Reliability Assessment

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Reliability Assessment

Power System Reliability

Analysis
Reliability

The probability of a system performing its

function adequately for the period of time and
operation conditions intended
Adequacy
Sufficient facilities within the system to satisfy
customer demand
Security
Ability of the system to respond favorably to
disturbances arising within that system
1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Reliability Assessment

Slide 2

Power System Reliability

Analysis
Used in system planning and operation
Reliability Assessment for:
Generation station and generation capacity

Composite generation and transmission system

Distribution system

Substation and switching stations

Protection system
1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Reliability Assessment

Slide 3

Power System Reliability

Analysis
Various Indices to Measure Reliability
Customer Interruption Frequency

Customer Interruption Duration

Customer Curtailment Power/Energy Not
Served
Reliability Worth Study
Minimize Total Cost: Reliability Cost and
Consumer Interruption Cost
1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Reliability Assessment

Slide 4

Distribution System Reliability

Analysis
Concerned with availability and quality of power
supply at each customers service entrance
Adequacy Analysis
Statistics show that failures in distribution systems
contribute as much as 90% towards the
unavailability of supply to a load as compared with
other parts of electric power systems

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Reliability Assessment

Slide 5

Reliability Analysis Using ETAP

Assesses distribution system reliability level for
radial and looped systems with a very efficient
algorithm
Considers single and double contingencies
Assesses reliability level for system and each load
point based on component failure model and
system configuration
Performs sensitivity analysis to identify the optimal
location to make greatest improvement on system
reliability at minimum cost
1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Reliability Assessment

Slide 6

Single & Double Contingencies

Consider a system with two or more parallel
branches.

In case of Single Contingency Analysis failure of

only one branch at a time is considered.

In case of Double Contingency Analysis

simultaneous failure of two branches at a time is
also considered in addition to failure of one branch
at a time.
1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Reliability Assessment

Slide 7

Single & Double Contingency

Example
Single Contingency:
Failure of T5 or T6 at
a time is considered.
Double Contingency

Simultaneous failure
of T5 & T6 and failure
of T5 or T6 at a time is
considered.

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Reliability Assessment

Slide 8

Component Model
A

P-

- Active Failure Rate (No of Failures/Year)

Causes the operation of the protection devices around

the failed component, i.e. a short-circuit fault

Failed component itself (and those components that are

directly connected to this failed component) restores to
service after repair or replacement

Passive Failure Rate (No of Failures/Year)

Does not cause the operation of protection around the

failed component, i.e. an open circuit fault

Failed component itself restores to service after repair

or replacement

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Reliability Assessment

Slide 9

Component Model
Mean Time To Repair in hours (MTTR)
Time required to repair a component outage
and/or restore the system to its normal operating
state
Mean Repair Rate (No of repairs per year) ( )
= 8760/MTTR

Mean Time To Failure (years) (MTTF):

MTTF = 1.0/(

A+ P)

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Reliability Assessment

Slide 10

Component Model
Mean Time Between Failure (Year) (MTBF)
MTBF = MTTF + MTTR/8760
Forced Outage Rate (Unavailability) (FOR)
FOR = MTTR/(MTBF*8760)
Switching Time
Time in hours for isolating a fault occurred at the
component
Assume that CB/Fuse trip a fault instantaneously
Time for replacing a failed element by a spare one,
in hours rP
1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Reliability Assessment

Slide 11

Single-Component Concepts
Two-State Model
A two-state up/down representation is used for
the operation/repair cycle of a component (such
as lines, cables, transformers, breakers, fuses,
switches, loads and busbars)
=(
UP

Up

A+ P)

..

DOWN
Down
..
MTTF

MTTF
MTTR

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Reliability Assessment

MTTR

Slide 12

Model for Components in

Series/Parallel
Two Components in Series
Component 1

Component 2

1, r1

sys

rsys

1
r
11

2, r2

2
r ( r )( r )
2 2 11 2 2
sys

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Reliability Assessment

r
11

r
22
sys

Slide 13

Model for Components in

Series/Parallel
Two Components in Parallel
Component 1
1, r1

2, r2

(r r )
12 1 2
sys 1 r
r
11 2 2

(r r )
12 1 2

rr
rsys 1 2
r r
1 2

Component 2

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Reliability Assessment

Slide 14

System Modeling
Fault Current Interruption
Only overcurrent protection devices (CB and
fuse) can interrupt fault current
Fault current interruption is assumed to be
instantaneous
Assumed to have no effect on components with
multiple source connection and isolated from
fault by CB/fuses

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Reliability Assessment

Slide 15

System Modeling
Fault Isolation
All switching devices can isolate faults. CBs and
fuses isolate fault instantaneously
Switches isolate fault at switching time of the
faulted component
Switching time for a load is equal to that of the
closest component

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Reliability Assessment

Slide 16

System Modeling
Normally Open Tie: Open tie PD can be closed
(switching time) to provide back up power
Two terminal buses should be energized
Can have several PDs connected in series and
with one or more open

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Reliability Assessment

Slide 17

Library for Reliability Analysis

Component Reliability
Data for each type of component - transformer,
bus, line, etc.

Active Failure Rate

Passive Failure Rate
Repair Time
Switching Time
Replacement Time

Typical data from IEEE Standard

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Reliability Assessment

Slide 18

Library for Reliability Analysis

Sector Customer Interruption Cost
Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) is used
to divide customers into seven categories of
large user, industrial, commercial, agriculture,
residential, government & institutions and office
& buildings.
Sector Customer Damage Functions (SCDF) are
interruption costs for several discrete outage
durations.

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Reliability Assessment

Slide 19

Library for Reliability Analysis

A log-log interpolation of the cost data is used
where the interruption duration lies between two
separate times.
If fault duration is outside the range, a linear
extrapolation with the same slope as that
between the two largest durations are used to
calculate the interruption cost.

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Reliability Assessment

Slide 20

Distribution System Reliability

Indices
Average Failure Rate at Load Point i,
i

i(f/yr)

j Ne e, j

- The average failure rate of element j (or element

combination j, such as double contingency).
Ne - The total number of the elements whose faults will
interrupt load point i.
e,j

Annual Outage Duration at Load Point i, Ui(hr/yr)

U

r
e
,
j
ij
j Ne

rij --Failure duration at load point i due to a failed element j.

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Reliability Assessment

Slide 21

Distribution System Reliability

Indices
Average Outage Duration at Load Point, ri(hr)
r U /
i i i

Expected Energy Not Supplied Index at Load Point, EENSi

(MWhr/yr)
EENSi P Ui
i

Pi - the average load of load point i.

Expected Interruption Cost Index at Load Point, ECOSTi

(k$/yr)
ECOST P
f (r )
i i j Ne ij e, j

Where f(rij) is the SCDF.

The EENS and ECOST for a bus are calculated based on loads that
are directly connected to that bus due to the outage of that bus.
1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Reliability Assessment

Slide 22

Distribution System Reliability

Indices
Interrupted Energy Assessment Rate Index at Load Point,
IEARi ($/kWhr)
IEARi

ECOSTi
EENSi

System Average Interruption Frequency Index, SAIFI

(f/customer.yr)
N
i i
N
i

SAIFI Total number of customer interrupti ons

Total number of customer served

Where N is the number of customers at load point i

System Average Interruption Duration Index, SAIDI

(hr/customer.yr)
SAIDI

Sum of customer interrupti on durations

Total number of customer served

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Reliability Assessment

UN
i i
N
i
Slide 23

Distribution System Reliability

Indices
Customer Average Interruption Duration Index,
CAIDI(hr/customer interruption)
CAIDI Sum of customer interrupti on duration s
Total number of customer interrupti ons

UN
i i
N
i i

Average Service Availability Index, ASAI(pu)

ASAI

Customer hours of available service

Customer hours demanded
N 8760
NU
i
i i
N 8760
i

Where 8760 is the number of hours in a calendar year

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Reliability Assessment

Slide 24

Distribution System Reliability

Indices
Average Service Unavailability Index, ASUI(pu)
ASUI 1 ASAI

System Expected Energy Not Supplied Index, EENS (MWhr/yr)

EENS = Total energy not supplied by the system =

EENSi

System Expected Interruption Cost Index, ECOST(k$/yr)

ECOST =

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Reliability Assessment

ECOSTi

Slide 25

Distribution System Reliability

Indices
Average Energy Not Supplied Index, AENS
(MWhr/customer.yr)
AENS

Total energy not supplied by the system

Total number of customer served

System Interrupted
IEAR($/kWhr)

Energy

Assessment

EENS
i
N
i

Rate

Index,

IEAR ECOST
EENS

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Reliability Assessment

Slide 26

RA Example 1 Using ETAP

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Reliability Assessment

Slide 27

RA Example 1 Using ETAP

Data:

Active failure rate for breakers:

Passive failure rate for breakers:
failure/year
Failure rate for Bus, Utility:

a=

0.003 failure/year

p=

0.002

= 0.001 failure/year

MTTR for breakers: 30 hours

MTTR for buses, utility: 2 hours

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Reliability Assessment

Slide 28

RA Example 1 Using ETAP

Reliability Indices at LP1:
The main bus would be de-energized if:
CB1 fails actively OR passively
CB2 and CB3 fail actively
Utility fails
Main bus itself fails

Failure rate for the main bus:

LP1

p CB1

a CB 2

a CB 3

Utility

Main Bus

0.005 0.003 0.003 0.001 0.001

0.013 failure / year
1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Reliability Assessment

Slide 29

RA Example 1 Using ETAP

Annual unavailability for the main bus:

U LP1

MTTR CB1

MTTR CB 3

a CB 3

MTTR Main Bus

p CB1

MTTR CB 2

MTTRUtility

a CB 2

Utility

Main Bus

30 0.005 30 0.003 30 0.003 2 0.001 2 0.001

0.334 hour / year
Time to replace the main bus:
rLP1

0.334
0.013

25 .692 hours

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Reliability Assessment

Slide 30

RA Example 2 Using ETAP

Results for the Single Contingency case

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Reliability Assessment

Slide 31

RA Example 2 Using ETAP

Results for the Double Contingency case

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Reliability Assessment

Slide 32

RA Example 2 Using ETAP

Calculations for the Double Contingency case:
For simplicity for hand calculations:
Failure rates for the breakers connecting the transformers to the buses are
taken to be zero

Failure rates of the two transformers are taken to be 1; MTTR = 200 hr.
Therefore the failure rate at Bus 2 due to double contingency:

(r1 r2 )
8760
1r1
2 r2
8760

1 2
double

1 1 (200 200)
8760
1 200 1 200
1
8760

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Reliability Assessment

0.0436681 failures / year

Slide 33

RA Example 2 Using ETAP

Calculations for the Double Contingency case:
Failure rate for the single contingency case:

sin gle

U1

CB1

CB1

A
MainBus

Bus 2

CB 6

0.011 failures / year

Therefore total failure rate at Bus 2 :
Bus 2

double

sin gle

0.0436681 0.011 0.0546681 failures / year

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Reliability Assessment

Slide 34

RA Example 3 Using ETAP

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Reliability Assessment

Slide 35