ANATOMY OF FROG ORGANS

Skin
Layers:
1. Epidermis

made up of epithelial tissue

Stratum corneum
 outermost layer of the epidermis constantly
shed off
 made up of squamous epithelia

Stratum germinativum
 columnar cells, continuously divide and
replace shed off s.corneum

2. Dermis

Stratum spongiosum/Stratum laxum
 a layer of loose connective tissue
 contains chromatophores,cutaneous glands,blood vessels and
lymph spaces

chromatophores are cells containing pigment granules
FCN: produce and control skin coloration in frogs absent in
humans

cutaneous glands multicellular glands formed by infolding
of stratum germinativum FCN: secrete mucus to keep skin
moist

Stratum compactum deeper layer of dermis
 made of tightly packed horizontal strands of fibrous connective
tissues with alternating vertical connective tissue strands

Subcutaneous conn tish below s.compactum connects skin with
underlying muscle

Liver
Parts:
1. Liver cells
 polygonal in cross section; have darkly stained spherical
nuclei
2. Pigment granules
 brown in color; scattered irregularly over the liver
3. Veins and Arteries
 veins are thin-walled , arteries are thick walled
4. Bile ducts
 lined with cuboidal epithelium
5. Arterioles and Venules
 may be found together with bile ducts
6. Sinusoid
 endothelial tubes occurring in-between liver cells; appears
like spaces between liver cells

Liver
(Bile Duct Area)

Small Intestine

Appears round in

cross-section

Has circular folds,
valves of Kerkring, in
the inner wall

Layers:

Tunica mucosa

Tunica submucosa

lines cavity of lumen

made up of simple columnar epithelial cells and goblet cells

Blood vessels and lymph vessels

Tunica muscularis

Tunica serosa

muscular coat
made up of two layers of muscles
stratum circulare thick inner circular layer
stratum longitudinale thin outer longitudinal layer
outermost covering
a thin layer of loose connective tissue covered with
mesothelium

Stomach

appears round in

cross-section

inner wall has
large wavy folds
called rugae

Layers:
1. Tunica mucosa

has inner layer of columnar cells and outer layer of loose

connective tissue, the lamina propria

chief cells and parietal cells are found in this layer

2. Muscularis mucosa

lies outer to the lamina propria

has stratum circulare and stratum longitudinale

3. Tela submucosa

contains large blood and lymph vessels

4. Tunica muscularis

thick and made up of circular layer of smooth muscles

5. Subserosa

narrow layer of connective tissues containing few longitudinal

muscle strands
6. Tunica serosa

made up of loose connective tissue covered with mesothelium

Gastric gland

Stomach
Gastric gland
(found in Tunica mucosa)

 Chief/Zymogenic cells secrete pepsinogen

 Parietal cells secrete HCl
 Neck cells secrete mucin that mixes with

water to form mucus

Kidney
Parts:
1. Adrenal gland
mass of epithelial cells in the ventral depression of

organ

2. Malpighian body / Renal corpuscle

made up of network of capillaries, the glomerulus,

with in a cup-shaped double membrane, the

Bowmans capsule

3. Uriniferous tubules
where glomelular filtrate/urine passes through

4. Wolffian duct/Mesonephric duct

where urine passes through going to the urinary

bladder

5. Renal portal vein

located at the lateral margin of the kidney

glomerulus

Spinal Cord
Parts:
1. white matter: made up of loosely arranged nerve
fibers and supporting cells or neuroglia
2. gray matter: made up of cell bodies of neurons and
supporting neuroglia

has 2 dorsal projections called dorsal cornua (dorsal gray
horns)

has 2 ventral projections called ventral cornua (ventral
gray horns)

Central canal

located at the center of the gray matter

lined by ependymal cells

Neuroglia (glial cells)

Motor cells

prominent neurons in the spinal cord

concentrated in ventral gray horn

Spinal Cord

Dura mater


Connective tissue covering of the spinal cord

Subdural space

Pia mater

lies beneath the dura mater

closely investing the spinal cord
a thin layer of connective tissues

Dorsal fissure
Ventral fissure

contains ventral spinal artery