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Atomic Physics
Quick Quizzes
1.
2.
(a). The energy of the photon emitted when the electron in a one-electron atom makes a
transition from a state having principal quantum number ni to one having principal
quantum number n f is
1
1
E = Z 2 ( 13.6 eV ) 2 2
n f ni
Thus, for given values of ni and n f , the energy of the photon emitted by a helium atom,
with Z = 2 , is four times that of the photon emitted when an electron makes the
corresponding transition in a hydrogen atom, with Z = 1 .
3.
this case) permits the greatest range of values for m . For n = 5 , there are 9 possible
values for m : -4, -3, -2, 1, 0, +1, +2, +3, and +4.
(c) For each value of , there are 2 + 1 possible values of m . Thus, there is 1 distinct
pair with = 0 ; 3 distinct pairs possible with = 1 ; 5 distinct pairs with = 2 ; 7
distinct pairs with = 3 ; and 9 distinct pairs with = 4 . This yields a total of 25
distinct pairs of and m that are possible when n = 5 .
4.
(d). Krypton has a closed configuration consisting of filled n=1, n=2, and n=3 shells as
well as filled 4s and 4p subshells. The filled n = 3 shell (the next to outer shell in Krypton)
has a total of 18 electrons, 2 in the 3s subshell, 6 in the 3p subshell and 10 in the 3d
subshell.
423
424
CHAPTER 28
Neon signs do not emit a continuous spectrum. They emit many discrete wavelengths as
could be determined by observing the light from the sign through a spectrometer.
However, they do not emit all wavelengths. The specific wavelengths and intensities
account for the color of the sign.
4.
An atom does not have to be ionized to emit light. For example, hydrogen emits light
when a transition carries an electron from a higher state to the n = 2 state.
6.
Classically, the electron can occupy any energy state. That is, all energies would be
allowed. Therefore, if the electron obeyed classical mechanics, its spectrum, which
originates from transitions between states, would be continuous rather than discrete.
8.
The de Broglie wavelength of macroscopic objects such as a baseball moving with a typical
speed such as 30 m/s is very small and impossible to measure. That is, = h mv , is a very
small number for macroscopic objects. We are not able to observe diffraction effects
because the wavelength is much smaller than any aperture through which the object could
pass.
10.
In both cases the answer is yes. Recall that the ionization energy of hydrogen is 13.6 eV.
The electron can absorb a photon of energy less than 13.6 eV by making a transition to
some intermediate state such as one with n = 2 . It can also absorb a photon of energy
greater than 13.6 eV, but in doing so, the electron would be separated from the proton and
have some residual kinetic energy.
12.
It replaced the simple circular orbits in the Bohr theory with electron clouds. More
important, quantum mechanics is consistent with Heisenbergs uncertainty principle,
which tells us about the limits of accuracy in making measurements. In quantum
mechanics, we talk about the probabilistic nature of the outcome of a measurement of a
system, a concept which is incompatible with the Bohr theory. Finally, the Bohr theory of
the atom contains only one quantum number n, while quantum mechanics provides the
basis for additional quantum numbers to explain the finer details of atomic structure.
14.
Each of the given atoms has a single electron in an = 0 ( or s ) state outside a fully closedshell core, shielded from all but one unit of the nuclear charge. Since they reside in very
similar environments, one would expect these outer electrons to have nearly the same
electrical potential energies and hence nearly the same ionization energies. This is in
agreement with the given data values. Also, since the distance of the outer electron from
the nuclear charge should tend to increase with Z (to allow for greater numbers of
electrons in the core), one would expect the ionization energy to decrease somewhat as
atomic number increases. This is also in agreement with the given data.
16.
One assumption is natural from the standpoint of classical physics: The electron feels an
electric force of attraction which supplies the centripetal acceleration and holds it in orbit.
The other assumptions are in sharp contrast to the behavior of ordinary-size objects: The
electrons angular momentum must be one of a set of certain special allowed values.
During the time when it is in one of these quantized orbits, the electron emits no
electromagnetic radiation. The atom radiates a photon when the electron makes a
quantum jump from one orbit to a lower one.
Atomic Physics
18.
425
426
CHAPTER 28
(b)
1.4 MeV
2.19 106 m s
(b)
13.6 eV
(c)
27.2 eV
(a)
3.03 eV
(b)
410 nm
(c)
7.32 1014 Hz
12.
(a)
transition II
(b)
transition I
(c)
14.
(a)
12.1 eV
(b)
20.
(a)
(b)
22.
(a) 1.52 10 16 s
(b) 8.23 109 revolutions
(c) Yes, for 8.23 109 electron years
(d) The electron moves so quickly that it can never meaningfully be said to be on any
particular side of the nucleus.
24.
4.43 10 4 m s
26.
(a)
2.89 10 34 kg m 2 s
(b)
2.74 1068
28.
(a)
En = 54.4 eV n 2
(b)
54.4 eV
30.
(a)
4.42 107 m 1
(b)
30.1 nm
34.
(a)
(b)
36.
(a)
1s2 2s2 2 p 4
(b)
( n = 1,
= 0, m = 0, ms = 12 ); ( n = 2,
= 0, m = 0, ms = 12 )
( n = 2,
= 1, m = 0, ms = 12 ); ( n = 2,
= 1, m = 1, ms = 12 )
4.
(a)
6.
45 fm
8.
(a)
10.
38.
(a)
(b)
40.
42.
Z = 32 , germanium
44.
137
(c)
18
(d)
(c)
7.30 10 69
(c)
ultraviolet
32
(e)
50
Atomic Physics
(b)
(b)
1 2
427
(a)
4.20 mm
(c)
48.
(a)
137
50.
The simplest diagram has 4 states with energies of -4.100 eV, -1.000 eV, -0.1000 eV, and 0.
52.
(a) 135 eV
(b) 10 times the magnitude of the ground state energy of hydrogen.
54.
56.
(a)
2.56 10 4 nm
(b)
58.
(a)
nf = 1
(b)
ni = 3
46.
(c)
428
CHAPTER 28
Problem Solutions
28.1
1
1
= RH 2 2
n
2
1
4 n2
,
or
RH n2 4
When n = 3 ,
4
9
7
= 6.56 10 m = 656 nm
7
1
1.097 37 10 m 9 4
When n = 4 ,
4
16
7
= 4.86 10 m = 486 nm
7
1
1.097 37 10 m 16 4
When n = 5 ,
28.2
4
25
7
= 4.34 10 m = 434 nm
7
1
1.097 37 10 m 25 4
or
n2 4
1
1
= RH 2 2 = RH
2
n
2
4n
1
4 n2
RH n 2 4
( 3.645 10
=
m ) n2
n2 4
28.3
364.5 n2
nm where n = 3, 4, 5, . . . .
n2 4
F=
k e q1 q2
r2
( 8.99 10
=
N m 2 C 2 )( 1.60 10 19 C )
(1.0 10
10
m)
= 2.3 10 8 N
Atomic Physics
1 eV
= 2.3 10 18 J
-19
1.60 10
28.4
= 14 eV
J
15
r
(1.0 10 m )
2
1 MeV
= 2.3 10 13 J
= + 1.4 MeV
-13
1.60 10 J
28.5
(a) The electrical force supplies the centripetal acceleration of the electron, so
m
k e2
v 2 ke e 2
= 2 or v = e
r
r
mr
( 8.99 10 N m C )(1.60 10 C )
( 9.11 10 kg )(1.0 10 m )
9
v=
(b)
No.
31
19
10
= 1.6 106 m s
v 1.6 10 6 m s
=
= 5.3 10 3 << 1 , so the electron is not relativistic.
c 3.00 108 m s
(d)
h
h
=
, or
p mv
6.63 10 34 J s
= 4.6 10 10 m = 0.46 nm
31
6
( 9.11 10 kg )(1.6 10 m s )
Yes. The wavelength and the atom are roughly the same size.
429
430
CHAPTER 28
28.6
Assuming a head-on collision, the -particle comes to rest momentarily at the point of
closest approach. From conservation of energy,
KE f + PE f = KEi + PEi , or 0 +
k e ( 2 e )( 79 e )
rf
= KEi +
k e ( 2 e )( 79 e )
ri
= 4.5 10 14 m = 45 fm
28.7
(a)
( 9.11 10
31
kg )( 8.99 10 9 N m 2 C 2 )( 1.6 10 19 C )
0.212 10 9 m
= 9.95 10 25 kg m s
(c)
h
Ln = n
2
6.63 10 34 J s
34
L
=
2
= 2.11 10 J s
2
2
9.95 10 25 kg m s )
(
p22
1
2
=
= 5.44 10 19 J = 3.40 eV
(d) KE2 = me v2 =
2
2 me
2 ( 9.11 10 31 kg )
2
(e)
(f)
Atomic Physics
28.8
Thus,
ke e 2
=
v1 =
me r1
( 8.99 10 N m C )(1.60 10 C )
( 9.11 10 kg )( 0.052 9 10 m )
9
19
31
= 2.19 10 6 m s
9
2
2
19
k e 2 ( 8.99 10 N m C )( 1.60 10 C )
1
(b) KE1 = me v12 = e =
2
2 r1
2 ( 0.052 9 10 9 m )
= 2.18 10 18 J = 13.6 eV
(c)
= 4.35 10 18 J = 27.2 eV
28.9
vn2 =
n
, so
me vn
k e e 2 me vn
ke e 2
which
reduces
to
v
=
n
me n
n
431
432
CHAPTER 28
28.10
(b) From
1
1
= RH 2 2
n f ni
2 2
1 ni n f
2
RH ni n2f
or =
28.11
(a)
E=
hc
(c)
f=
with ni = 6 and n f = 2
( 36 )( 4 )
1
7
= 4.10 10 m = 410 nm
7
1
1.097 37 10 m 36 4
( 6.63 10
=
=
34
J s )( 3.00 108 m s )
410 10 9 m
= 4.85 10 19 J = 3.03 eV
3.00 108 m s
= 7.32 1014 Hz
9
410 10 m
hc
( 6.626 10
34
J s )( 2.998 108 m s ) 1 nm
1 ev
9
656 nm
10
m
1.602
10 19
= 1.89 eV
J
This photon energy is also the difference in the electrons energy in its initial and final
orbits. The energies of the electron in the various allowed orbits within the hydrogen
atom are
En =
13.6
eV
n2
where
n = 1, 2, , 3,
Atomic Physics
28.12
Transition I:
1 1
E = 13.6 eV = 2.86 eV (absorption)
4 25
Transition II:
1 1
E = 13.6 eV = 0.967 eV (emission)
25 9
Transition III:
1
1
E = 13.6 eV
= 0.572 eV (emission)
49 16
Transition IV:
1
1
E = 13.6 eV = 0.572 eV (absorption)
16 49
(a) Since =
hc
hc
=
, transition II emits the shortest wavelength photon.
E E
28.13
(a)
1 1
E = 13.6 eV = 0.967 eV
9 25
1
1
(b) E = 13.6 eV = 0.266 eV
25 49
28.14
433
434
CHAPTER 28
(b) Three transitions are possible as the electron returns to the ground state. These
transitions and the emitted photon energies are
28.15
ni = 3 n f = 1 :
1 1
E = 13.6 eV 2 2
1 3
= 12.1 eV
ni = 3 n f = 2 :
1
1
E = 13.6 eV 2 2
3
2
= 1.89 eV
ni = 2 n f = 1 :
1 1
E = 13.6 eV 2 2
1 2
= 10.2 eV
1
1
= RH 2 2 , it is seen that (for a fixed value of n f ) max occurs when
n f ni
From
max
1 1
= ( 1.097 37 107 m 1 ) 2 2 max = 1.22 10 7 m = 122 nm
1 2
and
1
min
1 1
= ( 1.097 37 107 m 1 ) 2 min = 9.11 10 8 m = 91.1 nm
1
max
1
1
= ( 1.097 37 107 m 1 ) 2 2
4
3
6
3
max = 1.87 10 m = 1.87 10 nm
and
1
min
1 1
= ( 1.097 37 107 m 1 ) 2 min = 8.20 10 7 m = 820 nm
Atomic Physics
28.16
435
The electron is held in orbit by the electrical force the proton exerts on it. Thus,
me
v 2 ke e 2
= 2
r
r
v=
or
ke e 2
me r
If we divide by the speed of light, and recognize that in the first Bohr orbit r = a0 where
a0 = 0.052 9 nm , this becomes
ke e 2
ke e 2
v1
=
=
=
c
me c 2 r1
me c 2 a0
or
28.17
( 8.99 10 N m C )(1.60 10 C )
( 9.11 10 kg ) ( 3.00 10 m s ) ( 0.052 9 10
v1
1
= 7.28 10 3 =
c
137
31
Thus,
19
m)
v1 = ( 1 137 ) c
The batch of excited atoms must make these six transitions to get back to the ground
state: ni = 2 n f = 1 , also ni = 3 n f = 2 and ni = 3 n f = 1 , and also ni = 4 n f = 3
and ni = 4 n f = 2 and ni = 4 n f = 1 . Thus, the incoming light must have just enough
energy to produce the ni = 1 n f = 4 transition. It must be the third line of the Lyman
series in the absorption spectrum of hydrogen. The incoming photons must have
wavelength given by
1
1
= RH 2 2
4
1
1
28.18
16
16
15 RH
or =
=
= 97.2 nm
=
15 RH 15 ( 1.097 37 107 m 1 )
16
2n
rn
1 2n
or
qB rn
rn =
2n
qB
436
CHAPTER 28
28.19
= 4.88 10 7 m = 488 nm
(b) Since momentum must be conserved, the photon and the atom go in opposite
directions with equal magnitude momenta. Thus, p = matom v = h or
v=
28.20
h
matom
6.63 10 34 J s
= 0.814 m s
(1.67 1027 kg )( 4.88 107 m )
(a) Starting from the n = 4 state, there are 6 possible transitions as the electron returns
to the ground ( n = 1) state. These transitions are: n = 4 n = 1, n = 4 n = 2,
n = 4 n = 3, n = 3 n = 1, n = 3 n = 2, and n = 2 n = 1 . Since there is a
different change in energy associated with each of these transitions there will be
6 different wavelengths observed in the emission spectrum of these atoms.
(b) The longest observed wavelength is produced by the transition involving the
smallest change in energy. This is the n = 4 n = 3 transition, and the wavelength
is
max
-19
1
E4 E3
1
1.602 10
13.6 eV 2 2
3
4
1 nm
J 10 -9 m
or max = 1.88 10 3 nm
Since this transition terminates on the n = 3 level, this is part of the
Paschen series
28.21
Atomic Physics
E = KE + PE =
1
GMm m GM GMm
GMm
mv 2
=
=
2
r
2 r
r
2r
n
and
mrn
n GM
GM
v =
becomes
=
r
rn
mrn
2
which reduces to rn =
r0 =
n2 2
= n2 r0 with
2
GMm
GMm2
( 6.63 10 J s )
N m kg )(1.99 10
34
4 2 ( 6.67 10 11
30
kg )( 5.98 10 24 kg )
r0 = 2.32 10 138 m
(c) The energy in the nth orbit is En =
E0 =
GMm
GMm GMm2
=
2 rn
2 n2 2
G2 M 2 m3
2 2
4 2 ( 6.67 10 11 ) ( 1.99 10 30 ) ( 5.98 10 24 )
2
E0
= 2 , where
n
(d) rn = n 2 r0 , so n2 =
2 ( 6.63 10
34 2
= 1.71 10182 J
rn
1.49 1011 m
=
= 6.42 10148
-138
m
r0 2.32 10
or n = 2.53 1074
(e) No, the quantum numbers are too large, and the allowed energies are essentially
continuous in this region.
437
438
CHAPTER 28
28.22
T=
2 r
v
L = me vr = n
n
Thus, the orbital period becomes:
me r
2 me r 2 2 me ( a0 n
T=
=
n
n
2 2
2 me a 02
n3
or T = t0 n3 where
t0 =
2 me a 02
2 ( 9.11 10 31 kg )( 0.052 9 10 9 m )
1.055 10 34 J s
= 1.52 10 16 s
(d) The electron moves so quickly that it can never meaningfully be said to be on any
particular side of the nucleus.
28.23
RH ni2 n 2f
( 4 )( 1)
1
= 1.22 10 7 m
=
( 1.097 37 107 m 1 ) 4 1
3.00 10 8 m s
= 2.47 1015 Hz
1.22 10 7 m
me rn
Atomic Physics
439
n
h
1 vn
=
=
=
2
T rn 2 me rn 4 2 me a02
6.59 1015 Hz
( 2)
1 6.59 1015 Hz
3 =
n3
n
= 8.23 1014 Hz
= 4.56 10 4 m
=
2
2
1
7
(1.0977 37 10 m ) (10 000 ) ( 9 999 )
and
f=
3.00 108 m s
= 6.59 10 3 Hz
4.56 10 4 m
6.59 1015 Hz
(10 000 )
= 6.59 10 3 Hz
For small n, significant differences between classical and quantum results appear.
However, as n becomes large, classical theory and quantum theory approach one
another in their results. This is in agreement with the correspondence principle.
28.24
34
8
hc ( 6.63 10 J s )( 3.00 10 m s )
1
=
= 1.64 10 18 J
mv 2 =
2
121.6 10 9 m
2 ( 1.64 10 18 J )
2 ( KE )
v=
=
= 4.43 10 4 m s
27
matom
1.67 10 kg
440
CHAPTER 28
28.25
For minimum initial kinetic energy, KEtotal = 0 after collision. Hence, the two atoms must
have equal and opposite momenta before impact. The atoms then have the same initial
kinetic energy, and that energy is converted into excitation energy of the atom during
the collision. Therefore,
KEatom =
or
28.26
(a)
v=
1
matom v 2 = E2 E1 = 10.2 eV
2
2 ( 10.2 eV ) ( 1.60 10 19 J eV )
2 ( 10.2 eV )
=
= 4.42 10 4 m s
matom
1.67 10 27 kg
2 r
L = mvr = m
r
T
=
(b) n =
= 2.89 10 34 kg m 2 s
2.36 106 s
L
34
2
2 L 2 ( 2.89 10 kg m s )
=
=
= 2.74 1068
h
6.63 10 34 J s
n
,
mrn
2
n
2
we have rn
which
gives
r
n
=
GM
=
E
n
2
GME m
mrn
2
= n r1
r
rn
n 2 r1
n2
n
2
r
2
= 7.30 10 69
r
2.74 1068
Z 2 ( 13.6 eV )
( 3 ) ( 13.6 eV )
, E1 =
(a) From En =
= 122 eV
2
2
n
( 1)
2
28.27
Atomic Physics
441
n2 a0
( 1) a0 0.052 9 10 9 m
gives r1 =
(b) Using rn =
=
= 1.76 10 11 m
Z
3
3
2
28.28
Z
n2
54.4 eV
n = 1, 2, 3, . . .
n2
n=
___________________
n=5
n=4
___________________
___________________
2.18 eV
3.40 eV
n=3
___________________
6.04 eV
n=2
___________________
13.6 eV
n=1
___________________
54.4 eV
(b) For He + , Z = 2 , so we see that the ionization energy (the energy required to take
the electron from the n = 1 to the n = state) is
( 13.6 eV )( 2 )
= 54.4 eV
2
( 1)
2
E = E E1 = 0
28.29
28.30
rn =
2
n2
Z me k e e 2
n 2 a0
0.052 9 nm
a
, so r1 = 0 =
=
Z
Z
Z
Z = 2 and r =
0.052 9 nm
= 0.026 5 nm
2
(b) For Li 2+ ,
Z = 3 and r =
0.052 9 nm
= 0.017 6 nm
3
(c) For Be 3+ ,
Z = 4 and r =
0.052 9 nm
= 0.013 2 nm
4
(a) For hydrogen-like atoms having atomic number Z, the Rydberg constant is
R=
me k e2 Z 2 e 4
4 c 3
( 9.11 10
R=
31
kg )( 8.99 10 9 N m 2 C 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 1.60 10 19 C )
4 ( 3.00 10
) (1.05 10
34
J s)
= 4.42 107 m 1
442
CHAPTER 28
(b)
1
1
1 1
= RHe 2 2 = ( 4.42 107 m 1 ) 2 2
n f ni
1 2
1 nm
m 9 = 30.1 nm
so =
7
3.32 10
10 m
7
1
= 3.32 10 m
28.31
From L = me vn rn = n and rn = n2 a0
we find that pn = mvn =
n
h
=
rn ( 2 a0 ) n
= 8 a0 = 8 ( 0.052 9 nm ) = 1.33 nm
28.32
2L
h
. According to the de Broglie hypothesis, p =
n
(b) Using E =
En =
28.33
n
2
nh
2L
p2
1
mv 2 =
, with p as found in (a) above:
2
2m
n2 h 2
h2
2
=
where
=
n
E
E
0
0
4 L2 ( 2m )
8 mL2
=1
=1
=1
m = +1
m =0
m = 1
ms = 12
ms = 12
ms = 12
443
Atomic Physics
28.34
(a) For a given value of the principle quantum number n, the orbital quantum number
l varies from 0 to n 1 in integer steps. Thus, if n = 4 , there are 4 possible
values of l : l = 0, 1, 2, and 3
(b) For each possible value of the orbital quantum number l , the orbital magnetic
quantum number ml ranges from l to + l in integer steps. When the principle
quantum number is n = 4 and the largest allowed value of the orbital quantum
number is l = 3 , there are 7 distinct possible values for ml . These values are:
ml = 3, 2, 1, 0, + 1, + 2, and + 3
28.35
The 3d subshell has n = 3 and = 2 . For -mesons, we also have s = 1 . Thus, there are 15
possible quantum states as summarized in the table below.
n
m
ms
28.36
3
2
+2
+1
3
2
+2
0
3
2
+2
-1
3
2
+1
+1
3
2
+1
0
3
2
+1
-1
3
2
0
+1
3
2
0
0
3
2
0
-1
3
2
-1
+1
3
2
-1
0
3
2
-1
-1
3
2
-2
+1
3
2
-2
0
3
2
-2
-1
1s states
2s states
m
m
m
m
=0
n=2
2 p states
28.37
=0
=1
=0
ms
ms
ms
ms
=0
=0
=1
= 12
= 12
= 12
= 12
(a) For Electron #1 and also for Electron #2, n = 3 and = 1 . The other quantum
numbers for each of the 30 allowed states are listed in the tables below.
Electron #1
m
+1
ms
+ 12
m
+1
ms
+ 12
m
+1
ms
+ 12
m
+1
ms
12
m
+1
ms
12
m
+1
ms
12
Electron #2
+1
12
12
-1
12
+1
+ 12
12
-1
12
Electron #1
m
0
ms
+ 12
m
0
ms
+ 12
m
0
ms
+ 12
m
0
ms
12
m
0
ms
12
m
0
ms
12
Electron #2
+1
12
12
-1
12
+1
12
+ 12
-1
12
444
CHAPTER 28
Electron #1
m
-1
ms
+ 12
m
-1
ms
+ 12
m
-1
ms
+ 12
m
-1
ms
12
m
-1
ms
12
m
-1
ms
12
Electron #2
+1
12
12
-1
12
+1
12
12
-1
+ 12
There are 30 allowed states , since Electron #1 can have any of three possible
values of m for both spin up and spin down, totaling six possible states. For each
of these states, Electron #2 can be in either of the remaining five states.
(b) Were it not for the exclusion principle, there would be 36 possible states, six
for each electron independently.
28.38
(a) For n = 1,
(c) For n = 3,
and
and
=0
=1
=2
=3
for
for
for
for
2 (2
2(2
2(2
2(2
+ 1)
+ 1)
+ 1)
+ 1)
states
states
states
states
= 2(0 + 1) = 2 sets
= 2(2 + 1) = 6 sets
= 2(4 + 1) = 10 sets
= 2(6 + 1) = 14 sets
=0
=1
=2
=3
=4
for
for
for
for
for
2 (2
2(2
2(2
2(2
2(2
+ 1)
+ 1)
+ 1)
+ 1)
+ 1)
states
states
states
states
states
= 2(0 + 1) = 2 sets
= 2(2 + 1) = 6 sets
= 2(4 + 1) = 10 sets
= 2(6 + 1) = 14 sets
= 2(8 + 1) = 18 sets
For n = 2: 2n2 = 8
For n = 3: 2n2 = 18
For n = 4: 2n2 = 32
For n = 5: 2n2 = 50
Atomic Physics
445
Thus, the number of sets of quantum states agrees with the 2n2 rule.
28.39
(a) Zirconium, with 40 electrons, has 4 electrons outside a closed Krypton core. The
Krypton core, with 36 electrons, has all states up through the 4p subshell filled.
Normally, one would expect the next 4 electrons to go into the 4d subshell.
However, an exception to the rule occurs at this point, and the 5s subshell fills
(with 2 electrons) before the 4d subshell starts filling. The two remaining electrons
in Zirconium are in an incomplete 4d subshell. Thus, n = 4, and = 2 for each of
these electrons.
(b) For electrons in the 4d subshell, with
28.40
To produce the K line, an electron from the K shell must be excited to the L shell or
higher. Thus, a minimum energy of 8 028 eV must be given to the atom. A minimum
accelerating voltage of V = 8 028 V = 8.03 kV is required.
446
CHAPTER 28
28.41
EL ( Z 3 )
13.6 eV
2
= ( 27 ) ( 13.6 eV ) = 9.91 10 3 eV
2
( 1)
13.6 eV
2 ( 13.6 eV )
= ( 25 )
= 2.13 10 3 eV
2
4
( 2)
28.42
34
8
hc ( 6.63 10 J s )( 3.00 10 m s )
=
= 1.60 10 10 m = 0.160 nm
=
E
7.78 keV ( 1.60 10 16 J keV )
13.6 eV
2 13.6 eV
and EM ( Z 9 )
2
2
( 1)
( 3)
( Z 9 )2
2
8
Thus, E = EM EK ( 13.6 eV )
+ ( Z 1) = ( 13.6 eV ) Z 2 8
9
9
and E =
hc
gives Z 2 =
Z 9+
9
hc
8 +
, or
8
( 13.6 eV )
1 eV
= 32.0
19
9
8 ( 13.6 eV ) ( 0.101 10 m )
1.60 10 J
Atomic Physics
28.43
EN
N shell
EM
M shell
EL
L shell
or
l1
hc
EL = 69.5 keV +
l2
( 6.63 10
J s )( 3.00 108 m s )
34
0.021 5 10 9 m
1 keV
= 69.5 keV + 9.25 10 15 J
16
1.60 10 J
= 69.5 keV + 57.8 keV = 11.7 keV
Similarly, the energies of the M and N shells are
EM = EK +
hc
= 69.5 keV +
( 6.63 10
34
( 0.020 9 10
J s )( 3.00 10 8 m s )
m )( 1.60 10 16 J keV )
= 10.0 keV
and
EN = EK +
hc
= 69.5 keV +
( 6.63 10
34
( 0.018 5 10
J s )( 3.00 108 m s )
m )( 1.60 10 16 J keV )
l3
K shell
EK
447
= 2.30 keV
448
CHAPTER 28
28.44
According to the Bohr model, the radii of the electron orbits in hydrogen are given
by
rn = n2 a0 with a0 = 0.052 9 nm = 5.29 10 11 m
Then, if rn 1.00 m = 1.00 10 6 m , the quantum number is
rn
1.00 10 6 m
=
137
a0
5.29 10 11 m
n=
28.45
(a)
(b) The average kinetic energy of the atoms must equal or exceed the needed
excitation energy, or 32 k B T E which gives
T
28.46
(a)
(b) N =
(c)
19
J eV )
2 ( E ) 2 ( 10.2 eV ) ( 1.60 10
=
= 7.88 10 4 K
23
3k B
3 ( 1.38 10
J K)
n=
Epulse
E
Epulse
hc
( 694.3 10
( 6.63 10
34
m ) ( 3.00 J )
J s )( 3.00 10 m s )
8
N
N
=
V L ( d 2 4 )
4 ( 1.05 1019 photons )
( 4.20 mm ) ( 6.00 mm )
Atomic Physics
28.47
(a)
hc
E1 = E
E2 = E1 +
limit
( 6.63 10
=0
34
J s )( 3.00 10 8 m s )
152.0 10 9 m ( 1.60 10 19 J eV )
1
34
J s )( 3.00 10 8 m s )
202.6 10 9 m ( 1.60 10 19 J eV )
2
34
J s )( 3.00 108 m s )
170.9 10 9 m ( 1.60 10 19 J eV )
= 0.904 eV
hc
( 6.63 10
= 8.18 eV +
34
J s )( 3.00 10 8 m s )
162.1 10 9 m ( 1.60 10 19 J eV )
E5 = E1 +
= 2.04 eV
hc
( 6.63 10
= 8.18 eV +
E4 = E1 +
= 8.18 eV
hc
( 6.63 10
= 8.18 eV +
E3 = E1 +
= 0.510 eV
hc
= 8.18 eV +
(b) From =
( 6.63 10
34
J s )( 3.00 108 m s )
158.3 10 9 m ( 1.60 10 19 J eV )
= 0.325 eV
hc
hc
=
, the longest and shortest wavelengths in the Balmer series for
E Ei E f
long =
and
449
(b)
28.49
a0
me k e e 2
1 c
1
=
2 =
h me c
2 ke e 2
(c)
1 RH 4
=
a0
(a)
E =
hc
3
2
c
c me k e2 e 4
= 4 2
2
me k e e
ke e
( 6.626 10
( 1.602 10
34
4
=
J s )( 2.998 108 m s )
19
J eV )( 10
m nm )
1 240 eV nm
For:
Ground State
2
253.7 nm
(a)
185.0 nm
28.48
CHAPTER 28
158.5 nm
450
2.567 eV
3.687 eV
5.502 eV
6
10.39 eV
Atomic Physics
451
(b) From = ( 1 240 eV nm ) Ei E f , the wavelengths of the emission lines shown are
28.50
E =
hc
( 6.626 10
=
( 1.602 10
34
J s )( 2.998 108 m s )
19
J eV )( 10
m nm )
1 240 eV nm
= E
For:
= 310.0 nm , E = 4.000 eV
= 400.0 nm , E = 3.100 eV
= 1 378 nm , E = 0.900 0 eV
and
The ionization energy is 4.100 eV. The energy level diagram having the fewest number
of levels and consistent with these energy differences is shown below.
n=
Second Excited State
Ground State
28.51
(a)
I=
400 nm
310 nm
1 378 nm
0
0.100 0 eV
1.000 eV
4.100 eV
3
9
P ( E t ) 4 ( 3.00 10 J 1.00 10 s )
=
=
= 4.24 1015 W m 2
2
2
6
A d 4
( 30.0 10 m )
(b) E = I A ( t )
2
W
= 4.24 1015
0.600 10 9 m ) ( 1.00 10 9 s ) = 1.20 10 12 J
(
2
m 4
452
CHAPTER 28
28.52
p2
h2
=
2 me 8 me a 20
( 6.63 10
=
8 ( 9.11 10
34
J s ) ( 1 eV 1.60 10 19 J )
31
kg )( 0.052 9 10 9 m )
= 135 eV
(b) The kinetic energy of this electron is 10 times the magnitude of the ground state
energy of the hydrogen atom which is 13.6 eV.
28.53
E En En 1
=
h
h
1 me k e2 e 4 1
1
2
2
2
h 2
( n 1)
n
which reduces to
28.54
f=
4 2 me k e2 e 4
=
2 h3
2 2 me k e2 e 4 2n 1
2 2
h3
( n 1) n
1
1
2
n2
( n 1)
2 2 me k e2 e 4 2n 4 2 me k e2 e 4
4 =
h3
h3 n3
n
Atomic Physics
v
2 r
f=
This gives
ke e 2
n2 h 2
2
where
=
=
r
n
a
0
4 2 me k e e 2
me r 3
1
2
v
2 r
k e e 2 64 6 me3 k e3 e 6
4 2 me k e2 e 4
=
4 2 me
n6 h 6
h 3 n3
Thus, the frequency from the Bohr model is the same as the classical frequency in the
limit n .
28.55
m Z 2 k e2 e 4
2 2 n2
273 ( 2 ) me ke2 e 4
n2 2 2
2
1.485 10 4 eV
273 2
2
13.60
eV
=
=
( ) (
)
n2
n2
E2 = 3.71 10 3 eV
E3 = 1.65 10 3 eV
E4 = 928 eV
E5 = 594 eV
E6 = 413 eV
(b) From the Compton shift formula, the emitted wavelength was
hc
( 6.63 10
34
J s )( 3.00 108 m s )
= 1.392 10 4 eV
453
454
CHAPTER 28
Since E > E2 , the final state must be the ground state E1 . The energy of the initial
state was
Ei = E f + E = 1.485 10 4 eV + 1.392 10 4 eV = 928 eV
This is seen to be E4 . Thus, the transition made by the pi meson was n = 4 n = 1
28.56
(a) Using a0 =
m k e e 2
, with m = 207 me , gives the Bohr radius for the muonic atom
as
a0 =
2
1
207 me k e e 2
1
( 0.052 9 nm ) = 2.56 104 nm
=
207
m Z 2 k e2 e 4
2
n2
207 ( 1) me k e2 e 4
2.82 10 3 eV
207
=
=
=
13.6
eV
(
)
n2 2 2
n2
n2
2
28.57
E2 = 704 eV
E3 = 313 eV
k e2
F
= e 2
me me a0
( 8.99 10 N m C )(1.60 10 C )
=
( 9.11 10 kg )( 0.052 9 10 m )
9
31
(b) =
19
= 9.03 10 22 m s 2
2 ke e 2 a2
3 c3
2 ( 8.99 10 9 N m 2 C 2 )(1.60 10 19 C ) ( 9.03 10 22 m s 2 )
2
3 ( 3.00 108 m s )
= 4.63 10 8 J s = 4.63 10 8 W
Atomic Physics
455
The time required to radiate all this energy, and the estimated lifetime is
t =
28.58
KE 2.17 10 18 J
=
= 4.69 10 11 s or t ~ 10 11 s
P 4.63 10 8 J s
(a) The photon emitted by the hydrogen atom must have an energy E 4.58 eV if it is
to eject a photoelectron from tungsten ( = 4.58 eV ) . Thus, the electron in the
hydrogen atom must give up at least 4.58 eV of energy, meaning that the energy of
the final state must be E f 4.58 eV . The only state in the hydrogen atom satisfying
this condition is the ground ( n = 1) state, so it is necessary that n f = 1
(b) If the stopping potential of the ejected photoelectron is Vs = 7.51 V , the kinetic
energy of this electron as it leaves the tungsten is
KEmax = eVs = e ( 7.51 V ) = 7.51 eV
and the photoelectric effect equation gives the photon energy as
E = hf = + KEmax = 4.58 eV + 7.51 eV = 12.09 eV
But, the photon energy equals the energy given up by the electron in the hydrogen
atom. That is, E = Ei E f . Since we determined in Part (a) that n f = 1 , then
E f = 13.6 eV and we have
E = Ei E f = Ei + 13.6 eV=12.09 eV
Thus, from En =
13.6 eV
,
n2
ni =
or
13.6 eV
13.6 eV
=
= 3
Ei
1.51 eV
456
CHAPTER 28