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ATA 31 INSTRUMENT
LEVEL 3
ATA31 LVL3
PAGE 1
A330200/300 A340200/300
31
ATA 31
INDICATING/RECORDING SYSTEMS
Page 1
KrB
Sep 01, 2008
FRA
ISS 01US/T-2
REV 02 DATE 30MAR2010
ATA31 LVL3
Lufthansa
PAGE 2
Technical Training
A330200/300 A340200/300
31-00
Reset Circuit Breakers
Maintenance Panel
Overhead
Panel
Glareshield
Main Instrument
Panel
Side Stick
Side Stick
Pedestal
A340 shown
Page 3
Figure
1 Cockpit
FRA US/T-2
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ATA31 LVL3
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Technical Training
A330200/300 A340200/300
31-00
Overhead Panel
Most of the aircraft system controls are located on the
Overhead panel. The main systems are located in the center of the
overhead panel and the others on the side with the controls of each
system grouped in a single place. There are no more circuit breakers
in the cockpit. Most of them are located in the avionic compartement.
However some computers can be reset from two panels.
A maintenance panel is provided for onground maintenance operations
on some systems (hyd, engines...).
The overhead panel is scanned by using a standardized Airbus pattern.
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Technical Training
A330200/300 A340200/300
31-00
Computer Reset
Reading
Light
Computer Reset
Cargo Smoke
Oxygen
Recorder
Page 5
Figure
2 Overhead
Panel
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Technical Training
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31-00
Glareshield
The various rotary selector and attention getters are located
on the glareshield. In the center is the Flight Control Unit (FCU),
made up of an Auto Flight System (AFS) Control Panel and two Electronic
Flight Instrument System (EFIS) Control Panels.
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Technical Training
A330200/300 A340200/300
31-00
Chrono
FCU
Auto Land Light
Loudspeaker
EFIS DMC
Reconfiguration
PFD Control
Master Caution Light
Side Stick Priority
PFD/ND Transfer
ND Control
Page 7
Figure
3 Glareshield
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Technical Training
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31-00
Main Panel
6 identical and interchangeable Cathode Ray Tubes are installed on the main
instrument panel.
The Cathode Ray Tubes (CRT) are :
- two Primary Flight Displays (PFD),
- two Navigation Displays (ND),
- an Engine/Warning Display (E/WD) and
- a System Display (SD).
The main panel is more of a rack with a cover plate than a panel.
Note:
the landing gear emergency extension is no longer mechanical but electrical.
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Technical Training
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31-00
Ldg Gear/Autobrake/Antiskid
Horizon
Overhead Lighting
GPWS
Altimeter
True/Mag Selector
SELCAL
Code
Brake Pressure
ASI
Map
Lighting
Sliding Table
Console/Floor Lighting
Loudspeaker
Clock
ECAM Switching
Ldg Gear Selector
Page 9
Figure
4 MainKrB
Panel Sep 01, 2008
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PAGE 9
Technical Training
A330200/300 A340200/300
31-00
Pedestal
Three identical and interchangeable Multipurpose Control
and Display Units (MCDU) are installed on the pedestal.
They provide an interface with the
FMS,
ACARS,
Aircraft Condition Monitoring System (ACMS) and
Centralized Maintenance System (CMS).
The parking brake handle, thrust levers, flap control lever and speed brake
lever control their respective systems electrically.
Each pilot station is provided with a Radio Management Panel (RMP) and an
Audio Control Panel (ACP) for communication and back up navigation.
Usually, the two forward MCDUs are for pilot use and the rear one
for maintenance use.
VU(S)
All panels are identified by VU numbers, except those manufactured by
vendors.
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Technical Training
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31-00
Parking Brake
Engine Start Panel
Handset
A340 shown
Page 11
Figure
5 Pedestal
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Technical Training
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31-00
COCKPIT PHILOSOPHY
Lights Out Philosophy
All the aircraft and system controls are arranged to be within easy reach of the
two crew members. The concentration of system controls on the overhead
panel is achieved by extensive use of illuminated pushbuttons directly installed
on the system synoptic panel.
In normal operation, no lights are illuminated in the cockpit.
This is called the lights out philosophy .
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Technical Training
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31-00
A340 shown
Page 13
Figure
6 Electrical
Panel
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Technical Training
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31-00
Pushbutton Principle
Status and failure indications are integrated whenever possible into the relevant
illuminated pushbuttons which must be operated for corrective action.
Pushbuttons with two stable positions
Most of the illuminated pushbuttons have two stable positions:
pressed in and
released out;
each position corresponding to a control signal sent to a system.
Pressed in (recessed):
Normaly used system activation (AUTO or ON)
Temporarily used system activation (ON)
System activated for maintenance operation (ON) or override (OVRD).
Pushbuttons with one stable position
Some pushbuttons have only one stable position:
released out.
When pushed they send a control signal to the system.
Released out (flush with the panel):
System deactivation (OFF)
Manual activation of a system (ON)
Activation of an alternate system (ALTN).
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Technical Training
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31-00
ADR1
PRESSED IN
NO LIGHT
SYSTEM ACTIVATED
CORRECT OPERATION
ADR1
PRESSED IN
FAULT LIGHT ON
SYSTEM ACTIVATED
FAULTY CONDITION
2. Released out
ADR1
RELEASED OUT
OFF LIGHT ON
SYSTEM DEACTIVATED
Page 15
Figure
7 Pushbutton
Principle
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Technical Training
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Colour Philosophy
The illuminated pushbutton and annunciator lights are of different colours
according to their function.
In normal operation, only green lights and sometimes blue lights are
illuminated.
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Page 17
Figure
8 Colour
Philosophy
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Technical Training
A330200/300 A340200/300
31-60
EIS PRESENTATION
General
The Electronic Instrument System ( EIS ) replaces conventional instruments by
new technology.
It presents data to the pilots on six identical and interchangeable Cathode Ray
Tubes ( CRT ).
The Electronic Instrument System is divided into two parts :
an Electronic Flight Instrument System ( EFIS ) comprising :
two Primary Flight Displays ( PFD ).
two Navigation Displays ( ND ).
an Electronic Centralized Aircraft Monitoring ( ECAM ) comprising :
an Engine and Warning Display ( E/WD ).
a System Display ( SD ).
attention getters.
Electronic Flight Instruments System ( EFIS )
EFIS information is presented in front of each pilot on a Primary Flight Display
and a Navigation Display.
The PFD displays the flight information required for short term flight.
The ND displays the flight information required for navigation.
Electronic Centralized Aircraft Monitoring ( ECAM )
ECAM information is presented on the center instrument panel on an Engine
and Warning Display and a System Display.
The E/WD displays the engine and fuel parameters, the check list and warning
messages, and certain information relevant to system operation.
The SD displays synoptics giving the configuration of various A/C systems and
some permanent data.
Attention Getters
Attention getters are visual and audio.
Pilot attention is drawn by :
two Master Warning lights.
two Master Caution lights.
two Autoland lights.
Audio signals ( sounds ) and Auto Call out ( synthetic voices ) broadcast by
two loudspeakers.
EFIS Controls
EFIS controls are provided by independent controls for each pilot, for display
selection or reconfiguration.
The EFIS controls are :
2 EFIS switching panels.
2 EFIS control panels.
ECAM Controls
ECAM controls are provided by controls on center panel and pedestal for
display selection and reconfiguration.
The ECAM controls are :
1 ECAM switching panel.
1 ECAM control panel.
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Technical Training
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31-60
AUTOLAND
Master Warning,
Master Caution and
Autoland Lights
Master Warning,
Master Caution and
Autoland Lights
Loudspeaker
Loudspeaker
FOs EFIS
Switching Panel
Captains EFIS
Switching Panel
Captains Primary
Flight Display
FOs PFD
FOs ND
Engine/Warning Display
System Display
Page 19
Figure
9 EIS KrB
LRUs ( Sep
Cockpit
)
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Technical Training
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31-60
3160
EIS ARCHITECTURE
General
The Electronic Instrument System is an avionics system connected with most
of the aircraft systems to perform the EFIS (Electronic Flight Instrument
System) and ECAM ( Electronic Centralized Aircraft Monitoring) functions.
The EFIS provides flight information and the ECAM provides system and
warning information.
The Electronic Instrument System comprises seven computers:
three identical Display Management Computers ( DMCs )
two identical Flight Warning Computers ( FWCs )
two identical System Data Acquisition Concentrators ( SDACs ).
The DMCs comprise two independent parts:
one for the EFIS function and one for the ECAM function.
Control Panels
Three Control Panels are provided for EFIS and ECAM controls.
Control panels are physical interfaces between the crew members and the EIS.
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Page 21
Figure
10
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Technical Training
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EFIS
The EFIS part of the DMCs decodes and processes data from the aircraft
systems in such a way to generate images on PFDs and NDs.
The three DMCs receive identical information, in normal operation DMC 3 is
in standby.
ECAM
DMC 3 ECAM part is used in normal configuration.
The ECAM uses A/C system data which is processed in the System Data
Acquisition Concentrators ( SDACs ), Flight Warning Computers ( FWCs )
and DMCs before being presented on E/WD and SD.
The SDACs digitalize aircraft system data and transmit it to the DMCs.
The DMCs using the SDACs Outputs, generate aircraft system information for
display on the SD.
Note:
the DMCs receive directly A/C system data for display on the upper part of the
E/WD.
The DMCs use the outputs of the FWCs to display aircraft information on the
lower part of the E/WD ( messages ).
The SDACs receive A/C system information concerning amber cautions and
transmit it to the FWCs.
The FWCs receive A/C system data concerning red warnings and memos, they
generate messages and activate attention getters ( audio signals through Audio
Management Unit ).
Redundancy
A great redudancy between systems is used to minimize the loss of
information.
Loss of a SDAC, or a FWC, or one or two DMCs does not affect EIS operation.
As shown on the drawing, the system still operates normally with one SDAC,
one FWC and two DMCs inoperative.
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Technical Training
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31-60
PFD1
ND1
EWD
PFD2
ND2
SD
MASTER WARNING/
CAUTION LIGHTS
MASTER WARNING/
CAUTION LIGHTS
LOUDSPEAKER
LOUDSPEAKER
DMC2
DMC3
DMC1
FWC2
FWC1
SDAC1
SDAC2
Page 23
Figure
11
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Technical Training
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EIS CONTROLS
The Flight Warning System and Electronic Instrument System (EIS) panels are
located on the glareshield, on the main instrument panel and on the pedestal.
The captain and first officer panels have the same functions.
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Technical Training
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Attention Getters
Attention Getters
A340 shown
Page 25
Figure
12
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Technical Training
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31-50
ND controls
PFD controls
LS P/B:
enables the localizer and glide scales and deviation symbols to be displayed on
the associated PFD.
FD P/B:
enables the Flight Diretor bars to be displayed or not on the associated PFD.
Baro reference selector knob:
The outer knob enables the measurement unit to be selected, either Hecto
Pascal (HPa) or Inches of Mercury (Hg), on the baro reference window.
The inner knob is rotated to select the reference value, pulled to select the
standard value (1013 HPa) and pushed to display the QNH.
Baro reference window:
used to display the pressure reference value and
the reference used.
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31-50
Page 27
Figure
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Technical Training
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31-50
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Technical Training
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31-50
PFD/ND Pushbutton
ND OFF/BRT Potentiometer
Page 29
Figure
14
FRA US/T-2
EFIS Switching
Panel
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Technical Training
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31-50
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Page 31
Figure
15
FRA US/T-2
ECAM Control01,
Panel
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Page 33
Figure
16
FRA US/T-2
ECAM Switching
Panel
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Technical Training
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31-50
ATTENTION GETTERS
A set of attention getters is installed in front of each pilot.
It consists of a Master Warning light and a Master Caution light.
When a warning occurs, the Master Warning light flashes continuously.
The crew may cancel it, in most cases, as well as the associated aural warning
by pushing the Master Warning Light.
When a caution occurs, the Master Caution light comes on and stays on
associated with a single chime.
The Master Caution Light extinguishes when it is pushed.
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31-50
Page 35
Figure
17
FRA US/T-2
Attention Getters
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Technical Training
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31-60
LOCATION
Page 36
Figure
18
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Technical Training
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Attention Getters
Attention Getters
Page 37
Figure
19
FRA US/T-2
Panel Location
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Technical Training
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31-60
DMC
1WT2
DMC
2
1WT1
DMC
1
1WV2
SDAC2
1WT3
DMC
3
1WW2
FWC2
1WW1
FWC1
1WV1
SDAC1
Page 38
Figure
20
FRA US/T-2
FWCs, SDACs,
DMCs Location
01, 2008
FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
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Page 39
Figure
21
FRA US/T-2
EIS Switching01,
Relays
Location
2008
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Technical Training
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31-64
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Page 41
Figure
22
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PFD Zones
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Attitude
The Attitude is indicated in the middle of the Display Unit, in the shape of a cut
sphere window which looks like a conventional Attitude Direction Indicator.
The Attitude area presents :
A/C symbols
Pitch and Roll indications
Flight path
drift angles...
Guidance
Guidance symbols may be superposed on the Attitude sphere.
Speed
The Air Speed Scale contains all the Air Speed data displayed on a
conventional Air Speed Indicator plus significant limits, protection and target
speeds.
Altitude
The Altitude Scale presents the Altitude according to a baro reference setting.
Vertical Speed
Next to the Altitude, the Vertical Speed is displayed.
Trajectory Deviation
For approach, the Trajectory Deviation is presented on the right, and at the
bottom of the Attitude area.
ILS and DME information appear below the speed scale.
Flight Mode Annunciator ( FMA )
The Flight Mode Annunciator provides the pilot with the various armed and
active Automatic Flight System modes.
Heading
The Heading Scale displays the aicraft actual Heading and Track.
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Page 43
Figure
23
FRA US/T-2
Primary Flight01,
Display
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PFD CONTROLS
ND CONTROLS
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Hg / hPa Selector
BARO Setting
Knob
FD Pushbutton Switch
LS Pushbutton Switch
Page 45
Figure
24
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ARC Mode
This mode shows a sector of 90 degrees in front of the aircraft.
The aircraft symbol is at the bottom of the DU. Flight plan information and
weather radar are displayed like in the ROSE NAV mode.
PLAN Mode
In this mode a map is displayed with north up. In the middle of the display there
is a waypoint as a reference point.
Depending on the selected range other waypoints and the planned flight path
are displayed. An aircraft symbol is displayed according to the present
position.
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AMM 316500
Page 47
Figure
25
FRA US/T-2
ND ROSE ILS
Mode and ROSE VOR Mode
01, 2008
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AMM 316500
Page 48
Figure
26
FRA US/T-2
ND ROSE NAV
Mode and ARC Mode
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AMM 316500
Page 49
Figure
27
FRA US/T-2
ND PLAN Mode
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Page 51
Figure
28
FRA US/T-2
Engine Standby
Page
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3150
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ENGINE PRIMARY
PARAMETERS
Page 53
Figure
29
FRA US/T-2
Engine/Warning
Display
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Upper Area
The symbols of the upper area are permanently displayed.
The parameters are provided in the form of analog and/or digital indications
( refer to corresponding chapter for detailed description ).
Note: this is the basic representation for CFM 56 engines.
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A 330-200 / 300 GE
A 340-200 / 300
Page 55
Figure
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ENG A.ICE
TO INHIB
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Figure
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Total air temperature (TAT) and static air temperature (SAT) are digital values.
TAT: +19 C ( green ) when normal.
XX ( amber ) when data are not available.
The same applies for Static Air Temperature ( SAT ).
Load factor (G LOAD) is displayed when the aircraft speed is over 80 kts.
It is amber when its value is more than +1,4 G or less than 0.7 G during more
than 2 seconds. Information remains displayed 5 seconds after the excessive
condition has disappeared.
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SYSTEM PAGE
OR
STATUS PAGE
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System Page
13 system pages can be displayed manually or automatically.
Refer to each chapter for detailed description of the pages.
The 13 system pages are:
ENG (Engine secondary parameters)
BLEED
(bleed air)
PRESS
(cabin pressurization)
EL/AC
(electrical power supply, AC)
EL/DC
(electrical power supply, DC)
HYD (Hydraulic power)
APU (Aux Power Unit)
COND
(air conditioning)
DOOR
(Doors and oxygen )
WHEEL
(Landing gear, wheels, brakes)
F/CTL(Flight controls)
FUEL (Fuel)
C/B (Circuit breaker status).
There is one page that can be called automatically only:
CRUISE page
(Combination of data used in flight)
System Page Logic
The ECAM operates in four modes for the system page presentation, with a
priority order.
The four selection modes of system page presentation are the:
Manual mode: selection from ECAM Control panel
Failure mode: automatic presentation due to a warning/caution
Advisory mode: automatic presentation due to a drifting parameter
Flight phase mode: automatic presentation due to the A/C situation.
Note: the manual mode is cancelled in case of failure or advisory.
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A340 shown
A340 shown
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Page 62
A340 shown
A340 shown
A340 shown
A340 shown
A340 shown
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Figure
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Cruise Page
The cruise page is only automatically called in flight.
The cruise page displays main systems parameters to be monitored during
flight:
Engine parameters such as
fuel used,
oil quantity and
vibrations
Cabin pressure parameters such as
landing field elevation,
cabin vertical speed,
cabin altitude and
cabin differential pressure
zone temperature.
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A340 shown
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Figure
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Status Page
The status page is an operational summary of the aircraft condition. It can be
displayed manually or automatically.
The information is displayed at the end of an ECAM procedure or upon crew
request. The status page includes:
Left column:
limitations
approach procedures information
cancelled cautions.
Right column
inoperative systems
maintenance information.
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STATUS
Page 67
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Blue (Cyan)
White
Amber
White
Blue (Cyan)
Blue (Cyan)
Amber
Green
Red
Blue
(Cyan)
APU FIRE
APU FIRE P/B...............PUSH
AGENT AFTER 10S.....DISCH
MASTER SW....................OFF
LAND ASAP
Red
White
White
A340 shown
AMM 316700
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ALERT LEVELS
Messages have different levels. The level depends on the importance of the
message for flight safety.
Level 3: warnings ( highest priority )
Level 2: cautions
Level 1: cautions
Status messages
Within each level a priority of warnings and caution messages is lain down
in a list of warnings by priority order which can be found in the AMM,
chapter 315100.
LEVEL 3
Level 3 messages ( warnings ) have highest priority.
Level 3 warnings are caused by real emergency situations which require action
by the crew.
Typical causes for level 3 warnings are
Aircraft in dangerous flight situation ( e. g. stall or overspeed )
System faults which concern safety ( e. g. excessive cabin altitude
or engine fire )
Level 3 warnings are connected with an aural warning ( continous repetitive
chime or special call out ) and the flashing master warning light.
If there is a system page for the system concerned it will be displayed on the
system display.
LEVEL 1
Level 1 messages point to a system which is faulty but not directly necessary
for the flight, e. g. PSCU 1 fault or EFIS DMC 3 fault.
Level 1 messages appear on the E/WD without any chime.
If there is a system page for the system concerned it will be displayed on the
system display.
LEVEL 2
A level 2 message is given when a system fault does not affect flight safety
directly.
It requires awareness of the crew, but no immediate action.
A typical level 2 message is IDG 1 OIL LO PR.
Level 2 messages are connected with a single chime and the master
caution light.
If there is a system page for the system concerned it will be displayed on the
system display.
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flashing
Level 3
Level 2
Level 1
Page 71
Figure
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Class 1 Failures
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Status
Page 73
Figure
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TYPES OF FAILURES
The ECAM indicates three types of failures.
Independent Failure
Primary Failure
Secondary Failure
The failure type is indepedent of the alert level.
Independent Failure
An independent failure is a failure of a LRU or a system which does not
concern any other system.
Example: Flight Warning Computer 1 failure.
Independent failures are indicated on the left side of the E/WD with their
title underlined.
Primary Failure
A primary failure is a failure of a LRU or a system which concerns other
systems.
Example: A failure of the blue hydraulic system has the consequence that
some spoilers fail.
Primary failures are indicated on the left side of the E/WD in a frame.
Secondary Failure
A secondary failure is a consequence of a primary failure.
Example:
F/CTL ( some spoilers fail if the blue hydraulic system is lost ).
Secondary failures are indicated on the right side of the E/WD.
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Engine/Warning Display
Engine/Warning Display
Engine/Warning Display
Page 75
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AURAL WARNINGS
General
This is the list of the various audio signals generated by the Flight Warning
computers and the manner of cancellation.
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Page 77
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3150
FLIGHT PHASES
A flight is divided into ten flight phases. The phases depend on parameters
shown on the drawing below.
The flight phases have influence on
internal BITEs
ECAM warning inhibits
automatic selection of system pages.
The Correlation between Flight Phases and System Pages
Generally, some System Pages are selected according to the Flight Phase.
The Flight Phases are generated in each Flight Warning Computer ( FWC )
and transmitted to the Display Management Computers ( DMCs ) which display
the System Page according to the momentary Flight Phase.
For example,
when the aircraft is supplied with electrical power (Flight Phase 1) the
DOOR /OXY Page is displayed.
When Flight Phase 2 starts the WHEEL Page is displayed. (after engine start
the crew has to know if the aircraft is ready for taxiing , i. e. if the wheels are
ok).
If the APU is switched on during flight phase 1 or 2 the APU page has higher
priority and will be displayed. These correlations are shown on the table below
taken from the AMM.
This System Page selection mode is called Automatic Mode.
In some documents it is also called Flight Phase Mode.
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LAST
on A330
on A340
AMM 316700
Page 79
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Flight Phase 1
DOOR / OXY page.
The APU or engine system pages are displayed in priority if the APU or the
engines are started.
The door page reappears 10 sec. after APU is available or at the end of engine
start.
Flight Phase 2
The WHEEL page is displayed only when engine start has been completed.
The flight control page replaces the wheel page for 20 sec. when either
sidestick is moved or when rudder deflection is above 22 degrees.
Flight Phases 35
ENGINE page.
During this phase, most warnings are inhibited. TO. INHIBIT is diplayed on
the E/WD.
Flight Phase 6
The CRUISE page appears as soon as slats are in and the engines are no
longer at take off power, provided that the landing gear is retracted.
The T.O. INHIBIT message disappears. The cruise page disappears when the
landing gear is selected down.
Flight Phases 7 and 8
WHEEL page.
During this phase, most warnings are inhibited.
LDG. INHIBIT is displayed on the E/WD.
Flight Phase 9
WHEEL page.
LDG. INHIBIT message disappears.
Flight Phase 10
DOOR / OXY page.
Five minutes after the second engine shutdown, the Flight Warning Computers
start a new flight leg at phase 1.
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SYSTEM PAGE
OR
STATUS PAGE
Page 81
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Flight Phases01,
(general)
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Page 82
Figure
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A340 shown
A340 shown
Page 83
Figure
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FRA US/T-2
Flight Phases01,
2 and
35
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Page 84
Figure
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Page 85
Figure
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Flight Phases01,
79
and 10
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315134
Jul 01/92
Page 2
Page 87
Figure
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315134
Page 3
Oct 01/92
Page 88
Figure
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315126
Page 4
Oct 01/92
Page 89
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ADVISORY MODE
If only one ECAM DU is available the remaining one shows the E/WD.
In single display mode ( one ECAM CRT remaining ), a white ADV message
pulses at the bottom of the Engine Warning Display to attract crew attention.
In single display mode, as the corresponding system page cannot be displayed
automatically on the SD, the pilot has to fetch the information on the ECAM
control panel: the associated key light flashes to indicate which system is
concerned.
The System Pages can be selected only manually by pressing and holding
the concerned pushbutton.
Note:
an advisory may or may not lead to a failure. They are totally independent one
from the other.
A white ADV message pulses in dual or single display mode at the bottom
of the Engine Warning Display to attract crew attention.
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A340 shown
Page 91
Figure
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FRA US/T-2
System Display
Example (Pressure Page)
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FAILURE MODE
If a failure occurs which is important to be indicated the corresponding ECAM
page is displayed. In the case of two or more failures occuring the same time
the FWC decides which one is to be displayed first.
A list of the priority orders can be found in the AMM, Chapter 315100. It is
called List of the Warnings and Memos by Priority Order. One page of this
list is shown in this book.
With the Failure Mode the pilots automatically get the indications they need in
the case of a failure.
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315100
Page 32
Oct 01/92
Page 93
Figure
53
FRA US/T-2
List of Warnings
by Priority Order
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INDICATING/RECORDING SYSTEMS
CENTRAL WARNING SYSTEMS
A330200/300 A340200/300
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Status messages
In normal operation, the SD can display status messages which are:
an operational summary of the aircraft condition,
an explanation of possible autoland capability downgrading,
indications of the aircraft status following all the failures except those that do
not affect the flight,
general contents, limitations (speed, altitude), peculiar or emergency
postponable procedures, information, etc....
These STATUS messages appear once the crew has cleared all the pages
corresponding to the current warning/caution, or upon manual call.
Warning and Caution Message Presentation
Whenever a warning or a caution situation occurs, the FWCs send the text to
be written in the lower zone of the EWD in lieu of the MEMO information.
These texts consist of messages written in plain English language, and
providing the crew with:
an A/C system failure analysis, with warning/caution identification and
corrective actions to be taken,
operational assistance by minimizing the need to refer to paper checklist
or normal read out.
As a matter of fact, an improved understanding of the aircraft and system
configuration at the time of the failure and then during the execution of the
corrective actions, is provided by the automatic display of the relevant system
page on the SD.
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A340 shown
Page 95
Figure
54
FRA US/T-2
Failure Example
part 1
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CENTRAL WARNING SYSTEMS
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A340 shown
A340 shown
A340 shown
Page 97
Figure
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Failure Example
part 2
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CENTRAL WARNING SYSTEMS
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31-50
On this picture, the corrective action has been taken: The blue Engine 2
Hydraulic Pump is switched off. The FAULT light on the System Control Panel
is off. The OFF light illuminates.
On the Engine / Warning Display, the messages associated with the corrective
action have disappeared.
On the left hand side of the Engine / Warning Display, the result of the failure
appears indicating that it is a primary failure: B SYS LO PR.
On the right hand side, the secondary failures are displayed.
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A340 shown
A340 shown
A340 shown
Page 99
Figure
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Failure Example
part 3
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CENTRAL WARNING SYSTEMS
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The next action to be done is to press a CLR pushbutton. By this means you
get information about the first secondary failure.
In this example, the Flight Control Page will be displayed.
The system pages of the secondary failures appear in sequence as the crew
pushes the CLR key on the ECAM control panel.
In this example there is only one secondary failure.
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A340 shown
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Figure
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Failure Example
part 4
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ISS 01 REV 02 DATE 30MAR2010
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INDICATING/RECORDING SYSTEMS
CENTRAL WARNING SYSTEMS
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31-50
At the end, when there is no more A/C system page to be seen, the last action
on the CLR key makes the STATUS messages to appear on the SD, and the
warning/caution message to disappear on the EWD.
The memo messages return.
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A340 shown
AMM 315100
Page 103
Figure
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Failure Example
part 5
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ISS 01 REV 02 DATE 30MAR2010
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INDICATING/RECORDING SYSTEMS
CENTRAL WARNING SYSTEMS
A330200/300 A340200/300
31-50
If the crew pushes a last time the CLR key, the STATUS page disappears
and the A/C system page related to the present flight phase appears again
on the SD.
Note
1. As long as the CLR key light is on, each action on it changes the ECAM
displays.
2. At any time, even during the actions related to an A/C system failure, the
crew can manually select any system synoptic diagram or the STATUS
page, by means of the related key on the ECAM control panel.
The light of the key comes on only in the case of a manual selection, or in
the case of an advisory.
3. In case of overflow (more than 7 lines of text) a dedicated symbol
(an arrow) is displayed at the bottom of the EWD.
The scrolling of the message lines can be controlled only by the successive
CLR actions. The first lines disappear as the corresponding
actions/procedures are made, thus enabling the presentation of the lines
which were not displayed.
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A340 shown
AMM 315100
Page 105
Figure
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FRA US/T-2
Failure Example
part 6
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ISS 01 REV 02 DATE 30MAR2010
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INDICATING/RECORDING SYSTEMS
CENTRAL WARNING SYSTEMS
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31-50
ECAM ARCHITECTURE
ALERT LEVELS
General
Here you can see all the components of the Flight Warning System.
Level 3
Fail information which should result in a level 3 warning are directly fed into the
FWCs (for example Smoke Detection Control Unit).
The FWCs then
generate the appropriate warning message for the Engine/Warning Display,
trigger the Master Warning Lights and
generate an aural warning.
Level 2
Level 2 fail information from a system B (for example generator control unit fail)
result in a caution message in the same manner.
The FWCs additionally trigger the Master Caution Lights and generate a single
chime for the loud speakers.
The FWCs receive not all fail information for level 2 cautions via the SDACs.
Some systems, in the schematic below named systems A, are directly
connected to the FWCs (for example ADIRUs).
Level 1
When a SDAC receives a fail information from a system B (for example battery
charge limiter fail) which should result in a level 1 message, it is digitally
passed to the FWCs.
The FWCs then generate the appropriate caution message for the
Engine/Warning Display.
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DMC 1
DMC 3
DMC 2
ECAM Part
ECAM Part
ECAM Part
FWC 1
FWC 2
SDAC 1
SDAC 2
B
LEVEL 2/1
LEVEL3/2
AMM 315000
Page 107
Figure
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ECAM Structure
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31-56
3156
Description
The ECAM Control Panel works digitaly.
However, some pushbuttons send a discrete signal, so they can be used in the
event of an ECP failure.
The discrete outputs are:
CLR ( Clear )
STS ( Status )
RCL ( Recall )
EMER CANC ( Emergency Cancel )
ALL.
Interface
The pushbuttons for the FWCs are:
CLR
STS
RCL
EMER CANC
TO CONFIG ( Digital Bus ).
The pushbuttons for the DMCs are:
Systempushbuttons ( Digital Bus )
ALL.
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ASM 315600
Page 109
Figure
61
FRA US/T-2
ECAM Control01,
Panel
Interconnection
2008
KrB
Sep
ISS 01 REV 02 DATE 30MAR2010
ATA31 LVL3
A330200/300 A340200/300
31-55
3155
Description
Two interchangeable SDACs are installed in the aircraft.
Each SDAC receives digital and analog data and descrete signals directly from
the aircraft systems. These data are concentrated by each SDAC, i. e. the
numerous analog and digital inputs are processed and offered to different
receivers in ARINC 429 format.
The SDACs send some data for the system pages to the DMCs via two data
buses.
When both SDACs are valid the receiving computers select which SDAC is
used.
Both SDACs also receive data about level 1 and level 2 malfuctions and
failures from the aircraft systems. These data ( amber cautions ) are
transmitted to the FWCs. The FWCs generate the corresponding Caution
Messages and Procedure Messages for the Engine / Warning Display.
The software is memorized on an OBRM ( On Board Replaceable Module ) so
that software modifications can be done quickly.
Page 110
KrB
Sep 01, 2008
FRA
ISS 01US/T-2
REV 02 DATE 30MAR2010
ATA31 LVL3
A330200/300 A340200/300
31-55
DMC 1
DMC 3
DMC 2
ECAM Part
ECAM Part
ECAM Part
FWC 1
FWC 2
SDAC 1
SDAC 2
B
LEVEL 2/1
LEVEL3/2
AMM 315000
Page 111
Figure
62
FRA US/T-2
EIS Architecture
01, 2008
KrB
Sep
ISS 01 REV 02 DATE 30MAR2010
ATA31 LVL3
A330200/300 A340200/300
31-55
SDAC FAILURES
Both SDACs work independently from each other.
If one SDAC fails the remaining SDAC covers all functions.
One SDAC faulty
All functions are preserved,
on the E / WD the message FWS SDAC1 FAULT appears.
( If SDAC 2 fails accordingly reversed. )
On the STATUS page the INOP SYS message SDAC1 will appear.
Both SDACs faulty
On some system pages some parameters can not be displayed any more,
instead of numbers XX is displayed.
Concerning aircraft systems which send their failure message to the SDACs
only, no Master Caution and no caution messages are available anymore.
Local warning lights still are operative on the overhead panel.
If both SDACs fail on the E/WD the following message appears:
FWS SDAC 1 + 2 Fault
in amber
MONITOR OVERHEAD PANEL
in blue
ECAM SYS PAGES AVAIL :
in blue
ENG, F/CTL, FUEL, WHEEL
in blue
PRESS, C/B.
in blue
Page 112
FRA
KrB
Sep 01, 2008
ISS 01US/T-2
REV 02 DATE 30MAR2010
ATA31 LVL3
A330200/300 A340200/300
31-55
Page 113
Figure
63
FRA US/T-2
KrB
Sep
ISS 01 REV 02 DATE 30MAR2010
ATA31 LVL3
A330200/300 A340200/300
31-53
3153
Description
Two interchangeable FWCs are installed in the aircraft.
The FWCs cover the following functions:
Triggering of Master Warning and Master Caution Lights
Generating of Messages for the E/WD (Warnings and Cautions)
Generating of Memo Messages
Generating of the status function
Generating of Aural Warnings and Callouts ( via the AMU )
Generating of Flight Phases ( by using input parameters)
Triggering of the DMCs for the flight phase related system synoptic
selection
Establishing of the interface to CMC 1 for FWCs and SDACs
Comparison of Heading, Attitude and Altitude Indications
Calculation of Overspeed Limits
Calculation of Stall Limits.
Both FWCs receive all data about level 3 warnings ( and some data about
level 1 and level 2 malfunctions ) directly from the aircraft systems in analog
or digital form depending on the affected system.
Most data about level 1 and level 2 malfunctions are received from both
SDACs.
Normally, the FWCs use data from SDAC1. If this one fails SDAC 2 is used.
Each FWC is connected with the opposite FWC via a data bus.
The software is memorized on an OBRM ( On Board Replaceable Module ) so
that software modificatins can be done quickly.
Page 114
KrB
Sep 01, 2008
FRA
ISS 01US/T-2
REV 02 DATE 30MAR2010
ATA31 LVL3
A330200/300 A340200/300
31-53
DMC 1
DMC 3
DMC 2
ECAM Part
ECAM Part
ECAM Part
FWC 1
FWC 2
SDAC 1
SDAC 2
B
LEVEL 1/2
LEVEL 2/3
AMM 315000
Page 115
Figure
64
FRA US/T-2
Flight Warning01,Computers
2008
KrB
Sep
ISS 01 REV 02 DATE 30MAR2010
ATA31 LVL3
A330200/300 A340200/300
31-53
FWC FAULT
One FWC faulty
Both FWCs work independently from each other.
If one FWC fails the other FWC covers all functions.. All functions are
preserved, on the E / WD the message FWS FWC 1 FAULT appears.
On captains Master Warning and Master Caution Light the Master line, and
on copilots side the Warning and Caution lines can not illuminate any
more because the upper and the lower bulb are triggered from different FWCs.
( If FWC 2 fails accordingly reversed. )
On the STATUS page the INOP SYS message FWC1 will appear.
NOTE:
A BITE test of the FWCs and the SDACs is not possible, when the FWC1 is
faulty.
Both FWCs faulty
If both FWCs fail the consequences are:
no auto callouts
no aural warnings
no MEMO messages
no STATUS page
no Master Warning light
no Master Caution light
On the E/WD the following message appears:
FWS FWC 1 + 2 FAULT
in Amber
MONITOR SYS
in Blue
in Blue
MONITOR OVERHEAD PANEL
Both FWCs fail triggers the DMCs to generate this message.
No data are available on the ND, when the ENG page is selected.
Page 116
FRA
KrB
Sep 01, 2008
ISS 01US/T-2
REV 02 DATE 30MAR2010
ATA31 LVL3
A330200/300 A340200/300
31-53
NOT AVAIL
ECAM WARN
ALTI ALERT
STATUS
A/CALL OUT
MEMO
Page 117
Figure
65
FRA US/T-2
KrB
Sep
ISS 01 REV 02 DATE 30MAR2010
ATA31 LVL3
A330200/300 A340200/300
31-53
Page 118
FRA
KrB
Sep 01, 2008
ISS 01US/T-2
REV 02 DATE 30MAR2010
ATA31 LVL3
A330200/300 A340200/300
31-53
XX
6
10
XX
XX
10
XX
XX
10
XX
XX
10
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
Page 119
Figure
66
FRA US/T-2
Engine Standby
Page
01, 2008
KrB
Sep
ISS 01 REV 02 DATE 30MAR2010
ATA31 LVL3
A330200/300 A340200/300
31-53
COMPARISON
General
Each FWC works as a comparetor. If it detects differences between the
displayed parameters a message is generated.
The monitored parameters are:
Heading
Attitude
Altitude.
Heading Comparison
If the FWC detects a difference between the heading indications, the
Message CHECK HDG appears on the heading scale of the PFD
and on the ND.
In this case the pilots have to compare the indications with the Standby
Compass to do the appropiate ADIRS switching.
Note: Limits for Comparison Messages concerning the PFD are described in
the AMM 316400 ( Primary Flight Display ).
Limits for Comparison Messages concerning the ND are described in the
AMM 316500 ( Navigation Display ).
Page 120
FRA
KrB
Sep 01, 2008
ISS 01US/T-2
REV 02 DATE 30MAR2010
ATA31 LVL3
A330200/300 A340200/300
31-53
PFD
ND
Page 121
Figure
67
FRA US/T-2
Heading Comparison
Messages
01, 2008
KrB
Sep
ISS 01 REV 02 DATE 30MAR2010
ATA31 LVL3
A330200/300 A340200/300
31-53
Attitude Comparison
If the FWC detects a difference between the attitude indications, the
message CHECK ATT appears on the PFD.
In this case the pilots have to compare the indications with the Standby
Horizon to do the appropiate ADIRS switching.
Altitude Comparison
If the FWC detects a difference between the altitude indications, the
message CHECK ALT appears on the PFD.
In this case the pilots have to compare the indications with the Standby
Altimeter to do the appropiate ADIRS switching.
Page 122
FRA
KrB
Sep 01, 2008
ISS 01US/T-2
REV 02 DATE 30MAR2010
ATA31 LVL3
A330200/300 A340200/300
31-53
PFD
Page 123
Figure
68
FRA US/T-2
KrB
Sep
ISS 01 REV 02 DATE 30MAR2010
ATA31 LVL3
A330200/300 A340200/300
31-52
Page 124
FRA
KrB
Sep 01, 2008
ISS 01US/T-2
REV 02 DATE 30MAR2010
ATA31 LVL3
A330200/300 A340200/300
31-52
DMC 1
DMC 3
DMC 2
ECAM Part
ECAM Part
ECAM Part
RESET
RESET
FWC 1
FWC 2
RESET
RESET
SDAC 1
SDAC 2
B
LEVEL 2/1
LEVEL3/2
AMM 315000
Page 125
Figure
69
FRA US/T-2
Master Warning
and Master Caution Schematic
01, 2008
KrB
Sep
ISS 01 REV 02 DATE 30MAR2010
ATA31 LVL3
A330200/300 A340200/300
31-62
3162
General
There are three interchangeable DMCs installed in the aircraft. EFISpart and
ECAMpart are seperated. Each part has an own power supply.
Page 126
KrB
Sep 01, 2008
FRA
ISS 01US/T-2
REV 02 DATE 30MAR2010
ATA31 LVL3
A330200/300 A340200/300
31-62
Page 127
Figure
70
FRA US/T-2
DMC Network01,
(ECAM
only)
2008
KrB
Sep
ISS 01 REV 02 DATE 30MAR2010
ATA31 LVL3
A330200/300 A340200/300
31-62
Page 128
FRA
KrB
Sep 01, 2008
ISS 01US/T-2
REV 02 DATE 30MAR2010
ATA31 LVL3
A330200/300 A340200/300
DMC 2
DMC 3
DMC 1
31-62
ASM 316200
Page 129
Figure
71
FRA US/T-2
KrB
Sep
ISS 01 REV 02 DATE 30MAR2010
ATA31 LVL3
A330200/300 A340200/300
31-62
Page 130
FRA
KrB
Sep 01, 2008
ISS 01US/T-2
REV 02 DATE 30MAR2010
ATA31 LVL3
A330200/300 A340200/300
31-62
&
SOURCE SELECT
PANEL
Page 131
Figure
72
FRA US/T-2
DMC Network01,
(EFIS
only)
2008
KrB
Sep
ISS 01 REV 02 DATE 30MAR2010
ATA31 LVL3
A330200/300 A340200/300
31-62
Page 132
FRA
KrB
Sep 01, 2008
ISS 01US/T-2
REV 02 DATE 30MAR2010
ATA31 LVL3
A330200/300 A340200/300
DMC 1
DMC 2
DMC 3
31-62
ASM 316200
Page 133
Figure
73
FRA US/T-2
KrB
Sep
ISS 01 REV 02 DATE 30MAR2010
ATA31 LVL3
A330200/300 A340200/300
31-62
Page 134
FRA
KrB
Sep 01, 2008
ISS 01US/T-2
REV 02 DATE 30MAR2010
ATA31 LVL3
A330200/300 A340200/300
31-62
AMM 316800
Page 135
Figure
74
FRA US/T-2
Reconfiguration
of the ECAM Output Bus
01, 2008
KrB
Sep
ISS 01 REV 02 DATE 30MAR2010
ATA31 LVL3
A330200/300 A340200/300
31-62
Page 136
FRA
KrB
Sep 01, 2008
ISS 01US/T-2
REV 02 DATE 30MAR2010
ATA31 LVL3
A330200/300 A340200/300
31-62
AMM 316800
Page 137
Figure
75
FRA US/T-2
Reconfiguration
of the EFIS Output Buses
01, 2008
KrB
Sep
ISS 01 REV 02 DATE 30MAR2010
ATA31 LVL3
A330200/300 A340200/300
31-62
Page 138
FRA
KrB
Sep 01, 2008
ISS 01US/T-2
REV 02 DATE 30MAR2010
ATA31 LVL3
A330200/300 A340200/300
31-62
AMM 235100
Captains EFIS CP
FOs EFIS CP
ILS
SELECTION
DMC 1
DMC 2
Page 139
Figure
76
FRA US/T-2
DMC/AMU Discrete
Interface
01, 2008
KrB
Sep
ISS 01 REV 02 DATE 30MAR2010
AMM 316200
ATA31 LVL3
A330200/300 A340200/300
31-62
EFIS VALID
ECAM VALID
DMC 1
FWC 1
EFIS VALID
ECAM VALID
DMC 2
FWC 2
AMM 316200
DMC 3
Page 140
Figure
77
FRA US/T-2
DMC/FWC Discrete
Interface
01, 2008
KrB
Sep
ISS 01 REV 02 DATE 30MAR2010
ATA31 LVL3
A330200/300 A340200/300
31-62
DMC 1
FMGEC 1
DMC 3
FMGEC 1
AMM 316200
DMC 2
Page 141
Figure
78
FRA US/T-2
DMC/FMGEC Discrete
Interface
01, 2008
KrB
Sep
ISS 01 REV 02 DATE 30MAR2010
ATA31 LVL3
A330200/300 A340200/300
31-68
3168
EIS SWITCHING
GENERAL
The EIS reconfiguration function is achieved by a set of switching devices and
some software implements within the DMCs.
The switching or reconfiguration of the DMCs and the DUs can be automatic or
manual.
The switching is performed by rotary selectors, P/B switches, control
potentiometers (ON/OFF of the DUs), a set of relays which ensure an
automatic switching in case of ECAM DMC3 failure and switching stages inside
the DUs and DMCs.
Page 142
KrB
Sep 01, 2008
FRA
ISS 01US/T-2
REV 02 DATE 30MAR2010
ATA31 LVL3
A330200/300 A340200/300
31-68
E/WDU FAILED
OR OFF
CAPTAIN EFIS
SWITCHING PANEL
F/O EFIS
SWITCHING PANEL
Page 143
Figure
79
FRA US/T-2
KrB
Sep
ISS 01 REV 02 DATE 30MAR2010
ATA31 LVL3
A330200/300 A340200/300
31-68
DU Inputs
Each Display Unit receives inputs from all DMCs.
The DMC can be selected via DMC rotary selectors. Each DMC rotary selector
sends to discretes to the connected display units.
The EFIS DUs additionally receive two digital inputs for weather radar
information. Captains weather radar buses are always connected with DMC 1,
FOs weather radar buses with DMC 2. The weather radar switching is
accomplished with switching devices inside the DMCs.
Page 144
FRA
KrB
Sep 01, 2008
ISS 01US/T-2
REV 02 DATE 30MAR2010
ATA31 LVL3
A330200/300 A340200/300
31-68
Display Unit
Discrete
Discrete
Weather Radar Input
( EFIS DUs only )
DMC 3
DMC 2
Page 145
Figure
80
FRA US/T-2
KrB
Sep
ISS 01 REV 02 DATE 30MAR2010
ATA31 LVL3
A330200/300 A340200/300
31-68
Normal Configuration
In normal configuration both relays inside the Display Units are deenergized.
The Display Units show following data:
Captains EFIS from DMC 1
FOs EFIS from DMC 2
ECAM from DMC 3.
The signals for weather radar data are not shown here.
Page 146
FRA
KrB
Sep 01, 2008
ISS 01US/T-2
REV 02 DATE 30MAR2010
ATA31 LVL3
A330200/300 A340200/300
31-68
DMC 1
DMC 3
DMC 2
AMM 316800 7/92
Page 147
Figure
81
FRA US/T-2
KrB
Sep
ISS 01 REV 02 DATE 30MAR2010
ATA31 LVL3
A330200/300 A340200/300
31-68
Page 148
FRA
KrB
Sep 01, 2008
ISS 01US/T-2
REV 02 DATE 30MAR2010
ATA31 LVL3
A330200/300 A340200/300
31-68
DMC 1
DMC 3
DMC 2
AMM 316800 7/92
Page 149
Figure
82
FRA US/T-2
Captains EFIS01,on
DMC 3
2008
KrB
Sep
ISS 01 REV 02 DATE 30MAR2010
ATA31 LVL3
A330200/300 A340200/300
31-68
Page 150
FRA
KrB
Sep 01, 2008
ISS 01US/T-2
REV 02 DATE 30MAR2010
ATA31 LVL3
A330200/300 A340200/300
31-68
DMC1
DMC3
DMC2
AMM 316800 7/92
Page 151
Figure
83
FRA US/T-2
ECAM switched
on DMC 1
01, 2008
KrB
Sep
ISS 01 REV 02 DATE 30MAR2010
ATA31 LVL3
A330200/300 A340200/300
31-68
Page 152
FRA
KrB
Sep 01, 2008
ISS 01US/T-2
REV 02 DATE 30MAR2010
ATA31 LVL3
A330200/300 A340200/300
31-68
DMC 1
DMC 3
DMC 2
AMM 316800 7/92
Page 153
Figure
84
FRA US/T-2
PFD / ND changed
on Captains side
01, 2008
KrB
Sep
ISS 01 REV 02 DATE 30MAR2010
ATA31 LVL3
A330200/300 A340200/300
31-68
ECAM / ND TRANSFER
When an ECAM/ND transfer is made, the SD display functions are performed
by the DMC which drives the ECAM data at the time of the selection of the
transfer.
Here is an example of Captain ECAM/ND transfer. A relay inside F/Os ND DU
is activated by the rotary selector to receive data from DMC 3.
A relay inside the DMC 3 is activated by a wired logic to send data from the
DMC ECAM Part.
F/Os ND DU is supplied from the ECAM part of DMC 3 now.
Page 154
FRA
KrB
Sep 01, 2008
ISS 01US/T-2
REV 02 DATE 30MAR2010
ATA31 LVL3
A330200/300 A340200/300
31-68
DMC 1
DMC 3
DMC 2
AMM 316800 7/92
Page 155
Figure
85
FRA US/T-2
ECAM / ND Transfer
to F/O
01, 2008
KrB
Sep
ISS 01 REV 02 DATE 30MAR2010
ATA31 LVL3
A330200/300 A340200/300
31-68
COPY MODE
The copy mode occurs when two EFIS DMC parts are no longer available.
Then, the crew recovers the EFIS displays by switching the remaining DMC.
Here is an example of the copy mode, with only DMC2 available and DMC2
selected by the Captain.
Page 156
FRA
KrB
Sep 01, 2008
ISS 01US/T-2
REV 02 DATE 30MAR2010
ATA31 LVL3
A330200/300 A340200/300
31-68
DMC 1
DMC 3
DMC 2
AMM 316800 7/92
Page 157
Figure
86
FRA US/T-2
KrB
Sep
ISS 01 REV 02 DATE 30MAR2010
ATA31 LVL3
A330200/300 A340200/300
31-68
DMC Inputs
Each DMC receives some discretes for EIS Switching. These discretes have
two tasks:
triggering of three relays inside the DMC
triggering of internal interchange of PFD and ND output.
Discretes come from:
Captains EFIS DMC Rotary Selector
FOs EFIS DMC Rotary Selector
ECAM DMC Rotary Selector
ECAM/ND Rotary Selector
PFD/ND Transfer Pushbutton.
DMC Outputs
Each DMC has some digital outputs:
one bus to both PFD Units
one bus to Captains ND Unit
one bus to FOs ND Unit
one bus to the E/WD Unit
one bus to the SD Unit.
The signals for weather radar data are not shown here.
Automatic ECAM DMC Transfer
One of two external relays is a time delay open relay ( 1 second ) 11WS which
is deenergized when ECAM DMC 3 is not valid. This discrete is a ground also
connected to the DMCs. As a result relay 9WS also opens.
With the ECAM DMC rotary selector in position AUTO the ECAM display units
receive a ground discrete which triggers them to select inputs from DMC 1.
Page 158
The signal flow is identical with the manual ECAM DMC transfer.
The EW/D will display a message about the automatic transfer and gives an
advisory to confirm by turning the ECAM DMC Rotary Selector to position 1.
FRA
KrB
Sep 01, 2008
ISS 01US/T-2
REV 02 DATE 30MAR2010
ATA31 LVL3
A330200/300 A340200/300
31-68
AMM 316800
Page 159
Figure
87
FRA US/T-2
ECAM Control01,
Diagram
2008
KrB
Sep
ISS 01 REV 02 DATE 30MAR2010
ATA31 LVL3
A330200/300 A340200/300
31-68
Switching
If the Captain selects DMC 3 on his EFIS switching panel, in DMC 1 two relais
are activated. The weather radar signals from DMC 3 are transmitted through
DMC 1 to Captains EFIS DUs.
If the FO selects DMC 3 in DMC 2 two relais are activated.
The relais switching is controlled by ground discretes from the selectors to
the DMCs.
Note:
Captains EFIS DUs can not be supplied with weather radar signals
from DMC 2.
FOs EFIS DUs can not be supplied with weather radar signals
from DMC 1.
Page 160
FRA
KrB
Sep 01, 2008
ISS 01US/T-2
REV 02 DATE 30MAR2010
ATA31 LVL3
A330200/300 A340200/300
31-68
CPT ND
WXR1
DMC 1
CPT PFD
DMC 3
F/O ND
WXR2
DMC 2
F/O PFD
Page 161
Figure
88
FRA US/T-2
Weather Radar
Signal Switching
01, 2008
FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
KrB
Sep
ISS 01 REV 02 DATE 30MAR2010
ATA31 LVL3
A330200/300 A340200/300
31-60
FM Source Switching
This selector switch is used to select the Flight Management source used by
the DMCs (EFISPart).
In normal operation, this selector switch is in the NORM position
(FM1 for DMC1 and DMC3,
FM2 for DMC2).
In BOTH ON 1 position the three DMCs receive information from the FM1.
In BOTH ON 2 position the three DMCs receive information from the FM2.
Page 162
FRA
KrB
Sep 01, 2008
ISS 01US/T-2
REV 02 DATE 30MAR2010
ATA31 LVL3
A330200/300 A340200/300
31-60
Switching/
AMM 341100
Switching/
Switching/
FM Selector Switch
AMM 316000
Page 163
Figure
89
FRA US/T-2
Source Switching
Panel
01, 2008
KrB
Sep
ISS 01 REV 02 DATE 30MAR2010
ATA31 LVL3
A330200/300 A340200/300
31-60
POWER SUPPLY
AC
BUS 1
Description
The table shows the power supply of the EFIS and ECAM LRUs.
Normal Operation
The 3 DMCs and the 6 DUs are supplied with 115V/400Hz and with
28V DC. The DC power is needed for the switching.
Each DMCpart ( EFIS / ECAM ) has its own power supply.
CAPT PFD
CAPT ND
AC ESS
DC
BUS 2
901XP
DC
ESS
105PP
F/O PFD
206XP
F/O ND
202XP
E/WD
206PP
202PP
901XP
401PP
(901XP)#
401PP
(901XP)#
401PP
105XP
105PP
DMC 1 EFIS
DMC 1 ECAM
105XP
DMC 2 EFIS
206XP
202PP
DMC 2 ECAM
202XP
202PP
DMC 3 EFIS
(901XP)#
401PP
DMC 3 ECAM
105XP
(901XP)#
401PP
SDAC 1
901XP
SDAC 2
DC
BUS 1
401PP
101XP
SD
Emergency Operation
Emergency Operation means that all the AC busses and the DC buses 1
and 2 are not supplied.
Only the AC ESS and the DC ESS BUS are supplied with electrical power.
The following LRUs remain available:
CAPT PFD
E/WD
ECAM CTL PNL
FWC 1
SDAC 1
Master Caution Lights ( half )
Master Warning Lights ( half )
DMC 1 EFIS or DMC 3 EFIS and DMC 1 ECAM or DMC 3 ECAM
( depending on the EIS switching )
AC
BUS 2
206XP
FWC 1
901XP
FWC 2
202XP
401PP
206XP
901XP
206XP
901XP
401PP
Page 164
FRA
KrB
Sep 01, 2008
ISS 01US/T-2
REV 02 DATE 30MAR2010
ATA31 LVL3
A330200/300 A340200/300
31-60
Page 165
Figure
90
FRA US/T-2
Power Supply01,
(DMCs
only)
2008
KrB
Sep
ISS 01 REV 02 DATE 30MAR2010
ATA31 LVL3
3169
A330200/300 A340200/300
31-69
GENERAL
The computers of the Electronic Instrument Systems include a BITE ( BuiltIn
Test Equipment ).
With this BITE the LRUs of the EIS are monitored and tested.
The components of the Electronic Instruments System are:
6 Display Units ( DU )
3 Display Management Computers ( DMC )
Only the ECAMpart of the DMCs is connected with the CMS. The DMC
EFISpart is linked with the CMS via the DMC ECAMpart.
The test of each DMC and its connected DUs is started via the MCDU.
Page 166
KrB
Sep 01, 2008
FRA
ISS 01US/T-2
REV 02 DATE 30MAR2010
ATA31 LVL3
A330200/300 A340200/300
31-69
Page 167
Figure
91
FRA US/T-2
KrB
Sep
ISS 01 REV 02 DATE 30MAR2010
ATA31 LVL3
A330200/300 A340200/300
31-69
INTERACTIVE MODE
Via SYSTEM REPORT / TEST one of the three DMCs can be selected.
In the Interactive Mode various menus are offered:
LAST LEG REPORT
PREVIOUS LEG REPORT
LRU IDENT
GND SCANNING
TROUBLE SHOOT DATA
CLASS 3 FAULT
SYSTEM TEST
SWITCHING TEST
GROUND REPORT
SPECIFIC DATA
Page 168
FRA
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DETECTION
SPECIFIC
DATA
>
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FAULT
NO FAULT
Page 171
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Switching Test
The Switching Test tests the function of the EIS Switching Relays and the
EIS wiring. The PFD / ND transfer is not tested because this transfer is done
by software.
Via SWITCHING TEST the Switching Test Menu is selected.
On two pages we are required to establish initial conditions.
Via START TEST the Test is started.
The user is required to do some switching procedures and to answer questions
concerning the indications on the DUs with YES or NO on the MCDU.
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Test Close-Up
At the end of the test the test result and the menu TEST CLOSE UP are
indicated. This menu shows the user how to establish normal system
configuration.
To do the test for the complete switching system the test must be performed
on DMC 1, DMC 2 and DMC 3.
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NO FAULT
FAULT
DMC 1
DMC 1/2
Page 175
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3159
GENERAL
The Flight Warning Computers include a BITE ( BuiltIn Test Equipment ).
With this BITE the complete Flight Warning System ( FWS ) is monitored
and tested.
The components of the Flight Warning System are:
2 Flight Warning Computers ( FWC )
2 System Data Aquisition Concentrators ( SDAC )
1 ECAM Control Panel
The test of the Flight Warning System is started via the MCDU.
The SDACs and the ECAM Control Panel are connected with the CMS via the
FWC 1. Only the FWC 1 delivers test results and other data to the CMS.
If FWC 1 is defective the test can not be accomplished.
Both FWCs receive data from the CMS ( i. e. time ).
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Page 177
Figure
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INTERACTIVE MODE
Via SYSTEM REPORT / TEST the FWS can be selected.
In the Interactive Mode various menus are offered:
LAST LEG REPORT
PREVIOUS LEGS REPORT
LRU IDENT
TROUBLE SHOOTING DATA
CLASS 3 FAULTS
TEST
GROUND REPORT
PIN PROGAM
Pin Program
If PIN PROGRAM is selected the actual pin programming at the plugs of the
SDACs and FWCs is investigated and displayed on the MCDU.
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DETECTION
CURRENT
DATA
Page 179
Figure
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FWS TEST
Pushing the line key adjacent to the TEST> indication causes the display of the
FWS/TEST page.
Then the POST (Power On Self Test) of the SDACs and the FWCs shall be
manually initiated, as indicated on the FWS/TEST page.
The upper half of the left MASTER Caution light and the lower half of the right
MASTER Caution light come on. (Test of FWC1)
The lower half of the left MASTER Caution light and the upper half of the right
MASTER Caution light come on. (Test of FWC2)
When its POST is performed, the FWC1 correlates the reported messages.
The FWC1 also checks that its POST is correct, if not it cannot get in MENU
MODE.
At the end of the correlations, the system test continues and the prompt < is
shown.
Duration of fault correlation depends on the quantity of the reported faults.
However time from the FWC1 reset to the prompt display must not exceed 9
minutes.
If the FWC2 or one SDAC has not declared POST PERFORMED at the end of
the correlation phase, the system test will continue normally and at the end of
the test, the following message(s) will be displayed:
RESET NOT DONE/FLT COND/SDACi(1WVi)
FWC2(1WW2)
If the FWC1 does not receive any label from one FWS computer after the
resets, the system test continues normally and at the end of the test, the
FWC1 will declare the concerned computer failed.
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START TEST
The system test then continues if the line key adjacent to the <START TEST
indication is pushed.
The FWC1 first activates the SDAC and FWC 2 tests and then its own test.
Thus, the aural warning transmitted and the operation of the MASTER WARN
and MASTER CAUT lights are first checked by the FWC 2 during FWC 2 test
(loop 1), then by the FWC 1 (loop 2).
Upon completion of FWC 1 test (loop 2), the page(s) of the test result is (are)
displayed, followed by the FWS/TEST/TEST CLOSEUP page.
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Figure
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Figure
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Figure
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Page 187
Figure
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3121
ELECTRICAL CLOCK
PRESENTATION
The Electrical Clock is located in the Main Instrument Panel.
It has three modes:
Universal Time Coordinated ( UTC ) and Date
Elapsed Time ( ET )
Chronometer
The clock transmitts UTC ( Universal Time Coordinated ) in ARINC 429 format
to following computers:
Central Maintenance Computer ( CMCs )
Flight Data Interface Unit ( FDIU )
Flight Management, Guidance and Envelope Computers ( FMGECs )
Universal Time Coordinated (UTC) and Date
Time is indicated by four digits. ( 2 digits for hours and 2 digits for minutes. )
The indication for the seconds is done by three horizontal strokes. Each stroke
stands for 15 seconds, during the first 15 second no stroke is shown.
When the Date Pushbutton (marked with SET) is pressed and held the date is
displayed instead of the time.
Elapsed Time
When the ET selector is switched to RUN a stopwatch starts to run.
The elapsed time is indicated on the ET Display.
STOP: The time is frozen.
RST: The watch is resetted to 00:00 .
The maximum indication is 99 hours and 59 minutes.
Chronometer
By pressing the CHR pushbutton a stopwatch for short time measurement is
started. The seconds are shown by a pointer, the minutes are shown on the
display.
The CHR pushbutton has three functions:
4. push: Start
5. push: Stop
6. push: Reset
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GPS CLOCK
General
This selfcontained clock with builtin time base unit is contained in a 3 Air
Transport Indicator (ATI) case.
It receives time data from the GPS, but is also able to display internal data.
It features the controls and the information related to each of the following
functions:
time (UTC): hours, minutes and seconds on a digital display
elapsed time (ET): hours and minutes on a digital display
chronometer (CHR): seconds and minutes on a digital display
date: in lieu and place of UTC display by action on a pushbutton switch.
UTC
UTC is displayed in digital form:
two digits for the hours
the two next digits for the minutes
the two next smaller digits for the seconds.
Date
The middle display may be used for the indication of the date in place of the
UTC.
The date is displayed by pressing the DATE pushbutton switch when the time
of the day is displayed.
Elapsed time (ET)
Elapsed Time is displayed in digital form:
two digits for the hours (item 7)
two digits for the minutes (item 6).
The elapsed time counter can totalize up to 99 hours 59 minutes.
Operation of the ET counter is controlled by a threeposition selector switch:
RUN/STP/RST (item 5) and located in the right lower angle of the face of the
clock.
RUN position: counter runs
STP position: counter stops. Display is frozen
RST position: the counter is reset to zero (momentary position) and displays
go off.
Chronometer (CHR)
The CHR time is displayed in digtal form on the upper window: minutes and
seconds)
Chronometer Pushbutton
The chronometer is controlled by a pushbutton switch identified CHR
which can select two sequences when pressed (in):
First pressure: the chrono time starts counting followed by the
minutes.
Second pressure: the chrono time stops counting
to restart the CHR time the pushbutton RST (item 11) has to be pressed.
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Chronometer Pushbutton
Clock
Date Pushbutton
ET Run/Stop/Reset Switch
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Hours
Digits
Minutes
Digits
Seconds
Digits
Chronometer Pushbutton
Set Knob
ET Run/Stop/Reset Switch
ET Hours
ET Minutes
MM 312100
Page 193
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POWER SUPPLY
CLOCK INTERFACE
The clock is important for the function of the CMS. Its electrical connection
guarantees at least the supply of the time base.
ESS BUS 401PP normaly supplies time base and indication.
HOT BUS 701PP supplies the time base when ESS BUS 401 PP is lost.
The indication, however, is lost.
The Internal Battery supplies the time base for maximal 15 days when
ESS BUS and HOT BUS are lost.
After main battery change it is not necessary to readjust the clock.
By means of a shunt in the plug it is guaranteed that the clock stops
working after removal. When the plug is removed the internal power supply
via the internal battery is interrupted.
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Figure
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Clock Principle
Diagram
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GPS Interface with the Clock
Clocks which provide GPS time to the connected computers receive GPS data
from Multi Mode Receiver 1 (ATA 3436).
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Clock
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Figure
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CMC 1
Clock
CMC 2
MM 451100
MCDU
Page 199
Figure
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OPERATIONAL TEST
The AMM offers an operational test in ATA chapter 312100.
During this test, the clock switches and the INT LT/ANN LT switch must be
used and the clock indications must be monitored.
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Figure
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ATA 31 INDICATING/RECORDING SYSTEMS
3160
3150
2
2
12
18
20
20
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
40
44
44
46
52
52
58
68
70
72
74
76
78
80
86
90
90
92
94
106
ALERT LEVELS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
106
3156
108
3155
3153
114
116
120
124
3162
126
126
130
134
3168
EIS SWITCHING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
EFIS DMC SWITCHING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ECAM DMC SWITCHING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
DU RECONFIGURATION (PFD / ND TRANSFER) . . . .
ECAM / ND TRANSFER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
COPY MODE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
WEATHER RADAR SIGNAL SWITCHING . . . . . . . . . . .
SOURCE SWITCHING PANEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
POWER SUPPLY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
142
142
148
150
152
154
156
160
162
164
3169
166
166
168
170
3159
176
176
178
180
3121
ELECTRICAL CLOCK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
PRESENTATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
188
188
ATA31 LVL3
PAGE Page
202
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TIME AND DATE SETTING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
GPS CLOCK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
TIME AND DATE SETTING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
POWER SUPPLY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CLOCK INTERFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CLOCK - ECAM INTERFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
OPERATIONAL TEST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
188
190
192
194
194
198
200
ATA31 LVL3
PAGEPage
203
ii
TABLE OF FIGURES
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
Figure 6
Figure 7
Figure 8
Figure 9
Figure 10
Figure 11
Figure 12
Figure 13
Figure 14
Figure 15
Figure 16
Figure 17
Figure 18
Figure 19
Figure 20
Figure 21
Figure 22
Figure 23
Figure 24
Figure 25
Figure 26
Figure 27
Figure 28
Figure 29
Figure 30
Figure 31
Figure 32
Figure 33
Figure 34
Figure 35
Cockpit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Overhead Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Glareshield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Main Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pedestal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Electrical Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pushbutton Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Colour Philosophy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
EIS LRUs ( Cockpit ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
EIS Basic Schematic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
EIS Basic Schematic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Control Cabin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
EFIS Control Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
EFIS Switching Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ECAM Control Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ECAM Switching Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Attention Getters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Display Units Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Panel Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
FWCs, SDACs, DMCs Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
EIS Switching Relays Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
PFD Zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Primary Flight Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
EFIS Control Panel (Captain) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ND ROSE ILS Mode and ROSE VOR Mode . . . . . . . . . . . .
ND ROSE NAV Mode and ARC Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ND PLAN Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Engine Standby Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Engine/Warning Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
E/WD Upper Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
E/WD Memo Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
System Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
System Pages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
System Pages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
C/B Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
25
27
29
31
33
35
36
37
38
39
41
43
45
47
48
49
51
53
55
57
59
61
62
63
Figure 36
Figure 37
Figure 38
Figure 39
Figure 40
Figure 41
Figure 42
Figure 43
Figure 44
Figure 45
Figure 46
Figure 47
Figure 48
Figure 49
Figure 50
Figure 51
Figure 52
Figure 53
Figure 54
Figure 55
Figure 56
Figure 57
Figure 58
Figure 59
Figure 60
Figure 61
Figure 62
Figure 63
Figure 64
Figure 65
Figure 66
Figure 67
Figure 68
Figure 69
Figure 70
Cruise Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
STATUS Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ECAM Colour Philosophy Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Class 1 Failures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Class 2 Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Types of Failures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
List of Aural Warnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Flight Phase Explanation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Flight Phases (general) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Flight Phase 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Flight Phases 2 and 35 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Flight Phase 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Flight Phases 79 and 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Flight Phase Inhibits ATA 34 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Flight Phase Inhibits ATA 34 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Flight Phase Inhibits ATA 26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
System Display Example (Pressure Page) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
List of Warnings by Priority Order . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Failure Example part 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Failure Example part 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Failure Example part 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Failure Example part 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Failure Example part 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Failure Example part 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ECAM Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ECAM Control Panel Interconnection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
EIS Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SDAC Fault Indications on the EWD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Flight Warning Computers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
FWC Fault Indications on the EWD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Engine Standby Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Heading Comparison Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Attitude and Altitude Comparison Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Master Warning and Master Caution Schematic . . . . . . . . . . .
DMC Network (ECAM only) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ATA31 LVL3
65
67
69
71
73
75
77
79
81
82
83
84
85
87
88
89
91
93
95
97
99
101
103
105
107
109
111
113
115
117
119
121
123
125
127
PAGEPage
204
iii
TABLE OF FIGURES
Figure 71
Figure 72
Figure 73
Figure 74
Figure 75
Figure 76
Figure 77
Figure 78
Figure 79
Figure 80
Figure 81
Figure 82
Figure 83
Figure 84
Figure 85
Figure 86
Figure 87
Figure 88
Figure 89
Figure 90
Figure 91
Figure 92
Figure 93
Figure 94
Figure 95
Figure 96
Figure 97
Figure 98
Figure 99
Figure 100
Figure 101
Figure 102
Figure 103
Figure 104
Figure 105
129
131
133
135
137
139
140
141
143
145
147
149
151
153
155
157
159
161
163
165
167
169
171
173
175
177
179
181
183
184
185
187
189
191
193
Figure 106
Figure 107
Figure 108
Figure 109
ATA31 LVL3
195
197
199
201
PAGEPage
205
iv