Glossary

Anaerobic digestion A biological process in which organic material is broken Electrolysis Breaking down substances using electrical current, Gasification of Black liquor from pulp mills can be gasified and used for Methane The simplest type of hydrocarbon CH4, the primary com-
down, primarily to methane and carbon dioxide. in this case, breaking down water into hydrogen and black liquor producing synthetic vehicle fuel such as methanol, DME, ponent in biogas and natural gas.
oxygen. or synthetic diesel. The black liquor’s energy content is
Atmospheric pressure Normal air pressure at sea level, approx. 1 bar. Otto engine An engine in which the fuel is ignited by a spark plug.
replaced in the paper mill through the introduction of low
Biomass Biological material from which energy can be extracted. Energy efficiency In this case, a measure of how great a proportion of the grade biomass, which is burned. Renewable electricity Electricity produced with renewable energy, primarily
energy used reaches the vehicles driven wheels. hydroelectric power, biomass, or wind power.
Black liquor A high-energy residual product resulting from the produc- Greenhouse effect Long-wave radiation is prevented from leaving the Earth’s
tion of chemical paper pulp, which is normally recycled in Esterification A chemical process in which raw vegetable oils are converted atmosphere due to greenhouse gases, which contributes Renewable fuels Fuels produced from renewable sources such as bio-
the mill through burning. to esters and given enhanced physical characteristics, to higher temperatures on the surface of the Earth. mass, hydroelectric power, wind power, or solar energy.
particularly increased stability.
Carbon dioxide-free Carbon dioxide-free transport is carried out with vehicles Greenhouse gases Gases that contribute to the greenhouse effect, in this Well-to-wheel This concept means that all relevant stages have been
transport run on fuels produced from renewable feedstocks, such EUCAR/CONCAWE/JRC EUCAR – European Council for Automotive Research case primarily carbon dioxide of fossil origins. taken into account, in other words, growing the raw
as biomass, which results in no net addition of carbon and Development material including fertilizer, harvesting the raw material,
Hybrid technology Propulsion technology for vehicles based on two dif-
dioxide into the atmosphere. CONCAWE – Oil Companies´ European Organisation ferent energy converters, such as a diesel engine and transporting it to the plant where the fuel is produced,
for Environment, Health and Safety an electric motor. Braking energy can be stored and production of the fuel, distribution to refuelling stations,
Cellulose The dominant component in the walls of cells in plants. and the use of the fuel in vehicles.
Wood consists of approx. 40-50% cellulose. JRC – Joint Research Center of the European Commission. returned to the electric motor.
http://ies.jrc.cec.eu.int/index.php?id=346
Climate impact Activities that affect the climate, in this case, primarily Hydrocarbons Chemical bonds of carbon and hydrogen.
greenhouse gas emissions. Fermentation A biological process in which material with a sugar con-
Hydrogenation Treatment of plant oils or animal fat, primarily with
tent is broken down to ethanol and carbon dioxide. When
CO2 Carbon dioxide. hydrogen gas in a refining process for the production of
cellulose is the feedstock, decomposition (hydrolysis) to
synthetic hydrocarbons.
CO2 equivalents A means of calculation that converts various greenhouse sugar must be done first using enzymes or acids.
gases to the equivalent amount of carbon dioxide with Hydrolysis A chemical process in which a molecule is broken down
Fossil energy Non-renewable energy from older geological periods,
the same greenhouse effect. after a water molecule has been added.
primarily oil, coal, and natural gas.
Compressed biogas Biogas compressed to approx. 200 bar. Ignition improver A fuel additive that enables the fuel to ignite through
Fossil fuels Fuel for vehicles based on fossil energy, primarily oil,
compression in a diesel engine.
Compression ignition The fuel in the engine is ignited by compression coal, and natural gas.
in the cylinder. Liquid biogas Biogas becomes a liquid if it is cooled to approx. -165
Gasification A process in which organic material such as biomass is
degrees Celsius.
Diesel engine An engine in which the fuel self-ignites through converted to synthetic gas, a mixture of hydrogen gas
high compression. and carbon monoxide. The synthetic gas can then be
used to form various synthetic fuel components.

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