Processes

CEIT313 Use of Operating Systems

Processes & Threads

Week 03

Early computer systems allowed only one

program to be executed at a time and this
program had complete control of the system
and had access to all the system's resources.
In contrast, current-day computer systems
allow multiple programs to be loaded into
memory and executed concurrently.
A process is a program in execution and is
the unit of work in a modern time-sharing
system.
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User & System Tasks

Process Concept

The more complex the operating system is, the more it is

expected to do on behalf of its users.
An OSs main concern is the execution of user programs, it
also needs to take care of various system tasks that are
better left outside the kernel itself.
A system therefore consists of a collection of processes:

A question that arises in discussing operating systems

involves what to call all the CPU activities.
A batch system executes jobs, whereas a time-shared
system has user programs, or tasks.
Even on a single-user system such as Microsoft Windows, a
user may be able to run several programs at one time:

operating system processes executing system code and

user processes executing user code.

Potentially, all these processes can execute concurrently,

with the CPU (or CPUs) multiplexed among them.
By switching the CPU between processes, the operating
system can make the computer more productive.

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Process Concept (Contd)

a word processor,
a web browser, and
an e-mail package.

Even if the user can execute only one program at a time, the
operating system may need to support its own internal
programmed activities, such as memory management.
In many respects, all these activities are similar, so we call
all of them processes.
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Process in Memory

A process is a program in execution.

A process is more than the program code (text
section).
It also includes the current activity, as represented by
the value of the program counter and the contents of
the processor's registers.
A process generally also includes the process stack,
which contains temporary data (such as function
parameters, return addresses, and local variables), and
a data section, which contains global variables.
A process may also include a heap, which is memory
that is dynamically allocated during process run time.

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Process Concept (Contd)

Process Concept (Contd)

We emphasize that a program by itself is not

a process
A program is a passive entity,
Such as a file containing a list of instructions
stored on disk (often called an executable
file)
A process is an active entity,
With a program counter specifying the next
instruction to execute and a set of associated
resources.

A program becomes a process when an

executable file is loaded into memory.
Two common techniques for loading
executable files

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CEIT313 Use of Operating Systms

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Double-clicking an icon representing the

executable file and
Entering the name of the executable file on
the command line (as in program.exe or
a.out.)
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Separate Processes

Process State

More than one user may be running

different copies of a mail program, or the
same user may invoke many copies of a
web browser program.
Each of these is a separate process
While the text sections are equivalent,
the data, heap, and stack sections vary.

As a process executes, it changes state.

The state of a process is defined in part by the current
activity of that process.
Each process may be in one of the following states:

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Diagram of Process State

New. The process is being created.

Running. Instructions are being executed.
Waiting. The process is waiting for some event to occur
(such as an I/O completion or reception of a signal).
Ready. The process is waiting to be assigned to a processor.
Terminated. The process has finished execution.

It is important to realize that only one process can be

running on any processor at any instant.
Many processes may be ready and waiting, however.
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Threads
A thread is a basic unit of CPU utilization
It comprises a thread ID, a program counter, a
register set, and a stack.
It shares with other threads belonging to the
same process its code section, data section, and
other operating-system resources, such as open
files and signals.
A traditional (or heavyweight) process has a
single thread of control.
If a process has multiple threads of control, it
can perform more than one task at a time.

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Single-threaded and Multithreaded

Processes

The Benefits
The benefits of multithreaded
programming can be broken down into
four major categories:
1.
2.
3.
4.

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Responsiveness.
Resource sharing.
Economy.
Utilization of multiprocessor architectures

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Responsiveness

Resource Sharing

Multithreading an interactive application

may allow a program to continue running
even if part of it is blocked or is
performing a lengthy operation
This increases responsiveness to the user.
For instance, a multithreaded web
browser could still allow user interaction
in one thread while an image was being
loaded in another thread.

By default, threads share the memory and

the resources of the process to which they
belong.
The benefit of sharing code and data is
that it allows an application to have
several different threads of activity within
the same address space.

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Economy

Utilization of multiprocessor architectures

Allocating memory and resources for process

creation is costly.
Because threads share resources of the
process to which they belong, it is more
economical to create and context-switch
threads.
In general it is much more time consuming to
create and manage processes than threads.

The benefits of multithreading can be

greatly increased in a multiprocessor
architecture, where threads may be
running in parallel on different processors.
A single threaded process can only run on
one CPU, no matter how many are
available.
Multithreading on a multi-CPU machine
increases concurrency.

In Solaris, for example, creating a process is

about thirty times slower than is creating a
thread, and context switching is about five times
slower.
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