Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
SCIENTIFIC-TECHNICAL
LEGAL.
Community should, in the course of the operation, Council shall, European Parliament.
j)
JOURNALIST.
The problem, as soon as they make money they start buying, because the cost.
k) LEGAL.
Capital letters.
l)
SCIENTIFIC-TECHNICAL.
Polymer melt,
m) LEGAL
Committee, accepts, organism aboard.
n) LEGAL
Must, shall.
o) LEGAL.
Derogation, paragraph 1, Council, shall.
p) JOURNALIST.
For more than two millennia, like most people.
q) SCIENTIFIC-TECHNICAL.
Composite fuels are heterogeneous powders.
r) SCIENTIFIC-TECHNICAL
Because of the formula, M(LAMBDA/2)=L
REGISTER
Scientifictechnical
FEATURES
1.Technical vocabulary.
2. De-personalisation.
3. Including formulas.
4. initials
5.passive forms
Legal
Journalistic
1. Colloquial expressions/informal.
2. Too many adjectives.
3. Personal opinions/using adjectives.
4. first person.
5.numerical data.
6.rethorycal questions.
7.phrasal verbs.
POWERPOINT 1.
ACADEMIC WRITING: SOCIAL APPROACH (genre), PROCEDURAL APPROACH (process), TEXTUAL
APPROACH (product).
The writing process, PROCEDURAL APPROACH:
1. PRE-WRITING/STAGE
Audience and purpose analysis
Brainstorming
Outlining
2. WRITING STAGE
Drafting
Paragraph and text structuring
Development of information patterns
ACADEMIC WRITING
Using the language in a specific social context, with distinctive lexico-grammatical features:
1. High lexical density. 2. Nominalisation. 3. Impersonality . 4. Formality.
1. High lexical density:
High proportion of content words in relation to grammar words.
2. Nominalisation:
With it we achieve economy, impersonality and formality.
Actions and events as nouns rather than verbs.
3. Impersonality:
Passive voice - Infinitives + passives.
Anticipatory it
Pronoun one`.
Abstract rhetors - They are inanimate sentence subjects
Tentativeness- It is the expression of personal conclusions and beliefs in an
uncommitted tone. (seem or appear).
4. Formality:
No verbal contractions
No conversational discourse fillers ( as well, you know)
No slang expressions of the type guy, pretty good, fair enough, etc.
No vague expressions such as sort of, kind of, like.
Use of formal transition markers: however, nevertheless, despite, on account of, etc, and less
frequent use of simpler ones (coordinating conjunctions) such as and, so, or but.
AW with more subordinated clauses, longer sentences and following punctuation rules more
strictly.
Split infinitives: to effectively solve the problem.
Academic abbreviations:
e.g. = exempli gratia (Latin) = for example
i.e. = id est (Latin) = that is, that is to say
et al. = and others (to cite more than two authors)
(sic) = thus, so in Latin = to quote from somebody who has made an obvious
mistake,
Others (some increasingly replaced by their English translation)* are:
Scientific-technical English
It shares the features of AWlexical density, nominalisation, impersonality and formality, but
also has:
- A predominance of simple verbal tenses and a scarcity of progressive tenses: Simple tenses
express statements of fact or general truths.
- Specific vocabularies: Technical, Polysemically Technical
- Tendency to compress the message
- Coinage of new terms by composition and derivation
E.g. The mayor opened the conference at the new company building, Madrid,
yesterday.
-
Didactic:
The didactic tone is usually associated with the personal tone, although not every personal
tone is necessarily didactic.
-
Cognitive directives tell the reader how to understand or interpret content; textual directives
guide the reader through different parts of the text, and physical directives tell the reader to
do something in the real worldoutside the text
Personal:
Known as the you approach, it is closely committed to the reader and intends to be direct,
agile, and persuasive.
-
Impersonal:
The content tends to be scientific and technical rather than personal. There is no room for
personal comments or anecdotes.
Promotional
The promotional tone is always persuasive. It may be personal or impersonal, tentative or not,
but in AW it will tend to be both impersonal and tentative. Abstracts, research articles,
literature reviews, grant proposals, PhD theses and masters dissertations are examples of
promotional academic genres.
Persuade readers that the work, text, etc., is important because of its novelty/originality,
applicability (its industrial or commercial impact), the benefits it provides (e.g. to patients,
users, etc.), its effect on theory, the urgency of the problem it poses or tries to solve, or the
amount and/or quality of the data it presents.
-
2.
A) Promotional,impersonal.
The intellectual merit, information technologies, under-represented, extended-day,
community-based, well-being, (adjectival pre- and post- modification of nouns).
B) Didactic, impersonal.
Enrgy levels, clouds of electrons.
C) Impersonal/tentative.
Scientific relevance, the most important, this addition can be, this thesis tries to,
consumers can.
D) Personal, promotional.
I am quite familiar with, while I was , I was, I have specific,
E) Mitigation, impersonal.
Suggest, are likely to be, the species most at risk, large climatic change.
F) Promotional.
This unique product makes the difference, it is the most powerful route application
software available for pocket pc.
G) Tentative, mitigation.
May, thus, may be, if such relationship is confirmed.
In this paper its possible to find an overview of the major security measures at
Spanish airports in the last five years.
For a full-stop landing, landing gear with green lights must be put down and flaps
must be extended to full.
At airports controls, jokes must never be made about security issues.
One must never joke about security issues.
Its not a joke talking about security issues at airports controls.
People hope/its hoped that a good project will be presented by the Board to the
committee at the next meeting.
A genre may include several types of texts and these texts may constitute stages. For
example, the methods section in a research article is a narrative of the procedures employed.
Or there may be genres embedded in other genres. For instance, a grant application usually
includes an abstract of the research project to be evaluated.
c)
b)
a)
The advantages of nuclear power plants over coal-fired power plants are indeed many.
First generation computers had distinctive features.
Digital systems have substituted analog systems.
concluding sentence.
Paragraphs consist of three essential components: topic sentence, supporting sentences, and
STRUCTURE
variety units: Paragraphs provide refreshing pauses.
new point in the exposition of the central idea of the text has begun.Paragraphs are pause and
sentence.Paragraphs are units of attention: Each paragraph visually signals the reader that a
important topic sentence is the key idea of the whole text and is called thesis
The most
Paragraphs
FUNCTION
Paragraphs are thematic units: They develop a single main idea related to the central point of
the entire text. This controlling idea in the paragraph is called the topic sentence.
Supporting sentences
There are two ways of arranging the supporting sentences in a paragraph:
(1) One is that all supporting sentences are directly related to the topic sentence.
(2) The other is that not all supporting sentences are related to the topic sentence but
derived from the previous supporting sentence. This is the case of those sentences
that need examples, details, and specifications.
Concluding sentence
It is commonly found in isolated paragraphs to indicate that the paragraph has reached
the end. They are also used to restate the main idea or to emphasize an important point.
They act more as a transition between paragraphs than as a real conclusion to the topic. They
are optional because they are not necessary when the paragraph is not isolated but within a
text.
4.Connectives
4.1 Coordinating conjunctions (and, but, so, for, yet, or, nor)
4.2 Subordinating conjunctions (because, although, provided, etc.)
4.3 Sentence connectors (however, moreover, therefore, etc.)
4.4 Phrase linkers (in spite of, in addition to, together with, because of, etc.)
10. Connectives to link sentences and paragraphs.
FEASIBILITY: viabilidad.
URGE: desire
Furthermore, overall, despite, consequently, first and foremost, as a result, although,
therefore.
BIND: join.
FLAMBOYANT: showy(ostentoso).
PUBLICITY-MINDED: having the kind of mind indicated for publicity, conscious of
the value or importance of it.
TO MAKE A HOP: to make a flight.
SWEPT-BACK: attached aircraft wings, so that they are at an acute angle to the axis
of the aircraft.
PUNY: small and weak
Rag-bag: varied collection, confused mass.
PROCUREMENT: supply (ing).
One was, five month later, the other, finally, almost all of its, then, at that time, in those days,
in parallel with these first steps
Type of progression: chronology
Even, by comparison with, besides, so that no, however, in order to, an even more, again.
Paragraph reconstruction.
Satellites are essential in weather forecast. Weather forecast satellites use a rich variety of
observations from which to analyze the current weather patterns. The launch of the first
weather satellite in 1960 made possible global observations, even in the remotes areas.
Nowadays, it is possible to make a short-term weather forecast and even a long-term forecast.
These forecast are extremely useful to predict cyclones, big storms and other catastrophes.
Texts
Texts are formed by interconnected paragraphs.
-
chronology/sequence, spatial order, comparison/contrast, problem-solution, cause-andeffect, analogy, general-specific (deductive), specific-general (inductive), known-unknown,
unknown
known, relevance, and analogy.
-
There are 4 major types of texts, although there may be blends: narrative, descriptive,
expositive, and argumentative.
progression markers:
Chronological signals
Cause-and-effect signals
Because, the effect of the, causes, therefore, results in, because of,
Turbofan engines are quieter than jet engines because the cooler fan air shrouds the
hot exhaust.
The effect of the passing of hot section gases through the turbine blade is the creation
of thrust.
The flow of hot exhaust gases through turbine blades causes them to turn.
Cumulonimbus clouds produce severe turbulences, therefore they must be avoided.
The reduction of the volume of air made by the compressor results in pressure
production.
Piston engines may prove more expensive than jet engines in the long run because of
their need for more maintenance and their poor performance.
9.2 Caused, since, caused by, as, because of, due to, as a result of.
MINIMUMS: weather condition requirements established for a particular operation.
GROUND FOG: condensed moisture particles that form an obscuring cloud on or near the
ground.
SQUALL LINE: line of thunderstorms that usually precedes a cold front.
WARM FRONT: an advancing edge of a warm air mass.
Comparison/contrast signals
Sentence connectors: however, yet, still, nevertheless, nonetheless, on the other hand,
on the contrary, by/in contrast, conversely, similarly, likewise
Coordinating conjunctions: but, yet
Subordinators: although, even though, though, while, whereas
Phrase linkers: in spite of, despite, (un)like, in contrast with, as opposed to, different
from, compared with, in comparison with, alike, similar to
Correlatives: bothand, not onlybut also, neithernor
Comparatives and superlatives: -er than, more than, the est, the most, less/fewer
than, more than, the same as, asas, not soas
Parallel constructions: the higher X, the higher Y; not onlybut also, etc.
Genres
Genres are specialised texts designed for social action.
The structure of genres, as we will see, consists of stages or moves and substages or steps.
In this module on Academic Writing we will study two major genres: the abstract and
the process description.
An abstract is not a summary, all summaries are not abstracts. Abstracts are for
academic text. Represented in a particular way. De- personalization.
The ABSTRACT is a specialised summary, a genre widely used in the academic and
professional fields. A genre is a goal-oriented type of text.
Introduction
-
Methods
-
Results/product
Discussion/Conclusion
-
Interpretation of results / outcome and their extension beyond the scope of the
paper, considering broader implications and applications
FINAL CHECKLIST
-
B. MOVES:
- Introduction: Most combustion experiments on microgravity conditions require
extensive testing time, thus making necessary the use of sounding rockets,
satellites and spatial laboratories.
- Methods: In combustion experiments, the gas velocities inside test modules must
be smaller than the characteristic velocity of the process. The initial spin
stabilization of sounding rockets has been identified as a possible origin of residual
velocities inside the aforementioned modules. The object of the present work is to
study the gas residual velocity in the module designed by SENER for carrying out
combustion experiments in microgravity conditions in sounding rockets. Particle
image velocimetry was used to measure these velocities.
- Restults: The study shows that, after the spin stabilization, a rapid slowing down of
such velocities is produced, decreasing by 5mm/s after 10s and down to 0.1 mm/s
after 40s.
Note: different paragraphs shows better all the moves.
CONTENT FEATURES
Process descriptions should be divided into 2 or 3 parts:
. Brief identification of the process :
o Definition of the process to be explained
o Purpose and significance of the process
o Brief list of the main stages (preferably in one sentence)
o
- Development of stages:
Description of each step in turn, developing it fully with sufficient detail and
subdividing the major stages into steps, if needed. Headings should be inserted for
at least the main stages and visuals should be used whenever they may clarify,
explain, or emphasize.
- Closing:
If the purpose is simply to inform
- It may be the completion of the last stage, a summary, a comment on the
significance of the process, or a mention to other methods to perform it.
If the purpose is a specific task (e.g. evaluation of economy or practicability)
- It may be a recommendation.
-
LANGUAGE FEATURES
INSTRUCTIONS
PROCESS
DESCRIPTIONS
Imperative mood
Indicative mood
(orders/commands)
(statements of fact)
Active voice
Passive voice
(predominant)
3rd person
as subject
The usual way to explain what happens during a process is to use the 3rd person, the present
tense, and the active or passive voice.
An alternative is to use verb forms in ing : (e.g. Smelting consists of heating the ore in a blast
furnace,The final stage is melting down the metal in a furnace with cole and limestone.
MEANING
TENSE
General process
descriptions
Present simple
Descriptions
of past actions
Past simple
Present perfect
Predictive descriptions
Future simple
Conditionals
RECAPITULATION
Principles of process descriptions
The purpose of a process description is for audience understanding, not audience
action.
The intended audience (lay, expert) influences the kind and extent of details included
and the manner in which they are presented.
This implies using an appropriate level of assumed knowledge and visuals when
necessary.
Accuracy and completeness are essential.
The description should provide accurate information and cover all the stages and
necessary aspects.
Visuals can enhance and clarify a process explanation.