Wednesday, June 29, 2011

CHAPTER 16
P.P.16.1

Consider the circuit shown below.

s
Io
10/s

4/s

+
V o (s)

Using current division,

4
10
40
s
Io

2
4
s 4 s s ( s 4 s 4)
s
Vo ( s ) 4 I o

160
s ( s 2) 2

160
A
B
C

2
s ( s 2)
s s 2 ( s 2) 2

160 A (s 2 4s 4) B ( s 2 2s) Cs
Equating coefficients :
80 4 A
A 40
s0 :
1
s :
0 4A 2 B C
2
0 A B
B -A -40
s :

Hence, 0 4 A 2B C
Vo ( s )

C -80

40
40
80

s s 2 ( s 2) 2

v o ( t ) 40 (1 e -2t 2t e -2t ) u(t ) V

P.P.16.2

The circuit in the s-domain is shown below.

1

75/(s+2)

V o (s)

2s

i(0)/s

At node o,
75
s 2 Vo Vo i (0) 0
where i(0) 0A
1
2s 2
s
75
1 1
1 Vo
s2
2 2s
150 s
50 s
A
B
Vo

( s 2)(3s 1) ( s 2)( s 1 3) s 2 s 1 3
Vo

Solving for A and B we get,

A = [50(2)]/(2+1/3) = 300/5 = 60, B = [50(1/3)]/[(1/3)+2] = 150/15 = 10
Vo

Hence,

60
10

s 2 s 1 3

v o ( t ) 60 e -2t 10e -t 3 u( t )V

P.P.16.3

v(0) V0 is incorporated as shown below.

V(s)
+
I 0 /s

1/sC

CV 0

We apply KCL to the top node.

I0

V
1
CV0 sCV sC V

s
R
R

I0
CV0

s (sC 1 R ) sC 1 R
V0
I0 C
V

s 1 RC s (s 1 RC)
V0
A
B

V
s 1 RC s s 1 RC
I0 C
I0 C
I0R ,
B
- I0R
where A
1 RC
- 1 RC
V

V(s)

V0
I0R
I0R

s 1 RC
s
s 1 RC

v( t ) ((V 0 I 0 R ) e - t I 0 R ), t 0,

where RC

We solve this problem the same as we did in Example 16.4 up to the point
P.P.16.4
where we find V 1 . Once we have V 1 , all we need to do is to divide V 1 by 5s to
and add in the contribution from i(0)/s to find I L .
I L = V 1 /5s i(0)/s = 7/(s(s+1)) 6/(s(s+2)) 1/s
= 7/s 7/(s+1) 3/s + 3/(s+2) 1/s = 3/s 7/(s+1) + 3/(s+2)
Which leads to i L (t) = (3 7et + 3e2t)u(t)A

We can use the same solution as found in Example 16.5 to find i L .

P.P.16.5

All we need to do is divide each voltage by 5s and then add in the contribution
from i(0). Start by letting i L = i 1 + i 2 + i 3 .
I 1 = V 1 /5s 0/s = 6/(s(s+1)) 6/(s(s+2)) = 6/s 6/(s+1) 3/s + 3/(s+2)
i 1 = (3 6et + 3e2t)u(t)A

or

I 2 = V 2 /5s 1/s = 2/(s(s+1)) 2/(s(s+2)) 1/s = 2/s 2/(s+1) 1/s + 1/(s+2) 1/s
i 2 = (2et + e2t)u(t)A

or

I 3 = V 3 /5s 0/s = 1/(s(s+1)) + 2/(s(s+2)) = 1/s + 1/(s+1) + 1/s 1/(s+2)

i 3 = (et e2t)u(t)A

or

This leads to i L (t) = i 1 + i 2 + i 3 = (3 7et + 3e2t)u(t) A

P.P.16.6

Ix

1/s

1
+

30/s

Vo

4I x

(a) Take out the 2 and find the Thevenin equivalent circuit.
V Th =

Ix

1/s

1
+

30/s

V Th

4I x

Using mesh analysis we get,

30/s +1I x +I x /s + 4I x = 0 or (1 + 1/s + 4)I x = 30/s or I x = 30/(5s+1)
V Th = 30/s 30/(5s+1) = (150s+3030s)/(s(5s+1))
= 30(4s+1)/(s(5s+1)) = 24(s+0.25)/(s(s+0.2))

Ix

30/s

1/s

I sc

4I x

I x = (30/s)/1 = 30/s I sc = 30/s + 4(30/s)/(1/s) = 30/s + 120 = (120s+30)/s =

120(s+0.25)/s
Z Th = V Th /I sc = {24(s+0.25)/(s(s+0.2))}/{120(s+0.25)/s} = 1/(5(s+0.2))

1
5( s 0.2)

24( s 0.25)
s ( s 0 .2 )

+
+

Vo

24( s 0.25)
24( s 0.25)
60(4 s 1)
24( s 0.25)
s ( s 0.2)
2
2 =
Vo =
or
1
s (0.2 2s 0.4)
s( s 0.3)
s(10 s 3)
2
5( s 0.2)
(b)

Initial value: v o (0+) = Lim sV o = 24 V

s
Final value:

v o () = Lim sV o = 24(0+0.25)/(0+0.3) = 20 V
s0

(c)

Partial fraction expansion leads to V o = 20/s + 4/(s+0.3)

Taking the inverse Laplace transform we get,
v o (t) = (20 + 4e0.3t)u(t)V

P.P.16.7

If x(t ) 10e-3t u (t ) , then X ( s )

10
.
s3

Y (s) H (s) X (s)

20 s
A
B

( s 3)( s 6) s 3 s 6

A Y ( s ) ( s 3)

s -3

-20

B Y ( s ) ( s 6)

s -6

40

Y (s)

- 20
40

s3 s6

y( t ) (-20 e-3t 40 e -6t )u(t )

H(s)

2 (s 6 6)
12
2s

2
s6
(s 6)
s6

h ( t ) 2 (t ) 12 e -6t u(t )
By current division,
2 1 2s
I1
I
s 4 2 1 2s 0

P.P.16.8

H(s)

I1
2 1 2s
4s 1

2
I 0 s 4 2 1 2s 2s 12s 1

P.P.16.9

(a)

2s
Vo
1 || 2 s
1 2 s
2

2
s
Vi 1 1 || 2 s
s4
1
1 2 s

H(s)

Vo
2

Vi s 4

(b)

h ( t ) 2 e -4t u(t )

(c)

Vo (s) H (s) Vi (s)

2
A
B

s (s 4) s s 4

1
,
2
1 1
1

Vo (s)
2s s 4

A s Vo (s) s 0

-1
2

1
(1 e -4t ) u(t ) V
2

v o (t )
(d)

B (s 4) Vo (s) s -4

Vi (s)
v i ( t ) 8 cos(2t )
Vo (s) H (s) Vi (s)

8s
s 4
2

16s
A
Bs C

2
2
(s 4)(s 4) (s 4) (s 4)

A (s 4) Vo (s) s-4

- 16
5

Multiplying both sides by (s 4)(s 2 4) gives

16s A (s 4) B (s 2 4s) C (s 4)
Equating coefficients :

s2 :

0 AB
B -A

s1 :

16 4B C
C

16
5
0 4 A 4C
C -A

s0 :
Vo (s)

16
5

(1)

(2)
(3)

16 1
s 1 16 1
s
1
2

2
2
2
5 s 4 s 4 5 s 4 s 4 2 s 4

v o ( t ) 3.2 e -4t cos(2t ) 0.5 sin(2t ) u( t ) V

P.P. 16.10 Consider the circuit below.

iR

R1

L
+

+
vs

vL

+
_

R2

iR i C

vo R2i
But

dv
dt

(1)

iR

Hence,

vs v
R1

vs v
dv
iC
R1
dt

or

v
v
i
s
R1C C R1C

(2)

Also,
-

v + v L + v o =0

vL L

di
v vo
dt

But v o = iR 2 . Hence

+
vo

v iR2

L L
Putting (1) to (3) into the standard form
i v / L vo / L

(3)

 1

v
R1C
I
i
L

1
1
C v
R 1 C vs

R i
0
2
L
v
vo 0 R2
i

If we let R 1 = 1, R 2 = 2, C = , L = 1/5, then

2 2
2

A
,
B

0 , C 0 2
5 10

2
s 2
sI A

5 s 10
s 10 2
5
s 2

1
( sI A) 2
s 12s 30

H(s) C(sI A) 1 B

s 10 2 2
2
s 2 0
5
s 2 12s 30
20

s 2 12s 30

20
s 12s 30
2

P.P. 16.11 Consider the circuit below.

i
1
i1

R1

vo
+
v
-

L
io

R2

i2

At node 1,

v
C v i
R1

1
1
i
or
v
v i 1
R1C
C
C
This is one state equation.
At node 2,
io i i2
(2)
Applying KVL around the loop containing C, L, and R 2 , we get

i1

(1)

v L i io R2 0

or

v R2
io
L L
Substituting (2) into (3) gives

v R
R
i 2 i 2 i2
(4)
L L
L
vo = v
(5)
From (1), (3), (4), and (5), we obtain the state model as
1
1
1

0

C
v
v
i1

R
C
C
1

1
R2 i2
R2 i
i
0

L
L
L
i

vo 1 0 v 0 0 i1



io 0 1 i 0 1 i2

Substituting R 1 = 1, R 2 =2, C = , L = yields

v 2 2 v 2 0 i1
4 8 i 0 8 i2
i
vo 1 0 v 0 0 i1



io 0 1 i 0 1 i2

P.P. 16.12

Let
so that

x1 = y

(1)

(3)

x1 y

(2)

x2 x1 y

Let

(3)

Finally, let
x3 x2 y

(4)

then
(5)
From (1) to (5), we obtain,

x1
y (t ) 1 0 0 x2
x3

P.P.16.13

The circuit in the s-domain is equivalent to the one shown below.

V o
+
Z

Vo

- Vo (Vo ) Z

- 1 Z ,
R
Z R || 1 sC
1 sRC
R
or
- (1 sRC) R
Thus, - 1
1 sRC

For stability,
R -1

or

-1
R

From another viewpoint,

Vo -(Vo ) Z
(1 Z) Vo 0

where


R
1
V 0
1 sRC o

(sRC R 1) Vo 0
R 1
s
V 0

RC o

R 1
must be positive, i.e.
RC
-1
R 1 0
or

For stability

P.P.16.14
(a)

(b)

Following Example 15.24, the circuit is stable when

25 0
or
> 25
For oscillation,
25 0

or

= 25

P.P.16.15
R
Vo
R
L

1
R
1
Vi
R sL
s2 s
sC
L LC
s

Comparing this with the given transfer function,

R
1
4
20
and
L
LC
If we select R 2 , then
2
L 500 mH
4

and

1
1

100 mF
20L 10

Consider the circuit shown below.

P.P.16.16

Y3
Y4
Y1
+

V in

Clearly,

Y2
V1

V2

Vo

V2 0

At node 1,
or

(Vin V1 ) Y1 (V1 Vo ) Y3 (V1 0) Y2

Vin Y1 V1 (Y1 Y2 Y3 ) Vo Y3

(1)

At node 2,
or

(V1 0) Y2 (0 Vo ) Y4
- Y4
V1
V
Y2 o

Substituting (2) into (1),

- Y4
Vin Y1
V (Y Y2 Y3 ) Vo Y3
Y2 o 1
Vo
- Y1 Y2

or
Vin Y4 (Y1 Y2 Y3 ) Y2 Y3
1
1
, Y2 sC1 , Y3 sC 2 , and Y4
, then
R1
R2
C1
-s
Vo
R1

Vin
1 1

sC1 sC 2 s 2 C1C 2
R 2 R1

If we select Y1

(2)

1
Vo
R 1C 2

Vin
1 1
1
1

s2 s
R 2 C 1 C 2 R 1 R 2 C1 C 2
-s

Comparing this with the given transfer function shows that

1 1
1
1
1

6,
2,
10
R 2 C1 C 2
R 1C 2
R 1 R 2 C1 C 2
If R 1 10 k , then
1
C2
0.5 mF
2 10 3
1
5

R 2 C1

1
5C1
R2

C1
C2
1 1
1

6
6
51
C1
0.1 mF
R 2 C1 C 2
5
C2
R2

1
1

2 k
5C1 (5)(0.1 10 -3 )

Therefore,
C 1 = 100 F, C 2 = 500 F, R 2 = 2 k.