on 3 April 2013. Retrieved 12 January
2015.

13

External links

English website of the city

Nuremberg travel guide from Wikivoyage
49 digitised objects on Nuremberg in The European
Library

EXTERNAL LINKS

13

14
14.1

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Nuremberg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg?oldid=671709256 Contributors: MichaelTinkler, H.J., Bryan Derksen,

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