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LECTURE
14
Chapter
6.1 6.4
by
Dr. Ibrahim A. Assakkaf
SPRING 2003
ENES 220 Mechanics of Materials
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
University of Maryland, College Park
Slide No. 1
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Slide No. 2
Pure Bending
Slide No. 3
M x = y xz z xy dA = 0
M y = z x dA = 0
M z = ( y x ) = 0
Slide No. 4
V=
dM
dx
(42)
Slide No. 5
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Slide No. 6
Slide No. 7
Slide No. 8
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Slide No. 9
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Slide No. 10
Figure 22
Slide No. 11
Figure 22 (contd)
Slide No. 12
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Slide No. 13
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Shearing Stress
If the slabs of Fig. 22b is fastened or glued,
then the staggering or relative longitudinal
movement of slabs would disappear under
the action of the force. However, shear
forced will develop between the slabs.
In this case, the stack of slabs will act as a
solid beam.
The fact that this solid beam does not
Slide No. 14
Shearing Stress
exhibit this relative movement of
longitudinal elements after the slabs are
glued indicates the presence of shearing
stresses on longitudinal planes.
Evaluation of these shearing stresses will
be determined in the next couple of
viewgraphs.
Slide No. 15
dA = t dy
(43)
dF = dA
(44)
Slide No. 16
x
A
C
Figure 23
B
D
t
x
A
x +x
Slide No. 17
M V
(b)
dy
M + M
y1 y
V + V
(c)
VL
VR
F1
x
Figure 24
F2
VH = t x
Slide No. 18
My
I
(45)
Slide No. 19
M
I
y dA =
M
I
y(t dy )
(46)
y1
F2 =
y
dA
y(t dy ) (47)
I
y1
10
Slide No. 20
M + M
I
M
I
y(t dy )
y1
M
I
y(t dy )
y1
(47)
y(t dy )
y1
Slide No. 21
VH
M
y (t dy )
=
As
I (t x ) y1
(48)
11
Slide No. 22
M
y (t dy )
I (t x ) y1
c
M 1
y (t dy )
x 0 x
It y1
= lim
(49)
dM 1
ty dy
dx It y1
Slide No. 23
ENES 220 Assakkaf
y1
12
Slide No. 24
Extreme Fiber
N.A
y1
Extreme Fiber
Slide No. 25
M MC
H = D
y dA
I
A
Note,
Q = y dA
A
M D MC =
dM
x = V x
dx
Substituting,
VQ
x
I
H VQ
q=
=
= shear flow
x
I
H =
13
Slide No. 26
H VQ
=
= shear flow
x
I
where
Q = y dA
A
2
y dA
A + A'
H VQ
= q
=
I
x
Q + Q = 0
= first moment with respect
to neutral axis
H = H
q =
Slide No. 27
Example 12
Determine the first moment of area Q for
the areas indicated by the shaded areas a
and b of Fig. 25.
2
3
1.5
Figure 25
14
Slide No. 28
Example 12 (contd)
First, we need to locate the neutral axis
from the bottom edge:
yC =
24
N.A
Slide No. 29
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Example 12 (contd)
The first moments of area Qa and Qb are
found as follows:
2
3
1.5
Qa = (5 1.5)[3 2] = 21 in 3
5
1.5
3
Qb = 3
[1.5 6] = 20.25 in
2
N.A
2
3
15
Slide No. 30
Example 13
SOLUTION:
Determine the horizontal force per
unit length or shear flow q on the
lower surface of the upper plank.
Calculate the corresponding shear
force in each nail.
Slide No. 31
Example 13 (contd)
SOLUTION:
Determine the horizontal force per
unit length or shear flow q on the
lower surface of the upper plank.
VQ (500 N)(120 106 m3 )
=
I
16.20 10-6 m 4
= 3704 N
m
q=
Q = Ay
= (0.020 m 0.100 m )(0.060 m )
= 120 10 6 m3
1 (0.020 m )(0.100 m )3
I = 12
1 (0.100 m )(0.020 m )3
+ 2[12
16
Slide No. 32
y1
dM 1
ty dy
dx It y1
1
= (V ) Q
It
VQ
=
It
Q = ty dy
(51)
Slide No. 33
ENES 220 Assakkaf
yx
xy
xy
yx
17
Slide No. 34
ENES 220 Assakkaf
H q x VQ x
=
=
A
A
I t x
VQ
It
Slide No. 35
ENES 220 Assakkaf
18
Slide No. 36
VQ
It
(52)
Where
V = shear force at a particular section of the beam
Q = first moment of area of the portion of the cross-sectional area
between the transverse line where the stress is to be computed.
I = moment of inertia of the cross section about neutral axis
t = average thickness at a particular location within the cross section
Slide No. 37
ENES 220 Assakkaf
19
Slide No. 38
t
t
d
Great
t is small
3% error
d=2t
12% error
d=t
Slide No. 39
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Max Stress
N.A
20
Slide No. 40
VQ 3 V
1
=
Ib 2 A
max =
y 2
c 2
3V
2A
ave =
Slide No. 41
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Example 14
A machine part has a T-shaped cross
section and is acted upon in its plane
of symmetry by the single force
shown. Determine (a) the maximum
compressive stress at section n-n and
(b) the maximum shearing stress.
21
Slide No. 42
Example 14 (contd)
1.5 kips
4 in
n
12 in
0.5 in
2 in
n
15 in
0.5 in
Slide No. 43
Example 14 (contd)
V (kip)
1.5 kips
12 in
n
12 in
(-)
1.5
n
15 in
M (kip-in)
(+)
Mn-n =18
1.5 kips
n
22.5
V
22
Slide No. 44
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Example 14 (contd)
First, we need to locate the neutral axis.
Lets make our reference from the bottom
edge.
4 in
0.5 in
2 in
yC =
2 0.5 + 4 0.5
y ten = 2.5 1.833 = 0.667 in
Max. Stress =
M r ymax
Ix
0.5 in
Slide No. 45
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Example 14 (contd)
Next find the moment of inertia about the
neutral axis:
Ix =
3
3
3
0.5(1.833) 4(0.667 ) 3.5(0.167 )
4
+
= 1.417 in
3
3
3
4 in
1.833 in
0.5 in
N.A.
2 in
0.5 in
M n n cmax 18(1.833)
=
= 23.3 ksi (C)
I
1.417
23
Slide No. 46
Example 14 (contd)
(b) Maximum shearing stress:
The maximum value of Q occurs at the neutral axis.
Since in this cross section the width t is minimum at
the neutral axis, the maximum shearing stress will
occur there. Choosing the area below a-a at the
neutral axis, we have
4 in
1.833 in
C N.A.
1.833
(0.5)(1.833) = 0.840 in 3
2
VQ 1.5 (0.840 )
max =
=
= 1.778 ksi
It 1.417 (0.5)
0.5 in
Q=
2 in
0.5 in
Slide No. 47
3 P
1
2 A
y 2
c 2
x = +
Pxy
I
24
Slide No. 48
Example 15
SOLUTION:
Develop shear and bending moment
diagrams. Identify the maximums.
Determine the beam depth based on
allowable normal stress.
Slide No. 49
Example 15 (contd)
SOLUTION:
Develop shear and bending moment
diagrams. Identify the maximums.
Vmax = 3 kips
M max = 7.5 kip ft = 90 kip in
25
Example 15 (contd)
Slide No. 50
ENES 220 Assakkaf
M max
S
1800 psi =
90 103 lb in.
(0.5833 in.) d 2
d = 9.26 in.
1 bd3
I = 12
I
S = = 16 b d 2
c
= 16 (3.5 in.)d 2
= (0.5833 in.)d 2
all =
26