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ABCs OF CONCRETE
Admixtures
Coarse Aggregates
Fine Aggregates
Cement
Natural Sand
Types of Cement:
I
Normal
II
Moderate Sulfate Resistance
III
High Early Strength
IV
Low Heat of Hydration
V
High Sulfate Resistance
Cement Mill
RAW MATERIAL STORAGE
GYPSUM SILO
Cement Truck
Concrete Truck
CLINKER SILO
ROLLER MILL
KILN
GRINDING MILL
RAW MATERIAL STORAGE
Supplementary Cementitious
Materials / Mineral Admixtures
Fly
Ash
Ground
Supplementary Cementitious
Materials / Mineral Admixtures
Added
C o m p re ss ive s tren g th , p si
2000
Air-entrained concrete
1000
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
Water-cement ratio
finishability
High permeability
Reduced strength
Low durability
Increased
shrinkage
Admixtures
Admixture Dispensers
Air-Entraining Admixtures
Used
Mechanism of Frost
Damage in Concrete
Non AirAir-entrained
32 oF
courtesy of M. Thomas
Mechanism of Frost
Damage in Concrete
Non AirAir-entrained
Mechanism of Frost
Damage in Concrete
32 oF
32 oF
23 oF
23 oF
Water
Expands
Upon Freezing
courtesy of M. Thomas
Scaling Distress
Non AirAir-entrained
courtesy of M. Thomas
Mechanism of Protection
by Air Voids
AirAir-entrained
32 oF
23 oF
Mechanism of Protection
by Air Voids
AirAir-entrained
Mechanism of Protection
by Air Voids
32 oF
32 oF
23 oF
23 oF
courtesy of M. Thomas
Mechanism of
Protection by Air Voids
AirAir-entrained
courtesy of M. Thomas
AirAir-entrained
32 oF
23 oF
courtesy of M. Thomas
Water Reducers
Used
to:
NORMAL
W/R
Low
Accelerating Admixtures
An admixture that causes an increase in
the rate of hydration of the hydraulic
cement, and thus shortens the time of
setting, or increases the rate of strength
development, or both.
Mixing
Workability
Bleeding
& Settlement
Consolidation
Hydration, Setting Time, & Hardening
Workability
Consolidation
Cement Hydration
Batch Water
Cement Grains
Flocculation
Properties of Hardened
Concrete
Curing
Rate
Strength
Density
Permeability & Watertightness
Abrasion Resistance
Durability
Hydration Products
Curing
Drying
Drying Rate
Concrete
doesn
doesnt cure by drying (it
needs moisture to hydrate)
When concrete dries out, it stops
gaining strength
Drying shrinkage is a primary cause of
cracking
Size & shape of a concrete member
affect the drying rate
Density
Weight
density
Strength
w/c
The extent of hydration
Curing conditions
Age of the concrete
Abrasion Resistance
Very
Durability
Bridge decks & other bridge elements when designated in the plans
plans
679)
10
Transporting Concrete
Cement
Fly ash
Fine aggregate
Water
Admixtures
Truck
mixers
agitators
Non-agitating trucks
Mobile batch mixer
Truck
Truck Mixers
Plant
photo
Truck Agitators
Plant
photo
11
photo
Slump Test
Temperature Test
Slump Test
Air Content Test
Pressure Meter
Volumetric Air Meter (Roll(Roll-o-Meter)
NORMAL
W/R
12
Recommended Slumps
Addition of water:
Addition of air:
13
Direct Placement
Truck Agitator
Tremie Placement
Tremie
Pump
BottomBottom-dump
Bucket
Conveyors
14
Tremie Placement
Bucket Placement
Bucket Placement
Conveyor System
Hopper
15
Consolidation
Concrete Slabs
Even with satisfactory interior air contents, unsatisfactory surface air contents
may result due to the effect on air and paste from the finishing process
16
Curing Concrete
Curing is the maintenance of a
satisfactory moisture content and
temperature in concrete for a
period of time immediately
following placing and finishing so
that the desired properties may
develop.
All
% of 28 compressive strength
125
25
0
3 7
28
90
entire time
Moist-cured
180
Age, Days
17
Curing Compound
18
EVAPORATION
BLEED
WATER
Use
19
Temporary Enclosures
Final set
73 Degrees
4000
3000
50 Degrees
2000
1000
0
0
Initial set
ASTM C 403
2
6
8
10
Time, hours
12
14
16
20
Insulated Forms
Curing Blankets
21