Trimodal Terminals

Frictionless Transshipment of Loading Units,

Transshipment for Seamless Operation and
Logistics Connectivity

Manfred Gronalt and Martin Posset

University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna
Department of Economics and Social Science
Institute of Production Economics and Logistics
Mobility Chains Processes, Austria

University of Natural Resources and Life Scienes, Vienna

Agenda
Introduction
Intermodal Networks
Inland Terminals
Terminal Components
Terminal Configuration
Terminal Operations

Austrian Case studies

Wolfurt (Red Bull)
Inzersdorf
Vienna Gateway

European Freight Terminals

Koper, Duisburg, Verona

Profitabality iIssues and Cost Model

University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna

Introduction
Inland Container Terminal
crucial role in modern supply chains
essential transshipment points for containerized
freight between transport modes by land and sea,
and function as feeder terminals for open sea
terminals
distribute and collect containers and other intermodal
load carriers like swap bodies and liftable semi
trailers.

University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna

Introduction
Inland Container Terminal (iCT)
receive and ship containers from sea terminals,
another iCT or from local industries.
In Europe there are approx. 800 iCT of different
sizes and networks roles
Germany approx. 100 inland terminals
www.intermodal-terminals.eu/database

University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna

Intermodal Networks:
Components
Links and Network
Capacity (nb. Trains/ time unit,
Truck/Time unit)
Velocity and distance
Network train Schedule
Empty container

Loading units
Number of load units
Length distribution of load units
Type of load unit (stackable non
stackable, reefer)

Terminals
Infrastructure
Flow Control
Order control

Intermodal Operator
University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna

Intermodal Networks:
Parameters

Designing terminal network

Terminal location in the network
Types of ITUs and trucks to use
The effect of new terminal types and transshipments
techniques
Gateway
Empty container storage
reefer

Operating principles, e.g. liner trains, shuttles, block train

Designing rail system

University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna

Intermodal Networks:
Network Design
Green field approach
possible hub locations
hub connectivity

Better Network?

1
2
5

10

16
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3
8

4
7
14
19

17

15
12
20
11

18

13

University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna

Intermodal Networks:
Layout

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5

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8

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7
14
19

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12
20
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18

13

University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna

Intermodal Networks:
Processes

DB Schenker
(2013)

University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna

Intermodal Networks:
Stakeholders in the intermodal chain

Terminal
operator

Government

Forwarder

Increasing
modalsharefor Offeringan
intermodal
attractive
Using
transport.
transport
capacities,
Decision
service.How
calculatecosts, supportfor
much
revenues,
government
intermodal
investment
activites,
transportto
decisions
regulationsetc. use.

Railway
company(train Railway
operator)
infrastructure

Shipper
Lowercost
transportand
lower
environmental
impact.How
much
intermodal
transportto
use.Different
levelofanalysis Investment
Investment
fordifferent
decisionsrolling decisions,
shippers(e.g. stock,
increased
small,large,
increased
revenues,
national,
revenues,
capacity
international capacity
planning,slot
etc.)
planning
allocation

University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna

Haulier

Intermodal
service
provider

Consumer

Offeringan
attractive
transport
service.How
much
intermodal
transportto
use.

Identifying
marketing
potential,
offeringan
attractive
transport
service.
Marketing

Lowercost
transportand
lower
environmental
impact

Intermodal Networks:
Actors in the intermodal chain

University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna

Inland Terminals:
Facts
Manageable size in terms of space and throughput (~
100K TEU)
Storage function for empty and full containers
Focus on train interchange area and train schedules
Lack of high quality data
Most work done intuitively
Optimization opportunities
CTMS necessary to align the needs
University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna

Inland Terminals:
Competitive configuration
Infrastructure and equipment
rail yard tracks, cranes, stacker for single or multi terminal
environment and terminal infrastructure network for movement
of stackers, trucks, terminal tractors and storage capacity and
portion of dedicated storage

Operation strategies
floating or fixed train processing; container stacking, truck
priorities, gateway, block seggregation

Orders
arrival pattern of trains and trucks, the ITE-mix on trains and the
relation between import and export ITE as order systems of the
CT.

University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna

Terminal Components:
Infrastructure and Equipment

University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna

Terminal Components:
Infrastructure Elements

University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna

Terminal Components:
Areas
Handling Equipment
Storage Area

Transshipment area
Rail interchange
Road interchange

ALLOCATE terminal RESOURCES ( handling equipment, gates, trucks and storage space)
efficiently
REDUCE waiting TIMES and total time for trains and trucks in the terminal
MAXIMIZE the overall THROUGHPUT of the terminal / total number of handled containers

University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna

Terminal Configuration:
Layout structure I

Industrial terminal

University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna

Terminal Configuration:
Layout structure II

Gateway terminal

University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna

Terminal Configuration:
Layout structure III

No block trains

University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna

Terminal Configuration:
Layout structure IV

Empty container
storage
Block train
processing

University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna

Terminal Configuration:
Trimodal Terminal 1/2

University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna

Terminal Configuration:
Trimodal Terminal 2/2

University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna

Terminal Configuration:
Terminal connectivity
Terminals
Through-terminal and tTerminus-terminal
Track layout and shunting strategies

Semi-structured Transshipment
No dedicated infrastructure
Sidings

Innovative Transshipment
No terminal
Horizontal move
Flexible low volume

University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna

Terminal Configuration:
Inland CT - structure

open

dead end

University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna

Terminal Configuration:
Transshipment modes

University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna

Terminal Operation:
Functions and Services
Transshipment
Storage
full container storage
empty container storage
dangerous goods
temperature control

University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna

Terminal Operation:
Additional Services
Added services
repair
maintenance
cleaning of cargo units
check of load units on damage to the entry
gassing and degassing of load units
trucking
stuffing and stripping.
phytosanitary and veterinary controls.

University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna

Terminal Operation:
Requirements
Seamless
transshipment

Handover control,
Track control,
Equipment control and
Storage control.

Terminal operator

Logistics
connectivity
Railway operator

University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna

Customer
management
Forwarders
Haulier
Shippers
Industry

Terminal Operation:
Operation modes 1/2
Floating procedure
Trains are moved between loading and unlaoding
saves track capacity within the terminal

Fixed procedure
trains remain on loading tracks during simultaneous loading and
unloading operation
ensures fast operations
requires terminal capacity

University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna

Terminal Operation:
Operation Modes 2/2

Gateway
Gateway extended
Marshalling
Segregation of Blocks
Crane scheduling

University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna

Terminal Operation:
Gateway
Assumption: Availability
of Marshalling Area
Storage Space Requirement
Optimization Train Scheduling

Scheduling and Pooling

of Trains

Sequencing of Jobs for

Equipment
Job Assignment to
Equipment
Coordination and
Synchronization of Equipment

University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna

Terminal Operation:
Gateway-extended
Yard Management
Target 1:
Minimize Total Lifts
Target 2:
Minimize Lifting Time
Target 3:
Minimize Unproductive Lifts
Planning Horizon
Storage and Retrieval Strategy

Scheduling and Pooling

of Trains

Sequencing of Jobs for

Equipment

University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna

Terminal Operation:
Marshalling

Scheduling for next

Jobs
Speed- Up Dispatching
Reduce Number
of Unproductive Lifts
Fixed/Variable Starting Point
Job Assignment to
Equipment
Coordination and
Synchronization of Equipment
Planning Horizon
Storage and Retrieval Strategy
Scheduling and Pooling
of Trains

University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna

Terminal Operation:
Segregation of Blocks

Allocation of Trains and Trucks

Horizontal Transportation between Blocks

Segregation of Blocks

Minimize Handling Time

Exchange is Possible

Minimize Number of Transports

University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna

Terminal Operation:
Crane Scheduling Problem
Destination:
Train 1
Train 2
Train 3
Train 4

4
1

3
CR
E
AN

University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna

Terminal Operation:
Crane Scheduling look ahead
Destination:
Train 1
Train 2
Train 3
Train 4
3
1

4
2

CR
E
AN

University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna

Terminal Operation:
Performance 1/2
Basic Indicators - utilization
storage capacity of loaded containers, empty container,
trailers and swap bodies,
total storage capacity,
number and length of tracks,
number of cranes per terminal unit,
number of stackers,
number of gates and
number of container handover places.

University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna

Terminal Operation:
Performance 2/2
Parameters
train length,
arrival frequency of trains,
ITU mix on train
relation of direct exchange containers,
dedicated storage for containers/swap
bodies/trailers,
number of terminal tractors and
portion of liftable trailers.
University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna

Austrian Case studies:

Capacity analysis with SimConT
Wolfurt (Red Bull Terminal)
Vienna Inzersdorf
Vienna Gateway
(Asian European Railway connection)

University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna

Austrian Case studies:

Wolfurt (2020) 1/4

50.000 ITU

University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna

Austrian Case studies:

Wolfurt (2020) 2/4
A

B1 increase overall
volume
1.1 +28%

Baseline Scenario

B2 increase arrival + volume

B3 new trains

2.1 arrival +5% (+21%)

+ volume +16%

3.1 +1 Train 1. day

+1 train 2. day

(+3,97%)

2.2 arrival +10% (+28%)

+ volume +18%

3.2 +2 trains 1. day (+7,95%)

+2 trains 2. day

2.3 arrival + 15% (+35%)

+ volume +20%

3.3 +3 trains 1. day (+11,92%)

+3 trains 2. day

1.2 +35%
1.3 +42%
1.4 +49%

2.4 arrival +20% (+42%)

+ volume +22%
2.5 arrival + 25% (+49%)
+ volume +24%
University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna

Austrian Case studies:

Wolfurt (2020) 3/4

University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna

Austrian Case studies:

Wolfurt (2020) 4/4

University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna

Austrian Case studies:

Vienna (2020)
Vogelperspektive Gesamtlayout

Kran 3

Kran 4

740m

LKW Ladespur
LKW und Terminal Tractor (TT) Fahrspur

4355 TEU
10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

Gleis

35m

35m

Kranbahn
Kran

Angepasste LKW
und TT Fahrspur

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

740m
5
6
7
8

35m
bergabebereich

200m

300m
440m

150m
LKW
Parkplatz

50m

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11

12

13

14

15

16

17

110m

Gate

35m
1

35m

SAL Platz I

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11

12

13

14

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16

17

SAL Platz II

20m

35m
2

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

448 TEU

17

110m

2968 TEU

740m
1
2
3
4
Kran 1

...m

Kran 2

Von WeCo bermittelte Lngen werden so angenommen

Modul
Block ID Sektoren Reihen Lagen Kapazitt Kapazitt Modul Gesamtkapazitt
Kranmodul I
1
17 | 8
5|2
4
2520
2968
bergabeblock
2
9
2
4
448
7323
Kranmodul II
3
17
7
5
3710
4355
Kranmodul II
4
7
3
5
645
Kranmodul I
University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna

17

3392

Austrian Case studies:

Results Terminal Operation

Gegenberstellung Durchsatz zu durchschnittlicher Kranauslastung
[Kranmodul I]
100.00%

250,000

80.00%

200,000

70.00%
60.00%

150,000

50.00%
40.00%

100,000

30.00%
20.00%

50,000

10.00%
0.00%

Ist Menge

Szenario 1
Durchschnittliche Kranauslastung

University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna

Szenario 2

Szenario 3

Durchsatz pro Jahr (ITE)

Durchsatz pro Jahr (ITE)

Durchschnittliche Kranauslastung

90.00%

Austrian Case studies:

Vienna Gateway - sorting hump

BU

BU

BU

LK

LK

LK

U
R

LK
BU

LK
BU

LK
BU

1.500.000 TEU
3000 employed

University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna

European Freight Terminals

Verona agricultural products
Duisburg industry zone
Koper agricultural products, wood

University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna

European Freight Terminals:

Sea Terminal Koper

University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna

European Freight Terminals:

Inland Waterway - Duisburg
1
2
5
6
3
4
University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna

European Freight Terminals:

Inland Waterway - Duisburg
Duisburg Hafen AG
Flche [ha]
800
4 multimodale Container Terminals
Vielfltige
Massen- und Stckgut Terminals

1
2
5

Logistikzentrum logport I

Gesamtflche [ha]
300
Duisburg Trimodal Terminal
- Flche [ha]
37,5
- Gleise: 4 x 350 Meter
- Lagerkapazitt [TEU]
1.800
DKT Duisburg Kombiterminal GmbH, Chemielogistik
- Flche [ha]
60
- Gleise: 4 x 670 Meter
- Lagerkapazitt [TEU]
1.800
DIT Duisburg Intermodal Terminal
- Flche [ha]
120
- Kajenlnge [m]
250
- Gleise: 6 x 750 Meter
- Lagerkapazitt [TEU]
7.500
- 2 Containerkrne (Bahn) | 1 Kaikran
Zentrum fr Kontraktlogistik

Ruhrort und Meiderich

DeCeTe Terminal
- Kajenlnge [m]
900
- Flche [ha]
19
- Gleise: 1 x700 Meter
DUSS Terminal
- Trimodal
- Bodenabstellkapazitt
in Kranbahn [TEU]
200
in Mobilbereich [TEU]
300
Sattelauflieger
130
- Umschlagkapazitt [1.000 LE/Jahr]
220
- Gleise: 5 x 680 Meter, 3 x 600 Meter, 1 x 780 Meter
InterBulk Group Terminal, containerisiertes Massengut
- Flche [ha]
19
- Umschlagkapazitt [1.000 Cont./Jahr]
25

6
3
4

2
4

Logistikzentrum logport II

Flche [ha]
35
Rhein-Ruhr-Terminal
Gateway West
- Trimodal
- Flche [ha]
77
- 1 Containerkran
Terminalintegrierte Gewerbegrundstcke

University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna

2 Logistikpark Kalerfeld

Flche [ha]
220
- Gleisanbindung an die
Containerterminals und
Vorbahnhfe
- moderne Warehouses

Rhein-Ruhr-Terminal (Parallelhafen)
- Trimodal
- Kajenlnge [m]
400
- Flche [ha]
77
- Gleise: 2 x 400 Meter
- 2 Containerbrcken

Duisburg

5
6

BLG Autoterminal

- Flche [ha]
17
- Fahrzeugkapazitt [Fzg]
7.000
- Umschlagkapazitt [1.000 Fzg] 180

European Freight Terminals:

Terminal comparison

University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna

European Freight Terminals:

Terminal comparison

University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna

European Freight Terminals:

Terminal comparison

University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna

Profitability Issues and Cost Model:

Seamless Transshipment
interfaces and stakeholder integration
flexible and efficient transshipment
scaleable terminal infrastructure

University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna

Thank you for your attention!

University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna

SimConT
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!
Contact:
Prof. Manfred Gronalt
Feistmantelstrasse 4
A-1180 Vienna
Austria

manfred.gronalt@boku.ac.at
Tel.: +43-1-47654-4410
Fax: +43-1-47654-4417

University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna