Harper Lee

Nelle Harper Lee (born April 28, 1926) is an American novelist widely known for her 1960 Pulitzer Prize
winning To Kill a Mockingbird, which deals with the
racism she observed as a child in her hometown of
Monroeville, Alabama. Though Lee published only this
single book for half a century, she was awarded the
Presidential Medal of Freedom for her contribution to
literature.[1] Lee has received numerous honorary degrees, and declined to speak on each occasion. Lee assisted close friend Truman Capote in his research for the
book In Cold Blood (1966).[2]

In 1949, Lee moved to New York City and took a job as

an airline reservation agent, writing ction in her spare
time.[5] Having written several long stories, Lee found
an agent in November 1956. The following month, at
Michael Brown's East 50th Street townhouse, she received a gift of a years wages from friends with a note:
You have one year o from your job to write whatever
you please. Merry Christmas.[11]

In February 2015 at age 88, nearly blind and deaf after a

2007 stroke, and after a lifetime of maintaining that she
would never publish another novel, Lee released a statement through her lawyer conrming publication of a second novel, Go Set a Watchman, written before To Kill a
Mockingbird, which was released in July 2015.[3][4]

To Kill a Mockingbird

2.1 Origin
According to Lee, she had rst written a book called Go
Set a Watchman in the mid-1950s. The book is about
a woman named Scout, returning to her home town of
Maycomb from New York to visit Atticus, her lawyer father. Lee said that her editor persuaded her to rework
some of Watchman 's material, in which Scout has ashbacks to her childhood, as a novel in their own rightand
that book became To Kill a Mockingbird. Lee stated, I
was a rst-time writer, so I did as I was told. [12][13]
It features the character known as Scout as an adult
woman, and I thought it a pretty decent eort.[3]

Early life

Lee eventually showed an early manuscript of To Kill a

Mockingbird to Tay Hoho, an editor at J. B. Lippincott
& Co. At this point, it still resembled a string of stories,
more than the novel Lee had intended. Under Hohos
guidance, two and a half years of rewriting followed.[14]
When the novel was nally ready, she opted to use the
name Harper Lee, rather than risk having her rst name
Nelle be misidentied as Nellie.[15]

Nelle Harper Lee was born and raised in Monroeville,

Alabama, the youngest of four children of Frances Cunningham (Finch) and Amasa Coleman Lee.[5] Her rst
name, Nelle, was her grandmothers name spelled backwards, and the name she uses.[6] Harper Lee is her nom
de plume.[6] Her mother was a homemaker; her father,
a former newspaper editor and proprietor, practiced law
and served in the Alabama State Legislature from 1926
to 1938. Before A.C. Lee became a title lawyer, he
once defended two black men accused of murdering a
white storekeeper. Both clients, a father and son, were
hanged.[7] Nelle Lee had three siblings: Alice Finch Lee
(19112014),[8] Louise Lee Conner (19162009) and
Edwin Lee (19201951).[9]

Published July 11, 1960, To Kill a Mockingbird was an

immediate bestseller and won great critical acclaim, including the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1961. It remains
a bestseller, with more than 30 million copies in print. In
1999, it was voted Best Novel of the Century in a poll
by the Library Journal.[16]

2.2 Autobiographical details in the novel

While enrolled at Monroe County High School, Lee developed an interest in English literature. After graduating from high school in 1944,[5] she attended the
then all-female Huntingdon College in Montgomery for
a year, then transferred to the University of Alabama in
Tuscaloosa, where she studied law for several years, and
wrote for the university newspaper, but did not complete
a degree.[5]

Like Lee, the tomboy Scout of the novel is the daughter of a respected small-town Alabama attorney. Scouts
friend, Dill, was inspired by Lees childhood friend and
neighbor, Truman Capote;[7] Lee, in turn, is the model
for a character in Capotes rst novel, Other Voices, Other
Rooms, published in 1948. Although the plot of Lees
1

AFTER TO KILL A MOCKINGBIRD

Since publication of To Kill a Mockingbird, Lee has

granted almost no requests for interviews or public appearances and, with the exception of a few short essays,
published nothing further, until 2015. She did work on
a follow-up novelThe Long Goodbyebut eventually
led it away unnished.[19] During the mid-1980s, she began a factual book about an Alabama serial murderer, but
also put it aside when she was not satised.[19] Her withdrawal from public life prompted unfounded speculation
that new publications were in the works.

First edition cover late printing

novel involves an unsuccessful legal defense similar to

one undertaken by her attorney father, the 1931 landmark Scottsboro Boys interracial rape case may also have Film producer Alan J. Pakula with Lee, who spent three weeks
watching the lming of To Kill a Mockingbird
helped to shape Lees social conscience.[17]
While Lee herself has downplayed autobiographical parallels in the book, Truman Capote, mentioning the character Boo Radley in To Kill a Mockingbird, described details he considered autobiographical: In my original version of Other Voices, Other Rooms I had that same man
living in the house that used to leave things in the trees,
and then I took that out. He was a real man, and he lived
just down the road from us. We used to go and get those
things out of the trees. Everything she wrote about it is
absolutely true. But you see, I take the same thing and
transfer it into some Gothic dream, done in an entirely
dierent way.[18]

3
3.1

After To Kill a Mockingbird

Middle years

After completing To Kill a Mockingbird, Lee accompanied Capote to Holcomb, Kansas, to assist him in researching what they thought would be an article on a small
towns response to the murder of a farmer and his family.
Capote expanded the material into his best-selling book,
In Cold Blood, published in 1966.

in 1962.[20]

Lee said of the 1962 Academy Awardwinning screenplay adaptation of To Kill a Mockingbird by Horton Foote:
I think it is one of the best translations of a book to lm
ever made.[21] She became a friend of Gregory Peck's,
and remains close to the actors family; Pecks grandson,
Harper Peck Voll, is named after her. Peck won an Oscar
for his portrayal of Atticus Finch, the father of the novels
narrator, Scout.
In January 1966, President Lyndon B. Johnson appointed
Lee to the National Council on the Arts.[22]
In 1966, Lee wrote a letter to the editor in response to
the attempts of a Richmond, Virginia, area school board
to ban To Kill a Mockingbird as immoral literature":
James J. Kilpatrick, the editor of The Richmond News
Leader, started the Beadle Bumble fund to pay nes for
victims of what he termed despots on the bench. He
built the fund using contributions from readers, and later
used it to defend books as well as people. After the board
in Richmond ordered schools to dispose of all copies of
To Kill a Mockingbird, Kilpatrick wrote, A more moral
novel scarcely could be imagined. In the name of the
Beadle Bumble fund, he then oered free copies to chil-

3.3

2015: Go Set a Watchman

dren who wrote in, and by the end of the rst week, he dividuals who have made an especially meritorious conhad given away 81 copies.[23]
tribution to the security or national interests of the United
cultural or other signicant public or
When Lee attended the 1983 Alabama History and Her- States, world peace,[32][33]
private
endeavors.
itage Festival in Eufaula, Alabama, she presented the essay Romance and High Adventure.[24]

In 2010, President Barack Obama awarded Lee the

Late in 1978, Lee spent some time in Alexander City, National Medal of Arts, the highest award given by the
United States government for outstanding contributions
Alabama, researching a true-crime book called The Revto the excellence, growth, support and availability of the
erend.[25]
arts.[34]

3.2

20052014

In March 2005, Lee arrived in Philadelphia her rst trip

to the city since signing with publisher Lippincott in 1960
to receive the inaugural ATTY Award for positive depictions of attorneys in the arts from the Spector Gadon
& Rosen Foundation.[26] At the urging of Pecks widow,
Veronique Peck, Lee traveled by train from Monroeville
to Los Angeles in 2005 to accept the Los Angeles Public Library Literary Award.[27] She also has attended luncheons for students who have written essays based on her
work, held annually at the University of Alabama.[21][28]
On May 21, 2006, she accepted an honorary degree from
the University of Notre Dame, where graduating seniors
saluted her with copies of To Kill a Mockingbird during
the ceremony.[29]

In a 2011 interview with an Australian newspaper, Rev.

Dr. Thomas Lane Butts said Lee now lives in an assistedliving facility, wheelchair-bound, partially blind and deaf,
and suering from memory loss. Butts also shared that
Lee told him why she never wrote again, Two reasons:
one, I wouldn't go through the pressure and publicity I
went through with To Kill a Mockingbird for any amount
of money. Second, I have said what I wanted to say, and
I will not say it again.[35]

On May 3, 2013, Lee had led a lawsuit in the United

States District Court to regain the copyright to To Kill a
Mockingbird, seeking unspecied damages from a sonin-law of her former literary agent and related entities.
Lee claimed that the man engaged in a scheme to dupe
her into assigning him the copyright on the book in 2007,
when her hearing and eyesight were in decline, and she
was residing in an assisted living facility after having suf[36][37][38]
In September, attorneys for both
On May 7, 2006, Lee wrote a letter to Oprah Winfrey fered a stroke.
sides
announced
a
settlement
of the lawsuit.[39]
(published in O, The Oprah Magazine in July 2006). Lee
wrote about her love of books as a child and her dedi- In February 2014, Lee settled a lawsuit against the Moncation to the written word. Now, 75 years later in an roe County Heritage Museum for an undisclosed amount.
abundant society where people have laptops, cellphones, The suit alleged that the museum had used her name and
iPods and minds like empty rooms, I still plod along with the title To Kill a Mockingbird to promote itself and to
books.[30]
sell souvenirs without her consent.[40][41] Lees attorneys
While attending an August 20, 2007, ceremony inducting
four members into the Alabama Academy of Honor, Lee
responded to an invitation to address the audience with:
Well, its better to be silent than to be a fool.[31]

had led a trademark application on August 19, 2013, to

which the museum led an opposition. This prompted
Lees attorney to le a lawsuit on October 15 that same
year, which takes issue the museums website and gift
shop, which it accuses of 'palming o its goods, including
t-shirts, coee mugs other various trinkets with Mockingbird brands.[42]

3.3 2015: Go Set a Watchman

According to Lees lawyer Tonja Carter, following an initial meeting to appraise Lees assets in 2011, Carter reexamined Lees safe-deposit box in 2014 and found the
manuscript for Go Set a Watchman, which she had previously assumed to be an early draft of To Kill a Mockingbird. After contacting Lee and reading the manuscript,
Lee being awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, Novem- she passed it on to Lees agent Andrew Nurnberg.[43][44] It
ber 5, 2007
was originally thought that the Watchman manuscript was
lost. On February 3, 2015, it was announced that HarperOn November 5, 2007, George W. Bush presented Lee Collins would publish Go Set a Watchman,[45] which inwith the Presidential Medal of Freedom. This is the high- cludes many of the same characters as To Kill a Mockingest civilian award in the United States and recognizes in- bird.[46]

The book was published in July 2015 as a sequel to To Kill

a Mockingbird, though it was completed before the latter.
The book is set some 20 years after the events in Mockingbird, when Scout returns as an adult from New York
to visit her father in Maycomb, Alabama.[47] It alludes
to Scouts view of her father, Atticus Finch, as the moral
compass (watchman) of Maycomb,[48] and, according
to the publisher, how she nds upon her return to Maycomb, that she is forced to grapple with issues both personal and political as she tries to understand her fathers
attitude toward society and her own feelings about the
place where she was born and spent her childhood.[49]
The publication of the new novel (announced by her
lawyer) raised concerns over why Lee, who for 55 years
had maintained that she would never write another book,
would suddenly choose to publish again. Lees sister and
protector from public scrutiny, who died in November
2014,[50] wrote in 2011, that Lee cant see and cant
hear and will sign anything put before her by anyone
in whom she has condence.[4] In February 2015, the
State of Alabama, through its Human Resources Department, launched an investigation into whether Lee was
competent enough to consent to the publishing of Go Set
a Watchman.[6] The investigation found that the claims
of coercion and elder abuse were unfounded,[51] and, according to Lees laywer, Lee is happy as hell with the
publication.[52]

Fictional portrayals

REFERENCES

Romance and High Adventure (1983), a paper

presented in Eufaula, Alabama, and collected in
1985 in the anthology Clearings in the Thicket.
Open letter to Oprah Winfrey (July 2006), O: The
Oprah Magazine

6 References
[1] President Bush Honors Medal of Freedom Recipients
(Press release). The White House. November 5, 2007.
[2] Harris, Paul (May 4, 2013). Harper Lee sues agent over
copyright to To Kill A Mockingbird. The Guardian.
[3] Oldenburg, Ann (February 3, 2015). New Harper Lee
novel on the way!". USA Today. Retrieved February 3,
2015.
[4] Alter, Alexandra (February 3, 2015). Harper Lee, Author of 'To Kill a Mockingbird,' Is to Publish a Second
Novel. The New York Times. Retrieved February 3,
2015.
[5] Anderson, Nancy G. (March 19, 2007). Nelle Harper
Lee. The Encyclopedia of Alabama. Auburn University
at Montgomery. Retrieved November 3, 2010.
[6] Kovaleski, Serge (March 11, 2015). Harper Lees Condition Debated by Friends, Fans and Now State of Alabama. New York Times (New York). Retrieved March
12, 2015.
[7] Shields, Charles J. (2006). Mockingbird: A Portrait of
Harper Lee. Henry Holt and Co.

Harper Lee was portrayed by Catherine Keener in the lm

Capote (2005), by Sandra Bullock in the lm Infamous [8] Woo, Elaine (November 22, 2014). Lawyer Alice Lee
(2006), and by Tracey Hoyt in the TV movie Scandalous
dies at 103; sister of 'To Kill a Mockingbird' author. Los
Me: The Jacqueline Susann Story (1998). In the adapAngeles Times.
tation of Capotes Other Voices, Other Rooms (1995),
the character of Idabel Thompkins, who was inspired by [9] Louise L. Conner Obituary. The Gainesville Sun.
Truman Capote's memories of Harper Lee as a child, was [10] Newquist, Roy, ed. (1964). Counterpoint. Chicago: Rand
played by Aubrey Dollar.
McNally. ISBN 1-111-80499-0.
[11] Harper Lee. NNDB.com. Retrieved May 7, 2007.

Works

5.1

Books

To Kill a Mockingbird (1960)

Go Set a Watchman (2015)

5.2

Articles

LoveIn Other Words. (April 15, 1961) Vogue,

pp. 6465

[12] Harper Lee to publish Mockingbird 'sequel'". BBC

News. February 3, 2015. Retrieved February 3, 2015.
[13] Italie, Hillel (February 3, 2014). Second Harper Lee
novel to be published in July. Associated Press. Retrieved February 3, 2014.
[14] Louisa, Thomas. Who Helped Harper Lee With Mockingbird"?". Newsweek. Retrieved November 30, 2014.
[15] Maslin, Janet (June 8, 2006). A Biography of Harper
Lee, Author of 'To Kill a Mockingbird'". The New York
Times. Retrieved November 30, 2014.

Christmas to Me. (December 1961) McCalls

[16] 1960, To Kill a Mockingbird. PBS. Retrieved November 30, 2014.

When Children Discover America. (August 1965)

McCalls

[17] Johnson, Claudia Durst (1994). To Kill a Mockingbird:

Threatening Boundaries. Twayne.

[18] Nance, William (1970). The Worlds of Truman Capote.

New York: Stein & Day. p. 223.

[37] "'Mockingbird' author Lee sues over copyright in NY.

AP. Retrieved May 4, 2013.

[19] A writers story: The mockingbird mystery. The Independent. June 4, 2006. Retrieved August 3, 2008.

[38] "'To Kill a Mockingbird' author Lee sues her agent over
copyright. Reuters. May 4, 2013.

[20] Bellafante, Ginia (January 20, 2006). Harper Lee, Gregarious for a Day, The New York Times. Retrieved on
November 13, 2007.
[21] Bellafante, Ginia (January 30, 2006). Harper Lee, Gregarious for a Day. The New York Times. Retrieved August 3, 2008.
[22] 26 to Be Advisory Board for National Endowment. The
New York Times. January 28, 1966. Retrieved November 30, 2014. In a parallel development to- day, the
President appointed Harper Lee, author of the Pulitzer
Prize-winning To Kill a Mockingbird. and Richard
Diebenkorn, artist, to the National Council on the Arts.
[23] Newspapers: Spoong the Despots. Time. January 21,
1966. Retrieved April 29, 2011.
[24] Monroe County Heritage Museums (1999). Monroeville:
The Search for Harper Lees Maycomb. Charleston, SC:
Arcadia Publishing. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-7385-0204-5.
Retrieved June 15, 2015.

[39] Matthews, Cara (September 6, 2013). Harper Lee settles

'To Kill a Mockingbird' suit. USA Today.
[40] Harper Lee settles legal action against Alabama museum. BBC News. February 20, 2014.
[41] Gates, Verna Gates (November 2, 2013). Town dependent on fame of Harper Lee book stung by museum lawsuit. Monroeville, Alabama. Reuters.
[42] Lewis, Paul (November 1, 2013). Lawsuit divides town
which inspired classic novel To Kill a Mockingbird. The
Guardian.
[43] Tonja B. Carter (July 12, 2015). How I Found the Harper
Lee Manuscript. The Wall Street Journal.
[44] Alison Flood (July 13, 2015). Harper Lee may have written a third novel, lawyer suggests. The Guardian.
[45] RECENTLY DISCOVERED NOVEL FROM
HARPER LEE, AUTHOR OF TO KILL A MOCKINGBIRD.

[25] Kemp, Kathy (November 10, 2010). In search of Harper

Lee. AL.com.

[46] Alter, Alexandra (February 3, 2015). Harper Lee, Author of 'To Kill a Mockingbird,' Is to Publish a Second
Novel. The New York Times. Retrieved February 3,
2015.

[26] Reynolds, Jennifer (February 11, 2015). Meeting

'Mockingbird' author Harper Lee. Delaware County
Daily Times. Retrieved March 5, 2015.

[47] Recently Discovered Novel from Harper Lee, Author

of To Kill a Mockingbird. HarperCollins Publishers.
February 3, 2015.

[27] Nelson, Valerie J. (August 19, 2012). Veronique Peck

dies at 80; Gregory Pecks widow was L.A. philanthropist. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved September 2,
2012.

[48] Garrison, Greg. "'Go Set a Watchman': What does

Harper Lees book title mean?". AL.com. Retrieved
February 6, 2015.

[28] Lacher, Irene (May 21, 2005). Harper Lee raises her low
prole for a friend. Los Angeles Times.
[29] Commencement 2006. Notre Dame Magazine. Retrieved November 30, 2014.
[30] Harper Lee Writes Rare Item for O Magazine. The
Washington Post. Associated Press. June 26, 2006.
[31] Author has her say. The Boston Globe. August 21, 2007.
[32] Martin, Virginia (November 5, 2007). Harper Lee given
Presidential Medal of Freedom. The Birmingham News.
[33] Author Lee receives top US honour.
November 6, 2007.

BBC News.

[49] Second Harper Lee Novel to Be Published in July. ABC

News. Retrieved February 3, 2015.
[50] Alice Lee, Sister Of 'Mockingbird' Author, Dies At 103.
November 19, 2014.

[51] http://www.radioaustralia.net.
au/international/2015-04-04/
review-rejects-claims-author-harper-lee-was-coerced-into-publishing-secon
1433310
[52] To shill a mockingbird: How a manuscripts discovery
became Harper Lees new novel. Washington Post.
February 16 2015. Check date values in: |date= (help)

7 External links

[34] Harper Lee. National Endowment for the Arts. Retrieved February 4, 2015.

Harper Lee at the Internet Book List

[35] Toohey, Paul (July 31, 2011). Miss Nelle in Monroeville. The Daily Telegraph (Sydney, NSW, Australia).
Retrieved August 8, 2011.

Works by or about Harper Lee in libraries

(WorldCat catalog)

[36] Jerey, Don; Van Voris, Bob (May 3, 2013). Harper Lee
Sues Agent Over 'Mockingbird' Royalties. Bloomberg.

Harper Lee at the Internet Movie Database

Harper Lee collected news and commentary at The

Guardian

8 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

8.1

Text

Harper Lee Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harper_Lee?oldid=671457771 Contributors: AxelBoldt, Grouse, Danny, Rmhermen,

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