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Max Camenzind
IMPRS Cosmology SS2009
Day 6/1
Topics
What is Inflation ?
On Inflation History
Problems of the Standard Model
How to describe Inflation ? The Inflaton
Field and Slow-Roll Conditions.
Fluctuations in the Inflaton field.
Quantisation
Universal Fluctuation Spectrum
What is Inflation ?
In physical cosmology, cosmic inflation,
cosmological inflation or just inflation is
the theorized exponential expansion of the
universe at the end of the grand unification
epoch, 10-36 seconds after the Big Bang,
driven by a negative-pressure vacuum
energy density. The term "inflation" is also
used to refer to the hypothesis that
inflation occurred, to the theory of inflation,
or to the inflationary epoch.
1030
Inflation - Mechanisms
As a direct consequence of this expansion, all of the
observable universe originated in a small causally
connected region. Inflation answers the classic
conundrum of the big bang cosmology: why does the
universe appear flat, homogeneous and isotropic in
accordance with the cosmological principle when one
would expect, on the basis of the physics of the big
bang, a highly curved, heterogeneous universe? Inflation
also explains the origin of the large-scale structure of the
cosmos. Quantum fluctuations in the microscopic
inflationary region, magnified to cosmic size, become the
seeds for the growth of structure in the universe (see
galaxy formation and evolution and structure formation)
Inflation - History
Inflation was proposed by Alexei
Starobinski (1979/80) in the Soviet Union,
and simultaneously by Alan Guth
(1980/81) in the United States. Guth's
mechanism is different from Starobinski's,
and requires a modification to allow for a
graceful exit from inflation. This
modification was provided independently
by Andrei Linde, and by Andreas Albrecht
and Paul Steinhardt.
Inflation Pioneers
Proposed by Guth in 1981 to
solve:
Horizon problem
Flatness problem
Andrei Linde
Stanford
-inflation
Old Inflation
New Inflation
Chaotic inflation
SUGRA inflation
Double Inflation
Power-law inflation
Natural inflation
Hybrid inflation
1990
SUSY F-term
inflation
2000
SUSY P-term
inflation
inflation
Assisted inflation
SUSY D-term
inflation
Brane inflation
Super-natural
Inflation
K-flation
N-flation
DBI inflation
Tachyon inflation
Racetrack inflation
Extended inflation
Warped Brane
inflation
Horizon Problem
We observer
Decoupling
Big Bang
Inflaton Dynamics
The simplest scenario features a single scalar field
moving in a potential V(). Many apparently more
complicated scenarios can be reduced to this.
a
8 G
1 2
H 2=
V ( ) + 2
3
a
V()
dV
+ 3H =
d
2
V ( ) exp( ) ; 2 < 2
However, usually sufficiently accurate
results can be obtained by using the
slow-roll approximation.
8 G
1 2
H =
V ( ) + 2
3
dV
+ 3H =
d
2
The Inflaton
Field
Equation State
The Inflaton
Field
Ex: Slow-Roll
Inflation Conditions
Models of Inflation
A potential V()
A way to end inflation, e.g. if slow-roll
condition is no longer valid
Reheating
or when extra physics enters: hybrid
inflation.
Amount of Inflation
Universe starts at
(matter,)=(1,0) and moves to
attractor point at (0,1) (de Sitter)
which curve are we on??
matter
V
Ideas from
GUT phase
transitions
Eternal Inflation
Equations of motion:
Einstein:
Klein-Gordon:
Attractors
Logic of Inflation:
Large
large H
large friction
Hybrid Inflation
SU(5)
SU(4)xU(1)
SU(3)xSU(2)xU(1)
A. Linde
(t+dt)
(t)
d
xi = const.
( 3)
4
R= 2
a
Quantum Fluctuations in
Inhomogeneous spacetime in Newtonian gauge (vanishing stress)
(see Sect. on Perturbations)
Adiabatic fluctuations dS = 0
Klein-Gordon
equation with
mass given by
m = -z/z
Can be
quantized similar
For K = 0 and cS = c
Inflaton field is the source
for metric perturbations.
Quantisation of
Mode leaving
the Horizon is
frozen in.
Power Spectrum
Quantum
Fluctuations
in Pot
QGravity
Cutoff ?
Parameters:
Chaotic
Inflation
m =
1.9x10-12 MP
d(0) = -0.1 MP/s
N = 57.65
MP = 1/8G
Andreas Heinen Thesis 2005
Finite Volume
Suppression?
(0) = 16.8 MP
Preheating in Inflation
Mathiey Equation
Stability Regions
in Mathieu Equation
Fluctuation in Density
Frolov 2009
Fluctuation in Psi
Frolov 2009
Lognormal Distribution
Frolov 2009
time
H1(t)
inflation ends
MPl
rhor(t)
space
Summary
Inflation solves Flatness problem, Horizon
problem & many other aspects: N > 55.
Inflation also provides source for
perturbations on the Friedmann background
by means of quantum fluctuations in the
very Early Universe ~ 10-5.
These perturbations are frozen in, once
they are stretched by expansion beyond the
horizon.
Power spectrum and spectral index will
depend on inflation model.