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COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
AND FINE ARTS
Department of Architecture
Sta. Mesa, Manila
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 5
SEISMIC DESIGN
SUBMITTED BY:
GAVARRA, KRISTINE V.
MARASIGAN, KAMILLE S.
MUSNI, DYAN ALYSSA R.
NOBLEZA, MA. CARMELA D.
PORRAS, CHERRY FAITH V.
BS ARCH 4-2
SUBMITTED TO:
SEISMIC JOINTS
Seismic joints are used for seismic frames around
windows, gaps between external precast panels,
thermal expansion joints on large slabs, and gaps
between internal partition walls and the supporting slab
above. Buildings of irregular shape such as an L shape
are split up into simpler separate structures so that the
different parts can move freely in an earthquake. This
strategy of separate parts to a building is also often
used when adding a new section to an existing building.
A seismic joint typically creates a separation
between the adjacent buildings or parts of buildings
that include separation of walls, floors, and roof and, in
the case of joints within the same building, may also
include separation, or accommodation for movement of
piping, HVAC ducts, and other elements that have a
functional need to cross the joint.
Seismic joints or separations between buildings have been used for many years. However, over the years the
required width, and subsequently the cost, of the separations have grown. Seismic joints, within a single building, have
been introduced by engineers, in the past, either to simplify analysis or to reduce the seismic effects of building
irregularities. The requirements for structural function, weather tightness, fire separation, appearance, and services
distribution performance need to be all met.
Seismic joints must accommodate movement in both orthogonal directions simultaneously and their spacing is
not typically affected by building length or size.
HISTORY:
The earliest use of seismic joints did not
recognize them as joints at all. They were merely the
space between adjacent buildings. As seismic analysis
evolved to the level of the static analysis methods of
the 1950s and 60s, structural engineers began to
recognize that certain building shapes resulted in
potentially undesirable effects, such as torsion or high
collector forces at reentrant corners, that their analysis
methods were not yet adequate to deal with. It became a common practice to introduce seismic joints to divide a
complexly shaped building into a group of smaller buildings with simple shapes that were easy to analyze and had
predictable seismic performance.
Another place where seismic joints have often been introduced is at locations where diaphragms are recognized
to be weak, and it is felt to be better to introduce a joint than to suffer the damage that might occur during a seismic
event.
Movement can occur in the horizontal, vertical, lateral and axial directions. Two parts of a building side by side
can move towards and away from each other, move from side to side, or
have a difference in height as they deform.
If access is required between two buildings or two separate
structures in a building then a physical link is required between the two.
This will require connections for walls, floors, ceilings and roofs. Floors
of a building are generally fire separations which require the floor to
ceiling junction and any expansion joint to be fire rated.
Internal walls for separate fire cells and safe path corridors are
required to be fire rated. These are subject to differential movement
where they cross a seismic floor joint. There will be differential seismic
movement between the slab and the top and bottom of the wall,
requiring a gap which must be fire rated. External walls often have gaps
between the structural frame and the cladding of masonry or precast
concrete. These gaps need to be fire rated to prevent fire spread to
adjacent buildings or from floor to floor.
Architects have a strong dislike for seismic joints, with good reason. The joints require very significant design
effort by the architect and, ultimately, no matter how well they are done, they are expensive and unattractive features
of the building.
SAFETY CLADDING
This topic discusses the issues related to the protection of the building envelope,
including the concrete cladding, glass and metal panels and roofing system from
seismic or earthquake forces. It also tackles the performances of the building envelope
in terms of its capability to resist from earthquake.
Seismic Performance
The performance of heavy cladding systems has been good, despite of the severe threat to life safety of possible
falling and detachment of concrete panels and glass breakage.
Metal and glass curtain walls
These materials have performed well, because of the inherent strength of
the glass, the flexibility of the framing assembly, the resiliency of the glass
retention materials and relatively small size of the glass panels. However, seismic or
earthquake forces causes the building to drift, resulting to deformation and/or
breakage of glass panels.
Figure 2: Glass damage
during an earthquake (Source:
wbdg.org)
forces.
What are ductile connectors?
Ductile connectors are also known as push-pull
connectors. It provides a simple and reliable method of de-coupling the panel from the
structure. The generic connection method consists of supporting the panel by fixed
bearing connections to a structural element at one floor to accommodate the gravity
loads, and using ductile "tie-back" connections to a structural element at an adjoining
floor.
The tie-back connection is designed to deform under lateral forces and thus does
not transmit racking forces to the panel. The tie-back must be capable of
(Source:wbdg.org)
The bearing connections may be located at the top or at the bottom of the panel. Deep spandrel connections
have fixed and ductile connections, to prevent deformation of the support under severe seismic forces.
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(Source: wbdg.org)
make final connections. Since the panel connections, of which there may be
hundreds or even thousands, are relatively expensive, designers sometimes reduce the number of connections
necessary by varying to shape of the panels.
Another technique for reducing the number of panels and connection is to support a number of facing panels on a
metal frame that is attached to the building structure. The frames can be shop welded: a number of facing panels are
attached at the site and the entire assembly is then lifted up and attached to the structure.
Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete Cladding Systems
wbdg.org)
and must be able to accommodate design drifts. In the case of a full metal and glass curtain wall system the opaque
portions will often use the same glazing as the transparent areas, with reflective or dark glass backed-up by insulation.
Another common type of light-weight cladding is that of horizontal alternating bands of glazing and metal insulated
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panels. The latter may be a spandrel wall built on site from steel studs with metal facing, or it may consist of factory
fabricated panels, with exterior facing, insulation and interior finish assembled into an integrated panel.
Windows and Curtain Walls
wbdg.org)
steel core
welded connection
pinned connection
bolted connection
ADVANTAGES:
Lower demand on foundations specially, the arising tension loads are drastically decreased,
The Single Pendulum Bearing maintains constant friction, lateral stiffness, and dynamic period for all
levels of earthquake motion and displacements. In the Triple Pendulum bearing, the three pendulum
mechanisms are sequentially activated as the earthquake motions become stronger. The small displacement,
high frequency ground motions are absorbed by the low friction and short period inner pendulum. For the
stronger Design Level Earthquakes, both the bearing friction and period increase, resulting in lower bearing
displacements and lower structure base shears. For the strongest Maximum Credible Earthquakes, both the
bearing friction and lateral stiffness increase, reducing the bearing displacement.
The Triple Pendulum Bearing offers better seismic performance, lower bearing costs, and lower
construction costs as compared to conventional seismic isolation technology. The properties of each of the
bearings three pendulums are chosen to become sequentially active at different earthquake strengths. As the
ground motions become stronger, the bearing displacements increase. At greater displacements, the effective
pendulum length and the effective damping increase, resulting in lower seismic forces and bearing
displacements.
The Triple Pendulum bearings inner isolator consists of an inner slider that slides along two inner
concave spherical surfaces. Properties of the inner pendulum are typically chosen to reduce the peak
accelerations acting on the isolated structure and its contents, minimize the participation of higher structure
modes, and reduce structure shear forces that occur during service level earthquakes.
The two slider concaves, sliding along the two main concave surfaces, comprise two more independent
pendulum isolators. Properties of the second pendulum are typically chosen to minimize the structure shear
forces that occur during the design basis earthquake. This reduces construction costs of the structure.
Properties of the third pendulum are typically chosen to minimize bearing displacements that occur during the
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maximum credible earthquake. This reduces the size and cost of the bearings, and reduces the displacements
required for the structures seismic gaps.
Put simply, the bearings literally isolate the structure from the moving ground below by permitting the
building to move up to 30 horizontally and 2 vertically in an earthquake.
To prevent the building from moving more than 30 horizontally and literally falling off its foundation,
large shock absorbers or viscous dampeners are connected to the structure and to embed set within the
foundation.
BASE ISOLATION
HISTORY OF BASE ISOLATION
ANCIENT
Tomb of Cyrus is said to be the oldest base-isolated structure in the world
Cyrus the Great Tomb
Pasargadae, southeast of Iran, built in 550 BC, several layers of smoothed stone without any mortar or sticky
material between them actually form a kind of base isolation.
Orthostat Stone Layers
-In earthquake prone areas, some flat small stones like pillow were laid to absorb the first shock of earthquake
forces on the pre-prepared soil under foundations.
-Then, some big foundation stone layers were put over these small stones where normal construction of the walls
was built.
-The number of layers in most of the times was three and no mortar was used.
-These large foundation stones are called Orthostat stones.
Even though the stones are over each other without any mortar or sticky material, the mechanism is in such a
manner that actually no sliding occur; or better say, they may slide a little but they come back to their original position
following the earthquake.
Erechtheion Temple on the north side of the Acropolis of Athens in Greece (built between 421 and 407 BC). Source: Google Images
is not affected. So, the principle is simple. Separate the structure from the ground. The ground
will move but the building will not move. As in so many things, the devil is in the detail. The
only way a structure can be supported under gravity is to rest on the ground. Isolation conflicts
with this fundamental structural engineering requirement. How can the structure be separated
from the ground for earthquake loads but still resist gravity
from an earthquakes shock wave. While the building still rests firmly over its foundation, it is separated from it by a
distinct layer of material that acts as a shock absorber. When an earthquake occurs, the building can rely on this layer of
shock absorption to counteract and dampen any movement as a result of the earthquake's shock waves and therefore
maintain its structural integrity.
BASIC ELEMENTS
1. A vertical-load carrying device that provides lateral flexibility so that the period of vibration of the total system
is lengthened sufficiently to reduce the force response,
2. A damper or energy dissipater so that the relative deflections across the flexible mounting can be limited to a
practical design level, and
3. A means of providing rigidity under low (service) load.
Base isolation system consists of isolation units with or without isolation components, where:
1 Isolation units are the basic elements of a base isolation system which are intended to provide the
aforementioned decoupling effect to a building or non-building structure.
2 Isolation components are the connections between isolation units and their parts having no decoupling effect of
their own.
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A.)CONVENTIONAL STRUCTURE
In a conventional structure, acceleration on the ground is amplified on the higher floors and the contents are
damaged, while in a base isolated building, earthquake movement takes place on the level of the isolators. Floor
accelerations are low, the building, its occupants and the loads are safe.
TWO BASIC TYPES
1. ELASTOMERIC BEARING
Natural Rubber Bearing
Low Damping Rubber Bearing
High Damping Rubber Bearing
Lead Rubber Bearing
2. SLIDING SYSTEM
Spherical Sliding Bearing
Friction Pendulum System
A.) ELASTOMERIC BEARING
The building is supported by bearing pads that have a curved surface and low friction. During an earthquake the
building is free to slide on the bearings. Since the bearings have a curved surface, the building slides both horizontally
and vertically. The forces needed to move the building upwards limits the horizontal or lateral forces which would
otherwise cause building deformations. Also by adjusting the radius of the bearings curved surface, this property can be
used to design bearings that also lengthen the buildings period of vibration.
Low Damping Rubber Bearing
High Damping Rubber Bearing
Natural/Synthetic Rubber Bearing
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Lead-rubber bearings are the frequently- used types of base isolation bearings. A lead rubber bearing is made
from layers of rubber sandwiched together with layers of steel. In the middle of the solid lead plug. On top and
bottom, the bearing is fitted with steel plates which are used to attach the bearing to the building and foundation. The
bearing is very stiff and strong in the vertical direction, but flexible in the horizontal direction.
B.) SLIDING SYSTEM
These are formed of horizontal layers of natural or synthetic rubber in thin layers bonded between steel plates.
The steel plates prevent the rubber layers from bulging and so the bearing is able to support higher vertical loads with
only small deformations. Under a lateral load the bearing is flexible.
1. Spherical Sliding Isolation
Curved surface sliders use gravity as a reentering force; the operating principle is the same as the pendulum.
Energy dissipation is ensured by the friction of the main sliding surface. The parameters for the bilinear constitutive
bond depend on the bending radius and friction coefficient.
It uses bearing pads that have a curved surface and low friction materials similar to Teflon
During an earthquake, the building is free to slide both horizontally and vertically
It will return to its original position after the ground shaking stops
2. FRICTION PENDULUM BEARING
Based on three aspects:
A. Articulated Friction Slider
B. Spherical concave sliding surface
C. Enclosing cylinder for lateral displacement
The second type is the friction pendulum system or sliding system. This type of system consists of a stainless steel
concave bowl and a self-lubricating slider. The slider is a post that supports the weight of the building and sits within the
steel bowl. When seismic movement occurs the building is free to move in the dish and return to the center once the
movement is complete. In this design the buildings weight is used to dampen the seismic loads by transferring the
horizontal movement to a vertical movement. Think of a skateboarder in the middle of a half pipe if you move the half
pipe rapidly, he will roll up the sides and return to the center once the movement has stopped. The only difference is the
FPS can move 360 degrees.
BENEFITS
The benefits of using seismic isolation and energy dissipation devices (isolators for simplicity) for earthquakeresistant design are many:
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1. Isolation leads to a simpler structure with much less complicated seismic analysis as compared with
conventional structures;
2. Isolated designs are less sensitive to uncertainties in ground motion;
3. Minor damage at the design level event means immediate reoccupation;
4. The performance of the isolators is highly predictable, so they are much more reliable than conventional
structural components (e.g. some ductile walls in the Christchurch earthquakes); and finally,
5. Even in case of larger-than-expected seismic events, damage will concentrate in the isolation system, where
elements can be easily substituted to restore the complete functionality of the structure.
DISADVANTAGES
1. Uneconomical. It would be too expensive; it cannot be done for a normal office, apartments, and a normal
house.
BUILIDINGS WITH BASE ISOLATION SYSTEM
University of Southern California Teaching Hospital
The University of Southern California Teaching Hospital in east Los
Angeles (1991) had a severe test in 1994, when the Northridge earthquake hit.
Though it was only 23 miles from the epicenter, the horizontal acceleration in
the building was three or four times less than thepeak acceleration outside: the
building was effectively isolated from the motions that caused significant
damage to
buildings nearby.
Saiful Bouquet is the Engineer of Record for the new Los Angeles Emergency Operations Center, (EOC). The new
EOC is the focal point for coordination of the Citys emergency planning, training, and response and recovery efforts for
major disasters such as fires, floods, earthquakes, and acts of terrorism. The EOC houses the emergency management
department, a new fire dispatch center, fire department operations center, and police department RACR division and
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operations center. The structural design is complete on the 2-story 83,000 gsf new state-of-the-art City of Los Angeles
EOC located in downtown Los Angeles. The building is designed as a base isolated facility to allow for critical operations
to continue immediately following a major regional earthquake. The structure itself is designed as a steel construction
with eccentric brace frames as its seismic bracing system.
SBI was very proactive from the beginning in developing multiple structural schemes and worked very closely with
the architect and the owner. This interactive collaborative effort led to the selection of the final structural and base
isolation system that was not only very cost-effective but also provided the architectural and functional layout flexibility.
Unlike typical base isolated facilities, this building only has a handful of steel braces, which resulted in significant savings
in structural steel. This was achieved through a combination of the use of the state-of-the-art advanced seismic analysis
along with an innovative base-isolation system (tension-restrained friction pendulum system).
Tohoku Electric Power Company, Japan.
Currently the largest base-isolated building in the world is
the West Japan Postal Computer Center, located in Sanda, Kobe
Prefecture. This six-story, 47,000 m square (500,000 ft square)
structure is supported on 120 elastomeric isolators with a number
of additional steel and lead dampers. The building, which has an
isolated period of 3.9 sec, is located approximately 30 km (19
miles) from the epicenter of the 1995 Hyogoken Nanbu (Kobe)
earthquake, and experienced severe ground motion. The peak
ground acceleration under the isolators was 400 cm/sec square (0.41 g) but was reduced by the isolation system to 127
cm/sec square (0.13 g) at the sixth floor. The estimate of the displacement of the isolators is around 12 cm (4.8 in.). A
fixed-base building adjacent to the computer center experienced some damage, but there was no damage to the
isolated building.
The use of isolation in Japan continues to increase, especially in the aftermath of the Kobe earthquake. As a result
of superior performance of the West Japan Postal Computer Center, there has been a rapid increase in the number of
permits for base-isolated buildings, including many apartments and condominiums.
DAMPING TECHNOLOGY
DEFINITION:
These are mechanical devices to dissipate a portion of structural input energy, thus reducing structural responses and
possible structural damage.
Dampers are huge concrete blocks or steel bodies mounted in skyscrapers or other structures, and moved opposition to
the resonance frequency oscillations of the structure by means of springs, fluid or pendulums.
HISTORY:
In the early 1860s, the evolution of large dampers began with the advent of large loaded canons. The British army was
said to be the first to use hydraulic recoil dampers on the gun carriages in 1862. The first mass produced hydraulic recoil
damper was used on the 75mm French field gun, Model M1897. And by the end of World War I, fluid dampers were
being used on the field artillery pieces of, naval guns, coastal guns and railway guns.
In 1920s and 1930s were a period when the dominant feature of American culture are automobiles. While the earliest
damping were simple carried over from horse drawn wagons.
In 1925, Ralph Peo of Houdaille Company in NY, USA invented a solution by redesigning the damper to use rotating
piston rod and vane assembly.
In
1960s, during the Cold War, shock isolation became apparent because of the enemys missile attacks. The successful
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use of Fluid Dampers and Liquid Spring Dampers on Land Based Missile Facilities became an extremely powerful yet
compact isolation.
The transition of Defense Technology to the Private Sector was introduced by the Taylor Devices, Inc wherein defense
products were used by commercial outlets in 1987.
In general, it was found that adding 20% damping to a structure will triple its earthquake resistance, without increasing
stress or deflection.
PASSIVE ENERGY DISSIPATION DEVICES
DAMPING Devices are also called Energy Dissipation Devices. Considering the vast production of dampers that have
been developed, it can be grouped into THREE BROAD CATEGORIES:
1. FRICTION DAMPERS
- These utilize frictional forces to dissipate energy
2. YIELDING DAMPERS/ METTALIC DAMPERS
-Utilize the deformation of metal elements within the damper
3. VISCOUS DAMPERS
-Utilize the force movement (orificing) of fluids within the damper
FRICTION DAMPERS
Friction dampers are designed to have moving parts that will slide over each other during a strong earthquake. When
the parts slide over each other, they create friction which uses some of the energy from the earthquake that goes into
the building.
In 1980s, Pall and Marsh pioneered passive friction dampers on the basis of the model of Friction brakes
Metallic Dampers are usually made from steel. Designed to deform when the building vibrates during an earthquake
that they cannot return to their original shape. This permanent deformation is called INEALSTIC DEFORMATION, and it
uses some of the earthquake energy which goes into the building.
In 1970s, conceptual and experimental work on metallic yield devices began.
VISCOUS DAMPERS
Viscous fluid dampers are similar to shock absorbers in a car. They consist of a closed
cylinder containing a viscous fluid like oil. The piston rod, connected to the piston
head, can move in and out of the cylinder. As it does this, the oil is forced to flow
through holes in the piston head causing friction.When the damper is installed in a
building, the friction converts some of the earthquake energy going into the moving
building into heat energy.
Dampens the vibration produced by the earthquake through fluid inertia. It is made up of a tank partially filled with
water, divided into segments by louvers that prevent turbulence.
TWO TYPES OF TLD:
1. Sloshing Damper
2. Column Damper
Tuned mass damper (TMD), also known as Harmonic Absorber, a device mounted in structures to reduce the amplitude
of mechanical vibrations. It is the most popular and extensively used device ranging from small rotating machinery to tall
civil structures.
The application of a Tuned Mass Damper suspends a large internal lumped mass at the uppermost floors of a tall
building, supporting the mass with cables, steel arms, or springs combined with air/fluid/mechanical slider bearings.
DID YOU KNOW?
Taipei 101 has the largest TMD sphere in the world and weighs 660 metric tons with a
diameter of 5.5 meters and costs US$4 million (total structure costs US$ 1.80 billion).
NEW TECHNOLOGY
MAGNETORHEOLOGICAL FLUID DAMPERS
Shock absorbing devices containing a liquid that becomes more vicious when a magnetic field is applied.
At first, it would normally feel like a thick fluid, but magnetic field is applied it becomes more vicious that it transform
into a peanut butter consistency.
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www.earthquakeprotection.com
rebuildingmphs.wordpress.com
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake_engineering wbdg.org
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckling_restrained_brace
http://www.corebrace.com/products.html
mceer.buffalo.edu/education/bridge.../Bruneau_presentation.pdf
www.dhsteel.co.nz/star_seismic_brb.html
http://seismicdesignzone.com/designing-around-base-isolation/
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