SECOND DIVISION

[G.R. No. 161957. February 28, 2005]

JORGE GONZALES and PANEL OF ARBITRATORS, petitioners, vs. CLIMAX MINING LTD., CLIMAX-ARIMCO
MINING CORP., and AUSTRALASIAN PHILIPPINES MINING INC., respondents.
DECISION
TINGA, J.:
Petitioner Jorge Gonzales, as claimowner of mineral deposits located within the Addendum Area of
Influence in Didipio, in the provinces of Quirino and Nueva Vizcaya, entered into a co-production, joint
venture and/or production-sharing letter-agreement designated as the May 14, 1987 Letter of Intent
with Geophilippines, Inc, and Inmex Ltd. Under the agreement, petitioner, as claimowner, granted to
Geophilippines, Inc. and Inmex Ltd. collectively, the exclusive right to explore and survey the mining
claims for a period of thirty-six (36) months within which the latter could decide to take an operating
agreement on the mining claims and/or develop, operate, mine and otherwise exploit the mining
claims and market any and all minerals that may be derived therefrom.
On 28 February 1989, the parties to the May 14, 1987 Letter of Intent renegotiated the same into the
February 28, 1989 Agreement whereby the exploration of the mining claims was extended for another
period of three years.
On 9 March 1991, petitioner Gonzales, Arimco Mining Corporation, Geophilippines Inc., Inmex Ltd., and
Aumex Philippines, Inc. signed a document designated as the Addendum to the May 14, 1987 Letter of
Intent and February 28, 1989 Agreement with Express Adhesion Thereto (hereafter, the Addendum
Contract).[1] Under the Addendum Contract, Arimco Mining Corporation would apply to the
Government of the Philippines for permission to mine the claims as the Governments contractor under
a Financial and Technical Assistance Agreement (FTAA). On 20 June 1994, Arimco Mining Corporation
obtained the FTAA[2] and carried out work under the FTAA.
Respondents executed the Operating and Financial Accommodation Contract[3] (between ClimaxArimco Mining Corporation and Climax Mining Ltd., as first parties, and Australasian Philippines Mining
Inc., as second party) dated 23 December 1996 and Assignment, Accession Agreement[4] (between
Climax-Arimco Mining Corporation and Australasian Philippines Mining Inc.) dated 3 December 1996.
Respondent Climax Mining Corporation (Climax) and respondent Australasian Philippines Mining Inc.
(APMI) entered into a Memorandum of Agreement[5] dated 1 June 1991 whereby the former
transferred its FTAA to the latter.
On 8 November 1999, petitioner Gonzales filed before the Panel of Arbitrators, Region II, Mines and
Geosciences Bureau of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources, against respondents
Climax-Arimco Mining Corporation (Climax-Arimco), Climax, and APMI,[6] a Complaint[7] seeking the
declaration of nullity or termination of the Addendum Contract, the FTAA, the Operating and Financial
Accommodation Contract, the Assignment, Accession Agreement, and the Memorandum of
Agreement. Petitioner Gonzales prayed for an unspecified amount of actual and exemplary damages
plus attorneys fees and for the issuance of a temporary restraining order and/or writ of preliminary
injunction to restrain or enjoin respondents from further implementing the questioned agreements. He
sought said releifs on the grounds of FRAUD, OPPRESSION and/or VIOLATION of Section 2, Article XII of
the CONSTITUTION perpetrated by these foreign RESPONDENTS, conspiring and confederating with
one another and with each other.[8]
On 21 February 2001, the Panel of Arbitrators dismissed the Complaint for lack of jurisdiction.
Petitioner moved for reconsideration and this was granted on 18 October 2001, the Panel believing
that the case involved a dispute involving rights to mining areas and a dispute involving surface
owners, occupants and claim owners/concessionaires. According to the Panel, although the issue
raised in the Complaint appeared to be purely civil in nature and should be within the jurisdiction of the
regular courts, a ruling on the validity of the assailed contracts would result to the grant or denial of

mining rights over the properties; therefore, the question on the validity of the contract amounts to a
mining conflict or dispute. Hence, the Panel granted the Motion for Reconsideration with regard to the
issues of nullity, termination, withdrawal or damages, but with regard to the constitutionality of the
Addendum Agreement and FTAA, it held that it had no jurisdiction.[9]
Respondents filed their motion for reconsideration but this was denied on 25 June 2002. The Panel of
Arbitrators maintained that there was a mining dispute between the parties since the subject matter of
the Complaint arose from contracts between the parties which involve the exploration and exploitation
of minerals over the disputed area.[10]
Respondents assailed the orders of the Panel of Arbitrators via a petition for certiorari before the Court
of Appeals.
On 30 July 2003, the Court of Appeals granted the petition, declaring that the Panel of Arbitrators did
not have jurisdiction over the complaint filed by petitioner.[11] The jurisdiction of the Panel of
Arbitrators, said the Court of Appeals, is limited only to the resolution of mining disputes, defined as
those which raise a question of fact or matter requiring the technical knowledge and experience of
mining authorities. It was found that the complaint alleged fraud, oppression and violation of the
Constitution, which called for the interpretation and application of laws, and did not involve any mining
dispute. The Court of Appeals also observed that there were no averments relating to particular acts
constituting fraud and oppression. It added that since the Addendum Contract was executed in 1991,
the action to annul it should have been brought not later than 1995, as the prescriptive period for an
action for annulment is four years from the time of the discovery of the fraud.[12] When petitioner filed
his complaint before the Panel in 1999, his action had already prescribed. Also, the Court of Appeals
noted that fraud and duress only make a contract voidable,[13] not inexistent, hence the contract
remains valid until annulled. The Court of Appeals was of the opinion that the petition should have
been settled through arbitration under Republic Act No. 876 (The Arbitration Law) as stated in Clause
19.1 of the Addendum Contract. The Court of Appeals therefore declared as invalid the orders dated
18 October 2001 and 25 June 2002 issued by the Panel of Arbitrators. On 28 January 2004, the Court
of Appeals denied petitioners motion for reconsideration for lack of merit.[14]
Petitioner filed on 22 March 2004 this Petition for Review on Certiorari Under Rule 45 assailing the
decision and resolution of the Court of Appeals. Petitioner raises the following issues:
A.
PROCEDURAL GROUND
THE HONORABLE COURT OF APPEALS SHOULD HAVE SUMMARILY DISMISSED RESPONDENTS PETITION
A QUO FOR FAILURE TO COMPLY WITH PROCEDURAL REQUIREMENTS.
i.
WHETHER THE HONORABLE COURT OF APPEALS DEPARTED FROM THE RULES AND ESTABLISHED
JURISPRUDENCE WHEN IT DID NOT DISMISS THE PETITION A QUO DESPITE RESPONDENTS FAILURE TO
COMPLY WITH THE RULES ON DISCLOSURE IN THE VERIFICATION AND CERTIFICATION PORTION OF
THEIR PETITION A QUO.
ii.
WHETHER THE HONORABLE COURT OF APPEALS DEPARTED FROM THE RULES AND ESTABLISHED
JURISPRUDENCE WHEN IT DID NOT DISMISS THE PETITION A QUO FILED BY RESPONDENT CLIMAX
DESPITE THE LACK OF THE REQUISITE AUTHORITY TO FILE THE PETITION A QUO.
B.
SUBSTANTIVE GROUND

THE HONORABLE COURT OF APPEALS ERRED IN GRANTING THE PETITION A QUO FILED BY
RESPONDENTS AND IN DENYING MOTION FOR RECONSIDERATION FILED BY PETITIONER FOR UTTER
LACK OF BASIS IN FACT AND IN LAW.
i.
WHETHER THE HONORABLE COURT OF APPEALS DEPARTED FROM THE RULES AND ESTABLISHED
JURISPRUDENCE WHEN IT HELD THAT PETITIONER CEDED HIS CLAIMS OVER THE MINERAL DEPOSITS
LOCATED WITHIN THE ADDENDUM AREA OF INFLUENCE.
ii.
WHETHER THE HONORABLE COURT OF APPEALS DEPARTED FROM THE RULES AND ESTABLISHED
JURISPRUDENCE WHEN IT HELD THAT THE PANEL OF ARBITRATORS IS BEREFT OF JURISDICTION OVER
THE SUBJECT MATTER OF CASE NO. 058.
iii.
WHETHER THE HONORABLE COURT OF APPEALS DEPARTED FROM THE RULES AND ESTABLISHED
JURISPRUDENCE WHEN IT HELD THAT THE COMPLAINT FILED BY THE PETITIONER FAILED TO ALLEGE
ULTIMATE FACTS OR PARTICULARS OF FRAUD.
iv.
WHETHER THE HONORABLE COURT OF APPEALS DEPARTED FROM THE RULES AND ESTABLISHED
JURISPRUDENCE WHEN IT HELD THAT PETITIONER AND RESPONDENTS SHOULD SUBMIT TO
ARBITRATION UNDER R.A. 876.
v.
WHETHER THE HONORABLE COURT OF APPEALS DEPARTED FROM THE RULES AND ESTABLISHED
JURISPRUDENCE WHEN IT HELD THAT THE ACTION TO DECLARE THE NULLITY OF THE ADDENDUM
CONTRACT, FTAA, OFAC AND AAAA ON THE GROUND OF FRAUD HAS PRESCRIBED.
The issues for resolution in this petition for review are:
(a)
Whether there was forum-shopping on the part of respondents for their failure to
disclose to this Court their filing of a Petition to Compel for Arbitration before the Regional Trial Court
of Makati City, Branch 148, which is currently pending.
(b)
Whether counsel for respondent Climax had authority to file the petition for certiorari
before the Court of Appeals considering that the signor of the petition for certioraris Verification and
Certification of Non-forum Shopping was not authorized to sign the same in behalf of respondent
Climax.
(c)
Whether the complaint filed by petitioner raises a mining dispute over which the Panel
of Arbitrators has jurisdiction, or a judicial question which should properly be brought before the
regular courts.
(d)
Whether the dispute between the parties should be brought for arbitration under Rep.
Act No. 876.
Let us deal first with procedural matters.
Petitioner claims that respondents are guilty of forum-shopping for failing to disclose before this Court
that they had filed a Petition to Compel for Arbitration before the RTC of Makati City. However, it

cannot be determined from petitioners mere allegations in the Petition that the Petition to Compel for
Arbitration instituted by respondent Climax-Arimco, involves related causes of action and the grant of
the same or substantially the same reliefs as those involved in the instant case. Petitioner did not
attach copies of the Petition to Compel for Arbitration or any order or resolution of the RTC of Makati
City related to that case.
Furthermore, it can be gleaned from the nature of the two actions that the issues in the case before
the RTC of Makati City and in the petition for certiorari before the Court of Appeals are different. A
petition for certiorari raises the issue of whether or not there was grave abuse of discretion, while the
Petition to Compel for Arbitration seeks the implementation of the arbitration clause in the agreement
between the parties.
Petitioner next alleges that there was no authority granted by respondent Climax to the law firm of
Sycip Salazar Hernandez & Gatmaitan to file the petition before the Court of Appeals. There is
allegedly no Secretarys Certificate from respondent Climax attached to the petition. The Verification
and Certification only contains a statement made by one Marianne M. Manzanas that she is also the
authorized representative of [respondent Climax] without presenting further proof of such authority.
Hence, it is argued that as to respondent Climax, the petition filed before the Court of Appeals is an
unauthorized act and the assailed orders of the Panel of Arbitrators have become final.
Under Section 3, Rule 46 of the Rules of Court, a petitioner is required to submit, together with the
petition, a sworn certification of non-forum shopping, and failure to comply with this requirement is
sufficient ground for dismissal of the petition. The requirement that petitioner should sign the
certificate of non-forum shopping applies even to corporations, the Rules of Court making no
distinction between natural and juridical persons. The signatory in the case of the corporation should
be a duly authorized director or officer of the corporation who has knowledge of the matter being
certified.[15] If, as in this case, the petitioner is a corporation, a board resolution authorizing a
corporate officer to execute the certification against forum-shopping is necessary. A certification not
signed by a duly authorized person renders the petition subject to dismissal.[16]
On this point, we have to agree with petitioner. There appears to be no subsequent compliance with
the requirement to attach a board resolution authorizing the signor Marianne M. Manzanas to file the
petition in behalf of respondent Climax. Respondent also failed to refute this in its Comment.[17]
However, this latter issue becomes irrelevant in the light of our decision to deny this petition for review
for lack of jurisdiction by the Panel of Arbitrators over the complaint filed by petitioner, as will be
discussed below.
We now come to the meat of the case which revolves mainly around the question of jurisdiction by the
Panel of Arbitrators: Does the Panel of Arbitrators have jurisdiction over the complaint for declaration
of nullity and/or termination of the subject contracts on the ground of fraud, oppression and violation
of the Constitution? This issue may be distilled into the more basic question of whether the Complaint
raises a mining dispute or a judicial question.
A judicial question is a question that is proper for determination by the courts, as opposed to a moot
question or one properly decided by the executive or legislative branch.[18] A judicial question is
raised when the determination of the question involves the exercise of a judicial function; that is, the
question involves the determination of what the law is and what the legal rights of the parties are with
respect to the matter in controversy.[19]
On the other hand, a mining dispute is a dispute involving (a) rights to mining areas, (b) mineral
agreements, FTAAs, or permits, and (c) surface owners, occupants and claimholders/concessionaires.
[20] Under Republic Act No. 7942 (otherwise known as the Philippine Mining Act of 1995), the Panel of
Arbitrators has exclusive and original jurisdiction to hear and decide these mining disputes.[21] The
Court of Appeals, in its questioned decision, correctly stated that the Panels jurisdiction is limited only
to those mining disputes which raise questions of fact or matters requiring the application of
technological knowledge and experience.[22]
In Pearson v. Intermediate Appellate Court,[23] this Court observed that the trend has been to make
the adjudication of mining cases a purely administrative matter.[24] Decisions[25] of the Supreme

Court on mining disputes have recognized a distinction between (1) the primary powers granted by
pertinent provisions of law to the then Secretary of Agriculture and Natural Resources (and the bureau
directors) of an executive or administrative nature, such as granting of license, permits, lease and
contracts, or approving, rejecting, reinstating or canceling applications, or deciding conflicting
applications, and (2) controversies or disagreements of civil or contractual nature between litigants
which are questions of a judicial nature that may be adjudicated only by the courts of justice. This
distinction is carried on even in Rep. Act No. 7942.
The Complaint charged respondents with disregarding and ignoring the provisions of the Addendum
Contract, violating the purpose and spirit of the May 14, 1987 Letter of Intent and February 28, 1989
Agreement, and acting in a fraudulent and oppressive manner against petitioner and practicing fraud
and deception against the Government.[26] Petitioner alleged in his Complaint that under the original
agreements (the May 14, 1987 Letter of Intent and February 28, 1989 Agreement) respondent ClimaxArimco had committed to complete the Bankable Feasibility Study by 28 February 1992, but the same
was not accomplished. Instead, respondent Climax-Arimco, through false and insidious
representations and machinations by alleging technical and financial capacity, induced petitioner to
enter into the Addendum Contract and the FTAA in order to repeatedly extend the option period within
which to conduct the feasibility study. In essence, petitioner alleges that respondents, conspiring and
confederating with one another, misrepresented under the Addendum Contract and FTAA that
respondent Climax-Arimco possessed financial and technical capacity to put the project into
commercial production, when in truth it had no such qualification whatsoever to do so. By so doing,
respondents have allegedly caused damage not only to petitioner but also to the Republic of the
Philippines.[27]
It is apparent that the Panel of Arbitrators is bereft of jurisdiction over the Complaint filed by
petitioner. The basic issue in petitioners Complaint is the presence of fraud or misrepresentation
allegedly attendant to the execution of the Addendum Contract and the other contracts emanating
from it, such that the contracts are rendered invalid and not binding upon the parties. It avers that
petitioner was misled by respondents into agreeing to the Addendum Contract. This constitutes fraud
which vitiated petitioners consent, and under Article 1390 of the Civil Code, is one of the grounds for
the annulment of a voidable contract. Voidable or annullable contracts, before they are set aside, are
existent, valid, and binding, and are effective and obligatory between the parties.[28] They can be
ratified.[29]
Petitioner insists that the Complaint is actually one for the declaration of nullity of void contracts. He
argues that respondents, by their lack of financial and technical competence to carry out the mining
project, do not qualify to enter into a co-production, joint venture or production sharing agreement
with the Government, in circumvention of and in patent violation of the spirit and purpose of the
Constitution, particularly Section 2, Article XII thereof. Petitioner relies on the Civil Code for support:
[30]
Art. 1409. The following contracts are inexistent and void from the beginning:
(1) Those whose cause, object or purpose is contrary to law, morals, good customs, public order or
public policy;
....
(7) Those expressly prohibited or declared void by law.
....
Petitioner asserts that for circumventing and being in patent violation of the Constitution, the
Addendum Contract, the FTAA and the other contracts are void contracts. As such, they do not
produce any effect and cannot be ratified.
However, whether the case involves void or voidable contracts is still a judicial question. It may, in
some instances, involve questions of fact especially with regard to the determination of the

circumstances of the execution of the contracts. But the resolution of the validity or voidness of the
contracts remains a legal or judicial question as it requires the exercise of judicial function. It requires
the ascertainment of what laws are applicable to the dispute, the interpretation and application of
those laws, and the rendering of a judgment based thereon. Clearly, the dispute is not a mining
conflict. It is essentially judicial. The complaint was not merely for the determination of rights under
the mining contracts since the very validity of those contracts is put in issue.
The Complaint is not about a dispute involving rights to mining areas, nor is it a dispute involving
claimholders or concessionaires. The main question raised was the validity of the Addendum Contract,
the FTAA and the subsequent contracts. The question as to the rights of petitioner or respondents to
the mining area pursuant to these contracts, as well as the question of whether or not petitioner had
ceded his mining claims in favor of respondents by way of execution of the questioned contracts, is
merely corollary to the main issue, and may not be resolved without first determining the main issue.
The Complaint is also not what is contemplated by Rep. Act No. 7942 when it says the dispute should
involve FTAAs. The Complaint is not exclusively within the jurisdiction of the Panel of Arbitrators just
because, or for as long as, the dispute involves an FTAA. The Complaint raised the issue of the
constitutionality of the FTAA, which is definitely a judicial question. The question of constitutionality is
exclusively within the jurisdiction of the courts to resolve as this would clearly involve the exercise of
judicial power. The Panel of Arbitrators does not have jurisdiction over such an issue since it does not
involve the application of technical knowledge and expertise relating to mining. This the Panel of
Arbitrators has even conceded in its Orders dated 18 October 2001 and 25 June 2002. At this juncture,
it is worthy of note that in a case,[31] which was resolved only on 1 December 2004, this Court upheld
the validity of the FTAA entered into by the Republic of the Philippines and WMC (Philippines), Inc. and
constitutionality of Rep. Act No. 7942 and DENR Administrative Order 96-40.[32] In fact, the Court took
the case on an original petition, recognizing the exceptional character of the situation and the
paramount public interest involved, as well as the necessity for a ruling to put an end to the
uncertainties plaguing the mining industry and the affected communities as a result of doubts case
upon the constitutionality and validity of the Mining Act, the subject FTAA and future FTAAs, and the
need to avert a multiplicity of suits.[33]
Arbitration before the Panel of Arbitrators is proper only when there is a disagreement between the
parties as to some provisions of the contract between them, which needs the interpretation and the
application of that particular knowledge and expertise possessed by members of that Panel. It is not
proper when one of the parties repudiates the existence or validity of such contract or agreement on
the ground of fraud or oppression as in this case. The validity of the contract cannot be subject of
arbitration proceedings. Allegations of fraud and duress in the execution of a contract are matters
within the jurisdiction of the ordinary courts of law. These questions are legal in nature and require the
application and interpretation of laws and jurisprudence which is necessarily a judicial function.
Petitioner also disagrees with the Court of Appeals ruling that the case should be brought for
arbitration under Rep. Act 876, pursuant to the arbitration clause in the Addendum Contract which
states that [a]ll disputes arising out of or in connection with the Contract, which cannot be settled
amicably among the Parties, shall finally be settled under R.A. 876. He points out that respondents
Climax and APMI are not parties to the Addendum Contract and are thus not bound by the arbitration
clause in said contract.
We agree that the case should not be brought under the ambit of the Arbitration Law, but for a
different reason. The question of validity of the contract containing the agreement to submit to
arbitration will affect the applicability of the arbitration clause itself. A party cannot rely on the
contract and claim rights or obligations under it and at the same time impugn its existence or validity.
Indeed, litigants are enjoined from taking inconsistent positions. As previously discussed, the
complaint should have been filed before the regular courts as it involved issues which are judicial in
nature.
WHEREFORE, in view of the foregoing, the Petition for Review on Certiorari Under Rule 45 is DENIED.
The Orders dated 18 October 2001 and 25 June 2002 of the Panel of Arbitrators are SET ASIDE. Costs
against petitioner Jorge Gonzales.

SO ORDERED.
Puno, (Chairman), Austria-Martinez, Callejo, Sr., and Chico-Nazario, JJ., concur.