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where r is the distance between the dipoles, r = |r| and 0 is the dielectric constant.
(a) Assume nearest neighbour interactions and find the ground state configuration. Consider
either ferroelectric (parallel dipoles) or anti-ferroelectric alignment (anti-parallel) between
neighbours in various directions.
(b) Develop a mean field theory for the ordering in (a) for the average polarization P at a given
site at temperature T: Write a mean field equation for P (T ) and find the critical temperature
Tc .
P
(c) Find the susceptibility = E
at T > Tc for an electric field E||h100i, using the mean
E=0
field theory.
The solution:
(a)
U=
2
pi pj 3(pi rij )(pj rij )/rij
40 r3
(1)
Uij =
2pi pj
40 r3
(2)
Uij =
p2
40 r3
rij
x we get:
+pi pj
40 r3
(3)
rij ||
x
H = 2Uo
rij ||
rij ||
X pi pj
Xy pi pj
Xz pi pj
X
+ Uo
+ Uo
Eelctric
pi
2
2
2
p
p
p
iA,jA
iA,jB
iA,jB
iA,iB
rij ||
x
rij ||
y ,
z
X
X
X pi pj
X
pi pj
+
2U
E
p
E
pi
o
i
el
el
p2
p2
= 2Uo
iB,jB
iB,jA
iA
(4)
iB
X pi
X pi
X
+
2U
P
E
pi
o
B
el
p2
p2
(5)
X pi
X pi
X
pi
+ 2Uo PA
Eel
2
2
p
p
(6)
iA
HB = 2Uo PB
iA
iB
iA
iB
iB
H = HA + HB to find the enrgy for one site .we took pA = pB (in opossite direction)
1
P2
PB (PA )
P2
PA (PB )
E=
Eel PA 2U0 2 + 2U0
Eel PB
2U0 2 + 2U0
2
P
P2
P
P2
E = 4Uo
(7)
In zero filed we look at average filed Pav
MF
HE=0
= 4U0 Pav
Pav =
+pe
e
4U0 Ppav
4U0 Ppav
pi
p2
(8)
pe
4U0 Ppav
4U0 Ppav
+e
Pav
= p tanh 4U0
p
(9)
To find Tc we take the first order in tanh 4U0 Ppav
Pav
Pav
= T anh(4U0
)
p
p
Pav
Pav
= 4U0
p
p
2
Tc = 4U0
(10)
(11)
PA
PB
PA = p tanh 2U0
2U0
+ Ep
p
p
PA
PB
2U0
+ Ep
PB = p tanh 2U0
p
p
PA
PA
= 2U0
tanh
p
p
PB
PB
tanh1
= 2U0
p
p
PA
PA
= 2U0
p
p
PB
PB
= 2U0
p
p
1
P =
N
(PA + PB )
2
P
|E=0 = N p2
E
PB
p
PA
2U0
p
PB
2U0
p
PA
2U0
p
2U0
(12)
+ Ep
+ Ep
+ Ep
+ Ep
P = N Ep2
(13)
(14)
(15)