01

Leanne
Leanne

Marquis

Leanne
4

Once again we have had to hire someone to clean

our rain gutters, which have become clogged ~.
which
our rain gutters
I have consulted with our attorney and he informs
me that we have the right to trim or remove any
branches that cross the property line.
inform A that
A
inform A of

~ has been very helpful in assisting me in obtaining

an entry-level position in the telemarketing field.
assist
in -ing
I will contact your office on Friday morning to see if
I could schedule a few moments at your convenience.
to see
if

8~9

gutter
clog
property
hang
maintain
expense
consult
trim
arrangement

Piaget

Its always permissible [to try to make the

acquaintance of an appealing stranger in a public place],
as long as you do so politely and stop immediately ~.
It
[to try ~]
do
so try to make the acquaintance of an appealing
stranger in a public place
Courageous women who begin a conversation with a
male stranger must also adhere to the rule [that if little
interest is shown they must excuse themselves politely].
that
[that ~] the rule

He has written over forty volumes and hundreds of

articles [dealing with the ways in which a child learns
to understand the world].
[dealing ~]
over forty volumes and
hundreds of articles
We have also used cartoons and comic strips to
illustrate a point, and to demonstrate how closely
related Piagets theory is to everyday phenomena in
childrens lives.
to illustrate to demonstrate
and

leading
psychologist
volume
article
deal with
concept
clarify
literature
enjoyable
excerpt
concretize
term
comic strip
phenomenon

permissible
make the acquaintance of
appealing
province
adhere to
excuse oneself
insistent
companion
captive
be subjected to
insistence

4
Jean Piaget
40
Piaget

Piaget
Piaget
Piaget
Piaget

Narcissus

Minneapolis
North Air 1226

10
3

10

Raleigh

Minneapolis
Minneapolis
Quartermaster

Southeast
7

Georgia Long

30

Narcissus

Processes [that systematize product development

and launch, including the need for accurate knowledge
about customers and market], are all to the good, of
course.
Processes [that ~]
are
[No matter how painful], its worth double-checking
that your customers behold the same beauty in your new
product or service that you do.
[No ~]
do
behold
process
systemize
launch
all to the good
eliminate
passion
underlying
distorting
corporate
persist
rigorous
unwarranted
admiration
reflection
behold

5
North Carolina

I am glad youre going to be paying us a visit here in

Minneapolis to consider offering our kilns to your
customers in your catalog of ceramics supplies.
to consider
to
Ill pick you up at the airport and take you to
Quartermaster Inn, [a lovely old inn and restaurant just
outside of downtown Minneapolis].
[a ~] Quartermaster Inn
studio
pay ~ a visit
ceramics
enclose
itinerary
inn
representative
state-of-the-art

02
10

Excesses of zeal, imprudence of judgment, and even

intemperance of language ought often to be tolerated in
the student press [when similar offenses would not be
tolerated in the ordinary press], ~.
when
[when
~]
Karl Popper

~ for often it is better [that the indiscretions of

youthful judgment be endured] than [that the faculty of
forming resolute opinions should be discouraged].
it
[that ~]
that
academic
primarily
extend to
medieval
press
representative
training ground
excess
zeal
imprudence
tolerate
ordinary
indiscretion
endure
faculty
resolute

It seems possible [only to tinker at the boundaries].

It
[only to tinker ~]
And we may know in our hearts [that {as the
philosopher Karl Popper put it}, Our knowledge can
only be finite, while our ignorance must necessarily be
infinite.]
know
[that ~]
{as ~}
as

12-13

paradigm
in terms of

The strange modern idea [that forests are just trees]

and [that a monocultured stand of Eucalyptus
genetically engineered to express pesticides is the same
thing as an ancient community of trees, fungi, flowers,
animals, birds and all the other living things and
products a complete forest would provide], is certainly
one of the most striking symptoms of how disconnected
our modern culture has become from the reality of
nature.
The strange modern idea
[that ~
trees] [that ~ provide] The strange modern idea
is
Due perhaps to our own social paradigms, we have
tended to see forest growth in terms of competition for
light and space, [a kind of Darwinian contest that
resulted in one tree winning and shading out the
others].
competition ~ space [a kind ~]
Eucalyptus
genetically
express
pesticide
fungus
symptom
disconnected
organism
aspen
outgrowth

We know [that a fetus has no need to eat, breathe, or

protect itself from danger], and [that it is constantly
soothed by the rhythmical beat of its mothers heart].
know
[that ~ danger] [that ~ heart] that
that
it a fetus
It has no awareness of boundaries, no sense of itself,
and no recognition [that it is encased in a sac inside its
mother].
[that ~] recognition
reveal
instantly
automatically
fluid
soothe
rhythmical
observation
tranquil

effortless
encase
oneness

4
1930

W. T. James

350

James
James
30

Albert Mehrabian

Sometimes it can even be an asset since we casting

people do love to discover fresh faces, [no matter what
age they may be].
since
[no
matter what ~]
[ ]

insoluble
dilemma
pat answer
suggestion
deficiency
asset
cast
get caught

James

Through a series of tests [that had respondents

identifying almost 350 different meanings for various
poses from a series of photographs], James was able to
determine [that the direction of the torso plays a key
role in determining a persons level of interest].
[that ~]
a series of tests
determine
[that ~] determine
Numerous studies have appeared since that time,
confirming [that the Belly Button Rule is one of the
most accurate ways of gauging a persons interest and
intent].
have appeared
have p.p.
[that ~] confirming

initially
respondent
identify
determine
torso
separate
directionality
withdrawal
disinterest

expansion
heighten
confidence
contraction
refine
aspect
intention
confirm
gauge
intent

But the larger sand grains may settle to the bottom,

[where they roll back and forth as each wave passes],
[occasionally being lifted and dropped again by
unusually violent water motion].
[where ~]
and there they ~ passes
[occasionally being ~]

[The momentum of this turbid sheet of water and

sand] carries it below the general level of the sea, and a
small wave, usually less than a foot high, called the
backrush breaker, curls over it.
[The momentum ~]
carries
a small wave
curls

backrushing
velocity
suspension
momentum
sheet
breaker
curl
turbulent
swirl
beach face
uprush
occasionally
violent
net
particle

03
14

The Experience Economy

Pine

Gilmore

Standard Parking of Chicago

OHare
1

Bulls

Blackhawks

OHare

In addition to the direct advantages and

disadvantages of particular climates in terms of
agriculture or diseases, climate can also affect the size
of the cultural universe.
in addition to
the direct ~ diseases
to
climate
Because climates usually vary more from north to
south than they do over equal distances from east to
west, [knowledge of particular crops or the domestication
and care of particular animals] can travel far greater
distances from east to west than from north to south.
they climates
do
vary
can travel
[knowledge ~]
16-17

They were later asked to recall the words in one of

the two environments: either in the original environment
[in which the words were learned] or in the alternative
environment.
be asked to do
either A or B
A
B
[in
which ~] the original environment
Lists [learned underwater] had higher recall
underwater, and lists [learned on dry land] had higher
recall on dry land.
[learned ~]
Lists
lists
experiment
recall
alternative
context-dependent
disruption
to ones advantage
parking garage
signature tune
decorate
icon

1
9

Vitousek
20

Vitousek
No matter how badly you want to get out of a
situation, it usually involves losing something.
no matter how
involves
losing
Some introduced species act as devastating weeds,
[taking over an ecosystem {that lacks proper
defenses}].
[taking ~]
Some
introduced species
{that ~}
an ecosystem

agriculture
transport
locale
deliberate
unintentional
choke
deprive ~ of
ecology
unanticipated
consequence
devastating
pest
non-indigenous

10

Whether the thing [you are leaving behind] is

something [that you cherish or despise], ~.
[you ~]
the thing
[that ~]
something
settle for
involve
leave behind
cherish
despise
celebrate
relocation
signify
era
uncharted
territory

72
UPS

UPS
6

UPS

Similarly, small cutting remarks from those close to

us also cause a disproportionate amount of pain
[because we are unusually sensitive to people {we love
and respect}].
cause
[because ~]
{we
~}
people
[Knowing that his wife enjoyed watching the birds
{that visited their yard}], a man decided to build a bird
feeder as a surprise gift for her.
[Knowing ~]
{that ~}
the birds
superficial
sensory
numerous
irritate
out of proportion to
injury
remark
disproportionate
bird feeder
surprise gift
spoil

UPS found [that when they redesigned their drivers

position so that it no longer included the thankless job of
loading the trucks, they were able to dramatically
increase the length of driver employment].
found
that
when
so that ~
so that ~
[that ~]
they were
They determined [that the drivers were the face of
the company] and [that their customers didnt
appreciate meeting a new driver every six months].
determined
that
and

revolving-door
loyalty
treasured
hit the road
repeat oneself
redesign
thankless
dramatically
strategic
appreciate
alternatively
high-turnover
minimal
retention

11

20-21

04

1
18

1
Butchie

Trish

Trish
Cindy

Butchie

Eve
Eve

Butchie

Cindy

Butchie
Trish

Eve
Cindy

Butchie

Eve
Cindy
Cindy

Trish
Butchie

Cindy
Eve

Trish

Butchie

Cindy

Trish

Eve

Trish
Trish

Cindy

Eve
Eve

Cindy
Cindy

The quarrel goes on, [each comment more

venomous than the last].
[each ~]
each
comment
being
At which point Eve [rips the sweater off], [throws
it at her], and [says, Your stuff doesnt fit me anyway.
Its ugly.]
At which point And at that point
[rips ~]
[throws ~] [says, ~]
and

12

Trish had gone out and left her dog, Butchie, in her
apartment, [safely locked in the kitchen behind a baby
gate], like she always did.
[safely locked ~] her dog, Butchie
like
She instructed her roommate [to take the dog to the
nearest emergency vet office] and [that she would meet
her there as soon as she could].
instruct
to do[that ]
[to take ~] [that
~]
and
lock
squirrel
life-threatening
vet office
surgery
cast
scrape
bruise

T ips

assistant
private
shun
bait
finance
distribute
practically
complaint
get back to
treat

2
Alan Conway

1990

Stanley

Kubrick

Alan Conway
Kubrick

Halina

Stanley Kubrick

Halina

Kubrick

Halina

Warner Bros.
Stanley

Halina

Kubrick

Stanley Kubrick
Alan Conway
Stanley Kubrick
Conway

Alan

The man-who-would-be-Kubrick ([whose real name

was Alan Conway] and [who looked nothing like the
dark-bearded director]) went around London [telling
people {who he was}].
[whose ~] [who ~] The man-who-would-beKubrick
[telling ~]
The man-who-would-be-Kubrick
{who ~} telling
Warner Bros., [which financed and distributed
Kubricks films], began calling Kubricks office
practically every day with new complaints from people
[who could not understand {why Stanley would not
get back to them}].
[which ~]
Warner Bros.
[who ~]
people
{why ~} understand

Halina

Halina

She always wore such beautiful dresses and asked

for her opinion, [which made her feel quite adult].
[which ~]
Does the dress look good? she had said, [dancing
in front of her], [her eyes even more lustrous than
usual], [turning this way and that for approval].
[dancing ~] [her ~] [turning ~]
creep(-crept-crept) into
swing(-swung-swung)
evening gown
catch sight of

13

fond
make-believe
reflection
approval

John Assaraf
John

Keenan

Keenan
John

4
Laura

John
Keenan

Laura

State

Keenan

Laura

Laura

John
John

Laura

Keenan
Laura
Laura

Laura

Paris
Laura

Laura

Laura

Paris

John Assaraf
Keenan

Laura

Laura
Laura

Laura

As she passed by an alley, Laura noticed a woman

[sitting by a box].
[sitting ~] a woman
Although Laura was somewhat afraid to walk
toward the woman, she was hoping [that she had finally
found her mother].
she
[that ~] was hoping
The woman looked up at Laura with her eyes
almost closed.
with
with

pass by
alley
notice
somewhat
shiver with cold
whisper
at first
give ~ a hug

14

John told his son all sorts of stories about [what a

blast John had had when he first went to kindergarten],
[how the classroom had all kinds of toys and other kids
who liked doing all the same stuff {he liked to do}],
[how cool it was for John], and [what a great time it was
going to be for Keenan].
about
{he ~}
all the same stuff
kindergarten
blast
stuff
cool
completely
barely
brand-new

05
Longstreet

22

Longstreet
The Union
sympathizer
it
The other man responded to his friends comments
by explaining [that he was not siding with them], and
[that he would never side with them].
[that ~]
[that ~]
explaining
and
~ it would be Gods way [to decide {which of them
would be able to go home}].
it
[to decide ~] to
{which ~}
decide

general
pick up a conversation
sympathy
Union Army
side with
make a point that
apologize
sympathizer
rub

it

which
the mistaken impression
defined
involves
certain forms of behavior

that

is

are

[Setting goals and holding reasonably high

behavioral standards] also lets children know [that
certain forms of behavior are desirable, good, or
worthy and, therefore, to be aspired to and strived
toward].
[Setting ~]
let
[that
~] know
Such expectations also define the limits of behavior
and help children make the important discovery [that
some forms of behavior are unacceptable or even
unworthy], which may be just as important in healthy
development.
define help
Such expectations
help
to
[that ~] the important discovery

15

24~25

appreciate
visible
status
reputation
tech geek
overlook

Love Machine

Love Machine

Second Life
Linden Lab

Love Machine
Love
Love

Love
Love

Linden

Chris

Colosi

(A) protect
(B)

(C)
overlook

aim to
guard
they appreciated help from a colleague
which
when

overlooked

A fascinating approach [called the Love Machine]

was developed at Linden Lab, [the company behind the
virtual world Second Life].
[called ~] A fascinating approach
[the company ~] Linden Lab
The Love Machine was designed to overcome this
tendency by enabling employees to send a Love
message when they appreciated help from a colleague.
to overcome
to
by -ing
enable
to do

approach
virtual
aim
guard
share
colleague

16

and

consider
arguing argue

to calm
to
nervous musicians
remove
that

them
the drugs

the qualities

The drugs, [designed to treat heart disease], help

nervous musicians by [reducing the effect of
adrenaline], [lowering the heart rate], and [enabling
them to play unimpeded by shaking hands].
[designed ~]
The drugs
[reducing ~] [lowering ~] [enabling ~]
by
Defenders of beta-blockers argue [that the drugs do
not make anyone a better violinist or pianist but simply
remove an impediment so that performers can display
their true musical gifts].

argue
that

[that ~]

so
One of the first great bursts of scientific reasoning
took place in Miletus, [a city-state on the coast of what
is now Turkey], in around 550 B.C., [where a group of
Ionian philosophers were among the first to believe
{that people could understand the universe using logic
rather than mythology and religion}].
[a city-state ~] Miletus
[where ~] Miletus
{that
~} believe
[Driven by what was then a unique approach to the
world], these mathematician philosophers began a
search for a prime cause for all natural phenomena.
[Driven ~]
these
mathematician philosophers

stage fright
calm ones nerves
heart disease
unimpeded
shaking
opponent
drug-becalmed
impediment
packed house
virtue
intrinsic
incidental

T ips

burst
reasoning
city-state
philosopher
logic
mythology
approach
prime
cause
phenomenon
disappearance
eclipse

3
Miletus

4
550

(A)
where
(B)

Miletus

Miletus

What
(C) involve
the personal forces of gods
involved

it is ~ that
music

the degree of ~ and

3

17

separates
in which

the ways

learned
that

the sign language

say

(A)

This suggestion

(B)

a plan

to make
to provide
(C) because

was
to
led

observed
~, we must quickly conclude [that most, if not all,
differences are in degree, not in kind].
that
[that ~]
conclude
~, it is possible [to point to communication among
dolphins or the sign language learned by apes in certain
experiments as simple and basic forms of the same
behavior].
it
to
[to point ~]

~, by making it possible [for children to be

employed at income-generating tasks], ~.
it
[for children ~]

mental
degradation
division of labor
arithmetic
contradict
enlightened
intellectual
at odds with
prevailing
dominant
discourage
compulsory
accessible
incentive

specify
unique
trait
extent
distinctive
point to
sign language
ape
parallel
elaborate
ritual
engage in
counterpart

6
Adam

Smith
Voltaire

Smith

Smith

18

~ was deeply at odds with the prevailing wisdom of

the dominant classes in Britain, who feared it would
discourage deference.
who
the dominant classes in Britain

06
all the happiness
does
that Our delusion
continuously increasing
Trying
burning keeps

26

do

multiplying

Our delusion [that happiness comes from the things

that we desire], and [that therefore by desiring and
acquiring more things we will become more happy], is a
vicious circle.
that
[that ~ desire] [that ~ happy]
Our delusion
The more we acquire those objects, the more
intensely our desire for them and for other such objects
will rage.
The
the

delusion
acquire
vicious circle
multiply
raging
extinguish
rage
petrol
derive
ourself

Thomas Malthus

resistant

susceptible

Todays dominant worldviews and institutions

emerged during the early Industrial Revolution, [when
the world was still relatively empty of humans and their
built infrastructure].
when
[when ~] the early Industrial
Revolution
Current ideas about [what is desirable] and [what is
possible] were forged in this context.
and
[what ~ desirable] [what ~
possible]
about

T ips

28-29

19

Richard Brandt

agrees

(A) deny

accept
accepts

(B) conflict

correspond
conflicts

(C) abundance

insufficiency

abundance

At some time in their lives most people pause to

reflect [on their own moral principles] and [on the
practical implications of those principles], ~.
and
[on ~] reflect
The person will tend [to feel guilty when his or her
own conduct violates that principle] and [to disapprove
of others whose behavior conflicts with it].
and
[to feel ~] [to disapprove ~]
tend
reflect on
implication
justified
violate
disapprove of
hold in esteem

objects

[Choosing a good research design] involves more

than just selecting a particular method.
[Choosing ~]
~, investigators must do so in a way [that does not
violate the rights of people who participate].
[that ~]
a way
involve
ethical
violate
verify
representative
approval
component

Barry
Diller

1970

The Poseidon Adventure

ABC

Diller
330
Diller

20

TV
Raven
CBS

(A) easy

difficult

easy
(B) make money

lose money
avoid

losing
(C) forget
Diller
forgot

imitate
remember

It is sometimes easy [to get knocked off your target

by the other party during a negotiation].
It
[to get ~]
~, he forgot about his primary goal making a
profit and got caught up in [what one CBS executive
{who bid against him} called the fever of winning a
competition].
[what ~]
{who ~} one CBS executive

negotiation
get swept away
lose sight of
entrepreneur
the hard way
bid for
represent
frantic

[A young child {who looks up to an older brother,

tries to imitate his mannerisms, and adopts his
interests}] is one illustration.
[A ~]
{who ~}
A young
child
looks tries adopts
and
[A young man {who drinks a particular brand of
beer because he identifies with the macho image of
the sportsmen promoting the product in TV
commercials}] is also being influenced by referent
power.
[A ~]
{who ~}
A
young man
Recently, Raven has discussed the possibility of
negative referent power, [which occurs when we want
to separate ourselves from a disliked or unappealing
person or group].
which
negative referent power
[which ~] negative referent power
relevance
admire
voluntarily
mannerism
adopt
illustration
unappealing
deliberately

T ips

TV

21

T ips

6
1,000
25

lessens

expands

[Only by expanding beyond the early adopters to the

much larger mainstream communities] can it achieve the
returns to scale that enable the developers to recover
their initial investments.
[Only ~]
can it
[Reaching larger user groups] in turn means that the
price of the product or service can be reduced.
[Reaching ~]
means

(A) constrain

constrains
(B) imitate

22

eliminate

imitated
(C) plausible

mainstream
in turn
cellular
telephony
reliability
imbed
capture
in parallel with
deployment

disregard

groundless

plausible

When the inventor then generates initial invention

designs, he often constrains the form of the invention
through implicit analogies to components of nature or
existing products [whose function matches or
approximates that of the intended invention].
[whose ~]
existing products
that
function

Similarly, architects have made structural

innovations through analogies [to our actions toward
objects] and [to the forces, tensions, and interactions
within our skeletomuscular system].
to
and

generate
initial
implicit
analogy
component
match
approximate
model
craft
albatross
structural
realm
joystick

07
30

Bronx

Cont

T ips

I had a science teacher in junior high school [who

wanted me to go to the Bronx Science School], [which
was the premier high school in the United States].
[who ~]
a science teacher in junior high
school
[which ~] the Bronx Science
School
Though I was not doing [what he wanted me to do],
he respected me enough to offer encouragement.
[what ~]
was doing
enough to
The impact of his words strengthened our bond and
made me work even harder to justify his faith in me.
strengthened made and
work
made

23

32-33

be in danger of
sustain

2
Massachusetts

Advanced Cell Technology

1930

This
is nonsense

Theres excited talk of {cloning and genetic

engineering offering a marvelous boost to wildlife
conservation}, [a high-tech solution to our tendency to
drive plant and animal species to extinction].
[a high-tech ~] {cloning ~}
Conservation isnt just about saving a particular
species; its about reducing our destructive impact on
natural systems [that are in increasing danger of being
unable to sustain themselves].
[that ~ ]
natural systems
clone
creature
lose ones grip on
mammoth
leave it at that
marvelous
boost
wildlife conservation
contradict

24

Most were deep in thought, [sitting almost trancelike in their bucket seats].
[sitting ~]
Most
I wondered if they were feeling the same uneasiness
[that I was feeling].
[that ~]
the same uneasiness
roar
airborne
streak
leak
cabin
peer
aisle
somber
bucket seat
hum
muted
abruptly
grin
nod
discomfort

4
Evangeline
Marshall

Evangeline

Evangeline

All [that existed here] was the solemn spirit of this

dreary house.
[that ~]
All
[Biting her lip], she began to run towards the stairs.
[Biting ~]
she

bang
echo
fingernail
trail
shuffle
marble
scan
solemn
dreary
goose bump
fix
gaze

After this he literally jumped out of the wheelchair

to the surprise of me and his therapist.
to the
of
to ones
I cant wait to see what he can do today!
cant wait to do

rehabilitation
cross-legged
swing
hold up
literally
jump out of
therapist
grin
on ones own
dunk
beanbag

25

6
Jack
Matt

Claire

Jack

Matt

Claire

Jack

for breath
my hand in panic
wide-eyed horror

gasping
Suddenly pulling back
in

[Bouncing off the rocky bottom of the reef], I

scratched my way towards the surface for air, [gasping
for breath as my head broke the water].
[Bouncing ~] [gasping ~]
I
But when it got close enough for me to grab, I
discovered that [what appeared to look like seaweed]
was in reality a hideous creature!
[what ~] that
reef
gasp
leash
pitch
dangle
hideous
panic
cling to
grip

26

Id expected
none of those happened
found myself rather discouraged
mourning the loss of~

Instead Jack brought home extravagantly wrapped

presents and a tree [that had to be topped in order to fit
{under the high ceiling of our living room}].
[that ~]
a tree
in order to
{under ~}
Meanwhile, I found myself rather discouraged by
his preparation and mourning the loss of our previous
simple Christmas in Los Angeles.
discouraged mourning

modest
reception
extravagantly
ceiling
cater
hors doeuvre
horseradish
assorted
trim
mourn

08

10
Green Hills Community Center

11

18

10
Green Hills

34

Community Center

SPORT
2014

26

28

Springfield

9
2

Springfield

30

1
5

30

Green Hills Community Center

www.greenhillscc.org
8

Bill Krise

20

315-548-8484

bill greenhillscc.org

10

10

Springfield

Springfield, Commonwealth

353

www.springfieldlibrary.
org

10

Many fascinating and unique books have been

coming into the Springfield Public Library, ~.
have been coming

36-37

Everyone who signs up will have to go through our

SPORT programing
SPORT

Everyone who signs up will have to go through our

SPORT programing, [which is a drug and substance
abuse prevention program].
will have to
[which ~]
our SPORT
programing
introduce
structured
gym
sign up
go through
drug and substance abuse
prevention
registration form
completed
send in

4
2013
2013

10

27

200
StarDome Plus
80
80
45

12

85

24

120

36

10
discoverastronomy.com

80

The proportion of management, professional, &

related workers [who received paid sick leave] was
larger than the proportion of workers in that occupation
group [who received paid vacations or paid holidays].
[who ~ leave] management, professional, & related
workers
[who ~ holidays]
workers in that occupation group
paid leave benefit
occupation
paid sick leave
transportation
material moving
proportion
provide

T ips
annual (paid)
leave

(PLUS, many more website extras

available only to subscribers!)
Each monthly issue includes [expert science
reporting, vivid color photography, complete sky-event
coverage, spot-on observing tips, informative telescope
reviews, and more].
[expert ~]
includes
All of this comes in an easy-to-understand, userfriendly style [thats perfect for students at any level].
[thats ~]
an easy-to-understand, userfriendly style
astronomy
stunning
timely
coverage
the heavens
spot-on
telescope
archive
binoculars
asteroid
subscriber
cover price

3
Discover Astronomy

Discover Astronomy

Discover Astronomy
2012

2012

28

09
38

30.6%
22.9%

10.1%
33%

The provision of nursing homes was about two

times more common in the South than in the Northeast.
than

The share of residential care communities [provided

in the South] surpassed the total share of residential care
communities [provided both in the Midwest and in the
Northeast] by a slight margin.
[provided ~ South]
residential care
communities
[provided ~ Northeast]
residential care communities
distribution
long-term
nursing home
residential
supply
sector
geographic
share
surpass
margin

10

The attributes [chosen more often by the American

teachers {according to their preference order} than by
the Chinese teachers] were sensitivity, patience, and
standards.
[chosen ~] The attributes
according to
For the Chinese teachers, patience was chosen least,
[showing only less than 5 percent of the teachers].
[showing ~]

T ips
40~41

1990
2008
1990

2008
50
55

29

2008

35
1990
2008

50

20
1990

2002

2008
1990

2008

10

2002
2008
2008

The most rapid decline in the poverty rate occurred

in East Asia & the Pacific, [where the rate fell from more
than 50 percent in 1990 to less than 20 percent in 2008].
[where ~] East Asia & the Pacific

Students and parents need to be aware that the

number of tardies allowed starts over every semester
not every nine weeks.
be aware that
allowed the number of tardies
For the purposes of this policy, tardiness will be
considered as not being in the classroom when the bell
rings.
not
being
cumulative
compile
excuse
approve
administrator

poverty rate
gradually
rapid
occur
steady
thereafter
drastic
remain

3
Willen

2
8
Willen
8

16

4
50

1
2
3
5

30

9
10
15

www.willenlake.com/holidayactivities

~ you will receive a certificate for completing the course

You will start off kneeboarding and work your way

to standing up, [which makes it easier for absolute
beginners to complete the course].
[which ~]
You will be given everything [you need to get
started, including a wet suit for waterskiing]!
[you ~]
everything

waterskiing
start off
kneeboarding
absolute
complete
book
essential
a wet suit for waterskiing
experienced
keep a record of
progression
certificate

Koreas rate, [which ranked first until 1995],

repeatedly fell and rose after 1995, but the highest rate
of 1991 was fully recovered by 2009.
fell rose
Koreas rate
[which ~]
Koreas rate
Taiwan had been below 20 percent in its
international coauthorship rate until 2000, but its rate
rose to over 20 percent afterward, [reaching about 24
percent in 2009].
[reaching ~] its rate
research article
coauthorship
rank
repeatedly
recover
exceed
maintain

1989

2009
EU

2009

EU
1989

20

40

20

1995
1995

1991
2009

1991

25

2009
2000
20

2009

20
2009

1991
1991

25
24

2009

31

10

Tamsi

Cluj

Higher School of Economics

1926

Tamsi

jsg
1919

Transylvania

42

bel 3

1935

New Intellectual Front

1937

Alexander von Humboldt

Tirgu Mures

Transylvania

Alexander von Humboldt

Tamsi ron
Orinoco
1800
30

Kosmos

Kosmos
His
last work, Kosmos, was considered to be the best world
scientific work ever written.
He [traveled to Europe, Russia, Central America,
and South America] and [was a mainstay on expeditions
of the early 1800s {on which his diverse experiences
included exploring the Orinoco River, climbing Andean
volcanoes, and measuring temperature and velocity in
the Peru Current}].
[traveled ~] [was ~]
and
{on
which ~}
expeditions of the early 1800s

44~45

he co-organized a meeting in Ti rgu Mures

where the problems of Transylvanian Hungarians were
given a critical presentation
[Called up for the army in 1916], Tamsi fought on
the Italian front in 1918, [where he distinguished
himself in the battle of the Piave River].
[Called ~]
Tamsi
[where ~]
the Italian front

1827

Transylvania

His most famous work is the bel trilogy about the

fortunes of a Hungarian boy [living in a rural
environment in a Romania-ruled Transylvania after
1919, then in Romania proper, and then in the United
States].
[living ~]
a Hungarian boy
peasant
call ~ up for
distinguish oneself
unit
take over
graduate
journalist
trilogy
fortunes
rural
Romania proper
critical

1
Tamsi ron

Tamsi ron

2
1897

1916
1918

Szekler
Tamsi

Piave
1918
Transylvania

32

1922

Kula

Melanesia
Kula Kula Exchange

Micronesia

3
atlatl

Kula Ring

Papua New Guinea

kula

30,000

atlatl
atlatl

atlatl

kula
100

atlatl
atlatl
16
atlatl

kula
Every act performed in the kula exchange was
regulated by traditional rules, customs, and conventions.
atlatl
[What little trading was done] was essentially
bartering in kind, and this was confined largely to
Melanesia and parts of Micronesia.
[What ~]
what
The necklaces were traded only clockwise and the
bracelets counterclockwise in a trade route [that
extended over hundreds of miles in circumference
between the numerous islands {found in this
geographical area}].
[that ~]
a trade route
{found ~}
the numerous islands
medieval
barter
in kind
confine
merit
article
commodity
extend over
circumference
regulate
convention
permanent
alliance

16
was used in some parts of the Americas regularly
until the sixteenth century
Essentially, the atlatl consists of [a wooden shaft
with a handle on one side] and [a cupped or notched
protrusion on the other end, {into which the base of the
spear is fitted}].
[a ~ side] [a ~ fitted]
and
{into which ~}
which
a
cupped or notched protrusion on the other end
Accuracy is affected not only [by this motion] but
also [by such factors as spear length, wind, projectile
point size, and atlatl design].
[by ~ motion] [by ~ design]
A
B
not only A but also B
range
shaft
cupped
fit
pitch
overhand
correctly
accuracy
projectile point
people
point
employ

33

5
Auditorium Theatre of Roosevelt University

Katsura Palace

Katsura Palace
Katsura

Auditorium Theatre of Roosevelt University

Frank Lloyd Wright
Dankmar Adler

1886

Kyoto
16
tatami

Louis Sullivan

Auditorium

Auditorium Building

Auditorium Theatre

1923

Chicago Opera

Company

1929
1941

1946

Roosevelt College

Roosevelt University

Auditorium Building
1960
Spachner

Beatrice T.

tatami

Auditorium Theatre

1967

Roosevelt College
Auditorium Building

20

Roosevelt University

Roosevelt College (later

Roosevelt University) acquired the Auditorium Building in
1946 and used the hotel floors for classes and offices while
the theatre stood empty.
[Located inside the Auditorium Building with a
hotel and restaurant], the Auditorium Theatre survived
the decades partly because it would have been too
expensive to demolish.
[Located ~] the Auditorium Theatre
too ~ to
The theatre closed in 1941, then reopened as a
recreation center for soldiers during World War II, [with
a bowling alley installed on the stage].
[with ~]
with

assessment
theatre
demolish
setback
home
bowling alley
install
restore

34

The main
palace is an open, timber-framed construction with simple
tatami (rice-straw) matted rooms and elevated verandas
from which to contemplate the changing seasons.

The main palace is an open, timber-framed

construction with simple tatami (rice-straw) matted
rooms and elevated verandas [from which to
contemplate the changing seasons].
[from which ~]
to
elevated verandas
The garden arbors and pavilions [surrounding the
main palace] are approached from a sequence of
carefully staged routes.
[surrounding ~] The garden arbors and pavilions

era
matted
contemplate
pavilion
understated
manipulate
blur
paving stone
weathering
clip
align
polish
eccentricity
discreet
aesthetic

11
46

Ernest Hemingway
The Sun Also Rises

5
20

Hemingway

If we do sign up, we can no longer tell ourselves that

we dont fly enough and it isnt worth the trouble; ~.
do sign up
tell
we
tell
ourselves
Having declined to join a fitness club located five
minutes from our home, then changed our minds only to
discover that the clubs membership rolls are closed, we
refuse to join ~.
Having declined (having) changed
only to
48-49

~ he would write a story and then omit several pages

at the beginning, theorizing that something omitted can
affect the reader as if it were there.
it
something omitted
as if it were
there
Your knowledge [obtained through your
preparation], even though unstated, will have a presence
and will affect the interview and the feeling developed
by the interviewer.
Your knowledge [obtained ~]
will have will
affect
omit
theorize
method
apply to
convey
obtain

2
35

1994
Nelson Mandela

reform
run-up
conditions
negotiation

1994
1980

3
1900

1994
New England

1994
1980

When you hear people outside of South Africa

talk about the changes there, ~.
people outside of
South Africa
talk
But the current changes in South Africa can be
traced back to the mid-1900s and earlier [to
courageous actions by people in prisons]; [to
committed actions by some business leaders who saw
apartheid as an economic disaster]; [to debates,
dialogues, and personal leadership by church leaders,
young and old people of all races in and outside the
country]; [to pressures to participate in a global
economy].
to the mid-1900s and earlier [to courageous ~] [to
committed ~] [to debates ~] [to pressures ~]

democratic
be traced back to
committed
disaster
burst forth into
indicator

36

Imagine a New England landscape nicely framed in

foreground foliage, with a white ribbon of road
curving across the picture and leading toward a village.
with
a white ribbon of
road
curving leading
The movement will tend strongly to send the
audiences eyes racing along the road ahead of the car to
focus on the village, [logically setting the mental stage
for following scenes made in the village itself].
[logically setting ~]
and (will) logically
set ~
motion
composition
landscape
frame

foreground
foliage
set the stage for
shot

inmate
tenderness
transform

The woman told the student that when she got to the
nursing home, she found conditions there so unbearable
and depressing that she led a revolution among the other
inmates to insist that they receive better treatment.
so ~ that

[Looking at the Internet and concluding {that the

main impact is to make us stupid}] is like looking at the
automobile and concluding that its a tool for learner
drivers to wipe out terrified pedestrians.
[Looking ~]
is
{that ~}
concluding
Online, were all still learner drivers, and its not
surprising [that online tools are sometimes used poorly,
{amplifying our individual and collective stupidity}].
it
[that ~]
{amplifying ~}

physician
account for
breast cancer
nursing home
unbearable

impact
contradiction
require
considerable
learner driver

I told the medical student who was working with me

to call the woman and find out her story, because I was
sure there would be one.
one
a story

37

terrorize
pedestrian
amplify
collective
stupidity

trivialize
colonize
mechanism
take issue with
temporarily
gramophone
signify
sleeve
article
publicity
be associated with
spectacle

6
1980

Sean
Cubitt

Jody Berland

Andrew Goodwin

As video became part of the day-to-day production

and promotion ~.
As
~ [the ability of the listener to imagine their own
images] had been colonized and replaced by the
promotional mechanisms of the industry.
[the ability ~]
had been colonized
and replaced
promotion
initial
commentator

38

12
50

19

19

19
20
2

This trend will be reinforced by the combination of

low inflation and low interest rates, [for that will remove
the need {to get the most rapid payback possible}].
[for ~]
{to get ~} the need

This has been as true historically as it is today.

as ~ as
[Faced with the inefficiencies, costs, and corruption
of private sector water provision], the British state
stepped in to create public water and sanitation systems.
[Faced ~]
the British state
52-53

Not only will there be a greater demand for quality,

rather than quantity, but it will be economic to meet that
demand rather in the way that the best-built homes in
Europe were built at the end of the nineteenth century,
after a long period of stable prices.
not only A but (also) B
A
B
not only
there
will
will there
modest
consideration
put pressure on
manufacturer
service life
combination
relatively
affluent
durable
reinforce
inflation
payback
stable

2
39

Paul Rotha

Its logic is [that if we are happy now, we wont do

anything to make things better].
[that ~]
is
So it looks for [whats wrong with the way things
are] so that it can figure out what to do to fix or improve
things.
[whats ~] looks for
so that ~

bring about
logic
figure out
fix
ongoing
label
ever-expanding
sensation

40

On the screen, [seeing an action and hearing its

accompanying sounds] adds little but a characteristic
realism to the import of a scene.
[seeing ~]
adds
Paul Rotha, the British film director and historian,
noted this fact when he wrote that sound [separated
from its source] will not only become a symbol of that
source, but also a symbol of what that source
represents.
that
sound
[separated ~]
that
A
B
not only A but also B
accompany
characteristic
recognizable
object
toll
associate ~ with
source
association of ideas
to advantage
unwittingly
illusion

opponent
bundle
extend
warranty
completion
bidder
throw in
superior

Erin Brockovich
6
Erin

Julia Roberts

TV

Erin Brockovich

If you are in a selling situation [where there is headon competition, even competitive bidding], this
technique can still be used.
a selling situation
[where ~]
They began changing the specifications for the bids,
[adding value], [bundling goods and services together],
[extending warranties], and [including delivery and
completion guarantees].
[adding ~] [bundling ~] [extending ~] [including ~]

switch
compare apples to oranges
head-on
competition
bidding
warfare

The various crime lab TV shows have popularized

the process of investigation, as evidenced by a large
increase in college criminology majors.
have popularized
have p.p.
inherently
be good theater
legal assistant
contaminate
utility
generate
chromium
pollutant

41

portray
tension
extract
detective
come into focus
crime lab
investigation
criminology

if not
A basic factor [in the development of the ability to
love] is the growing reciprocal involvement in the source
[from which the pleasure-giving sensory stimulations
are received].
A basic factor [in ~]
[from
which ~] the source

T ips
1999
Roberts

Steven Soderbergh
PG&E

Julia
3

3,300

It is a communication which the father is also

designed to make through the skin, [if not] in quite as
massive and continuous a manner as the mother.
[if not]
if the father is not designed to make
through the skin

42

fundamental
massive
civilized
envelop
nullify
artificial
barrier
reciprocal
sensory
stimulation
deprive ~ of
conflicting
identification
sibling

56-57

13

1
54

Odysseus
Homer

Lascaux
90

(A)
(A)
(B)
(B)

It soon became clear, however, [that many of these

caves were not normally inhabited] and, in addition,
[that the paintings were executed in places where they
could not be seen].
It
that
[that ~ inhabited]
[that ~ seen]
The study of food deposits showed that, in many
cases, the cave artists were not portraying the beasts
[they actually ate].
[they ~] the beasts

(B)

This is why it is important [for you to be able to

explain {how there can be overall scientific consensus
while discrete areas of argument still exist}].
it
[for you to be ~]
explain
{how ~}
while
A troubling example is the broad scientific
agreement [that human-caused climate change is
happening], even though debates rage on to the point
that public confidence is waning.
[that ~] the broad scientific agreement

distressing
dispute

43

conflict
controversy
reputation
involve
resolution
fall flat
the Mediterranean
mishap
shelf life
accustomed to
appetite
discord
fertile
discrete
wane

ethically

This stage may be the point [at which other, less

ethically driven, people begin to make the purchase
because of some form of enhanced status {derived from
using the product}].
[at which ~] the point
{derived
~} some ~ status
Eventually, even laggards begin to switch, if only
because it is seen as evil to continue buying the nonethical brands.
it
to continue ~

T ips
embody
ethically
conscious
status
purchaser
loose
counter-cultural
phase
enhanced
derive from
switch

Odysseia

10
24

3
15

(A)

right
(B)

44

(A)

(B)

If enough people leave, the group is forced to

change, disintegrate, or in the worst of cases, hold
people hostage.
or
to
change disintegrate hold
This last was the case in East Germany; the loss of
so many of its citizens caused the government to erect
the Berlin Wall not to keep enemies out, but to force
its citizens to stay.
the loss ~ citizens
caused
not A but B A
B

vote with ones feet

ultimate
exact
viability
disintegrate
hold ~ hostage
erect
dysfunctional family
intolerant
inept

(A)
(B)

Hence it is not possible [to say that the principles of

general psychology can be applied to the study of a child
after making necessary changes].
it
[to say ~]
Neither is child psychology a branch of general
psychology, ~.
neither
child psychology
is
underlie
perception
sensation
miniature
quantity
quality
take over

T ips
2
40km
1989

5
4

45

14
58

(A)

(B)

Space [that was constructed to accommodate

business and consumer needs at the peak of the cycle]
remains, ~.
[that ~]
Space
Rental rates generally do not drop below a certain
point, [the minimum that must be charged in order to
cover operating expenses].
a certain point [the minimum ~]
real estate
tendency
undergo
contraction phase
manufactured product
exceed
cut back on
output
inventory
property
accommodate
vacancy rate
subsidize
lender
repossess

14

(A)
(A)
(A)
Thus
(B)
(B)

Similarly

However, for a full-fledged understanding of

intention, it is not enough [to recognize {that people act
in generally predictable ways}] one must also
appreciate [that peoples actions are driven by mental
states such as desire and belief].
it
[to recognize ~]
{that ~} recognize
[that ~]
appreciate
In one study of this issue, adults demonstrated
actions and then immediately produced a verbal cue
[indicating {that the action was either accidental
(Whoops!) or intentional (There!)}].

46

[indicating ~] a verbal cue

indicating
{that ~}
either A or B
A
B
60~61

assume
stable
identity
premise
keep track of
locate
notice
crucial

T ips

2
Avatar

(A)
(A)

(B)

(A)
Avatar

As a result

(B)
(B)

though

(A)
(A)
(A)
for instance
(B)

So, we accept and operate under the premise [that

the mind doesnt need to keep track of every detail about
the objects in our environment, such as specific
information about {what things look like} or {exactly
where they are located}].
[that ~] the premise
{what ~}
{exactly where ~}
about

occur

(B)

(B)

So

Biological soil tests by a competent lab are the only

accurate way to learn [what needs to be corrected] and
[exactly how much restoration work you have to do], ~.

47

to learn the only accurate way

[what ~] [exactly ~]
learn

to

If you have a good population of worms, your lawn

already has lots of beneficial organisms [building soil
structure], [cycling nutrients to the grass roots],
[building water- and air-retention and drainage
capacity], and [fighting pathogens].
lots of beneficial organisms
[building
~ structure] [cycling ~] [building ~ capacity] [fighting
~]
status
soil food web
biological
competent
accurate
restoration
indication
earthworm
present
fungus
organism
nutrient
air-retention
drainage capacity
casting
deposit
microbiology

(A)
(A)
(B)

prosumption

produsage

However

(B)
(B)

To the contrary

However, in our view these two concepts are

problematic in that they confuse [the increasing
interlinking and simultaneity of two separate practices
production and consumption ] with [the conflation of
these two practices].
confuse ~ with
[the increasing ~]
[the conflation ~]
In an article concerning everyday life practices more
generally, Beer and Burrows write [that participation in
acts {that genuinely blur the line between production
and consumption} is now an established part of the
everyday lives of millions of people.]
[that ~] write
{that ~} acts

prosumption

(A)

produsage

Beer

Burrows

coin
term
take ~ for granted
anew
entail
in that
interlinking
simultaneity
separate
practice
genuinely
blur
distinction
analytically
uphold

T ips
prosumption production
consumption
produsage production
usage

48

retina
primate

T ips
Von Uexkll

(A)
(A)
(A)

1990

For example

GDP

(B)
(B)

Conversely

1950

Von Uexkll was one of the first scientists to

emphasize the point [that an animal is capable of
perceiving {only a limited portion of its external
environment, that is, its umwelt (world as
perceived)}].
[that ~] the point
{only ~} perceiving
Conversely, a pet dog has difficulty distinguishing
between the colors green, yellow and orange and
between red and orange, due to the fact [that dogs lack
green cones in the retina of their eyes, one of the three
photopigments {needed to perceive the full color
spectrum available to humans and other primates}].
have difficulty -ing
[that ~] the fact
{needed ~} the
three photopigments
emphasize
perceive
external environment
filter out
potential
stimulus
be exposed to
distinguish
cone

(A)
(A)
(A)

for example

(B)
(B)
(B)
therefore

~ the most common way of differentiating the

developing world from the developed world was
through the use of gross domestic product (GDP) figures
[that measured the value of goods and services
produced in a country in a given year].
differentiate ~ from
~

49

[that ~]

gross domestic product (GDP) figures

The emphasis [that modernization theorists placed

on industrialization and economic growth] was a product
of the underlying belief [that because the countries of
Asia, Africa, and Latin America were backward and
undeveloped, they needed to imitate the Western
experience of industrialization to attain the assumed
superior standards of living {found in Europe and North
America}].
[that ~ growth] The emphasis
[that ~ America] the underlying belief
to attain
to
{found ~} the assumed superior standards of living

15
62

(C)

(A)

criterion
developing world
largely
equity
sustainability
empowerment
gross domestic product
measure
modernization theory
underlying
attain
superior
hierarchically

(B)

specify how it could be refuted

(A) either case (C)
(B)

(C)
(A)

~, the typical response to negative results is [to

discount them entirely] or [to explain them away
without altering the original theory].
or
[to discount ~] [to explain ~]
is
~ it was simply the application that was flawed.
it was ~ that
simply the application

T ips

64-65

50

(C)
(B)
(B)
(A)
(A)

(C)

(C)

(B)
(A)
(C)
(B)

(A)
The African honey guide is an unusual bird with a
peculiar taste for beeswax, [a substance that is more
difficult to digest even than cellulose].
[a substance ~] beeswax
~ the African badger has the ability to attack and
destroy the hive, [after which it will reward itself by
eating the honey and leaving the wax behind for the
bird].
[after which ~]
which
to attack
and destroy the hive
peculiar
beeswax
substance
cellulose
obtain
hive
badger
predation
symbiotic
gut
enzyme
synergistic

Profits provide entrepreneurs with a strong incentive

[to develop better products, adopt improved
technologies quickly, and figure out better ways of
doing things].
[to develop ~] a strong incentive
to
develop adopt figure out
to
By way of comparison with markets, [the required
time for the weeding out of errors (for example, bad
investments) and adjusting to changing circumstances,
new information, and improved technologies] is more
lengthy for governments.
[the required time ~]
is
Thus, the freedom and incentive to innovate is
weaker and the adjustment to change slower in the
public sector.
the adjustment to change slower
is

to a large degree
entrepreneur
incentive
lengthy
shortcoming
sector

51

innovate
adjustment
impose
swift
channel

organic
internal
hard science
impairment
constitute
psychiatrist
definition
speculation
gene

4
Mendeleyev
(C)
Mendeleyev
60
(C) Mendeleyev
(B)

The Myth of Mental Illness

Thomas Szasz
(A)

(A)
1869
(B)
20
Mendeleyev
100

(C)
(B)
Mendeleyev
(A)

(C)

Still others state [that anxiety has internal

characteristics, such as moods and feelings, that cannot
be examined by hard science].
[that ~]
state
This is because theories about the causes of
anxiety have changed in recent years and now include
possibilities such as chemical imbalances and even
speculation that there is an anxiety gene.
and
have changed include
theories about the causes of anxiety

(A)

symptom
anxiety disorder
obsessive
chronic
irrational

52

(B) 20
Mendeleyev

He left blank spaces in the table, but predicted the

properties [that those elements would have], based on
their position.
[that ~]
the properties
He found that one arrangement placed all the
elements [that behaved similarly] in the same vertical
rows.
place ~ in
[that ~]
all the elements

bog
marsh
in ones own way
reptilian
namesake
hood
unsuspecting
nectar
bump into
slick
liquid
crawl
vertical
eat ones fill
mildly acidic

text
property
periodic table
note
scheme
think much of
gallium
germanium
avid
arrangement
recur
periodically

5
cobra lily

cobra lily

California

Oregon

cobra lily
(B)

(A)

(C)

cobra
lily

cobra lily
cobra lily
(B)
(A)

(C)

The hood, [which gives the cobra lily its name],

attracts unsuspecting insects with sweet-smelling nectar.
[which ~] The hood
~, hundreds of sharp, downward-pointing hairs
lining the tube make climbing out impossible.
make
climbing out
impossible

53

16
66

Stephen Mithen

At the same time, a greater objectivity may be

achieved; [having multiple raters] may result in a fairer
and possibly less biased view than [simply relying on a
supervisors ratings].
[having ~] [simply ~]
Inconsistencies have been attributed to [different
frames of reference being applied in judging job
performance], [different opportunities to observe the
ratee], or [the ratees actually behaving differently in the
presence of different raters].
attribute ~ to
or
performance], [different ~ ratee], [the ~]
[This creative ability to apply ideas from one
domain to another, more than language or tool making],
may be what distinguishes us most as a species.
[This ~]
apply ~ to
another
domain

68-69

T ips
360

54

rating
supervisor
ratee
subordinate
spectrum
objectivity
multiple
inconsistency
frame of reference
appraisal
initiative

[different ~

80

Animals in a group may obtain more food because

[being in a group] makes it easier [to find or to catch
prey], or [to defend prey that has been caught].
[being ~]
it
[to find ~] [to defend ~]
However, there can be costs of being in a group,
such as competition among group members to eat any
food [that is obtained], and there are increased dangers
from parasites and disease.
there
and
[that ~]
any food
predation
adequate
scan
selfish-herd
territorial
parasite

T ips

[Whoever said there is no such thing as a bad idea]

has never participated in an idea generation session.
[Whoever ~]
whoever
~ the earlier the bad news comes, the more likely
the originator of the idea will be able to [let go of the
idea without a struggle and refocus his or her thinking in
a more positive direction].
the
the
[let ~]
let refocus and

idea generation session

plenty of
costly
outcome-driven
eliminate
breakthrough
excessive
let go of

55

McCorkle

Mills

[Referring to the process as a breakdown] implies

[a telephone line {that is down}, a computer {that wont
communicate}, a car {that wont run}, or a sound
system {that wont amplify sound}].
[Referring ~]
implies
{that ~}
a
telephone line, a computer a car a sound system
or
implies
breakdown
designation
conflict
refer to ~ as
planet
imply
amplify
function
clear out
resentment
clarity
assume

56

[Comparing ones performance with past

performances] is a very informative way of indicating
[whether ones competencies are increasing, staying the
same, or decreasing].
[Comparing ~]
[whether ~]
indicating
~, a frame of reference has to be established (either
through social comparison or comparison with relevant
criteria) [that enables the person to make a conclusion
concerning the acceptability of the level of
performance].
[that ~ ]
a frame of reference

informative
competency
self-assessment
steadily
insight
valid
reliable
criterion
make a conclusion
concerning
acceptability

17
70

24

24

24
Both of these ideas

Online news is not tied to a printers schedule or

specific broadcast slot, which means that it can be
presented twenty-four hours, seven days a week.
which and it
it
A non-deadline-driven news cycle wreaks havoc on
the way [news is usually processed] and could add to
production costs [as more reporting and editing staff are
needed to process news around the clock].
[news ~ ] the way
[as ~]

broadcast slot
put an embargo on
temporary
publish
grow accustomed to
around the clock

Science is sometimes taken to be the sum total of

all the facts, definitions, theories, techniques, and
relationships found in all of the individual scientific
disciplines.
take
to be
And yet the content itself, [divorced from the
thought processes that create such knowledge], surely
cant be all [there is to science].
itself
the content
[divorced ~]
the content itself
[there ~]
all

72-73

57

Bavelas Gerwing Sutton

Prevost

1
but

I was supposed to infer this

When two people have a conversation, the person

[who is speaking] generally makes various gestures
[coordinated in timing and in meaning with the words
{being spoken}].
[who ~]
the person
[coordinated ~] various gestures
{being ~} the words
It is natural to assume that these gestures serve a
communicative function by providing visual cues [that
make the speakers message easier for the listener to
understand].
It
to assume
[that ~]
visual cues
to
understand easier
to
for the
listener to understand
coordinate
assume
communicative
notice
face-to-face
communication
maintain

58

I can remember as a child discovering that when a

glacial relative asked me if I wanted some more salad
(the answer was definitely No), what she really meant
was that she would like some more.
remember -ing
I can remember as a child discovering that ~ I
can remember (that) as a child I discovered that ~
That but only pretends to be deflective; the
substance of the sentence is [what follows it].
what
[what ~]
infer
a second helping
hesitation
vagueness
strategy
rudeness
sensitivity
vulnerability
shield
tactful
indication
glacial
at length
nuisance
substance

A particularly clear illustration of the fact [that

mobbing signals of the prey individual have evolved to
influence the behavior of predators] occurs in California
ground squirrels.
A particularly clear illustration
occurs
[that ~] the fact
An adult parent approaches a hunting snake and
stands [with its tail held upright], [with the hair
erected].
approaches stands and
[ ]
with

young
chemical resistance
illustration
prey individual
evolve
predator
occur in
ground squirrel
rodent
coevolutionary
rattlesnake
resistant
upright
erect

We show discomfort when we do not like what is

happening to us, when we do not like what we are
seeing or hearing, or when we are compelled to talk
about things [we would prefer to keep hidden].
when
or
[we ~]
things
We tend to move our bodies in an attempt to block
or distance, and ~.
in an attempt to do
autonomic
manifest
nonverbally
physiology
arousal
stand on end
perspire
rearrange
scared
deception
current

59

stable
steady
be prone to
mood swing
inadequate
microresolution
hum

T ips

5
6

Your body is an engine [that burns nutrients and

turns them into energy].
[that ~] an engine
burns
turns and
[If your diet is poor, your sleep is inadequate, and
you sit all day], your engine wont get many miles to the
gallon.
[If ~]
to the gallon

optimal
nutrient
vigorous
satisfaction
maintenance
crave
excessive
keep up

60

If seeing is believing, you should have called the

police to report the brutal crime [committed by the
magician].
[committed ~]
the brutal crime
When you see a magic show, you are observing
within the theoretical framework of entertainment by
illusion, in which what you see is almost certainly not
what it appears to be.
in which
where
which
the theoretical framework
of entertainment by illusion
observation
theory-laden
appropriate
theoretical

explanation
statement
illusion
slice
brutal
commit
framework
entertainment

18
74

10

(A)
reward

(B)

understand

If your value system does not agree with the sense of

reward [that others are receiving for their behavior], ~.
[that ~]
the sense of reward
You may not figure out, for example, [why your
mother enjoys complaining so much].
[why ~] figure out

76~77

61

come across as
pseudoconvincing
fake
mark
involuntarily

Richard Lippa

2
Lippa
Lawrence Rosenblum
MacDonald
McGurk

1976

McGurk

McGurk

MacDonald

ba
ga
da

(A)

imitating

(B)

unconsciously
ba

ga
da

Some years ago, a psychologist named Richard

Lippa called a group of introverts to his lab and asked
them to act like extroverts [while pretending to teach a
math class].
called asked
[while ~]
He found [that although the latter group came
across as more extroverted, some of the pseudoextroverts were surprisingly convincing].
[that ~]
found
psychologist
introvert
extrovert
stride
pace
rate
subject

62

(A)
influenced

(B)

mismatch

In the most famous experiment, participants were

simultaneously presented with a voice [uttering a
particular syllable (e.g., ba)] while they saw
synchronized lip movements [associated with another
syllable (e.g., ga)].
[uttering ~] a voice
[associated ~]
synchronized lip movements
The effect occurs even when people know [that
{what they are seeing and hearing} are different],
[suggesting that integration happens automatically].

[that ~]

know
what
[suggesting ~]
which suggests

{what ~}
that
suggesting

integrate with
contribution
audition
perception
simultaneously
utter
syllable
synchronize
associated with
demonstrate

think [that about half the people in the group would

have gotten the object {they preferred}] and [that the
other half would be happy to swap].
[that ~ ]
think
and
{they ~} the
object
Because losses are more bad than gains are good,
[the mug or pen with which you have been endowed]
is worth more to you than it is to a potential trading
partner.
[the mug or pen ~]
it
the mug or pen
is to
worth

roughly
randomly
swap
phenomenon
endowment
entail
ascribe ~ to
retrieve

T ips

4
20

6
6,500
12

(A)

own

(B)

retain

Considering the random distribution, you would

63

(A)
disruptive

(B)

adaptability

The dinosaurs, [though large and powerful], were

cold-blooded and hairless, and proved incapable of
adjusting to the radical climate changes including a
sudden and sharp drop in temperature, and thus quickly
died off in a mass extinction.
[though ~]
though
they were
Their flexibility allowed them to survive the
Armageddon caused by the comet, and when the dust
finally settled, the early mammals crawled out of their
burrows, squinted at the warm sun, and evolved to
become the dominant creatures of the Earth.
allow
to do
crawled squinted evolved
and
(A)
dominate
comet
diameter
streak
catastrophic
collision
instantaneously
plunge ~ into
nuclear winter

T ips
Armageddon

Armageddon

64

(B)

~ the idea of [changing the effects of past events by

returning to the past] is wishful thinking.
the idea [changing ~]
The problem is [that the crucial moments that
change your life do so primarily by their effect on later
critical moments].
[that ~]
is

radical
mass extinction
superbly
drastic
flexibility
burrow

eliminate

subsequent

Armageddon
Megiddo

undo
critical
psychotherapist
excessively
relive
visualization
wishful thinking
crucial
erase
trauma
initial

19
78

A
A

C
A

B
C

A potential C solution might be to accept the item

as a gift to the company [that would be displayed in the
headquarters entrance], explaining that large personal
gifts are against company policy.
[that ~]
a gift to the company
In an overseas location, a company was having
difficulty with local children cutting through a wire
fence and stealing valuable electronic components.
cutting stealing and

C
350

assume
alternative
focus on
extravagant
conceptualize
potential
display
headquarters
company policy
check with
acceptability
overseas location
electronic
component
accomplish
accommodate
corporate citizen
business ethics
seize the initiative
think outside the box
expand
80~81

1.

A
C

1~2

100

2.

65

Harvard

Daniel Schacter

priority
power-crazed
desk jockey
on a need-to-know basis
archaeologist
reconstruct
rely on
artifact
informative
fantasyland
misconception
cautious
contradictory

T ips
1.

1947
Virginia

Langley

Harry S. Truman
1942

Franklin D.

Roosevelt
OSS = Office of Strategic
Services:

2.

3~4
Really, the personal past [that your brain is supposed
to be keeping safe for you] is not [what you think it is].
[that ~]
the personal past
keep
[what ~]
Your memories are pieces and batches of information
[that your brain cobbles together and serves up to you],
not to present the past as accurately as possible, but to
provide you with information that you will likely find to
be useful in the present.
[that ~]
pieces and batches of information
cobbles serves and
A
B
not A but B

precious
accurate
batch
serve up
functional

66

Indiana

Indiana

paddle
impetus
predation

T ips

3.
unihemispheric sleeping

4.

The bird brain can perform feats while sleeping, [of

which we can only dream] namely, it can stay awake.
[of which ~]
perform feats while sleeping
They knew [that some aquatic animals keep half of
the brain awake to ensure {that they keep one flipper
paddling and so dont drown at sea}].
that
[that ~]
knew
{that ~} ensure

feat
namely
determine
state
simultaneously
hemisphere
manifest
prolonged
droop
independently
conceivable
out of phase
rule out
possibility
investigator
set about
aquatic
flipper

67

20

They would stink up the whole place if we had

them, ~.
82~83

It was incomprehensible to Allison [that anyone

would be so foolish as to order something so foul].
It
[that ~]

(A)

margherita
Allison

exaggerated
exclaim
disgusting
stink up
be taken aback
enraged
innocence
malice
heartening
apologize
incomprehensible
foul
dissuade
owe
to ones liking
inexperience
spontaneity
trip up
considerate
closure

Allison
(C)
Allison

(B)

Allison

(D)

I accepted the apology and in turn said I hoped I

had not hurt her feelings.
had not hurt hoped

Allison

84~85

1~3
Mira

1.

Allison
Allison

(A)
(C)

(A)

Cindy

Mira

(B)
(D)

2. (c)

you

I
Allison

3.

68

Cindy

(C)

Cindy
Cindy

Mira

Mira
Mira

(D)

Cindy
Cindy
Mira

Cindy

Mira

Cindy

graceful
pale
flutter
creep
gobble up
slimy
dull
get rid of
amazement
turn ~ out of
pretend
cellar

(B) Cindy

4~6
Carnegie

Cindy

Morgan

(A) 19

Carnegie
J. P. Morgan

1. Mira

Morgan

Cindy

(A)
(C)
Mira
Cindy

Cindy Mira
Cindy
(D)

Carnegie
1873

Carnegie
Morgan
Carnegie

Morgan

Carnegie

(B)

2. (e)

Mira

Cindy

3. Cindy Mira

(C)

Carnegie
Morgan

Carnegie

Morgan

1873

She had greedy, ugly thoughts [that squatted like

toads in the corner of the room], making her house
dark and cold.
[that ~]
greedy, ugly thoughts
making
make

(B)

Carnegie

Morgan

Morgan

1
Carnegie

Morgan
Carnegie
5

Give me some of your butterflies so that my house

will be as bright and warm as yours!
so that

Morgan

6
6

Carnegie

(D)

Its your toads that are making your house dark

and cold!
It is ~ that

Morgan
1

hover
greedy
toad

1
Morgan

Carnegie

Morgan

Carnegie

Carnegie

Morgan

69

4. Morgan

Carnegie

(A)
(C)

(B)
Morgan
(D)

5. (b)

his

6.

Carnegie
Morgan

Carnegie
Carnegie

Morgan

[Sensing that a favorable bargain might be struck],

Morgan asked if Carnegie might be interested in selling
his share in a partnership [the Morgan family had
previously entered into with Carnegie].
[Sensing ~] Morgan
[the Morgan ~]
a
partnership
Morgan explained [that his own reading of the
partnership accounts had revealed {that Carnegie was
mistaken about the credit he was owed the credit was
for $60,000, not $50,000}].
[that ~] explained
{that ~} had
revealed
The fact [that Morgan saved Carnegie from a
$10,000 mistake] made a great impression on Carnegie.
[that ~] The fact
autobiography
relatively
panic
desperate
meet ones obligation
call on
additional
accounts
reveal
credit
distressed
cash-strapped
profit
nowhere near
substantial
equivalent
then and there
henceforth
firm

70

01

6~9

02

10~13

03

05

22~25

06

26~29

30~33

08

38~41

10

42~45

11

46~49

12

34~37

09

18~21

14~17

04

07

50~53

71

13

54~57

19

78~81

1
1

14

58~61

2
3

20

82~85

1
1

15

16

66~69

17

72

70~73

18

62~65

74~77

2
3

3
4