COALA

NAIONAL DE STUDII POLITICE I ADMINISTRATIVE

The Re/construction of feminist and women's

movement in Romania 1990-

PhD.: Andreea Molocea
Prof.: Mihaela Miroiu

Bucharest
2013



Beneficiary of the Doctoral Scholarships for a Sustainable Society project, cofinanced by the European Union through the European Social Fund, Sectoral
Operational Programme Human Resources Development 2007-2013

INTRODUCTION
The present study was designed on the assumption that it must be important for those
who read in terms of personal , political and academic (as stated and Nancy A. Naples in his
Feminism and Method : Ethnography , Discourse Analysis and Activist Research, 2003). In
this sense , the work is framed in feminist political theory applied aims dualities that theory
and practice , research and researcher , subject and object creates research ( Richardson ,
1997). In many ways , the story of this thesis reflects how I as a researcher , activist and
feminist woman I approached , and have internalized different political theories and feminist
epistemology , they became my theoretical frameworks with which I approached the
research.
Purpose and motivation
The purpose of this thesis is to understand that there are more ways to do science
and understand politics . I found it necessary not only to use but to bring forward less used
methods of analysis and interpretation, and to value the narrative histories of the people who
lived under transition, and to the importance of emotions. This approach is considered by
some researchers as " soft" or " feminine ", less cold, less calculated, less scientific, they say.
Dichotomy emotion/ reason is strong in academics. For this reason I have done a review of
these issues in the first part of my thesis, in order to remove the suspicion of a lack of
epistemic authority of such an approach. In sociology and anthropology combined analysis
methods and approaches of several sciences are becoming increasingly used, and more
recently they appear in theories of social movements who relapse to consider human emotion
and feelings. It is a new field therefore thematic literature is less present in our environments
studied university. In fact, much of this change of paradigm in the social sciences and
humanities is due to recent discoveries in neuroscience showing the importance of emotions
as factors influencing reason. Myth reason is destroyed as a predictor of multiple
experiments in social psychology (see Myers, DG 2012 Social psychology for details).
Feminism is one of those ideologies that internalize and changes your perspective on
the order of things as we know , brings a new light on your thoughts and actions . It shows

the other side of the coin, one from the perspective of women. But to be feminist and to
assume this is not a winner in Romanian society . It does not bring benefis, sympathy or
approval of others. Nor do you get well-paid jobs , since gender differences are not officially
on the public agenda. Knowing my own story and choice , I was interested to find out what
led a group of women in the early 90s , in a society fractured and poor, to embrace this set of
ideas and especially to be called feminists publicly. They were associated in NGOs and
started projects , determined to fight gender stereotypes. If we add the communist context
from which they just came out , a context that party politics have equality between women
and men, their action and the fact that they were feminists , it is a challenge worth
questioned on these pages .
Studies of social movements and movements of Western women were not the best
starting point of this thesis. First, experiences do not resemble. Second, the contexts are
different. If initially I was tempted to compare what happened in Romania to Western
women movements, I quickly gave up the idea. When it comes to studies of social
movements, the feminist movement is to treat them well and understand each one as a value
addition to existing knowledge. In other words, this paper does not bring information to the
logic of comparison between studies from other geographical areas, but represents an added
value to everything that knowledge production in research on social movement / feminism /
activism . When it comes to political, social, economic , education level tend to appreciate
what is happening in the West, and subject to the movement of Romanian women in
transition, not worth such an escape for me. What happened in our country in that troubled
and fragmented context and re / emergence of feminism and feminist activism are things that
belong par excellence, and the women's movement in Romania is not better or worse, most
successful or not compared with one another. Additionally, if we try to follow the theories of
social movements (even those imposed movements of women ) , the question to be born:
was there a movement or not women in the early years 90s? And the answer would be no.
Because if we try to apply theoretical schemes of analysis of studies done on women's
movements, such as those in the 60 U.S. , the feminist movement in Romania does not exist
conform it's theory. The existing research focuses on the impact movement on the
organization, the needs, the interests. These things went missing early years of transition but
our movement and the reasons, related to historical background, attitudes and mentalities,
related to lack of civic culture, related to the lack of data and relevant studies on the realities

of women in Romania, are that I needed constant Western funding, related to lack of
feminism that arise from the real needs of women (did not have time then to do it). In other
words, the theories of western women's movements (theories due to their experiences of
social movements!) , We do not have fit with the activism of transition in those definitions.
In terms given by Turkle and Papert (1992), I felt it better to use my own voice and to trust
their own system of re/thinking when I avoided to report early western feminist definitions
to Romania. Therefore, the context is vital in this matter, because the point of the 90 re/start
of the feminist movement in Romania. Since the effects of this movement are felt, and I
myself am a product of it (thesis is a product of them), I constantly use the term feminist
movement , even if it theoretically could be seen as problematic.
In this paper I do not refer to feminism as one that regards women as a whole /
compact group, but as individuals with their own reasons and emotions that are based on
personal autonomy. For me it is "feminism ":
1. a theory, an idea, an attitude in which to gain equal rights, resources, policies to men,
women embrace their personality, become independent and produce knowledge
(attention , knowledge must not just the one we 've learned social sciences , but also
the experiential , emotional , etc.), acknowledges the patriarchal relations and oppose
them openly .
2. feeling sorority - As developed in Part V of the thesis, I think feminism as an
ideology in which reality is perceived personal (person concerned applied) new lens
that is the reality for many women around. That does not mean, a unified vision on
women, but a manifestation of empathy and thus the sorority .
3. oppose to patriarchy (sexism and misogyny) - This distinction is perhaps the most
important key concept of feminism, since patriarchy is "considering that historical
progress can be measured by the degree of democratization by increasing rights,
freedoms and participation in public life for women, what we see is that there was
and is systematically the last redoubt of partarchal output power : namely gender
redoubt . (...) In other words , modernization and emancipation are either male
monopoly or associated with maintaining traditional roles for women in private life .
(...) The question of why women are not fully exercise the rights of States citizens or
now ? finds many answers in the evolution of Romanian political thought . (...) They

are treated differently (read : as inferior or marginal ) because they are women . "
(Miroiu , 2002 : 5).
Eliza Popescu (1898, in Mihailescu 2001a: 331) makes a statement at a conference in
Iasi, which distinguished between "feminins" and "feministes". The first were poor women
who accept / tolerate being considered inferior to men, making them their mission (ie the
roles of wives, mothers), and the latter were those who defended women's rights and
believes that women can exist outside men who disobeyed their legitimation old sexist social
order. In this paper I am interested in the latter, so an important focus is the feminist
movement, and not the women. The latter will be presented in the paper by reference to the
first.
Structure of the thesis
This paper therefore falls within the area of feminist theories, one of the value of
research being the re/thinking of how we explore social movements and organizations from
feminist perspective. Trying to re/establish a context and a state of the democracy of the
early years of transition type using life story interviews, allowed me a special nuance,
context specific issue for women's rights organizations and programs. In this research I
thought about trying to track the type of knowledge they produce respondents and the type of
knowledge they produce in turn.
I decided to investigate the re/emergence of feminism and feminist activism in the
context of transition Romanian Romanian and exposure to Western influence on the process
of democratization . As I have mentioned previously, I originally started with the idea to do
an analysis based on the theory of social movements political opportunities ( Tarrow , Tilly ,
Zold ) , which assumes that people associate and start a social movement in certain political
circumstances :
1 ) access to resources / power ;
2 ) have allies ;
3) the political ruptures that occur in society;
4 ) there are divisions among elites .
At the macro level, the post -communist Romanian society, these things were , but I was
insufficient to analyze the emergence of feminist organizations and programs guidelines.

Feminist organizations - as it emerged from bibliographic study and interviews were against these criteria established canonical theories of social movements. They
represented a limit to understand why / how these organizations have emerged since 1990.
So we changed the way we understand and approach of the research and we have
emphasized in this case the feminist ideas of perspective, adding affective component
theories on social movements. We considered narrative research as the main source of
information, supported by participant observation and study of works published between the
years 90 (contributed by people who have been involved in these organizations).
In this respect , the structure of the thesis comprises five parts:
1. first aims to establish benchmarks epistemic, methodological and research methods .
The questions I have in mind are : What is the position of the researcher ? What does
research software ? What does feminism perspectival ? To what extent qualitative
research is a solid source of knowledge ? To what extent respondents can be valuable
experiences in research in the feminist movement ? What methods are used in
research ?
2. The second aim of social movement theories and the use of emotions in political
science, social movements. Theories of social movements can be defined in this work
by metaphorical image of two children in the experiment described by Gilligan
(1982/1993), Jake and Amy. Jake 's perspective is the mainstream of current political
theories , one based on logic , on mathematical thinking, hierarchical and structured,
as found in the theories of resource mobilization and opportunities, while Amy 's
perspective is one based on communication , networking as we find in theories of
feminist movements and the emotions of politics. Moreover, these perspectives are
reflected in the relationship women / men and feminism western / eastern feminism ,
being a component of women in transitional motion analysis .
3. the third part concerns the history and evolution of Romanian feminism feminist
movement to establish the post- revolutionary roots ;
4. fourth part seeks socio-political context of Romania , focusing on how it was defined
democracy in transition and what were prevalent attitudes in Romanian society ;
5. the fifth part seeks recurrence feminist movement in Romania. In this meeting sought
to identify moments of the first feminist feminist theories , to find out what was the
relationship with the West during 1990-2000 , as was first feminist organization that

was dynamic within it. Throughout these pages claim that 90s there was a re /
construction and re/ start feminism in Romania , that they started a movement. In this
regard, I am interested to argue that there was an academic activism and a desire to
change the order of things as we know, but in that context that things could not
appear otherwise .
CONCLUSIONS
In the analysis I had in view in this paper we assumed that it is difficult to translate
experiences and theories, but it is necessary that they can be found in academic research in
the socio-political sciences. A central argument is the understanding that political action
(understood here as activism feminism / feminist movement ) is not separated from emotion.
Another idea with which we started this paper is based on the fact that there is no single
feminism, feminist ideology only. Differences between feminisms is based mainly on
differences in context and perspective. When considering different geographical areas, we
take into account different social, political, cultural, and these are factors that create
differences between Western feminism and the Eastern, for eg. Starting from this premise due to differences in feminist social contexts - have added the others. Thus we considered
that social reality is constructed from the perspectives of individuals who live in it.
When we think of social movements or the movement of women from the 60s , we
have a general perception that they are beneficial as one of a group of people who share a set
of common values and some common needs. When we think of these movements we often
imagine phenomena of mass crowds, protests, boycotts. But we do not we think about how
these movements started and the fact that (almost always) sometimes stayed at their center a
few people. Regarding the feminist movement in Romania there were also some people who
were due to be mentioned and whose stories of life lived during the transition as women and
feminists deserve our attention. We were talking in the first part of the thesis of knowledge
and how it is produced and perceived. Following the master-slave metaphor , knowledge
related to power relations and thesis attempts to bring forth the terms of the 90 women
involved in the feminist movement therefore emphasizes the second class citizens
perspective. Thus, we chose to place narrative and provide the voices of women interviewed.
I started marking the historical analysis in order to highlight the fact that during the
transition there was no political support, social, or concentrated resources to enable the

emergence of research and projects at national level for women. We must keep in mind that
even when it is not a decisive factor, or directly in the analysis, political factor influencing
how people participate in collective action. As Gould states in her book Moving Politics,
(2009) the very existence of political possibilities or impossibilities are for people involved /
activist an emotional state. The same author developed a concept that I followed throughout
the paper that of the political horizon, but we generically called the social, political,
economic. Any action or inaction (political or not , the author is relying on the policy ) must
be verified in the context that generated it in order to find out what triggered it and what
stopped it. In this way we can bind the context of action and the action to feelings.
Regarding the context of Romania's transition is a fragmented, full of doubt ,full of negative
feelings about communism and doubts about politicians. In addition we have a society
skeptical about its intellectuals , suggesting divides the working class that has benefited from
higher education ( avoid to suggest that people who had higher education were on a high as
the economic position of the workers. As shows and charts in Annexes 10 , 11, 12 the entire
analyzed period from 1990 to 2000 the school had a lower salary for those working in
industries, extractive industries etc . The difference between the classes was given by
education status, not income). In this society re/appeared and was re/constructed Romanian
feminism and here I did have this resorting to narrative research .
Rereading interviews, I marked all the episodes that suggested involvement of
emotion, " meeting " with feminist theories, desire for change, elements of change, and
views on how they perceive their work and projects carried out in transition. Usually in
research on social movements, the presence of their members is often anonymous , or is
regarded as something static, linear, in terms of community (membership) to organize the
movement. Recruiting people is a process to involve impersonal and dry substance. This
suits people who have worked in the Women in Development Project UNDP / UNDP
because they were engaged and participated in an interview for a paid job . But in the present
research, with its assumptions already stated, we find that personal transformations involved
in the process of becoming and being feminist women involved get to be part of the change
and that they represent an important point in organizing and participating in events and
motion projects. In this analysis I have developed a scheme of personal activism that can
highlight this transformation process. Another important point is and respondents answers ,
answers that are laden with emotional elements/ emotional, me near rationale, pragmatic
about their work in the area of feminist. Process "to become " feminist does not appear and

there is nowhere outside of personal development and intellectual preferences and principles.
As we saw in the last part, we surveyed who believe that feminism is rooted in their
personality structure, evoking memories in this regard. Other respondents attribute to an
intellectual journey that way "met" with feminism. We respondents who strongly
internalized feminism, these theories have revolutionized the way they related to knowledge,
philosophy, family or society. Other respondents said that feminism has become just another
lens that can see the world and have engaged in this process in some intellectual curiosity or
"opportunities". Either way, this chain diverse choices favored meeting these individuals and
organizations resulted in the creation and implementation of projects or protests. The action
is thus fragmented personality of those who do. It is true feminist movement in transition is
the first cell that has contributed to the re/construction of the feminist movement after 1989,
and therefore has its own limitations. Is lacking especially in the "diversity". As said, these
elements are not only due to lack of context , but the small number of feminists at the time. It
is important, as a conclusion, understanding that the journey of personal activism, the
process by which some people "meet" with feminist theories have managed to spread to
generate the lives of other women empowerment is a process that takes time. Given the
fragile civil society where no knowledge of what an NGO bureaucracy, given that feminism
has been unpaid full-time job (in this sense , Anna struggles to survive), while the roles their
mothers and wives were , for the 90 "so" could produce. And it is a "both" petty , the more
that we can see today effervescence and diversity within the feminist movement. The fact
that in 2000 the magazine review (December 2000 , No. 9 ) discusses the Roma women is an
indicator of diversification Romanian feminist discourse.
Another important finding of this research is that women are active agents involved
in social change by this very process of "joining feminism". These women were not involved
in this movement because of their external factors . There were social events that would have
awakened the feminist consciousness. They were part of a "manipulation" social and chose
not to work in the area of gender issues for reasons other than personal dedication and belief
that their actions can bring extra knowledge that can change something in the lives of other
women, I can help others to be part of the "inner revolution" as well as they had. Becoming
'feminist service " (an expression used when a Laura Grunberg speaks about Mihaela
Miroiu) is sometimes the strongest form of a dedicated activism regarding women
empowerment. Waivers personal and private events that could favor or not certain actions

are also worth taking into account when trying to capture the analysis of social movements.
Therefore we have considered creating the concept of academic activism.
Jean Miller (1976) in his studies of applied psychology , theorized lack of selfesteem of women. This was noticed in interviews. For example, the constant bending over
the work done by reference to an ideal and constant / appreciation on the "I did nothing
spcial", "else could do better", excuses that "I could do so" are factors affecting the question
"was the feminist movement in transition" most negative responses. Affirmative answers
were those that separated the academic social movement as an excuse or as a small factor
and without real social implications.
Among the findings of the thesis include the fact that women, even right after 1989
were not without political initiatives . As was also shown in the thesis , there have been steps
in this direction . At the micro level , it can be said that women had initiatives in the areas:
politics, economy , education , just that it was the work of the pilot projects that were not
followed by follow -up or been stifled by male dominance ( I mean the political parties in
this respect) . The fact that they hired and worked to develop an idea to its implementation in
the spirit widely by state institutions was a contributing factor to disappointment later on
feminist and women. Looking back, many of the respondents said they would repeat the
experience, it would repeat some projects, only that their expectations are different now.
This research could not take place if I were not contemporary with these women who
founded Romanian feminism. The fact that I could have access to them and that they wanted
to leave their time to participate in interviews (some long , some made during several
meetings / day) makes me grateful that I was able to have the chance to may benefit from the
presence, knowledge and their personal stories. Their work is inspirational and their histories
and their work can we young feminists, learn. This is one of the research contributions. As I
stated in the introduction, I wanted this job can become a product academically, but also one
that can resonate with other women / feminists. The fact that I started this journey to a whole
academic analysis of the model that I was changed during the meeting with these women, it's
my time and my time revealing that as a feminist and as a researcher I have designed and
define reality, context and my history in the feminist movement. Course was both research
and personal. This thesis polished me as far as I sanded it and we have influenced each route.
I hope the / those who will read these pages may be part of the joy - as I had and I - in
understanding a piece of recent history.

In addition to the academic and personal satisfaction, this work has opened new
horizons my research on even the limits. Like any academic research perspective reflection
thesis, an approach of conceptual delimitations. I'm sure others would have approached the
subject of research in another way and arrived at the other forms of analysis than I arrived. I
thought, since mono / bibliography on social movements to address those theories that are
new and challenging research that became usuzal used in analysis. We started from different
epistemological assumptions to construct a life story -driven research on the experience , the
emotion that factors ( as ) important in the analysis of social movements . Subject re /
construction feminism transition can be approached from different angles , which to me have
missed or did not fit my schedule analysis. Some of them worth researched and developed in
the future , keep the size of existing quantitative data . My focus was the personal histories
of the respondents and their structured information and I have deepened my theory. For
example it would be interesting research on the economic dimension of the transition and
how it was a factor in the development of this movement . It is therefore important that other
perspectives on the subject can make way for future academic research .
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