Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Source: http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#jour-e
H O W T O U S E T H E A P A R E F E R E N C I N G S T Y LE
When quoting directly or indirectly from a source, the source must be acknowledged in
is also required.
1. IN TEXT CITATION (QUOTES/PARAPHRASING)
a. Direct quotation
Use quotation marks and include page numbers.
Samovar and Porter (1997) point out that "language involves attaching meaning to symbols"
(p.188).
Alternatively: "Language involves attaching meaning to symbols" (Samovar & Porter, 1997,
p.188).
A quotation of 40 or more words should be formatted as a freestanding, indented block
of text without quotation marks. Note the location of the final full stop.
Weston (1948) argues that:
One of the most important phases of our special guests was to get information that would
throw light on degeneration of the facial pattern that occurs so often in our modern
civilization. This has its expression in the narrowing and lengthening of the face and the
development of crooked teeth. (p. 174)
If you quote from online material and there are no page numbers (e.g. HTML based
b. Indirect quotation/paraphrasing
Attaching meaning to symbols is considered to be the origin of written language (Samovar &
Porter, 1997).
N.B. Page numbers are optional when paraphrasing, although authors are encouraged to
include them, especially when it assists the reader to locate the reference in long pieces of
text (Publication Manual, p. 171).
c. Citations from a secondary source
Arnett (as cited in Claiborne & Drewery, 2010) suggests there is an emerging adult stage in
the lifespan of humans, covering young people between the ages of 18 and 25 years.
N.B. List Claiborne & Drewery in your reference list, not Arnett.
2. REFERENCES LIST
At the end of your assignment, you are required to provide the full bibliographic
known as serials or periodicals. Include the same elements as for a book, but exclude
the publication information and add the volume, issue and page number(s) instead:
(1) Author(s) (2) Date (3) Title of article (4) Title of Periodical (5) Volume, Issue and
Page numbers
e.g. Sainaghi, R. (2008). Strategic position and performance of winter destinations. Tourism
Review, 63(4), 40-57.
N.B. If the article is available online, a retrieval statement or DOI is required after the page
numbers. See example.
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3. KEY POINTS
(1) Author(s):
Invert the author(s) name(s), and use initial(s) of first name(s).
Use the ampersand (&) between the last two authors' names (also note the full stop and
Brown, W. P.
Two authors
Shepherd, R., Barnett, J., Cooper, H., Coyle, A., Moran-Ellis, J.,
Senior, V., & Walton, C. See example
Chiappini, E., Principi, N., Longhi, R., Tovo, P. A., Becherucci, P.,
Bonsignori, F., ... de Martino, M. See example
No author
(2) Date:
The year of publication goes in parentheses ( ) after the author(s).
(1993)
(1993, June)
Daily, weekly
No date
(n.d.)
In press
(in press)
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If an author has published more than one item in the same year, add alphabetical
subtitle in capital letters. Proper nouns also begin with a capital letter.
e.g. Wrestling with the angel: A life of Janet Frame
Journal titles (including magazines and newspapers) are italicised and all key words in
the first word of the title, subtitle, and any proper nouns (Publication Manual, pp. 102103).
The book or journal title is italicised, not the chapter or article.
Additional information:
Information such as edition or report number goes in parentheses ( ) immediately after
American cities
Thousand Oaks, CA
Non-American cities
Publisher: Used for books only, not journal, magazine or newspaper articles.
Do not include words like Publishers, Co., or Inc. However, keep words like Books or
Press.
In Text Citation
(King, 2000) or
King (2000) compares
Frame with "..." (p. 34).
In Text Citation
In Text Citation
In Text Citation
(World Health
Organization [WHO],
2008)
N.B. When the author and the publisher are the same,
use Author in the publisher field. List in the References
list by the first significant word of the organisation. For
group authors, the parent body precedes a subdivision
(Publication Manual, p. 183).
In subsequent citations:
WHO (2008) highlight
the ...
In Text Citation
(Anonymous, 1999)
Book - no author
In Reference List
In Text Citation
Book - edited
In Reference List
In Text Citation
In Text Citation
(Helber, 1995) or
Helber (1995) concludes
by ...
In Text Citation
(Will, 2002) or
Will (2002) attributes ...
Book - Translated
In Reference List
In Text Citation
(Sartre, 1962) or
Sartre (1962) is an
example of ...
In Text Citation
(Hwang, 2002) or
Hwang (2002) identifies
the hurdles North Korea ...
In Text Citation
("Social Constructionism,"
2009)
In Text Citation
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(Dewstow, 2006) or
Dewstow (2006)
recommends ...
In Text Citation
(Dewstow, 2006) or
Dewstow (2006)
recommends ...
In Text Citation
(Rose, 2006) or
According to Rose
(2006) ...
In Text Citation
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(Sainaghi, 2008) or
Sainaghi (2008) suggests
"..." (p. 47).
In Text Citation
Shepherd, R., Barnett, J., Cooper, H., Coyle, A., MoranEllis, J., Senior, V., & Walton, C. (2007). Towards an
understanding of British public attitudes concerning
human cloning. Social Science & Medicine, 65(2),
377-392. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.03.018
In Text Citation
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In Text Citation
Magazines
Magazine - print version
In Reference List
In Text Citation
In Text Citation
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(Robison, 2008) or
Robison (2008)
considers ...
Newspaper
Print version
In Reference List
In Text Citation
(Cumming, 2003) or
Cumming (2003)
reports ...
Electronic version
In Reference List
In Text Citation
(Cumming, 2003) or
Cumming (2003)
reports ...
In Text Citation
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Audiovisual
Film - Motion Picture
In Reference List
In Text Citation
N.B.
1.
In Text Citation
Television programme
In Reference List
In Text Citation
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(Slater, 2002)
In Text Citation
(Noonan, 2008)
In Text Citation
Wiki
In Reference List
In Text Citation
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(University of Waikato,
Law Library, n.d.)
In Text Citation
(Chalmers, 2000)
In Text Citation
(Wadard, 2009)
In Text Citation
(Leelefever, 2007)
In Text Citation
(Brown, 2004)
In Text Citation
(Brown, 2004)
N.B. Put the format in square brackets after the title, and
add retrieval statement (URL or MyWeb or Moodle or
EdLink etc.).
Legal Material
APA recommends the use of The Bluebook: A uniform system of citation (18th ed.
2005) for referencing legal material - see NZ section at p. 297
In Reference List
In Text Citation
(Children's Commissioner
Act 2003) or
It is regulated by the
Children's Commissioner
Act 2003
N.B. Italicise the name of
legal material when it is
cited in text (Publication
Manual, p. 177).
In Text Citation
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In Text Citation
(Shobhadevi &
Bidarakoppa, 1994) or
Shobhadevi and
Bidarakoppa (1994)
published their ...
In Text Citation
(Bochner, 1996) or
Bochner (1996)
addressed this ...
In Text Citation
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(University of Waikato,
1967)
In Text Citation
In
Text
Citati
on
(Caygill,
2009) or
Caygill
(2009)
concludes
...
In Text Citation
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(Holmes, 2000) or
Holmes (2000) highlights
the importance ...
table as a figure caption or table note. The full citation also goes in the References list.
Figures
The caption goes beneath the image with the source credited at the end of the caption
Tables
The caption goes above the table, with the source included as a note below the table
Copyright
N.B. For PhD candidates (and students submitting a three or four-paper master's
For detailed information on copyright and permissions, see Publication Manual, pp. 38,
173. See also Copyright Guidelines for Research Students and the University of
Waikato's Copyright Information web pages.
Example:
Figure 4. Hamilton Garden. From [Adapted from] Title of Book (p. xx), by A. A. Author and B.
B. Author, year, Place of Publication: Publisher. Copyright Year by Publisher. Reprinted with
permission.
If you photograph a person, a signed release from that person is required giving
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