Hospitality is the relationship between the guest and the host, or the act or practice

of being hospitable. This includes the reception and entertainment of guests, visitors,
or strangers. Louis, chevalier de Jaucourt describes hospitality in the Encyclopdie
as the virtue of a great soul that cares for the whole universe through the ties of
humanity.[3]
Derives from the Latin hospes,[4] meaning "host", "guest", or "stranger". Hospes is
formed from hostis, which means "stranger" or "enemy" (the latter being where terms
like "hostile" derive).
In the West today hospitality is rarely a matter of protection and survival and is more
associated with etiquette and entertainment. However, it still involves showing
respect for one's guests, providing for their needs, and treating them as equals.
Cultures and subcultures vary in the extent to which one is expected to show
hospitality to strangers, as opposed to personal friends or members of one's ingroup.
Hospitality ethics is a discipline that studies this usage of hospitality.
Hospitality may also refer to good caring. By metonymy the Latin word 'Hospital'
means a guest-chamber, guest's lodging, an inn. [5] Hospes is thus the root for the
English words host (where the p was dropped for convenience of pronunciation),
hospitality, hospice, hostel and hotel.
A hotel is an establishment that provides lodging paid on a short-term basis. Facilities provided
may range from a basic bed and storage for clothing, to luxury features like en-suite bathrooms.
Larger hotels may provide additional guest facilities such as a swimming pool, business center,
childcare, conference facilities and social function services. Hotel rooms are usuallynumbered (or
named in some smaller hotels and B&Bs) to allow guests to identify their room. Some hotels offer
meals as part of a room and board arrangement. In the United Kingdom, a hotel is required by
law to serve food and drinks to all guests within certain stated hours. In Japan, capsule
hotels provide a minimized amount of room space and shared facilities.
The precursor to the modern hotel was the inn of medieval Europe. For a period of about 200
years from the mid-17th century, coaching inns served as a place for lodging for coach travelers.
Inns began to cater for richer clients in the mid-18th century. One of the first hotels in a modern
sense was opened in Exeter in 1768. Hotels proliferated throughout Western Europe and North
America in the 19th century, and luxury hotels began to spring up in the later part of the century.
Hotel operations vary in size, function, and cost. Most hotels and major hospitality companies
have set industry standards to classify hotel types. An upscale full-service hotel facility
offers luxury amenities, full service accommodations, on-site full service restaurant(s), and the
highest level of personalized service. Full service hotels often contain upscale full-service
facilities with a large volume of full service accommodations, on-site full service restaurant(s),

and a variety of on-siteamenities. Boutique hotels are smaller independent non-branded hotels
that often contain upscale facilities. Small to medium-sized hotel establishments offer a limited
amount of on-site amenities. Economy hotels are small to medium-sized hotel establishments
that offer basic accommodations with little to no services. Extended stay hotels are small to
medium-sized hotels that offer longer term full service accommodations compared to a traditional
hotel.
Timeshare and Destination clubs are a form of property ownership involving ownership of an
individual unit of accommodation for seasonal usage. A motel is a small-sized low-rise lodging
with direct access to individual rooms from the car park. Boutique hotels are typically hotels with
a unique environment or intimate setting. A number of hotels have entered the public
consciousness through popular culture, such as the Ritz Hotel in London. Some hotels are built
specifically as a destination in itself, for example at casinos and holiday resorts.
Most hotel establishments consist of a General Manager who serves as the head executive
(often referred to as the "Hotel Manager"), department heads who oversee various departments
within a hotel, middle managers, administrative staff, and line-level supervisors. The
organizational chart and volume of job positions and hierarchy varies by hotel size, function, and
is often determined by hotel ownership and managing companies.
The word hotel is derived from the French htel (coming from the same origin as hospital), which
referred to a French version of a building seeing frequent visitors, and providing care, rather than
a place offering accommodation. In contemporary French usage, htel now has the same
meaning as the English term, and htel particulier is used for the old meaning, as well as "htel"
in some place names such as Htel-Dieu (in Paris), which has been a hospital since the Middle
Ages. The French spelling, with the circumflex, was also used in English, but is now rare. The
circumflex replaces the 's' found in the earlier hostel spelling, which over time took on a new, but
closely related meaning. Grammatically, hotels usually take the definite article hence "The
Astoria Hotel" or simply "The Astoria.

Travel is the movement of people between relatively distant geographical locations,

and can involve travel by foot,bicycle, automobile, train, boat, airplane, or other
means, with or without luggage, and can be one way or round trip. [1][2]Travel can also
include relatively short stays between successive movements.
he origin of the word "travel" is most likely lost to history. The term "travel" may
originate from the Old French word travail.[3] According to the Merriam Webster
dictionary, the first known use of the word travel was in the 14th century. It also
states that the word comes from Middle English travailen, travelen (which means to
torment, labor, strive, journey) and earlier from Old French travailler (which means to

work strenuously, toil). In English we still occasionally use the

words travailand travails, which mean struggle. According to Simon Winchester in his
book The Best Travelers' Tales (2004), the words travel and travail both share an
even more ancient root: a Roman instrument of torture called the tripalium (in Latin it
means "three stakes", as in to impale). This link reflects the extreme difficulty of
travel in ancient times. Also note the torturous connotation of the word "travailler."
Today, travel may or may not be much easier depending upon the destination you
choose (i.e., Mt. Everest, the Amazon rainforest), how you plan to get there (tour
bus, cruise ship, or oxcart), and whether or not you decide to "rough it (seeextreme
tourism and adventure travel). "There's a big difference between simply being a
tourist and being a true world traveler," notes travel writer Michael Kasum. This is,
however, a contested distinction as academic work on the cultures and sociology of
travel has noted.
Tourism is travel for recreation, leisure, religious, family or business purposes,
usually for a limited duration. Tourism is commonly associated with international
travel, but may also refer to travel to another place within the same country.
TheWorld Tourism Organization defines tourists as people "traveling to and staying
in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for
leisure, business and other purposes". [1]
Tourism has become a popular global leisure activity. Tourism can be domestic or
international, and international tourism has both incoming and outgoing implications
on a country's balance of payments. Today, tourism is a major source of income for
many countries, and affects the economy of both the source and host countries, in
some cases being of vital importance.
Tourism suffered as a result of a strong economic slowdown of the late-2000s
recession, between the second half of 2008 and the end of 2009, and the outbreak
of the H1N1 influenza virus,[2][3] but slowly recovered. International tourism receipts
(the travel item in the balance of payments) grew to US$1.03 trillion (740 billion) in
2011, corresponding to an increase inreal terms of 3.8% from 2010.[4] International
tourist arrivals surpassed the milestone of 1 billion tourists globally for the first time in
2012,[5] the same year in which China became the largest spender in international
tourism globally with US$102billion, surpassing Germany and United States. China
and emerging markets such as Russia and Brazil had significantly increased their
spending over the previous decade
he word tourist was used by 1772 [7] and tourism by 1811.[8]
William F. Theobald (1994) suggested that "etymologically, the word tour is derived
from the Latin, 'tornare' and the Greek, 'tornos', meaning 'a lathe or circle; movement

around a central point or axis'. This meaning has changed in modern English to
represent 'one's turn'. The suffix ism is defined as 'an action or process; typical
behaviour or quality', while the suffix, ist denotes 'one who performs a given action'.
When the word tour and the suffixes ism and ist are combined, they suggest the
action of moving in a circle. Describing a circle implies returning to one's starting
point, so a tour is a round-trip journey, i.e. the act of leaving and ultimately returning
to the original starting point. Therefore, one who takes such a journey can be called
a tourist."[9]
Today, three schools discuss the roots of 'tourism'. The French School, led by A.
Houlot, argues that the term 'tourism' comes from the old Aramaic Tur, which was
used for the exploration and movement of people in the Bible. This word was used
for the first time when Moses began his expedition to the lands of Canan. [10] Another
school of thought, the Onomastic School, considers the origin of the concept not
from a linguistic perspective but rather links it to the last name of the French
aristocrat Della Tour. According to this school, after Carlos V signed a treaty with
England in 1516, in celebration of this event, the future king gave the Della Tour
family exclusive rights to conduct commercial transport and related businesses. [11] A
third school focuses on the Anglo-Saxon world, and scrutinises Theobalds thesis.
Surmising that the roots of the word 'tourism' lie in the ancient Anglo-Saxon term
Torn, these scholars have found evidence that the term was coined in the 12th
century by farmers to denote travel with an intention to return. Over the centuries,
the meaning of the word has shifted. By the middle of the 18th century, English
noblemen used the term 'turn' to refer to trips undertaken for education and cultural
exploration. In reality, the purpose of the noblemens trips to the different parts of the
kingdom was to acquire knowledge that was later useful for governing. [12]
Significance of tourism[edit]

Strandkorb chairs on Usedom Island, Germany. Not only the service sector grows
thanks to tourism, but also local manufacturers (like those producing the
strandkorb), retailers, thereal estate sector and the generalimage of a location can
benefit a lot.

Tourism is an important, even vital, source of income for many countries. Its
importance was recognized in the Manila Declaration on World Tourism of 1980 as
"an activity essential to the life of nations because of its direct effects on the social,
cultural, educational, and economic sectors of national societies and on their
international relations."[1][13]
Tourism brings in large amounts of income into a local economy in the form of
payment for goods and services needed by tourists, accounting for 30% of the
world's trade of services, and 6% of overall exports of goods and services.[4] It also
creates opportunities for employment in the service sector of the
economy associated with tourism.[14]
The service industries which benefit from tourism include transportation services,
such as airlines, cruise ships, and taxicabs;hospitality services, such
as accommodations, including hotels and resorts; and entertainment venues, such
as amusement parks, casinos, shopping malls, music venues, and theatres. This is
in addition to goods bought by tourists, including souvenirs, clothing and other
supplies.
Definitions[edit]
In 1936, the League of Nations defined a foreign tourist as "someone traveling
abroad for at least twenty-four hours". Its successor, the United Nations, amended
this definition in 1945, by including a maximum stay of six months. [9]
In 1941, Hunziker and Krapf defined tourism as "the sum of the phenomena and
relationships arising from the travel and stay of non-residents, insofar as they do not
lead to permanent residence and are not connected with any earning activity." [15][16] In
1976, the Tourism Society of England's definition was: "Tourism is the temporary,
short-term movement of people to destinations outside the places where they
normally live and work and their activities during the stay at each destination. It
includes movements for all purposes."[17] In 1981, the International Association of
Scientific Experts in Tourism defined tourism in terms of particular activities chosen
and undertaken outside the home.[18]
In 1994, the United Nations identified three forms of tourism in its Recommendations
on Tourism Statistics:[19]

Domestic tourism, involving residents of the given country traveling only within
this country
Inbound tourism, involving non-residents traveling in the given country

Outbound tourism, involving residents traveling in another country

The terms tourism and travel are sometimes used interchangeably. In this context,
travel has a similar definition to tourism, but implies a more purposeful journey. The
terms tourism and tourist are sometimes used pejoratively, to imply a shallow interest
in the cultures or locations visited. By contrast, traveler is often used as a sign of
distinction. The sociology of tourism has studied the cultural values underpinning
these distinctions and their implications for class relations.

The hospitality industry is a several billion dollar industry that mostly depends on the
availability of leisure time and disposable income. A hospitality unit such as a
restaurant, hotel, or even an amusement park consists of multiple groups such as
facility maintenance, direct operations (servers, housekeepers, porters, kitchen
workers, bartenders, etc.), management, marketing, and human resources.
Usage rate is an important variable for the hospitality industry. Just as a factory
owner would wish to have his or her productive asset in use as much as possible (as
opposed to having to pay fixed costs while the factory isn't producing), so do
restaurants, hotels, and theme parks seek to maximize the number of customers
they "process".
In viewing various industries, "barriers to entry" by newcomers and competitive
advantages between current players are very important. Among other things,
hospitality industry players find advantage in old classics (location), initial and
ongoing investment support (reflected in the material upkeep of facilities and the
luxuries located therein), and particular themes adopted by the marketing arm of the
organization in question (such as a restaurant called the 51st fighter group that has a
WW2 theme in music and other environmental aspects). Very important is also the
characteristics of the personnel working in direct contact with the customers. The
authenticity, professionalism, and actual concern for the happiness and wellbeing of
the customers that is communicated by successful organizations is a clear
competitive advantage.
In 1985 the hotel Rate and Structure Committee recommended that do not offer
residential accommodation should be permitted to use the word "HOTEL". With the
process of industrialization, urbanization and growth of foreign trade hotel got
recognized as an industrial activity.
Hospitality means 'care for strangers'. This trait seems to be an inherent part of
human nature. (Well, perhaps not everyone is hospitable!)

It goes right back to the beginning of human existence,Hospitality means 'care for
strangers'. This trait seems to be an inherent part of human nature. (Well, perhaps
not everyone is hospitable!)It goes right back to the beginning of human existence.
The hotel industry is originated in the 6th century BC and is a commercial industry.
The earliest inns were just large halls where the travelers slept on the floor along
with the animals on which they traveled. These conditions prevailed for hundred of
years until the mode of travel changed. The term hotel is of ancient origin but came
to mean an institution offering accommodation and food services for travelers
recently. The term "inn" had been used since 14th century and it was not until 18th
century, that hotel became widely used. A hotel is an institution or a building in which
are provided lodging meal and other services for the traveling public. It is a business
enterprise having a building for public accommodation that furnishes lodging and
usually provides meals, beverages and personnel services. it often offers depending
upon its category, entertainment, rooms for meetings, banquets, bells, parlors, shops
of various kinds, lounges, lobbies, cafes, bar and restaurant.
The hotels wide area of business activities can be grouped into four factors:
1. Providing living accommodation
2. Supplying food, drinks, etc for immediate consumption.
3. Having transportation, recreational and entertainment facilities.
4. Any other functions incidental or ancillary to any of these activities.
Hotel industry is an essential part of tourism. The industry is closely linked with the
tourism i.e. responsible for about 50% of the foreign earnings from tourism; hotel
industry holds a good future both to Indian and overseas entrepreneurs from the
point of view of investment and collaboration. This industry is one of the joint
ventures, which has over the years, grown with the highly expanded and diversified
Indian industrial structure and is currently operating a viable industrial concern.
CHANGES IN MODE OF TRANSPORT AND TRAVEL:
The invention of wheel, one of the greatest events in the history of civilization
resulted in the production of quicker modes of conveyance. The speed of travel
increased with the development of vehicles. With the advent of industrial revolution
in England, travel for business gradually started increasing. A growing economy also
led to an increase in travel for recreation and meaningful utilization of leisure. This
created a longing among people to travel beyond the traditional boundaries.

ERA OF INNS

Travelers of earlier times belonged to different segments of society. They consisted

of members of the nobility as well as religious members missionaries, traders and
soldiers; travel for the common man came at a much later date. The aristocrats or
nobility traveled on the horse back or in the carriages and were usually entertained
by people of their own class in castles and mansions of great statistics. They were
accommodated and fed, befitting their status with sumptuous meals and a lot of
wine. Monasteries provided shelter to the religious order, while the soldiers were
lodged in the in forts or in tents. It was the traders who helped in promoting the
establishment of inns. They had no other alternative but to stay in inns for a night or
two while traveling.
The improvement of roads and the building carriages also increased the number of
people on move. To provide accommodation and food for this increasing number of
travelers, many types of inns were set up along the frequently traveled roads and
part ways. Thus, inn keeping began its steady growth and became more popular as
times progressed.
In earlier times working as an inn was skill oriented and these inns were normally run
by a husband and wife team. Inns provided shelter and stabling facilities .Some of
them also provided wholesome food and wine.
FROM INNS TO HOTELS
The lead in hoteliering was taken by several nations in Europe especially France and
Switzerland. 'Chalets'-small cottages with an over hanging conical roof found in
Swiss mountains and a small hotels which provided a variety of services, were
mainly patronized by the aristocracy of the day.
Around 1760 a type of establishment became common in Paris called as 'Hotel
Grani'. These were large houses with a number of rooms and apartment available for
rent by the day, week or month.
This signified a more luxurious and organized way in lodging which was different
from the basic requirement met by inns of that period.
The 'City Hotel' in New York was the first building meant only for use as a hotel. It
was built in the year 1794. In the 1827 the 'Delmonica Brothers' who were
immigrants from Switzerland, opened a pastry shop and caf in New York City. It was
a change that entries of that era, and led to the opening of their first restaurant, a few
years later.
THE CONCEPT OF CHAIN HOTELS
The concept of chain hotels began around 1920 under the guidance of E M Statler.
The depression in 1930 had a distress effect on the industry. However after the
Second World War, the hotel industry improved and registered a steady growth .this

prosperity continued through the war years into the 50's when two new concepts
emerged.
Motels
International Hotel Chain Operation
While the growth of motels was restricted to the North American continent,
international chain operations spread into all the continents. Individual owners found
themselves crushed in the rise of multinational chains that could provide the
expertise, technology and marketing that individual owners could not provide.
Individual owners thus merged themselves to large international chains, such as
Sheratons, Hilton, Hyatt, Holiday inn, Remade inn etc .these international chains
provided the following services to the individual services.
Partnership
Franchise
Management
Leasing
a) Partnership
Sharing of profit and equity.
b) Franchise
Providing a name and association and helping to market the hotel in return for
franchise and marketing fees.
c) Management
Managing the hotel in exchange for marketing fees and a share in the profits known
as incentive fees.
d) Leasing
Lease means taking overall operational aspects of the property for a specific period
of time, paying the lease either as a fixed sum or as a percentage of turnovers.
The expansion of cities all over the world and their rapid growth led to further
development of travel ad hospitality. As the demand for skilled professionals in all the
departments of a hotel increased the need was felt for specialization training
institutions. Today the level of training in the catering industry is highly advanced and
specialized.
Economic Impact Study

State and local governments will often offer incentives to stimulate hotel or resort
development. As a complement to the feasibility study, the economic impact study
focuses on the data that attracts municipal incentives for a project or helps a
developer sell his vision to local officials. A governmental entity may also use the
economic impact study to determine whether to offer incentives to a developer.
An economic impact study analyzes temporary and permanent effects on the local
economy from the development and operation of a new hotel or resort. Temporary
impacts include jobs and revenues created during construction and future tax
revenues. Permanent economic impacts are generated by permanent jobs created,
ongoing revenues realized by service providers, and tax revenues once the hotel or
resort is operational.
The economic impact study report will analyze the following impacts:

Construction Impacts

Operation and Visitor Impacts

Employment Impacts

Tax Revenue Impacts

Other Impacts
Our study evaluates three types of new economic impact from a project on the city,
county, and state. These will include:

Direct-Effect Impact, which includes the jobs and spending directly created by
the construction and operations of the proposed property.
Indirect or Induced Impacts, which result from production changes in
downstream industries associated with the initial direct spending and employment
at the facility. For example, a direct expenditure on a restaurant meal causes the
restaurant to purchase food and other items from suppliers. These restaurant
purchases are an example of indirect economic impact.
Final Impact, which represents the overall economic impact of a change in
final demand on output, earnings, and employment on a region's economy. The
final impact calculations represent the increased output, earnings, and
employment that occur in an economy because of spending caused by the
proposed resort.

he Economic Impact of Hotel Development

Presented by: Alan Suzuki, Senior Consultant - Pinnacle Advisory Group

Hotels are considered an important economic component to any community.

In some cases, cities and municipalities will offer incentives in order to
stimulate hotel development. These incentives can be in the form of tax
breaks, favorable land leases, or assistance with financing. Prior to
establishing incentives for hotel development, a city or municipality should
conduct an economic impact study to estimate the economic benefits that
results from the development. This assessment should evaluate the economic
benefits of the initial investment both in the short term and over the long-term.

The economic impact to local and regional economies from hotel development
is typically separated into four categories: direct, fiscal, indirect, and induced.

Direct Impact

Direct impact includes all projected revenues that will be generated from
consumers at the new hotel. This will include all rooms revenues, food and
beverage revenues from restaurants and banqueting, as well as other
potential revenue sources such as spa or parking. Direct impact also includes
total payroll paid out to employees hired at the hotel as well as all payroll paid
out to temporary construction workers who construct the hotel.

Fiscal Impact

Fiscal impact refers to all federal, state, and local taxes that will be collected
from the development and operations of the new hotel. Taxes include all sales
taxes collected in association with the hotel generated revenues, as well as all
payroll related taxes collected from full-time hotel employees and temporary
construction workers. Local governments will also collect new property taxes
from the operation of the hotel. Many local governments will also collect
revenues through lodging taxes.

Indirect Impact

In addition to local governments and hotel owners/employees, contractors and

suppliers to a newly developed hotel will also benefit. Indirect impact includes
all jobs and income generated by businesses that supply goods and services
to the hotel. Examples of businesses that will indirectly benefit from the
development of a hotel include suppliers of rooms related goods
(housekeeping supplies, room amenities, etc), telecommunication vendors
(internet, cable, etc.), utility companies, food and beverage suppliers, and
other hotel related vendors.

Induced Impact

Induced impact refers to economic effects generated when employees (fulltime and temporary) and suppliers re-spend their wages on local consumer
purchases. For example, an employee may purchase gas for their car on their
way home from work.

Calculation of Impact

Pinnacle Advisory Group has conducted several economic impact studies as

a result of hotel development. In most cases, direct and fiscal impacts can be
calculated with relative confidence and accuracy. A hotel pro-forma will
calculate the revenues in direct impact, while full-time and temporary payroll
projections can be calculated from the preparation of staffing schedules
combined with knowledge of local wages.

Indirect and induced impact, on the other hand involves a certain degree of
subjectivity. While expenditures of goods and services can be estimated, it is
difficult to accurately calculate how much of those expenditures will be
generated from contractors and suppliers from the local area. Induced impact,
which results from the re-spending of wages on local consumer products, is
also difficult to estimate. Several complex models have been created by
various economists that recommend multipliers that can be applied to total
direct impact dollars. In general, depending on several factors including the
size and economic diversity of the regional economy, multipliers typically
range between 1.1 to 2 of total direct impacts.

A hotel's impact to the local community is often more than just job creation
and additional tax revenue. When all economic considerations are accounted
for, the calculation of total direct, fiscal, indirect, and induced impact can give
the public a more universal understanding of a hotel development's impact