BIBLIOTHECA

MVSEI

MARISIENSIS

SERIA ARCHAEOLOGIC A

II

PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COLLOQUIUMS

FROM TRGU MURE
Editor
BERECKI SNDOR

IRON AGE COMMUNITIES

IN THE CARPATHIAN BASIN
PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COLLOQUIUM
FROM TRGU MURE

911 October 2009

Edited by
BERECKI Sndor

Editura MEGA
Cluj-Napoca
2010

CONTENT

Preface ..................................................................................................................................................................7
Mitja GUTIN
he Eastern Traces on the Slopes of the Eastern Alps. Some Examples of Iron Age Contacts
along the Danube and Sava Rivers ....................................................................................................................9
Tiberiu Ioan TECARJzsef-Gbor NAGY
A Community from the First Iron Age from GheorghieniValea Mare
(Cluj County). Preliminary study .................................................................................................................. 15
Marija LJUTINA
he Late Hallstatt Communities in the Serbian Part of the Danube Basin .............................................. 59
Rbert SCHOLTZ
New Data on the Scythian Age Settlement History of Szabolcs County, Hungary ................................. 79
Horea POPIoan BEJINARIU
Late HallstattEarly La Tne Settlement from PorPali (com. Marca, Slaj County, Romania) ........ 99
Jan BOUZEK
he Beginnings of the La Tne Art in Bohemia and the East................................................................... 107
J. Vincent S. MEGAWM. Ruth MEGAW
A World Turned Upside Down. he Bronze Plaque from Stupava, okr. Malacky ................................. 115
Tiberius BADER
Ein wiederaufgebautes frhkeltisches Geht im Keltenmuseum Hochdorf/Enz ................................. 127
Zoltn CZAJLIKAttila CZVEKPter CSIPPNBalzs HOLLEnik MAGYARI
Szilvia SZLLSILszl RUPNIKLrinc TIMR
Archaeological and Palaeoenvironmental Data on Late Iron Age Settlements in South-Eastern
Transdanubia (Tolna County) ...................................................................................................................... 149
Maya HAUSCHILD
Celticised or Assimilated? In Search of Foreign and Indigenous People at the Time of the Celtic
Migrations ....................................................................................................................................................... 171
Jnos NMETI
he Problem of Hand-Made Pottery from La Tne (Celtic) Contexts in North-Western Romania.
A Comparison with Neighbouring Regions Tisza Valley and Transylvania ........................................ 181

Aurel RUSTOIUMariana EGRI

Danubian Kantharoi Almost hree Decades Later................................................................................. 217
Peter C. RAMSL
he La Tne Age Cemetery of Mannersdorf am Leithagebirge, Flur Reinthal Sd, Lower Austria
and the Connections to Other Parts of the Middle European Corridor................................................. 289
Marko DIZDAR
Kantharoi of Autochthonous Pannonian Origin from the La Tne Culture Cemetery
in Zvonimirovo, Croatia ................................................................................................................................ 297
Iosif Vasile FERENCZLucian Dan VAIDA
Middle La Tne Arrowheads from Transylvania ....................................................................................... 309
Kroly TANK
La Tne Ceramic Technology and Typology of Northeast Hungarian Settlements
(3rd2nd Century BC) ...................................................................................................................................... 321
Maciej KARWOWSKI
Prellenkirchen. Celtic Settlement in the Foreland of the Carpathian Basin........................................... 333
Sndor BERECKIDaniel Mihai CIOAT
An Iron Age Homestead from Sngeorgiu de Mure, Transylvania ........................................................ 349
Imola KELEMEN
he Archaeozoological Analysis of the Animal Bones from
Sngeorgiu de MureRoman-Catholic Cemetery ...................................................................................... 383
Gelu FLOREA
Sarmizegetusa Regia. Un Certain Modle Urbain ..................................................................................... 389
Ctlin Nicolae POPA
A New Framework for Approaching Dacian Identity. he Burial Contribution ................................... 395
ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................................................ 425

Preface

he present volume is the result of the International Colloquium held at Trgu Mure in
911 October 2009, entitled Iron Age Communities in the Carpathian Basin, and includes
studies concerning the communities of the second half of the 1st millennium BC from the Carpathian Basin.
Its theme continues the debates covered by the previous volume, concerning the communities of the Bronze
Age from the same region (see ed. Berecki et al., Bronze Age Communities in the Carpathian Basin,
Bibliotheca Mvsei Marisiensis, I), which also originates from another international meeting held in the
same location.
he main reason for choosing the Carpathian Basin as the central subject of both scientiic meetings
is its particular status a region characterised by several contacts between western and eastern civilizations, but also between the Mediterranean south and the temperate Europe, from prehistory until the modern time. his area is crossed by two major axes, the Danube a river which always was an essential route
between Western and Eastern Europe, and the Amber Route which facilitated the economic and cultural
connections between the Mediterranean space and distant populations from the Baltic shores.
he chronological interval of the Iron Age was chosen mainly because of the signiicant accumulation of new archaeological data having the potential to ofer new perspectives on the evolution of indigenous
or newly come communities from this region. At the same time, both recent information and older results
of the archaeological investigations are now integrated into a series of new interpretative models which
ofer the possibility to compare various cultural patterns from the Carpathian Basin with others recently
proposed for diferent contemporaneous geo-cultural entities from temperate Europe.
Last but not least, the chosen chronological interval was characterised by intense demographic, economic, social and spiritual dynamics, all having a major impact on the ways in which diferent social and
political entities from the Carpathian Basin deined themselves from an ethnic, political or military point
of view before the Roman conquest. From this perspective, a series of careful and detailed investigations of
the regional cultural interactions and interferences may reveal various mechanisms through which such
communal identities were constructed, and also many cultural practices through which these characteristics
were expressed.
In the present volume are included articles written by archaeologists from ten countries, covering a
variety of subjects: studies concerning the circulation of diferent speciic artefacts, technologies or decorative motifs on smaller or larger areas of the Carpathian Basin, case-studies or syntheses concerning particular cemeteries or rural and fortiied settlements, detailed analyses of the building techniques of certain
communities, studies concerning particular ceramic categories, weaponry or jewellery, analyses of certain
funerary practices. he list also includes some inter-disciplinary studies involving the use of aerial photography, archaeozoology and isotope analyses.
First, we would like to thank all the participants in the Colloquium (T. Bader, Z. Czajlik, M. Egri, I.
V. Ferencz, M. Gutin, M. Hauschild, M. Jevti, B. Kri, M. Ljutina, V. and R. Megaw, J. G. Nagy, H. Pop,
C. N. Popa, P. C. Ramsl, A. Rustoiu, R. Scholtz, L. D. Vaida), but also the authors of the articles included in
this volume, the collaborators, the support of family and friends, the management (Z. Sos) and colleagues
from the Mure County Museum.

Berecki Sndor
April 2010
Trgu Mure, RO

CELTICISED OR ASSIMILATED?
IN SEARCH OF FOREIGN AND INDIGENOUS PEOPLE
AT THE TIME OF THE CELTIC MIGRATIONS
Maya HAUSCHILD
Institut fr Vor- und Frhgeschichte
Johannes Gutenberg University
Mainz, Germany
hauschil@uni-mainz.de

Keywords: Celtic migrations, mobility, isotope analysis, foreignness, east expansion

his article gives a short insight into an interdisciplinary project about Mobility and Migration
in the La Tne Period, which has recently started in Germany.1 he research is done by colleagues from
the departments of Vor- und Frhgeschichte and Anthropologie at the Johannes Gutenberg University
Mainz as well as the Rmisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum in Mainz. he aim of this Iron Age project,
conducted by archaeology and anthropology, is to ind evidence for indigenous and foreign individuals.
Isotope analysis will show character and complexity of mobility and migration in selected landscapes of
the core and expansion area of the La Tne culture. he so-called Celtic Migrations in the 4th and 3rd
century BC are the historical background. During this time the La Tne culture expanded from its main
area in Central Europe to Southern France, Northern Italy, the Danube region and Romania. he Celts
extended their area to Greece and even reached Asia Minor (Fig. 7). But is this expansion of the La Tne
culture identical with the historical Celtic Migrations?
Greek and Roman authors wrote about the Celtic Migrations. hey inform us about military
events, associated with the Celtic expansion and the participation of Celtic mercenary soldiers in all
historically transmitted warlike conlicts during these times (Tomaschitz 2002, Dobesch 2001, 693).
he oldest Celtic raids are mentioned by Polybios (Hist. II, 1834). Furthermore, most antique authors
associate them with the conquest of Rome (Liv. 110; Plut. Cam. 22, 4; Diod. 1920). Ancient sources
about the prehistoric settlements in the Carpathian region are only fragmentary transmitted. Reports
about the Celtic expansion to east into the middle Danube area and the Carpathian Basin are detectable
in the works of Titus Livius and Pompeius Trogus. In his wandering legend of Ambicatus, Livy mentions two simultaneous movements (Liv. V, 34): one to Italy and the other in an eastward direction into
the Hercynian forest. Ambicatus, the king of the Bituriges, faced overpopulation in his empire and thus
dismissed his two nephews Bellovesus and Segovesus. Instructed by the oracle, Segovesus moved into
the Hercynian forest with a band of warriors, while Bellovesus and his troop invaded Northern Italy.
Hercynia silva is the ancient term for the whole low mountain area from east of the Rhine to north of
the Danube. herefore the Celts way through the middle Danube area into the Carpathian Basin can1. his project is inanced by the Deutsche Forschungsgesellschat (DFG). For useful hints and kind assistance I would like
to thank Dr. Martin Schnfelder (Rmisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum Mainz), Mirjam Scheeres M.A. (Institut fr
Anthropologie Mainz), Sarah Scheler M.A. (Institut fr Klassische Archologie Bonn), Dr. Martin Grnewald (RmischGermanisches Zentralmuseum Mainz), Dr. Volker Grnewald (Institut fr Vor- und Frhgeschichte Mainz) and Dipl.Designer Irene Bell (Institut fr Vor- und Frhgeschichte Mainz).

Iron Age Communities in the Carpathian Basin, 2010, p. 171180

172 | Maya Hauschild

Fig. 1. Characteristic La Tne and local objects from the Celtic cemeteries
in the Carpathian Basin (Zirra 1975, ig. 4).

not be located exactly. We can only igure out, that a wandering of Celtic tribes to the east took place.
Pompeius Trogus dated the eastern expansion by mentioning this event parallel to the Celtic invasion
into Italy, therefore at the beginning of the 4th century BC (Iust. XXIV, 4). At that time the Gauls assaulted
Rome about 385 BC and coevally a Celtic migration to Pannonia took place. Additionally, in the 4th century BC, antique authors frequently report on the harassment of the Scythians from the north-east.
Although the historical tradition about
a irst Celtic immigration into the presentday Transylvania at the beginning of the 4th
century BC is acceptable, we do not get any
information about the exact processes in the
CarpathianDanube area. he Geography of
Ptolemy (III, 8, 3; III, 10, 3) alludes a diversity of
Celtic tribes, among them Anarti, Taurisci and
Brigolatii in Northern Dacia. For the 3rd century BC ancient authors mention Celtic raids
through the Balkan area and to Asia Minor as
well as the plundering of the Greek colonies
along the Ionic coast like the sack of Delphi in
279 BC. But what do we really know?
Archaeological sources suggest a
irst appearance of La Tne culture in the
Middle Danube region already at the end of
the 5th century BC (Zirra 1991; Szab 1998,
5152). he CarpathianDanube area was
during the late Hallstatt period already complexly populated with the presence of different cultures, which developed during the
Fig. 2. Celtic locations and historically transmitted Celtic raids
early La Tne period from a substrate of difduring La Tne period in the Carpathian Basin
ferent groups of population. Objects of early
(Szab 1998, ig. 51).

Celticised or Assimilated? | 173

La Tne character date a irst appearance of

Celtic immigrants in the CarpathianDanube
area, among them ibulae of early La Tne type
like Dux, Mnsingen or Certosa type, bracelets with Steckverschluss or Stempelenden,
Hohlringe and Hohlbuckelringe in
bronze, typical La Tne weapons, snales as
well as wheel turned pottery (Fig. 1; Zirra
1971; Zirra 1975; Crian 1978; Zirra 1981;
Berecki 2008). In Romania the geographical
distribution of lat cemeteries with La Tne
inventory seem to show the access way of the
irst Celtic immigrants during the second half
of the 4th century BC through the Mure valley into the area of the Carpathians (Ferencz
Fig. 3. Bronze ibula with false iligree from Mistn
2007; Rustoiu 2008). he Celts settled in
(Moravia). 3rd century BC. Moravsk Muzeum, Brno, Czech
close contact to the Scythians, Geto-Dacians,
Republic (Moscati 1991, 318).
hracians and Illyrians (Fig. 2). At the beginning of the middle La Tne, jewellery objects
with own style developments refer to the formation of an eastern La Tne culture. Fibulae
and ring jewellery with ornaments of falseiligree show a development of an autonomous eastern art style, which probably was
adopted during the Celtic remigration from
the hracian-Illyrian area (Fig. 3; Szab 1975;
Tonkova 2006). heir workshops are supposed in the Middle Danube region but could
not be located exactly until now.
he fact, that antique literature shows
the Celts as wandering tribes and mercenaries, frequently tempts to wrong ideas about the
real processes and backgrounds of migration.
he historical sources suggest the picture of
a large groups movement, whereby the term
migration is oten connected with an invasion of population. In the 19th century a transigured picture of the Celtic invasion still
existed, visible in the creations of contemporary painters like the drawing of Brennus and
his Booties by Paul Joseph Jamin (Fig. 4).
Today we must consider that this is
usually an emigration of small parts of tribal
communities, small groups or only single persons. Highly mobile individuals are for examFig. 4. Brennus and his Booties by Paul Joseph Jamin (1893).
ple young men, warriors or traders. In stable
Muse des Beaux-Arts in La Rochelle, France
communities a certain mobility of individuals
(Tomaschitz 2002).
always is an inherent part of the population.
herefore migration consists of more complex processes as only the historical sources could establish to
(Prien 2005).
We have to distinguish between mobility and migration. Mobility is the movement of single
persons or groups over small or larger distance for diferent purposes with the intention for returning
to the place of departure. Migration on the contrary is the mobility of single persons or groups with a

174 | Maya Hauschild

change of location over larger distance with the intention for a permanent settle down at the destination
(Ramsl 2003).
Precondition for migration is the existence of a permanent not regularly mobile population,
which changes location due to resettlement. By contrast, regular mobility is about groups or persons,
who never or only particularly settle down. Examples can be found in nomadism, the seasonal
change of locations, in wandering cratsmen or traders but also in the mercenary soldiers. he wandering of groups with a following settlement in developed landscapes, or also the marry-in into a family of
another tribe is to understand as migration.
Changes and diferences within the settlement in landscapes are signiicant for mobility or migration. Unfortunately for the 4th and 3rd century BC only few regions are explored for settlements in detail.
Archaeological evidence for the time of the Celtic Migrations can be seen in the lat cemeteries, which
are representative for the period of LT B (Krmer 1985, 1647; Eggl 2003). he inventory of graves is
the key to each individual. On the basis of grave goods foreignness due to mobility is decucible. But we
are detecting the mobility of objects and manners instead of the buried persons themselves (Pollex
Et Al. 2005). It is diicult or even impossible to exactly determine the ethnical identity of individuals based on several objects. Such objects could be brought in by way of exchange or trade (Brather
2004). For recognizing foreignness, diferences in cultural assets as well as a signiicant change in funeral
traditions must be available. Precondition is the existence of diferent civilizations with diferent material (Fig. 5). Only in this case it will be possible to distinguish between regional inding territories within
potential foreign and indigenous individuals.

Fig. 5. Signiicant objects in the core and expansion area of La Tne culture: 1. Torques ternaire from the Champagne
region, France (Moscati 1991, 246); 2. Oberrheinischer Scheibenhalsring from Gufelden-Nebringen, Southern
Germany (Mller 1989); 3. Sapropelitarmring from Bohemia, Czech Republic (DrdaRybov 1995, 187); 4. Bronze
Hohlbuckelring in plastic style from Bohemia, Czech Republic (Moscati 1991, 270); 5. Nussringpaar from the
Carpathian region, Romania (Moscati 1991, 277); 6. Helmet of a Celtic warrior from Monte Bibele, Northern Italy (Vitali
2006, 20, ig. 3); 7. Celtic migrant in typical dressing of the 4th/3rd century BC (Schmuck der Kelten 1998, 57, ig. 28);
8. Celtic warrior with typical weaponry of the 4th/3rd century BC (Violante 1993; map based on V. Kasshlke, RGZM).

Bioarchaeometric research, a subdiscipline of anthropology, is able to detect foreign individuals.

A combination of archaeological and bioarchaeometric data is therefore necessary to verify foreign and

Celticised or Assimilated? | 175

local individuals as extension of mobility and migration (Ttken Et Al. 2008). Scientiic analyses can
show a change of residence by one single individual between two geologically diferent deined regions
(Knipper 2004). he isotope analysis allows a certain evidence of indigenous as well as immigrated
persons within a local community. Individuals, who are identiied as immigrants, furthermore can be
studied for their potential place of origin. In this case it is only detectable from which geological range
an individual came if the area has a diverse geology, but it is diicult to establish where an individual
exactly immigrated from. In the same way it is detectable whether individuals all together migrated
from a certain region or otherwise from diferent geographical areas and the date of changing localities
is veriiable, as well. he analysis is conducted on the basis of stable isotopes of heavy and light elements
like strontium, lead, oxygen or sulphur, which are picked up with the food by people and animals and
taken up through the food chain (Bentley 2006). he anthropological research is mainly based on the
assignment of strontium and oxygen isotopes. Scientiic analysing methods allow us nowadays to gain

Fig. 6. Strontium isotope analysis (modiied by M. Scheeres according to Knipper 2004, 630, ig. 18).

relevant data from bone material: as evidence for mobility, the isotope signal from dental enamel will be
compared to the isotope signal of the environment, in which the individual was buried. As the dental
enamel of an individual indicates the environment during his childhood, it is detectable whether this
person migrated to another area later in his life. Strontium data from the bone collagen on the other
hand give us an idea of the local environment, in which an individual was buried (Fig. 6). Furthermore
morphological and genetic markers give more information on his origin.
In the course of the research project about 16 cemeteries will be analysed. he locations are
distributed from the core to the expansion area of the La Tne culture (Fig. 7). hese selected locations
are key-places of discovery, which means the cemeteries are of superior scientiic importance within
their region. Further criteria are, whenever possible, a high number of LT B graves as well as the use by
more than one generation. To gain signiicant evidence, the geological relation of the selected cemeteries must also be regarded. An important selection criterion for the graves particularly examined is the
occurrence of regionally signiicant grave goods, which are wide distributed, in combination with well
preserved skeletal remains, including teeth. hat is why bone preservation restricts the selection considerably. Some locations from Southern Germany, Switzerland, Bohemia and Northern Italy are currently
analyzed. For the eastern expansion area, samples from Hungary have already been taken. Examinations
still are outstanding for Romania. he cemetery of Picolt ofers interesting research approaches.

176 | Maya Hauschild

Fig. 7. Selected cemeteries for isotope analyses in the core and expansion area of La Tne culture
at the time of the Celtic Migrations (map based on V. Kasshlke, RGZM).

Fig. 8. Distribution of Oberrheinische Scheibenhalsringe; 30. Gufelden-Nebringen Baumscker,

Southern Germany; 82. Picolt, Romania (Mller 1989, Beilage 6).

Celticised or Assimilated? | 177

An important location within the core area of La Tne culture is the cemetery of GufeldenNebringen in Southern Germany (Krmer 1964). his necropolis probably belonged to a small community or several small homesteads, maybe of families. First results of isotope analyses detected a high number
of mobile people, among them warriors, women and children. he cemetery is characterized by rich jewel
ittings in female graves. Common additions are precious neck rings, so-called Scheibenhalsringe. heir
close distribution suggests their origin within the Upper Rhine area (Fig. 8; Mller 1989). Some examples were also found in the eastern expansion area, for example in the cemetery of Picolt in Romania
(Nmeti 1988; 1989; 1992; 1993; Zirra 1998). In the Middle Danube area, as well as in the Carpathian Basin
this kind of neck rings is very unusual. his fact suggests that Scheibenhalsringe may be traces of a Celtic
migration from the Upper Rhine region into the east. In the lat cemetery of Picolt, excavated by J. Nmeti
in 1970, almost 200 graves of LT B had been discovered, among them cremation as well as inhumation burials. Picolt grave 108, in which a female person was buried with such a Scheibenhalsring, ofers interesting questions for future studies (Nmeti 1993). he graves inventory seems to include foreign as well as
local elements: Beside the neck ring (Fig. 9/1), eight ibulae Dux and Mnsingen type (Fig. 9/29) and a pair
of Hohlbuckelringe (Fig. 9/1011) can be identiied as characteristic La Tne jewellery. Two wheel turned
ceramic vessels are also typical elements of Celtic pottery (Fig. 9/1314). Only a one-handled vessel can be
identiied as indigenous Geto-Dacian pottery (Fig. 9/15; Zirra 1976; 1978).

Fig. 9. Inventory of grave 108 from Picolt (Romania); 111. Bronze; 12. Iron; 1315. Ceramic (Mller 1989, pl. 52).

178 | Maya Hauschild

If this woman from the grave 108 can be identiied by strontium isotope analysis as a foreign
individual, which model of mobility or migration is to prefer? Did she marry-in? And if so, did she
migrate alone or perhaps with the whole family? If she can be identiied as a local individual, was she
born as a member of the autochthonous population and integrated into Celtic society? Or was she the
local born child of a irst generation Celtic group, which set out this cemetery? Which population has
been dominant in this region? Is the cemetery of Picolt a proof for a peaceable coexistence of diferent
populations in this time? Or can we still speak about a Celtic invasion to the east? And what about
the social status of this buried woman? Only a few persons were outitted with such valuable jewellery
like a Scheibenhalsring with coral elements. he red coral has been imported since the Early Iron Age
from the Mediterranean area and already had been favoured in rich itted graves of the late Hallstatt and
early La Tne period, especially in the burials of princely seats (Koenig 1987; Mller 1989, 1718).
During the 4th and 3rd centuries BC Scheibenhalsringe with coral inlays became more rare in contrast
to objects with elements of enamel or red glass.
Many questions result from all the cemeteries we have to analyse. Graves with mixed inventory
may indicate a coexistence of diferent cultures. he cemetery of Picolt ofers a wide spectrum of burial
gits, which include not only Celtic elements but also Scythian and Dacian inds.
Finally, the following questions remain:
Are the Celtic Migrations veriiable? Yes, they are. But before we can speak about migration,
we irst have to verify mobility in a smaller context. he Celtic Migrations, like ancient sources tell
us about, are very complex. Mobility and migration of foreign individuals are known as archaeological
and historical hypotheses, which until now have not been veriiable. Within an interdisciplinary collaboration of archaeology and anthropology, it is possible to verify or falsify these hypotheses. hen, in
a second step, it can be possible to detect migration. hereby, it is necessary to ind the real background
and reasons for such an important period, which let many traces in history and archaeology.
Which models about mobility and migration are possible? Reconstructing the real processes will
be subject of an intensive research. Warrior graves with characteristic La Tne weaponry like sword, lance,
shield and more rarely with helmet seem to document a Celtic military aristocracy with high mobility
(SzabPetres 1992; Szab 1995; Ginoux 2003). But what can we ind out about the remaining part
of the community? Are there any other social or hierarchic groups detectable? Did probably complete
families travel over long distance to settle down in newly explored territory? Or could it be a matter of
marry-in into indigenous societies, thus new connections to foreign landscapes were possible?
And last but not least, there will remain the same question: What happened with a population,
which was confronted with indigenous people? Can we speak about a celticised autochthon population? Or have Celtic people been assimilated? Was there a peaceful coexistence between diferent tribes
or communities?
A speciic search for foreign people in settled landscapes of the expanded La Tne culture as well
as in the contact areas towards the neighbouring cultures like Scythians, Dacians or hracians might
visualize processes of mobility and migration. he resulting questions are complex. An interdisciplinary
research based on archaeology and anthropology as well as on further sciences like geology enables the
reconstruction of models regarding the settlements from diferent areas. Recognizing foreign and indigenous individuals will hopefully give some answers in the future.

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List of igures
Fig. 1. Characteristic La Tne and local objects from the Celtic cemeteries in the Carpathian Basin (Zirra
1975, ig. 4).
Fig. 2. Celtic locations and historically transmitted Celtic raids during La Tne period in the Carpathian
Basin (Szab 1998, ig. 51).
Fig. 3. Bronze ibula with false iligree from Mistn (Moravia). 3rd century BC. Moravsk Muzeum, Brno,
Czech Republic (Moscati 1991, 318).
Fig. 4. Brennus and his Booties by Paul Joseph Jamin (1893). Muse des Beaux-Arts in La Rochelle, France
(Tomaschitz 2002).
Fig. 5. Signiicant objects in the core and expansion area of La Tne culture: 1. Torques ternaire from
the Champagne region, France (Moscati 1991, 246); 2. Oberrheinischer Scheibenhalsring from
Gufelden-Nebringen, Southern Germany (Mller 1989); 3. Sapropelitarmring from Bohemia,
Czech Republic (DrdaRybov 1995, 187); 4. Bronze Hohlbuckelring in plastic style from
Bohemia, Czech Republic (Moscati 1991, 270); 5. Nussringpaar from the Carpathian region,
Romania (Moscati 1991, 277); 6. Helmet of a Celtic warrior from Monte Bibele, Northern Italy
(Vitali 2006, 20, ig. 3); 7. Celtic migrant in typical dressing of the 4th/3rd century BC (Schmuck
der Kelten 1998, 57, ig. 28); 8. Celtic warrior with typical weaponry of the 4th/3rd century BC
(Violante 1993; map based on V. Kasshlke, RGZM).
Fig. 6. Strontium isotope analysis (modiied by M. Scheeres according to Knipper 2004, 630, ig. 18).
Fig. 7. Selected cemeteries for isotope analyses in the core and expansion area of La Tne culture at the time
of the Celtic Migrations (map based on V. Kasshlke, RGZM).
Fig. 8. Distribution of Oberrheinische Scheibenhalsringe; 30. Gufelden-Nebringen Baumscker,
Southern Germany; 82. Picolt, Romania (Mller 1989, Beilage 6).
Fig. 9. Inventory of grave 108 from Picolt, Romania; 111. Bronze; 12. Iron; 1315. Ceramic (Mller
1989, pl. 52).