Intr

odu
ctio
n

In mathematics ,the maximum and minimum of a function,known collectively as extrema are the
largest and smallest value that function takes at a point either within a given neighbourhood (local or
relative extremum) or on the function domain in its entirely (global or absolute extremum).Pierre de
Fermat was one of the first mathematicians to propose a general technique (called adequality) for
finding maxima and minima.To locate extreme values is the basic objective of optimization.

PIERRE DE FERMAT ; 17 August 1601 12 January 1665) was a French lawyer at the
Parlement of Toulouse, France, and a mathematician who is given credit for early developments that
led to innitesimal calculus, including his technique of adequality. In particular, he is recognized for
his discovery of an original method of nding the greatest and the smallest ordinates of curved lines,
which is analogous to that of the dierential calculus, then unknown, and his research into number
theory. He made notable contributions to analytic geometry, probability, and optics. He is best known
for Fermat's Last Theorem, which he described in a note at the margin of a copy of Diophantus'
Arithmetica

P
A
R
T

Mathe
matic
al
Optim
izatio
n

Mathematical optimization (alternatively, optimization or mathematical

programming) is the selection of a best element (with regard to some criteria)
from some set of available alternatives.
In the simplest case, an optimization problem consists of maximizing or
minimizing a real function by systematically choosing input values from within
an allowed set and computing the value of the function. The generalization of
optimization theory and techniques to other formulations comprises a large area
of applied mathematics. More generally, optimization includes finding "best
available" values of some objective function given a defined domain (or a set of
constraints), including a variety of different types of objective functions and
different types of domains.The general process of finding an optimum is called
programming
Optimization can be represented in the following ways :

Given: a function f:S from some set s to the real numbers

o

An optimization problem can be described using a function f:S

that is a function from the space S to a real number.

o The space S is some subset of a euclidean space n for some N.

o We call it the objective function if we are looking for a maximum.
Each point in S is called a potential or feasible solution for the
objective function.
o We call it cost function if we are looking for a minimum.

Sought : an element x0 in A such that f(x0) f(x) or f(x0) f(x for all x in A .
o When the function is on minimization ,it will be F(x0) f(x) for all x
in A .
o When the function is on maximization,it will be f(x0) f(x) for all x in
A.

Global
And
Local
Maxi
mum
And
Minim
um

PA
RT
2

A ) Encik Shah has been involved in a sheep farming business for several years and he supplies
meats and milk products to the communities. He wishes to build a rectangular sheep pen with two
parallel partitions using 200 metres fence.Find the dimension of the rectangle that will maximize
the total area of the pen.Hence state the maximum area of the pen.
x
x
Sh eep Pen

2y + 2x = 200 m
2y= 200-2X
Y=100-X

Maximum area = 100(50)(50)

=2500 m

Y=100 x is equation

Formula for calculating Area

is xy

100 2X = 0
X= 50

XYisishelping
equation
number
2 a box without the top.The box is Substitute
X=50
intofour
2
b) Reza
En Shah
to make
made by cutting
away

square from the corners of a 30 cm square piece of cardboard as shown in figure below. And bending
up the resulting cardboad to form the walls of the box.
Substitute 1 into 2
Area= X (100x )
100 x x2
dA

=1002 x

Since the area is maximum,

dA
=0
dx

Find the largest possible volume of the box.

volume ,V =(302 h)2 h

3

4 h 120 h +900 h

PA
RT
3

This will be equation number 1

dV
=12h 2240 h+900
dh

Maximum volume,
Vmax=4(15)3120 ( 15 )2 +900( 15)
2000 cm

12h 240h + 900 = 0

(h 15) ( h 5) = 0

Since the volume is maximum,

dV
=0
dh

Since it is maximum,we will

take h=15 and substitute into

A market research company finds that traffic in a local mall over the course of a day

could be estimated by function

6
(t )+1800
P (t )=1800 cos

where P,is the number of people

going to the mall,and t ,is the time, in hours, after the mall opens. The mall opens at
9:30 a.m.
i) Sketching the graph

ii) Peak hours and number of people.

Based on the graph, the peak hours will be 3: 30 pm, 6 hours after the mall Is open. The number of
people is 3600.
iii) Estimate the number of people in the mall at 7:30 pm.
Type equation here .

At 7 : 30 pm, it is 10 hours
after the mall I open.
t = 10
substitute t=10 into the
function.

iv) The time when number of people reach 2570.

p (t )=2570

2570=1800 cos

( 6 t )+1800

Furt
her
Expl
orati
on

2570=1800 cos ( t) +1800

6

770=1800 cos ( t)
6
t=3.844

The time, t=9 30 +3 50 39

t
6
+1800
p (t )=1800 cos

1800 cos

( 6 10)+ 1800