FUNDSFINALREVIEW

UNIT1
1.FunctionsoftheNationalLeagueforNursingAccreditationCommission
Theyarefocusedontheeducation,practiceandtheACCREDIATION
2. MandatoryoperationalrequirementsforaschoolofPracticalNursing(Stateboardofnursingapproval)
Credentialing,certification,accreditation,andstandardsofcare
3. Differenceinpreparationfor:
i. BSN4yrs
ii. RN2yrs
iii. LPN1

yr

4. Typesoflegalaction(civilandcriminal)
Civil:
DealswiththerelationshipbetweenindividualsandasocietyEX:Suingsomeone
Criminal:
DealswithdisputesbetweenindividualsandthesocietyEX:Shootingsomeone
5. DefineInformedConsent
a. Aclientsagreementtoacceptacourseoftreatmentafterreceivingcompleteinformation,including
therisksoftreatmentandfactsrelatingtoit,fromthephysician.
b. Requirements:
i. Descriptions of the risks,benefits,alternate procedures, when to contact foranswers,and a
statementtorefuseorcomply
Expressedconsentwrittenororalagreement
Impliedconsentclientnonverbalbehaviorindicatingagreement
Exceptions:minors,unconscious,mentallyill
6. Knowthedefinitionofthevariouslegalterminologiesdiscussed
Legislation:Federal/statelaw
Administration:state/legislationpassesastatue
Commonlaw:courtdecisions
Felony:acrimeofseriousnature
Misdemeanor:acrimeoflessoffense
Invasionofprivacy:therighttoprivacyregardlessofanything
Libel:defamationbywriting,print,orpicture
Slander:defamationbyspokenword
Assault:attempttotouchsomeoneinaharmfulway
Battery:thewillinglytouchofsomeoneinaharmfulway.
Livingwill:Providesspecificinstructionsaboutamedicaltreatment.
Healthcareproxy:notarizedorwitnessedstatementappointingsomeoneelsetomanagehealthcare
treatment
Autopsy:Theexaminationofadeadbodytofindoutwhythepersondied
Certificationofdeath:thepronouncementthatapersonhasdied;isdonebythephysicianorthenurse.
DNR:donotresuscitate
Euthanasia:mercykilling;ispainlessandillegalintheUSexceptOregon.
OrganDonation:ThegiftoflifeORgivingofanorgan.Mustbe18yrsoroldertogiveagift
1

Inquest:Legalinquiryofwhythepersondied
Tort:civilwrongdoingofapersonorproperty;couldbeintentionalornonintentional
Unintentionaltort:Notintendedtohurtsomeoneorapropertybutdidhurtthemanyway.
Malpractice:professionalnegligence
Grossnegligence:extremelackofknowledge
Negligence:misconductorpracticebelowstandards
7. Discusstheprimarypurposefornursinglicensureandcontinuingeducation:
Continuingeducation(CE):
Toenlargetheknowledgeorskillsofpractitioners
Tokeepuptodateonscientificortechnicaleducation
Toattainexpertiseinthespecialtyareas
Tobeupdatedoninformationessentialtopractice
Toberesponsibleinpractice
StateofFloridaRequirements:
25totalContactHours(oldertermCEUs)RNandLPNevery2yearsuponrenewalofyour
license
ObtainingContactHours:
Workshops/conferences;Inservices;Nursingjournals;Hospitalorientation/educationdept
(CPR,HIV,DomesticViolence);Internet;Coursespostlicensure
8. FunctionsoftheANA
Tofosterhighstandardsofnurses,enhanceeducationofnurses,andmakenursesprofessionsothat
everyonemayhavebetternursingcare
9. WhowasFlorenceNightingale
a. FOUNDEROFMODERNNURSING;FIRSTINFECTIONCONTROLNURSE!
b. LadywiththeLamp
c. Standards:
i. Maintain sanitary conditions; keep the patient warm, give a noise free environment, and
attendingtothepatientsdietaryneeds.
ii. Shelinkedhealthwiththefiveenvironmentalfactors:
o Purefreshair
o Purewater
o Efficientdrainage
o Cleanlinesandlight(sunlightespecially)
d. Setstandardsofhealthcareandinfectioncontrol(regularhandwashing/linenwashing)
i. FormedtheNightingaleSchoolforNurses
ii. Envisionedpublichealthandhealthpromotionasamajorpartofnursing
iii. WroteNotesonNursingandwasconsiderednursingsfirstscientiststheorist
iv. Servedasasuperintendentofacharityhospitalforillgovernesses
10. Discusstheconcepts/meaningof:
i. Evidencebasedpractice(EBP):
o Theuseofsomeformofsubstantiationinmakingclinicaldecisions.Substantiation,or
evidence, canarisefromtradition,authority,experience,trialanderror,logicor
reason,orresearch.

o Forexample,nursescanlearnfromtheAgencyforHealthcareResearchandQualitys
EffectiveHealthCareProgram:
-

Reviewandsynthesizeknowledge

Promoteandgenerateknowledge

Compilethefindingsandtranslateknowledge

Ex: evidenced found no differences in the frequency of modsevere S/E with

around

the

clock

ii. PatientAdvocatefightsandprotectsthepatient,
iii. Professionapaidoccupationwithprolongedtrainingandformalqualifications
iv. DRGs(Diagnosisrelatedgroup)aMedicarepaymentsystemtohospitalsandphysiciansthat
establishfeesaccordingtodiagnosis
UNIT2
11. Thepurposeandthepropertechniqueforhandwashing:
a. To reduce the number of microorganisms on the hands, to the reduce the risk of transmission of
microorganismstoclients,
b. Wethandsthoroughlybyholdingthemundertherunningwaterandapplysoaptohands,thoroughly
washhandsforatleast20secondsandrinsehandsandthoroughlypatanddryhandsandarmsand
keeping

hands

above

the

waist.

12. Reviewfallrisksandprevention:
a. Orientpatientstotheirsurroundings
b. Assignriskpatientsnearnursesstation
c. Answercallbellpromptlyandplaceitwithinpatientsreach
d. Placepersonalitemswithinreach
e. Keepbedinlowpositionwithwheelslockedandsiderailsup
f. Inordertopreventapatientfromfallingthenurseshouldstandfacingthepatientwithlegsshoulder
widthapartandfeetturnedoutsothatifthepatientgetsupandslipsthenursesfeetblocksthepatients
feet

from

slipping.

13. Reviewtypesofisolationprecautionsandthenursesrole:
a. Designatedareaforthosepatients,isolatebloodandbodyfluids,washhands,wearPPE,carefully
handlepatientcareequipmentandsoileditemsandmakesureitdoesnotcontaminateclothingor
otherenvironments;thenursedecidestowearPPEbutmustalwayscleansehandsbeforeandafter
givingcare;allisolationprecautionsrequirethepatienttobeintheirownroomandmustlimitthe
movementoutsideoftheroom;
b. Airborneprecautionsaretransmittedviaairordustandweararespiratorymaskandsusceptible
peopleshouldnotenterroom(pregnantwomen)
c. Dropletprecautionsaretransmittedvialargedropletsandthosewhoentermustwearamask;
d. Contactprecautionistransmittedbydirectphysicalcontactandyoumustweargown,glovesandmask
entering the room and dedicate equipment to that particular patients room
14. Typesandpurposesofabath:
a. Bedbatheverythingisdoneforpatient
3

b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.

Selfhelpbathassistwithbackandfeet
Partialbathbatheonlypartsthatmaycausediscomfortorodor
Premoistenedtowelbathusingcleaningandsofteningagentwithwater
Bagbathputtowelinmicrowavetoheat
Tubbathalsousedfortherapeuticpurposes
Spongebathfornewbornsyoudryandcover
Showermayneedaidofshowerchair
Therapeutic bath only by doctors orders and involves medications in tub

15. Reviewnationalsafetygoalsidentifiesbythejointcommission:
a. 1)Useatleasttwopatientidentifiers
b. 2)Finalverificationprocess(timeout)
c. 3)Verifyallverbal/telephoneordersbyreadingback
d. 4)Criticallabvaluesmustbecommunicated
e. 5)Handsoffcommunication
f. 6)Standardizeandlimitdrugconcentrationsavailable
g. 7)Compilelookalike,soundalikedruglist
h. 8)Labelmedicationcontainers
i. 9)FollowCDCinfectioncontrolpractices
j. 10)Managesentinelevents
k. 11)Reconcilemedicationsacrossthecontinuum
l. 12)Completelistofpatientshomemedsandcommunicatetonexthealthprovider
m. 13)Implementfallreductionprogram
n. 14)Implementfluvaccineschedule
o. 15)Identifynewflucases
p. 16)Encourageactivepatient/familyinvolvement
16. Principlesandprecautionsfor:
Shavingnomedsthatcausebleeding
Eyecareinnertooutercanthus

Driedsecretionsthathaveaccumulatedonthelashesneedtobesoftenedandwipedaway.
Wipetheloosenedsecretionsfromtheinnercanthusoftheeyetotheoutercanthustopreventthe
particlesandfluidfromdrainingintothelacrimalsacandnasolacrimalduct.

Iftheclientisunconsciousandlacksablinkreflexorcannotclosetheeyelidscompletely,
Dryingandirritationofthecorneamustbeprevented.Lubricatingeyedropsmaybe
ordered.
17. Principlesofcaringforpatientinvarioustypesofrestraints:
a. WhentoAsses/Apply/Remove:
i. Restraintsprotectivedevicesusedtolimitphysicalactivityoftheclientorapartoftheclients
body;thepurposeofrestraintsistopreventtheclientfrominjuringselforothers;therearetwo
types
ii. Chemicalrestraintmedicationssuchasneuroleptics,anxiolytics,sedatives,andpsychotropic
agentusedtocontrolsociallydisruptivebehavior
iii. Physicalrestraintanymanualmethodorphysicalormechanicaldevice,material,orequipment
attachedtotheclientsbody;theycannotberemovedeasilyandrestricttheclientsmovement
b. LegalImplications:
i. Behaviormanagement(ifpatientisharmfultohimselforothers)
ii. Acuteandmedicalcaremanagement(usedtoimmobilizeforprocedure)
4

c. Selection:
i. Itrestrictstheclientsmovementaslittleaspossible;
ii. Itdoesnotinterferewithtreatmentorhealthproblem(bloodcirculation);
iii. Itisreadilychangeable;
iv. ItissafeforparticularPt;
v. Itisleastobvioustoothers
d. WhenApplying:
i. Obtainconsent
ii. MDorder,
iii. Assurepatientisawareofcauseforrestraint,
iv. Leastrestrictivebutstilldoesthejob,
v. Applysecurely;
vi. Assesevery30mins;
vii. Tie to part of bed that moves; remove and do range of motion every 2 hours; report
reddened/brokenskin
e. Alternativestorestraints:
i. Buddysystems, unsafeclientsshouldbeplacedclosertonursesstation;staywithclient
whentheyareusingtherestroom;assistpatientwithgaitdisturbance;monitormeds;bedinlow
position;usewedgepillowsforpositioning.
18. Differentiatebetweenandknow:
a. Active/passiveimmunity
i. Activeimmunityaresistanceofthebodytoinfection;hostproducesitsownantibodiesin
responsetonaturalorartificialantigens.
o Naturalantigen(infection)lastslifespan:chickenpox
o Artificialantigen(vaccines)lastsmanyyearsbutmayneedreinforcementbyboosters
ii. PassiveimmunityHostreceivesnaturalorartificialantibodiesproducedbyanothersource.
o Naturalantibodiestransferredfromanimmunemothertoherbabythroughplacentaor
breastmilk:lasts6monthsto1year
o Artificialantibodiesproducedfromananimaloranotherhumanandisinjected:lasts2
3weeks
b. Nosocomialinfection
i. Aninfectionthatisacquiredthroughhealthcareservicesinthefacility.
c. Riskfactorsforinfection
i. Veryyoungorveryold
ii. Haveimpairednaturaldefenses
iii. Anydrugsthatcancauseimmunesystemsuppression
19. LocalandSystemicinfectionsnoting:
a. Signsandsymptomsofinfection:
i. Localizedswelling;localizedredness;painortendernesswithpalpationormovementpalpable
heatattheinfectedarea;lossoffunctionofthebodypartaffected;dependingonthesiteand
extentofinvolvement,warmth,draining
b. Signsofsystemicinfectionincludethefollowing:
i. Fever;increasedpulseandrespiratoryrateifthefeverishigh;malaiseandlossofenergy;
anorexia,andinsomesituations,nauseaandvomiting;enlargementandtendernessoflymph
nodesthatdraintheareaofinfection
ii. Laboratorydatathatindicatethepresenceofaninfectionincludethefollowing:
o Elevatedleukocyte(whitebloodcell/WBC)count

o Elevatederythrocytesedimentationrate(ESR)
o Urine,blood,sputum,orotherdrainageculturesindicatethepresenceofpathogenic

microorganisms
c. NursingInterventions:
i. Handwashing
ii. Identifyingpatientsatriskforinfections
iii. Supportdefensesofhost
iv. Clean,disinfectandsterilize
v. Medicaltreatments:antibiotics
vi. Chain of infection: etiologic agent (microorganism) which is capable of causing disease,
reservoir (source)peopletendtobethemostcommonsource, portalofexit ofreservoiris
whenthemicrobeleavesthereservoirandinvolvesthebodyarea, methodoftransmissionis
howitreachesthehosteitherbydirect,indirectorairbornetransmission,portalofentryishow
theinfectiousagententershostandsusceptibleorcompromisedhostisanypersonatincreased
risk

for

infection
UNIT3
20. Definekeytermstovitalsigns:
a. Tachycardiapulsegreaterthan100
b. Dyspneaairhunger;difficultybreathing
c. Orthopneaabilitytobreatheonlyinuprightposition(sittingorstanding)
d. Dysrhythmiaabnormalheartrate
e. Bradypneaabnormallylowrespiratoryrate
f. Hypothermiacorebodytemperaturebelowthelowerlimitofnormal
g. OrthostatichypotensionBPthatfallswhenpatientsitsorstands
h. GeneralprinciplesinmonitoringVSknowtheranges!
i. BP120/80or110/70
ii. Pulse60100
iii. RR1220
iv. Temperature96.099.0(ADULT)
v. OxygenSaturation95100%
i. Eupneaeffortlessbreathing
j. Kussmaulbreathingdeepandfast(hyperventilationmetabolicalkalosis!)
k. CheynneStokebreathingdeeptoshallowrespirationswithtemporaryapnea(commoncauses:CHF,
increasedintracranialpressure,drugOD)
21. Differentiatebetweenprinciplesofactive/passiverangeofmotion.
a. ActiveROMisotonicexercisesinwhichtheclientmoveseachjointinthebodythroughits
completerange,maximallystretchingallmusclegroupswithineachplaneoverthejoint;(initiatedby
theclient)
b. PassiveROManotherpersonmoveseachofaclientsjointsthroughitscompleterangeof
movement,maximallystretchingallmusclegroupswithineachplaneovereachjoint
22. Knowhowtoutilizesafebodymechanics.
a. Safe and efficient useof muscle groups; maintain balance; reduce energy required; reduce fatigue;
decreaseriskforinjury
b. Bodymechanics:
i. Centerofgravity:loweringthecenterofgravity,flexingkneesandhips(squatting)
ii. Base of support: widening base of support, spreading feet apart, avoid rotation (twisting),
6

stooping(bendingwithoutbendingkneesandhips).
iii. Lifting:usemajormusclegroups:thighs,knees,upperandlowerarms,abdomen,pelvis
o Keepfeetatleast30cm(12inches)
o Keeploadclosetothebody
o Nohazardsonthefloor,clearpath
c. Pulling&pushing:
i. Enlargedbaseofsupportinthedirectiononmovement;whenpullinganobject,enlargebaseof
supportbymovingrearlegbackiffacingobjectandmovingfrontfootforwardiffacingaway
fromobject;whenpushinganobject,enlargebaseofsupportbymovingfrontfootforward
d. Pivoting:
i. Toavoidtwistingofthespine,placeonefootaheadoftheother,raisetheheelsslightly,andput
the body weight on the balls of the feet.
23. Knowthesafetyprinciplesin:
a. Transferringpatientsin/outthebed
i. Obtainessentialequipmentbeforestartingandcheckitsfunction;transferbelt,wheelchair,etc.
ii. Removeobstaclesfromtheareausedforthetransfer
iii. Explainthetransfertotheclient,includingwhattheclientshoulddo
iv. Explainthetransfertothenursingpersonnelwhoarehelping,specifywhowillgivedirections
(onepersonneedstobeincharge)
v. Alwayssupportofholdtheclientratherthantheequipmentandensuretheclientssafetyand
dignity
vi. During the transfer, explain step by step what the client should do, for example
Moveyourrightfootforward
vii. Makeawrittenplanofthetransfer,includingtheclientstolerance(e.g.,pulseandrespiratory
rates)**Beltsprovidethegreatestsafety**
b. Principlesofrestraints(whentoassess/apply/remove):
i. Restraints:Types(jacket,mittens,wrists)
o CareofthePtinrestraintsdonottietobedrail,removeevery2hourstodoROM,check
forcirculationevery1530min
c. Safetyuseofassistivedevices;Canes,walkers,Crutches(how,teaching,etc.):
i. Canes:
o Anaidforwalking.Holdthecanewiththehandonthe strongersideofthebody to
providemaximumsupportandappropriatebodyalignmentwhenwalking.
ii. Walkers:
o Elbowsshouldbeslightlyflexed,handbarbelowwaist.
o Standard requires partial strength in both hands. Move walker ahead 15 cm for
maximumsupport
o WALKINTOTHEWALKER!
o Ifonelegisweakerthantheotherwalker,weakleg,strongleg
o HEIGHT:alwaysbelowwaist!
iii. Crutches;
o Ptinsupineposition;fromanteriorfoldofaxillatotheheelandadd1inch
o Standing;3fingerwidths(12in),anteriortip6inlateraland4inanterior.
- Handplacement;bodyweightonhand
- Elbowflexionabout30degrees
o Usingcrutches;
- Movetherightcrutchforward
- Movetheleftfrontfootforward
- Movetheleftcrutchforward
7

Move

the

right

foot

forward.

24. Barriertoeffectivecommunication*FAILURETOLISTEN*
a. Effectivecommunicationisachievedwhenthemeaningofthedecodedmessagematchestheintent
ofthesender.Ex;maintaingoodeyecontact
b. Ineffectivecommunication;occurswhenthe messageismisinterpretedbythereceiver:failingto
listen
c. Factorsinfluencingcommunication;
i. Development
ii. Gender
iii. Valuesandperceptions
iv. Personalspace
v. Territoriality
vi. Rolesandrelationships
vii. Environment
viii. Congruence
ix. Interpersonal

attitudes

25. Effectivemethodsofcommunication
a. Therapeuticcommunicationpromotesunderstandingandcanhelpestablishnurseclientrelationship;
nursesmustrespondtocontentandfeelingexpressedinamessage;mustunderstandclientsviewsand
feelingsbeforeresponding.
i. Silence
o Pause
o Being silent
- Ex. Sitting quietly, walking and waiting till the client is able to
relate his thought and feelings into words
ii. Providing General leads
o Statements used to encourage the patient to verbalize
- Ex.
Would it helps to discuss your feelings?
- Where would you like to begin?
iii. Using open ended questions
o Asking broad questions to get the patient to explore feelings
o Invites answers that longer than 1 or 2 words
- Tell me about
- Id like to hear more about that
iv. Using touch
o Appropriate forms of touch to reinforce caring
v. Restating/paraphrasing
o Actively listening then repeating in a similar way
- Ex. Client- I did not get any sleep last night. Nurse You had
difficulty sleeping last night?
vi. Seeking clarification
o Making a patients overall meaning of their message more
understandable
o Restate basic message
- Ex.
Would you please say that again, Im not sure I
understand that
vii. Offering self
o Offering of one self without demands
- Ex. I will help you get dressed if you like
8

viii. Giving information

o Simple and direct
- Ex.
Youre surgery is scheduled for 9am tomorrow
ix. Acknowledging
o Giving recognition without judging
- You took a shower and combed your hair
b. Nontherapeuticcommunicationbarriersornontherapeuticresponsestoeffectivecommunication.
i. Stereotypinggeneralizedoroversimplifiedbeliefsaboutgroupsofpeople
ii. Agreeing/Disagreeingjudgmentalresponse
iii. Beingdefensiveattemptingtoprotectapersonshealthwithnegativecomments
iv. Challengingmakingapatientprovetheirstatement
v. Probingaskingforinformationoutofcuriosity
vi. Rejectingrefusingtodiscusscertaintopics
vii. Passingjudgmentgivingonesownopinionsorvalues
viii. Giving

common

advice

26. Differences/examplesof:Verbal&Nonverbalcommunication
a. Verbal:Spokenorwrittenword.Nursemusttoconsiderwhenchoosingwhattosayorwrite
i. Paceandintonation
ii. Clarityandbrevity
iii. Timingandrelevance
iv. Adaptability
v. Credibility````
vi. Humor
b. NONVerbal: Gestures, facialexpressions,touch,bodymovements,morewidelyused,important
for nurses to learn to observe and interpret not verbal behaviors; require systematic assessment of
persons.
i. Physicalappearancetellyoumorewhatthepersonisfeelingthanwhathesaid
ii. Postureandgait
iii. Facialexpressions
iv. Eyecontact
v. **Nursesneedtobeawareoftheirownexpressionsandwhattheyarecommunicatingothers.
vi. Handandbodygesturesmayemphasizedorclarifywhatisbeingsaid(someareculturespecific)
UNIT4
27. Differentiatebetweenobjectiveandsubjectivedata
a. Subjective:
i. Information

only

the

affected

person

can

perceive
Examples:Feelings,pain,worry,value,beliefsetc.
b. Objective:
i. Signs

of

the

patient

that

are

observable/measurable
Example:Vitalsigns
c. ThreesourcesofdataClient,supportpeople,clientrecords
d. LongTermGoal
i. Extendedcareafterdischarge;usuallymorethan7days
ii. Ex Nursing DX: Ineffective Airway Clearance GOAL: The patient will demonstrate
effectiveairwayclearance
e. ShortTermGoal
i. Usuallylessthan7days
9

28. UnderstandingthestepsintheNursingProcess:
a. StepsofNursingProcess:
i. ASSESSING:gatheringinformationaboutclientshealthstatus,mustbesystematic
ii. DIAGNOSING: Analyzed data, Identify health problems, risk and strengths and formulate
diagnosticstatements.
iii. PLANNING:Prioritizeproblems/diagnoses,formulategoals/desiredoutcomes,selectnursing
interventions, and write nursing intervention (decision making, problem solving, critical
thinking).
iv. IMPLEMENTING: Reassess the client, determine the nurses needs for assistance, and
ImplementtheNursinginterventions,superviseddelegatecare,andDocumentnursingactivities.
v. EVALUATING:Collectdatarelatedtooutcomes,Comparedatawithoutcomes,relatednursing
actionstoclientgoals/outcomes,Drawconclusionsaboutproblemsstatus,continue,modify,or
terminate

the

clients

care

plan.

29. ApplytheprinciplesofMaslowsHierarchyofBasicNeeds/knowthestepsinorderofpriority
a. Thefivelevelsinascendingorderareasfollows:
i. PhysiologicalNeedsair,food,water,shelter,rest,sleep,activity,andtemperaturemaintenance
arecrucialforsurvival.
ii. Safety&SecurityNeedsbothphysicalandpsychologicalaspects;thepersonneedstofeel
safe,bothinthephysicalenvironmentandinrelationships.
iii. Love&BelongingNeedsincludesgivingandreceivingaffection,attainingaplaceinagroup,
andmaintainingthefeelingofbelonging.
iv. SelfEsteem Needs the individual need both selfesteem (i.e., feelings of independence,
competence, and Selfrespect) and esteem from others (i.e., recognition, respect, and
appreciation).
v. SelfActualizationNeedswhentheneedforselfesteemissatisfied,theindividualstrivesfor
selfactualization, theinnateneedtodeveloponesmaximumpotentialandrealizeones
abilities

and

qualities.
30. UsingtheNursingProcessto:OrganizePatientsData/PlanSystematically
a. Assessing is defined as: the systematic and continuous collection, organization, validation and
documentationofdata
i. Characteristicsofassessment:
o Itisacontinuousprocess
o Allhealthcareworkerscollectthedata(information)onthepatient
o Nursingassessmentfocusonclientsresponsetoahealthproblem
o Medicalassessmentfocusesondisease
ii. Therearetwopartsinassessingthehealthstatusofthepatient:
o Nursinghealthhistory
o Physicalexamination(assessment)
UNIT5
31. Define:
a. Culturalcompetency=withinthedeliveredcarethe nurseunderstandsandattends tothetotal
contextofthePtssituationandusesacomplexcombinationofknowledge,attitudes,andskills
b. Stereotypes=assumingthatallmembersofacultureorethnicgrouparealike
c. Diversity=thefactorstateofbeingdifferent
10

d. Ethnicity=groupwithinthesocialsystemthatclaimstopossessvariabletraitssuchasacommon
religionorlanguage.I.e.Theoldcountry/yourroots/yourpeople
e. Ethnocentrism=thebeliefthatonesowncultureisbetterthanothers
f. Bicultural=personwhocrossestwocultures,lifestyles,andsetsofvalues
g. Culture= The pattern of information composed of thoughts, values, beliefs, actions, attitudes,
communications,andcustomssharedbyagroupofpeopleandpassedfromonegenerationtothe
next.
h. Assimilation=theprocessbywhichanindividualdevelopsanewculturalIDandbecomeslikethe
membersofthedominantculture
i. Prejudice:isapreconceivednotionorjudgmentthatisnotbasedonsufficientknowledgemaybe
favorable

or

unfavorable.

32. Knowthefollowingconcepts/definitions
a. REMsleep=sleepduringwhichthepersonexperiencesrapideyemovements
b. NREMsleep=adeeprestfulsleeprate;alsocalledslowwavesleep
c. Sleepapnea=Frequentshortbreathingpausesduringsleep
d. Pain=whatevertheexperiencingpersonsaysitis,existingwheneverheorshesaysitdoes.
i. Painthreshold=theleastamountofstimulineededforapersontolabelthesensationaspain
ii. Paintolerance=themaximumamountofpainfulstimulithatapersoniswillingtowithstand
withoutseekingavoidanceofthepainorrelief
e. Grief=totalresponsetotheemotionalexperiencerelatedtoloss.
i. Anticipatory grief- Experienced before the loss actually occurs
1. Ex. Individual may prepare ahead of time for a beloved ones death,
breast removal, amputation
ii. Disenfranchised grief- occurs when a person is unable to
acknowledge the loss to others (ie- suicide, abortion, giving a child up
for adoption, extramarital affairs)
i. Complicatedgriefthisisunhealthygriefthatexistswhenthestrategiestocopewiththe
loss are maladaptive Complicated grief may take several different forms (Unresolved/
chronicgrief,Inhibitedgrief,Delayedgrief,Exaggeratedgrief)
b. Grievingstages
o Denial=refusestobelievethatlossishappening,isnotreadytodealswith,mayassumeartificial
cheerfulnesstoprolongdenial.
i. NursingimplicationDONOTREINFORCEDENIAL.
o Anger=clientorfamilymaydirectangertonurseorstaffaboutthingsthatnormallydoesnotbother
them
i. Nursing Implication help client understand is normal response to feelings of loss:
powerlessness; DO NOT TAKE ANGER PERSONALLY, avoid withdrawal, promote
feelingsofsecurity,andallowclientasmuchcontroloverlives.
o Bargaining=seeksbargaintoavoidloss,mayexpressguiltorfearforpastsins,realorimagined
i. NursingImplicationlistenattentively,encourageclienttotalktorelieveguiltandirrational
fears,ifappropriateofferspiritualsupport.
o Depression=grievesoverwhathashappenedandwhatcannotbe,maytalkfreelyormaywithdraw
i. Nursing Implication allow client to express sadness, communicate nonverbally, convey
caringwithtouch.
o Acceptance=comestotermswithloss,mayhavedecreasedinterestinsurroundingsandsupport
people,maywishtobeginmakingplans.

11

i. NursingImplicationhelpfamilyandfriendsunderstandclientsdecreaseneedtosocialize,
encourage participation in treatment (explore things they have done in life)
33. Spiritualityandrelatedterms
a. Spirituality referstothepartofthehumanbeingthatseeksmeaningfulnessthroughintrainter&
transpersonalconnection,involveabeliefinarelationshipwithsomehigherpower,creativeforce,
divinebeingorinfinitesourceofenergy.
b. Spiritualdistressadisturbanceinorachallengetoapersonsbelieforvaluesystemthatprovides
strength,hope,andmeaningtolife.
c. Prayerhumancommunicationwithdivineandspiritualentities
d. Selftranscendencereachingahigherplainofthought.Itisafterselfactualization.
e. AgnosticapersonwhodoubtstheexistenceofGodorasupremebeing
f. Atheist

one who
denies the existence of God
34. Dietaryandreligiouspracticesthatimpacthealthcare(food,holidays,birth&Death)
a. Catholics:unlesstodowithreproductiondoesnotinhibittreatment;nomeatonFridaysduringLent
b. Judaism (Orthodox):diet, Kosher,donotmixmilkwithmeat;differentutensilsRabbimustbless/
inspect; circumcision(Bris)doneonthe8th dayafterbirthbyaMOHUL;observecertainholydays;
YomKippur;RoshHashanah
c. JehovahWitness: receivenoblood/bloodproducts (mustsignawaiver); noorgandonationor
transplant
d. SevendayAdventists:Sabbath
e. Muslims:modesty,avoidnakedness;samegendernurse;supportprayerfivetimesaday;followIslamic
guidelinesforfuneral

UNIT6
35. Define:
a. Anuria=thefailureofthekidneystoproduceurine,resultinginatotallackofurinationoroutput
oflessthan100mLperdayinanadult
b. Oliguria=productionofabnormallysmallamountsofurinebythekidneys
c. Polyuria= the production oflargeamounts ofurine bythekidneys withoutan increased fluid
intake
d. Dysuria=painfulordifficultyvoiding
e. Nocturia=voidingtwoormoretimesatnight
f. MonitoringI&O
i. Normalurinaryoutputisapproximately60mlperhour (1500mlper24hrforadults).
Maybeaffectedbyintake,loss,cardiovascularandrenalstatus. Lessthan30mlperhouris
abnormalandmustbereported
g. CharacteristicsofUrine
i. ColorStraw(yellow),amber,transparent
ii. OdorFaint/mildlyaromatic
iii. Sterilitynomicroorganisms
iv. PH4.5to8.0(average6)
v. Specificgravity1.010to1.025(indicatedehydrationiftoohighorlow)
vi. Normaloutput=1200to1500mLin24hr
12

vii. Glucoseabsent
viii. Ketonebodies(acetone)absent(Diabeticindicator)
ix. Bloodabsent

(if

infection

or

internal

bleeding)

36. Knowthecausesandpreventativemeasuresofconstipationanddiarrhea
a. Constipation
i. Causes:
o Lowinfiber
o Medication(painkillersoropioids)
o Immobility
o Lowfluidintake
ii. PreventativeMeasures:
o Increasefiber
o Increasefluidintake
- Fruitjuices(prune)
b. Diarrhea
i. Causes:
o Hypertonicsolution
o Diet
o Medication
o Spicedfoodsandhighfiberfoodscanaggravatediarrhea!
ii. PreventativeMeasures:
o Increasefluidsandblandfoods
o Smallamounts(easierabsorption)
o Avoidhotorcoldfluids(increaseperistalsis)
o Administerantidiarrheal
o Increasefluidintake
o MakesurepatientisHYDRATED
37. Nursingcareofpatientswithconstipation
a. Dietandexercise
b. Enema
i. Types
o Tapwater
o Soapsuds
ii. Procedure
o PutthepatientontheleftsideinSIMSposition
o Insertenematiponly4inches
o Tellpatienttoholdaslongaspossible
o Placebedpan
o Nomorethan500ccatonetime
iii. Complication
o Retainwater
- Turnovertorighttogetwaterout
iv. Patientcareconsideration
o Privacy
o Pad

the

38. Catheterization
13

bed

a. Procedure
i. Createsterilefield(washhands,provideprivacyandadequatelighting)
ii. Openkit(dongloves,drapepatient,poursolutionovercottonballs)
iii. Checkballoon
iv. Lubricatethetip
v. Cleanthemeatus
vi. Insertthecatheteruntilurineflows
vii. Assesflowofurine
viii. Collecturinespecimenifneeded
ix. AllowstraightcatheterstocontinuedrainingDCwhenurineflowstops
o Examineandmeasuretheurineonly7501000mLofurinetobedrainedfrombladderat
anyonegiventime!
x. Indwellingcatheterinsertoneinchmoreandblowuptheballoon
xi. Pulloutslowlyuntilresistanceisfelttoensurethatballoonisinflated
xii. Attachtodrainageandsecuretothigh/leg
xiii. SecuredrainagebagtobedlinensandhandbagBELOWthelevelofbladder
xiv. Assessurineoutflow
xv. Document
xvi. WHENREMOVING,remembertoDEFLATEballoonbeforepullingout!
b. SpecimenCollection
i. Cleantheport
ii. Bettertocollectinthemorning
iii. MoreuniformedandhigherpH
iv. Collectatleast10mL
c. Careofdrainagetubeanddevices
i. Regularassessmentofclientsurine(i&o,comfort)
ii. Maintainpatentdrainagesystem
iii. Skincarearoundinsertionsite
iv. Changedressingasorderedandwhensoiled
v. Steriletechniquefornewcatheters
o Providingiodinetoinsertionsite
vi. Ifhairinvadesinsertionsite,TRIMwithscissors!
vii. Reportanyrednessordischarge
UNIT7
39. DifferentiatebetweenthePerioperativestages.
i. Preoperative beginswhenthe decisiontohavesurgeryismadeandendsontheoperating
table.ThenursingactivitiesassociatedareassessingthePt,identifyingproblems,planningcare
forneeds,andprovidingpreOpteaching.
ii. IntraoperativebeginswhentheptistransferredtotheoperatingtableandendswhenthePtis
admittedtothePACUorRR. Nursingactivitiesincludeavarietyofspecializedprocedures
designed to maintain a safe therapeutic environment (client safety, maintaining aseptic
environment,ensuringproperfunctioningequipment)
iii. PostoperativebeginswiththeadmissiontothePACUandends,whenthehealingiscomplete.
ThegoalistoassistthePttoachievethemostoptimalhealthstatus.Nursingactivitiesinclude
assessingPtsresponsetosurgery(levelofconsciousness,Vitalsigns,skincolorandtemperature,
comfort,fluidbalance,dressingandbedclothes,drainsandtubes),facilitatehealingandprevent
complications,teachingandprovidingsupport,planningforhomecare.
b. Principles/purposeofbandaging.
14

c.
d.
e.

f.

i. Bandageisastripofclothusedtowrapsomepartofthebodyandcanbemadeofdifferenttype
ofmaterials:gauze,elasticmaterialandplasticadhesive.
ii. Whenbandingajoint,makesurethejointisslightlyflexedtoavoidstrainonligaments.Pad
betweenskinsurfacesandoverbonesprominencestopreventfrictionandconsequentabrasion
ontheskin.
iii. Alwaysbandagebodypartsfromdistaltoproximalend(increasevenousbloodreturn)
iv. Bandage with even pressure. NOT TIGHTLY, This prevents interference with blood
circulation,maximizedbloodflow.
v. Wheneverpossibleleavetheendofthebodypartexposed.(e.g.,thetoe).Youwillbeableto
assesstheadequacyofthebloodcirculationtotheextremity.
vi. Coverdressings withbandagesatleast5cm(2in),beyondtheedges ofthedressings.This
preventsthedressingsandwoundstobecomecontaminated.
vii. Facethepatienttomaintainuniformtensionanddirectionofapplyingbandage.
Collecting/processingspecimens
Woundirrigation/cleaning
DefineEschar
i. Necrotictissue;ifthewounddoesnotclosebyepithelialization,theareabecomescoveredwith
driedplasmaproteinsanddeadcells,adensescartypetissueordark,blackcrustedpressure
sore.
Identifyvarioustypesofwounddrainages
i. Wounddrainagealsoknownasexudate:ismaterial,suchfluidandcellsthathasescapefromthe
bloodvesselsduringtheinflammatoryprocessandisdepositedintissueorontissuesurface.
o Serous exudate: consist primarily of serum derived from the blood and the serums
membranesofthebody,suchastheperitoneum.Itlookswateryandhasfewcells.
o Purulentexudate:isthickerthantheserousexudatebecauseofthepresenceofthepus,
which consists in leucocytes, liquefied dead tissue debris, and dead and living
bacteria. The process of the pus formation is referred to as suppuration. Purulent
exudatesvaryincolor,someacquiringtingesof blue,greenoryellow.Thecolormay
dependonthecausativeorganism.
o Sanguineousexudate:consistoflargeamountsofredbloodcell

s,indicatingdamages
tocapillariesthataresevereenoughtoallowtheescapeofredbloodcellsfromplasma.
(Oftenseeninopenwounds).Asanguineouswoundwillbebloodyinappearance;a
brightcolorindicatesfreshbleedingandDarksanguineousdenotesolderbleeding.
o Serosanguineousexudate: amixtureofsanguineousandserous. Consistof clear
and blood tinged drainage is commonly seen in surgical incisions.

40. Managedrainagetubes/drainagedevices
a. Placement
b. Employing
c. Typesofdrainage:HemovacandJPdrainagesystemsareexamplesofdrainsthatmaybeplacedinor
nearsurgicalwoundstopromotedrainageofexcessserosanguineousorpurulentexudates.
d. Typesofdressings:Variousdressingmaterialsareavailabletocoverwounds.Thetypesofdressings
useddependson(a)location,size,andtypeofthewound;(b)theamountofexudates;(c)whetherthe
woundrequiresdebridementorisinfected;(d)suchconsiderationsasfrequencyofdressingchange,
easeordifficultyofdressingapplication,andcost.TypesincludeTransparentdressings,Hydrocolloid
dressings,securingdressings.
e. Documentation
15

41. Preventingpostoperativecomplications
a. Nursing interventions: pain management, appropriate positioning, incentive spirometry and deep
breathingandcoughexercises,legexercises,earlyambulation,adequatehydration,promotingurinary
and gastrointestinal function, diet, suction maintenance, and wound care.
42. WoundAssessment/Stages
a. Withinfirst24hoursyouhavetodoskinassessmentANDifulcerpresenttakeapicanddocument
b. StagesofPressureUlcer:
i. Stage1
o a.Erythemaofintactskinnonblanching(rednessthatdoesnotquicklyfade)
o b.affectstheepidermis
ii. Stage2
o a.partialthicknessskinloss
o b.involvestheepidermis,dermisorboth
o c.superficialulcer
o d.abrasion,blisterorshallowcrater
iii. Stage3
o a.fullthicknessskinloss
o b.involvesdamagestosubQtissue
o c.deepcrater
iv. Stage4
o a.fullthicknessskinloss
o b.extensivedestruction, tissuenecrosis ordamagetomuscle, boneor supporting
structurestendon/joints
v. Intervention:
o a.TurnPTq2hrs
o b.Keepwounddry
o c.Promotewoundhealingdiet
o d.

Minimize

direct

pressure
43. Principlesofheatandcoldapplication
a. Ice/HeatonaWound
i. HEAT(forinfiltration)
o Checkifnotcontraindicatedw/PT(EX:bleeding)
o 20minintervals(20minon20minoff;butcheckevery15min)
o Whenyouremoveheat,assesstheskinforburns
o Types: hotwaterbag,hotcompresses,soakssitzbaths,electricalpad,heatlamp,K
pad/aquathermiapad(DRorder)
o Effects:comfort&reliefofaches&pain,vasodilationtoincr.bloodflow,promotessoft
tissuehealing
ii. COLD(forfracture)
o CheckifnotcontraindicatedinPT(EX:bleeding)
o 20minintervalsbutchkevery15min
o Removethecold;assesstheskin
o Types: coolingspongebaths,icebags/gloves/collar,coolcompresses,coldpacks***if
heatisappliedtoolong=edema
o Effects:vasoconstrictionwhichcontrolsbleeding&swelling,decr.pain**ifcoldapplied
too

long

impaired

circulation
16

44. Differentiatebetweenthetypesofanesthesia
a. General anesthesia is the loss of all sensation and consciousness. Under general anesthesia,
protectivereflexessuchascoughandgagandreflexesarelost.
b. Regionalanesthesiaisthetemporaryinterruptionofthetransmissionofnerveimpulsestoand
fromaspecificareaorregionofthebody.Theclientlosessensationinanareaofthebodybut
remainsconscious.Severaltechniquesareused:
i. Topicalanesthesiaapplieddirectlytotheskinandmucousmembranes,openskinsurfaces,
wounds,andburns.
ii. Localanesthesia:(infiltration)isinjectedintoaspecificareaandisusedforminorsurgical
proceduressuchassuturingasmallwoundorperformingbiopsy
iii. Nerve Block, Spinal anesthesia (subarachnoid block) (SAB), Epidural Anesthesia
45. Postoperativeassessment/Care:
a. Levelofconsciousness,vitalsigns,comfort,fluidbalance,dressingandbedclothes,drainsandtubes.
b. Dietandfeedingconsiderations
i.
c. Positioning
i. Dependent

on

procedure
UNIT8&9
46. Knowthenutritionalvalueofsomecommonlyusedfoods
a. Vitamins:
A
D
Functions:
Maintenance of Adsorption of Ca & P
epithelial cell walls with mineralization of
and

mucous bonesandteeth
membranes: improves
resistance

to
infection,vision
Sources:
Dark yellow and Fortified dairy, eggs,
orange, dark green fishwithbones(salmon
leafyveggies,fortified andsardines),sunlight
butter, egg yolk
(carrots,

yams,
apricots, squash,
cantaloupe)
Functions:

Sources:

E
Antioxidant (helps
fight cancer), longer
cellwalllife,especially
RBC
Wheat germ, vegetable
oils,legumes,nuts

K
BComplex
Cascorbicacid
Formation

of Energymetabolismand Togetherwithfolicacid
prothrombin for blood metabolism of protein, RBC formation, iron
clotting
CHO, fat, nerve & absorption, enhanced
muscle function very healing, prevention of
important
infection, integrity of
capillaries
Darkgreenleafyveggies, Whole grains or Citrus

fruits,
spinach, asparagus, and enriched bread and strawberries, tomatoes,
broccoli, beans, eggs, cereal products and potatoes, green pepper,
meat,

soybeans,
17

Strawberries

organmeats

spinach

PrimaryfunctionsandsourcesofMinerals
Ca:80%ofbodyminerals
Cl
Muscle&nervefunction, Fluid balance and acid
heart beat, coagulation, base balance; HCl in
boneandteethformation stomach acid for
digestion
Dairy, dark green leafy Tablesalt
veggies,fishwithbones

Mg
P
Strong bones and teeth, Strong bones and teeth
regulates heart beat, (mostabundantin),acid
importantforhearthealth base balance (buffer
regulation)
Dark green veggies, Dairy, used in
wholegrains,bananas
carbonation

K
Fluid and acidbase
balance nerve impulses,
muscle contraction and
heartbeat
Abundantinrawfruits&
veggies,

apricots,
bananas,oranges,carrots

I
Fe:MostImportant!
Regulate

energy Essential component of

metabolismaspartofthe hemoglobintocarryO2
thyroidhormonethyroxin

Na
Fluid and acidbase
balance nerve impulses,
muscle contraction and
heartbeat
Table salt, MSG, soy
sauce, pickled food,
cannedandfrozen

Iodizedsalt,saltwaterfish Lean red meat, organ

meat, beans, raisins,
beets,spinach,darkgreen
leafyveggies

47.Calculatingcaloriccomponentofagivendiet:
Carbohydrates9C/g
Protein9C/g
Fats4C/g
48.LifeSpandietaryconsideration
Infant/childnutrition
NOHONEYforinfantscancreatespores!
Breastfeedingadvantage/disadvantages
Considerationforyoungchildren
Elderly no teeth, no smell, may

be

unable

to

chew/swallow

UNIT10
49.Differentiatebetweenthefollowingterms
Isotonichasthesameconcentrationofsolutesasbloodplasma
D5W(5%Dextroseinwater)
0.9%NS(normalsaline)
LR(lactatedRingers)balancedelectrolytesolutionsodium/chloride/potassium/calcium)
Hypotonichaslesserconcentrationofsolutethanbloodplasma
0.45%NS
0.33%NS
18

 Hypertonichasagreaterconcentrationofsolutesthanbloodplasma
D5NS(5%DextroseinNS)
D5NS(5%DextroseinNS)
D5LR(5%DextroseinLactatedRingers)
3%NS
50.Recognizesignsandsymptomsofacidbaseimbalance.
Classifications:Respiratory/MetabolicAcidosis/Alkalosis
ABGs:
pH7.357.45
Measurestheacidityoralkalinityoftheblood
Lessthan7.35=Acidic
Greaterthan7.45=Alkaline
PaO2=80100mmHg
Thepressureexertedbyoxygendissolvedintheplasmaofarterialblood,indirectlymeasures
bloodoxygencontent.
PaCO2=3545mmHg
Thepartialpressureofcarbondioxideinarterialplasma
HCO3=2226mEq/L
Ameasureofthemetaboliccomponentofacidbasebalance
BaseExcess=2to+2mEq/L
Acalculatedvalueofbicarbonateslevels,Measuresthemetaboliccomponentofacidbase
balance
SaO2orO2Saturation=95100%
thepercentageofthehemoglobinsaturatedwithoxygen
NormalABGsValuesvaluenormalreferencerange:
pH7.357.45
pCO23545
HCO32226
Po280100
SaO295100
Base2to+2
RespiratoryAcidosis:pHfallsbelow7.35
Cause and risk factors: hypoventilation, carbon dioxide retention, diseasesCOPD/Asthma,
CNS depression, Pneumonia, pulmonary edema, aspiration, near drowning, cystic fibrosis,
emphysema,overdoseofnarcotics/sedatives,braininjury.
Sign/symptoms:increasedpulse&RR,H/A,dizziness,confusion,convulsions.
How the body respondskidneys retain bicarbonate to restore the Ph. (the kidneys are slow to
respondhourstodays)\
Labfindings:ArterialpH<7.35,PaCO2>45mmHg,HCO3normalorslightlyelevated
above26mEq/L
Ifinacompensatedstate=HCO3willincreasetoraisepH
Nursing Interventions: Assess lungs, monitor airway pulmonary therapypercussion/postural
drainage,monitorI&O,Vitalsigns,monitorABGs,maintainhydration.
RespiratoryAlkalosis:pHrisesgreaterthan7.45
Causes/risk factors: hyperventilation, fever, respiratory infection, extreme anxiety, hypoxia,
salicylate(aspirin)overdose.
Signs/Symptoms: shortness of breath, chest tightness, lightheaded, numbness/tingling of
19

extremities,difficultiesconcentrating,tremulousness/blurredvision.
HowthebodyrespondskidneysexcretebicarbonatetorestorethepH.
Labfindings:arterialphrisesabove7.45,CO2<35mmHg
Ifinacompensatedstate=HCO3willdecreasetolowerpH
NursingInterventions:Monitorvitalsigns&ABGs,Assistpt.tobreatheslowly.
MetabolicAcidosis:pHfalls,bicarbonatelevelsarelowinrelationtocarbonicacid
Causes/RiskFactors:renalfailureinabilitytoexcretehydrogenionsandproducebicarbonate,
excessive acid is produced in the body diabetic ketoacidosis starvation, prolonged diarrhea
(decreasedbicarbonate)
SignsandSymptoms:Kussmaulrespirations(deep,rapid),lethargy/confusion,HA,weakness,N/V.
Howthebodyresponds:metabolicacidosisstimulatestherespiratorycenterincreasingtherateand
depthofrespirations,thisoccursquickly(withinminutes).CO2eliminated,Urinephmaydecrease
askidneysexcretehydrogenions.
Labfindings:arterialpHfallsbelow7.35,serumbicarbonate<22mEq/L,PaCO2<38mmHg
withrespiratorycompensation.Ifincompensatedstate=CO2willdecreasetolowerph
NursingInterventions:MonitorABGS,I&OandLOC,treatunderlyingproblem.
MetabolicAlkalosis:pHrisesabove7.45
Causes/riskfactors:takingexcessiveantacids(sodiumbicarbonate), excessivevomitinglossof
HCL, gastric suction, potassiumlosing diuretics, Cushings syndrome/hyperaldosteronism
(corticoidsecretion)
Signs/symptoms: RR decreases, dizziness, paresthesias (loss of sensation) peripheral
numbness/tingling,hypertonicmusclestetany
Howyourbodyresponds:therespiratorycenterisdepresseddecreasedandshallowerrespirations;
carbondioxideisretained(respiratory)tobalancethePH,urinePhmayincrease. Labfindings:
arterial ph rises above 7.45, serum bicarbonate > 26 mEq/L, PaCO2>45mmHg with
respiratorycompensation.Ifinacompensatedstate=CO2willelevatetoraiseph
Nursing Interventions: Monitor I&O vital signs, treat underlying problem
52/53.Electrolytevalues
Whilerenaldiseaseisakeycauseofimbalance,awiderangeofdisordersmayberesponsibleforshiftsin
electrolytelevels.Here'salistingofsomeothercausestoconsiderwhenvaluesexceedorfallbelowthenormal
range:

20

54.OxygenDeliverySystems
NasalCannula
MOSTCOMMON!
OxygenTherapy
OrderedbyMD
Oxygenishumidifiedtopreventdryingofmucousmembrane
Drygasesdehydratetherespiratorytract
VenturiMask
**PRECISE!**
Deliversoxygenconcentrationsof2450%
ForCOPDpatients2LPMandBLUEmask!

55.IncentiveSpirometry
Measuresflowofairinhaledthroughamouthpiece
Improvesventilation
Expandslungsandhelpspreventatelectasis
UsedespeciallyforPOSTOPpatients!
10times/hourwhilepatientisawake!

21