DESIGN OPTIMIZATION

DESIGN OF SKEW BRIDGE
Name of the work:-Construction of High Level Bridge on the R/F

Yaganamilli to Komatilanka
Design Philosophy:-
The design of 5V-- 6.37m right span skew bridge with skew angle of 23 0 is carried as
per the procedure out lined below:Step1:The design discharge was fixed after arriving discharge based on the following methods:a.The Catchment area is plotted from the Topo sheet.Ryve's formula is used to arrive
at the discharge duly taking the coefficient as 8.5.
b.By Area-Velocity method using Manning's equation for arriving at the flow velocity
and area by considering actual cross-section of the stream.
Step2:a.Hydraulic particulars like HFL,OFL are fixed as per the local enquiry.
b.Bottom of deck level was fixed based on HFL and road formation levels on both sides.
The vertical clearence and afflux are also verified.
c.Ventway calculations are done for fixation of ventway.
d.Normal scour depth with reference to HFL was calculated using Lacey's equations
e.After arriving at the Maximum scour depth,bottom level of the foundation was fixed
below the maximum scour depth
Step3:After arriving at bottom of deck level,bottom of foundation level and required
ventway,the dimensions of the bridge are finalised.
The structural components are desined in the following manner:a.As per the recommendations of IRC 6:2010,two lanes of IRC class A live load or
one lane of IRC Class AA tracked or wheel loads,whichever produces severe effect
is considered.
b.Other loads and Load combinations are selected as per IRC 6:2010
c.Based on the soil test reports,type of foundation was selected.
d.The structural components like Abutments,piers,RCC Wing walls,raft foundation are
designed as per the guide lines given in relevent IRC codes.
e.The deck slab is proposed as per the MOST drawing Nos.BD 12-74&BD 13-74
f.The dirt wall is proposed as per the drawings given in Plate No.7.25 of
IRC:SP20-2002(Rural roads manual)
g.The pier cap is proposed as per the drawings given in Plate No.7.25 of
IRC:SP20-2002(Rural roads manual)
Design of Abutments for skew bridge

I)Design Parameters:Clear Right Span
6.00m
Deck slab length
7.322m
Width of the carriage way
7.50m
Length of abutment
8.15m
Thickness of deck slab as per MOST Dg.BD 12-74
0.540m
Thickness of wearing coat
0.075m
Height of hand rail(Vertical)
0.845m
Sectional area of hand rail (vertical)
0.220sqm
No.of hand rails per span(Verticals)
10Nos
Length of hand rail(Horizontal)
1.354m
Sectional area of hand rail (Horizontal)
0.020sqm
No.of hand rails per span(Horizontal)
16Nos
Thickness of dirt wall
0.30m
Sectional area of dirt wall
0.370sqm
Sectional area of kerb
0.130sqm
Thickness of raft
0.60m
Height of abutments
3.202m
Top width of abutments
0.700m
Bottom width of abutments
2.40m
Sectional area of abutment section
4.963sqm
Bank side batter of abutment
0.000m
Stream side batter of abutment
1.700m
Width of 1st footing
3.00m
Thickness of 1st footing
0.50m
Canal side offset of 1st footing wrt abutment
0.30m
Bank side offset of 1st footing wrt abutment
0.30m
Width of 2nd footing
3.30m
Thickness of 2nd footing
0.50m
Canal side offset of 2nd footing wrt abutment
0.60m
Bank side offset of 2nd footing wrt abutment
0.30m
Width of 3rd footing
3.60m
Thickness of 3rd footing
0.50m
Canal side offset of 3rd footing wrt abutment
0.90m
Bank side offset of 3rd footing wrt abutment
0.30m
(As per hydralic calculations)
Thickness of VRCC raft footing
0.60m
Offset of top footing along width
0.00m
Offset of 2nd footing along width
0.00m
Offset of 3rd footing along width
0.00m
Type of bearings
Unit weight of RCC (yrc)
25KN/cum
Unit weight of PCC (ypc)
24KN/cum
Density of back fill soil behind abutments (y)
18KN/Cum
Unit weight of water (yw)
10KN/Cum
Angle of shearing resistance of back fill material(Q)
30
Angle of face of wall supporting earth with horizontal(In

degrees)(in clock wise direction)(a)
90
Slope of back fill (b)
Angle of wall friction (q)
15
Height of surcharge considered (h3)
1.20m
Road crest level (RTL)
9.280m
Low bed level (LBL)
5.62m
High flood Level (HFL)

Bottom of foundation level (BFL)
Safe Bearing Capacity of the soil (SBC)
=
=
=
7.950m
3.30m
15.00t/sqm
Compressive strength of concrete for RCC Strip footing

(fck)
25.00N/sqmm
Yield strength of steel (fy)
415.00N/sqmm
Cover to reinforcement
50.00mm
No bearings proposed
II)General loading pattern:As per IRC:6---2010,the following loadings are to be considered on the bridge or slab
culvert:1.Dead load
2.Live load
3.Impact load
4.Wind load
5.Water current
6.Tractive,braking effort of vehicles&frictional resistance of bearings
7.Buoyancy
8.Earth pressure
9.Seismic force
10.Water pressure force
As per clause 202.3,the increase in permissible stresses is not permissible for the
above loading combination.
III)Loading on the slab culvert for design of abutments:1.Dead Load:-
i)Self wieght of the deck slab =
402.80KN
ii)Self wieght of dirtwall over abutment =
75.39KN
iii)Self weight of wearing coat =
55.95KN
iv)Self weight of kerb =
23.80KN
v)Self weight of hand rails(verticals) =
23.24KN
vi)Self weight of hand rails(horizontals) =
5.42KN
586.59KN
There is no need to consider snow load as per the climatic conditions
Self wieght of the abutments upto bottom most footing based on the preliminary
section assumed:iv)Self wieght of the abutment section =
970.76KN
v)Self wieght of top footing =
293.40KN
vi)Self wieght of 2nd footing =
322.74KN
vii)Self wieght of 3rd footing =
352.08KN
viii)Self wieght of 4th footing =
0.00KN
1938.98KN
ix)Calculation of eccentricity of self weight of abutment w.r.t base of abutment

S.No
Description Load in KN
Distance of centroid of load from toe of

abutment
Moment
Back
batter(W1)
2.4
Centre
portion(W2)
438.41784
2.05
898.76
Front
batter(W3)
532.36452
1.133
603.17
970.78236
1501.93
Location of resultant from toe of abutment =
1.55m
Eccentricity wrt centre of base of abutment =
0.350m
x)Calculation of eccentricity of self weight of abutment&1st footing w.r.t bottom of 1st footing
S.No
Back batter
Distance of centroid of load from toe of 1st

footing
Moment
2.7
Centre portion
438.41784
2.35
1030.28
Front batter
532.36452
1.433
762.88
1st footing
293.4
1.5
440.1
1264.18236
2233.26
1.77m
Eccentricity wrt centre of 1st footing=
0.270m
xi)Calculation of eccentricity of self weight of abutment,1st&2nd footings w.r.t bottom of 2nd footing
S.No
Back batter
Distance of centroid of load from toe of 2nd

footing
Moment
Centre portion
438.41784
2.65
1161.81
Front batter
532.36452
1.733
922.59
1st footing
293.4
1.80
528.12
2nd footing
322.74
1.65
532.52
1586.92236
3145.04
1.98m
Eccentricity =
0.330m
xii)Calculation of eccentricity of self weight of abutment,1st,2nd & 3rd footings w.r.t bottom of 3rd footing
S.No
1
2
3
4
5
6
Back batter
Centre portion
Front batter
1st footing
2nd footing
3rd footing
Distance of centroid of load from toe of 3rd

footing
0
438.41784
532.36452
293.4
322.74
352.08
1939.00236
Moment
3
2.65
1.733
1.80
1.65
1.80
0
1161.81
922.59
528.12
532.52
633.74
3778.78
1.95m
Eccentricity =
0.150m
2.Live Load:As per clause 204.3 of IRC:6--2010,the bridges of carriage way width 7.5m shall be designed for IRC
loadings of one lane of 70R or two lanes of Class A.
GENERAL IRC Class-AA tracked vehicle loading Pattern
35t
35t
1200
35t
850
3600
GENERAL IRC Class-AA wheeled vehicle loading Pattern
300
300
3.75t
300
6.25t
300
700
6.25t
3.75t
1050
1200
3.75t
1050
1200
GENERAL IRC Class-A loading Pattern
6.8t
6.8t
3.00
3.00
6.8t
11.4t
3.00
6.8t
4.30
1.20
11.4t
3.20
2.7t
1.80
2.7t
1.10
The IRC Class AA Tracked loading as per the drawing is considered
Y
9071
7322
850
35t
35t
3600
1200
1200
23
Resultant live load:Eccentricity of live load w.r.t y-direction(Along the direction of travel of vehicles)
Taking moments of all the forces w.r.t y-axis
S.No
Wheel
Load/UDL in
KN
Distance from Y-axis
350
1.63m
568.75KNm
350
3.68m
1286.25KNm
700.000
Moment
1855.00KNm
Distance of centroid of forces from y-axis
= 2.650m
Eccentricity of live load w.r.t x-direction(At right angle to the travel of vehicles)
Taking moments of all the forces w.r.t x-axis
S.No
Load in KN
Distance from X-axis
Moment
350
3.54m
1239.00KNm
350
3.54m
1239.00KNm
700
2478.00KN
Distance of centroid of forces from x-axis
= 3.540m
Location of Resultant is as shown in the figure:-
Y
9071
7322
2650
3540
23
Reaction on the abutment =
x
469.44KN
The IRC Class AA wheeled loading as per the drawing is considered
Y
9071
7322
Y
9071
3.75t
6.25t
6.25t
3.75t
7322
300
1050 1200
6.25t
6.25t
3.75t
3.75t
700
300
23
S.No
Wheel
Load/UDL in
KN
37.5
1.20m
45.00KNm
37.5
1.20m
45.00KNm
62.5
1.95m
121.88KNm
62.5
1.95m
121.88KNm
62.5
2.95m
184.38KNm
62.5
2.95m
184.38KNm
37.5
3.55m
133.13KNm
37.5
3.55m
133.13KNm
400.000
= 2.422m
Moment
968.75KNm
S.No
Load in KN
Moment
37.5
2.921m
109.54KNm
62.5
2.921m
182.56KNm
62.5
2.921m
182.56KNm
37.5
2.921m
109.54KNm
37.5
1.721m
64.54KNm
62.5
1.721m
107.56KNm
62.5
1.721m
107.56KNm
37.5
1.721m
64.54KNm
400
928.40KN
= 2.321m
Y
9071
7322
2422
23
2321
2422
23
2321
x
329.38KN
The details of wheel loads for IRC Class A live load ,each axle wise are as
given below:Axle load
(Tonnes)
Ground Contact Area

B(mm)
11.4
6.8
2.7
W(mm)
250
200
150
500
380
200
Placement of two lanes of IRC Class A loading as shown below:-
Y
9071
11.4t
1200
7322
11.4t
1200
4300
6.8t
23
S.No
Wheel
Load/UDL in
KN
57
0.835m
47.60KNm
57
0.835m
47.60KNm
34
0.835m
28.39KNm
57
2.625m
149.63KNm
57
2.625m
149.63KNm
34
2.625m
89.25KNm
57
4.325m
246.53KNm
57
4.325m
246.53KNm
57
6.125m
349.13KNm
10
57
6.125m
349.13KNm
524.000
Moment
1703.38KNm
= 3.251m
S.No
Load in KN
Moment
57
6.947m
395.98KNm
57
6.947m
395.98KNm
57
6.947m
395.98KNm
57
6.947m
395.98KNm
57
5.747m
327.58KNm
57
5.747m
327.58KNm
57
5.747m
327.58KNm
57
5.747m
327.58KNm
34
1.447m
49.20KNm
10
34
1.447m
49.20KNm
524
2992.63KN
= 5.711m
Y
9071
7322
3251
5711
23
Calculation of reactions on abutments:As per PCI bridge design code,apply correction factor for skew angle of bridge,as given below:The reaction at the obtuse corner of skew slab is to be multiplied with correction
factor
1.0+{[Ld/12]0.5 +(Tan/6S)}
Where L =
d=
Effective span
Depth of slab
for 600
S=
Width of slab
Hence correction factor =
1.585112003
Reaction due to loads Ra =
310.20KN
Reaction due to loads = Rb =
213.80KN
The critical reaction from the above loading patterns is
Hence,the critical reaction is Ra =
469.4KN
The corrected reaction at obtuse corner =
744.11KN
469.44KN
Assuming that the live load reaction acts at the centre of the contact area on the abutment,
215
185
515
1885
The eccentricty of the line of action of live load on top of 1st footing =
-----do------ on top of 2nd footing =
-----do------ on top of 3rd footing =
-----do------ on top of raft =
0.685m
0.835m
0.985m
0.985m
The eccentricity in the other direction need not be considered due to high section modulus in transverse
direction.
3.Impact of vehicles:As per Clause 208.3(a) of IRC:6--2010,impact allowance for the spans designed for class AA tracked vehicles,
is increment of live load by a percent of
Hence,the factor is
5+2.5*(25-10)/4 =
14.375%
0.14375
Further as per clause 208.7(a),(b)&(c) of IRC:6--2010,the above impact factor shall be only
50% for calculation of pressure on piers and abutments just below the level of bed block.There
is no need to increase the live load below 3m depth.
As such,the impact allowance for the top 3m of abutments will be
0.071875
For the remaining portion,impact need not be considered.

4.Wind load:Data:Bredth of the Bridge cross section 'b' =
Depth of the Bridge cross section 'd' =
b/d ratio =
Gust Factor 'G' =
Length of the bridge =
Height of the bridge in elevation =
Basic wind speed =
(From basic wind speed map of India)
8.15m
0.54m
15.0925926
2
6.74m
3.66m
50.00m/s
1)CALCULATION OF WIND FORCES ON SUPER STRUCTURE:A)Transverse Wind force:The drag coefficient for the deck slab bridges with b/d 10 is
=1.10
Hence,drag Coefficient for the bridge 'CD' =
=1.10
Area exposed to the wind A1 = Length of the bridgex(Ht.including ralings-Perforations)

Area of perforations =
Net exposed area 'A1' =
Hourly mean wind pressure ' Pz' for height upto 10m =
(Table 4 of IRC 6:2010)
The transverse wind force FT = PzXA1XGXCD =
3.22sqm
21.45sqm
1064.5N/sqm
50.23KN
B)Longitudinal Wind force:As per the clause 209.3.4. of IRC 6:2010,the longitudinal wind force FL shall be taken as 25% of the
transverse wind force,hence
FL =
12.56KN
C)Upward/Downward Wind force:The upward or downward windforce FV = PzxA3XGXCL

A3 is plan area of the bridge =
56.95sqm
CL is lift coefficient =
Hence FV =
0.75
90.94KN
2)CALCULATION OF WIND FORCES ON LIVE LOAD OVER THE ROAD SURFACE:As per the clause 209.3.2 of IRC 6:2010,the shall not be considered to be carrying
any live load when the wind speed at deck level exceeds 36m/s.
Hence,it is not necessary to consider the effect of wind on live load.
3)CALCULATION OF WIND FORCES ON SUBSTRUCTURE:The ratio of l/b =

The ratio of h/b =
Exposed area =
3.395833333
1.334166667
4.963sqm
The drag coefficient for abutment CD from the
0.8
table 5 of IRC 6:2010 =

The transverse wind force acting on the abutment only =
8.45KN
The location of this force from top of raft =
3.63m
Tranverse wind force transmitted to abutment from super structure =
50.23KN
6.24m
Taking moments of the above forces about top of raft,the location

of resultant from the top of raft =
5.86m
Hence,the final transverse wind force FT =
58.68KN
The location of the wind force from the top of RCC raft footing =
5.86m
5.Water current force:Water pressure considered on square ended abutments as per clause 210.2 of
IRC:6---2010 is
P = 52KV2 =
3.51 Kg/m2.
(where the value of 'K' is 1.5 for square ended abutments)
Hence,the water current force =
0.11KN
Point of action of water current force from the top of RCC raft footing =
2.70m
6.Tractive,braking effort of vehicles&frictional resistance of bearings:The breaking effect of vehicles shall be 20% of live load acting in longitudinal
direction at 1.2m above road surface as per the clause 211.2 of IRC:6--2010.
As no bearings are assumed in the present case,50% of the above longitudinal

force can be assumed to be transmitted to the supports of simply supported spans resting on
stiff foundation with no bearings as per clause 211.5.1.2 of IRC:6---2010
Hence,the longitudinal force due to braking,tractive or frictional resistance of

bearings transferred to abutments is
74.41KN
The location of the tractive force from the top of RCC raft footing =
6.82m
7.Buoyancy :As per clause 213.4 of IRC:6---2010,for abutments or piers of shallow depth,the
dead weight of the abutment shall be reduced by wieght of equal volume of water upto HFL.
The above reduction in self wieght will be considered assuming that the back fill
behind the abutment is scoured.
For the preliminary section assumed,the volume of abutment section is
i)Volume of abutment section =
40.45Cum
ii)Volume of top footing =
12.23Cum
iii)Volume of 2nd footing =
13.45Cum
iv)Volume of 3rd footing =
14.67Cum
v)Volume of 4th footing =
0.00Cum
80.79Cum
Reduction in self wieght =
8.Earth pressure :As per clause 214.1 of IRC:6---2010,the abutments are to be designed for a
surcharge equivalent to a back fill of hieght 1.20m behind the abutment.
807.91KN
The coefficient of active earth pressure exerted by the cohesion less back fill on
the abutment as per the Coulomb's theory is given by
'2
Ka =
Sin(a+Q)
sina
sin(a-q)
sin(Q+q)sin(Q-b)
sin(a+b)
Sin(a+Q) =
Sin(a-q) =
Sina =
Sin(Q+q) =
Sin(Q-b) =
Sin(a+b) =
SIN[3.14*(76.06+30)/180] =
SIN[3.14*(76.06-15)/180] =
SIN[3.14*(76.06)/180] =
SIN[3.14*(30+15)/180] =
SIN[3.14*(30-0)/180] =
SIN[3.14*(76.06+0)/180] =
0.961
0.875
0.97
0.707
0.5
0.97
From the above expression,

Ka =
0.3
The hieght of abutment above GL,as per the preliminary section assumed =
Hence,maximum pressure at the base of the wall
3.202m
Pa =
17.29KN/sqm
The pressure distribution along the height of the wall is as given below:Surcharge load =
6.48 KN/sqm
6.48
3.202
17.29
6.48
Area of the rectangular portion =

Area of the triangular portion =
20.75
27.68
48.43
Taking moments of the areas about the toe of the wall

S.No
1
2
Description
Area
Lever arm Moment
Rectangular
Triangular
20.75
27.68
1.601
33.22075
1.06733333 29.543786667
48.43
62.764536667
Height from the bottom of the wall =
1.30m
The active Earth pressure acts on the abutment as shown below:-
0.70
15
3.202m
1.30m
90
2.40
0
Total earth pressure acting on the abutment P =
394.71KN
Horizontal component of the earth pressure Ph =
381.27KN
Vertical component of the earth pressure Pv =
102.11KN
Eccentricity of vertical component of earth pressure =
1.20m
9.Siesmic force :As per clause 219.1.1(a) of IRC:6---2010 in all siesmic zones,the bridges and culverts of spans upto 10m need
not be designed for siesmic forces.As the span of the bridge is only 6.37m,it need not be designed for siesmic forces.
10.Water pressure force:The water pressure distribution on the abutment is as given below:-
HFL 7.95m
4.65
BFL 3.30m
46.50kn/sqm
Total horizontal water pressure force =
881.12KN
The above pressure acts at height of H/3 =
1.55m
IV)Check for stresses for abutments&footings:-
a)Load Envelope-I:-(The Canal is dry,back fill scoured with live load on span)
i)On top of RCC raft footing
The following co-ordinates are assumed:a)x-Direction-----At right angle to the movement of vehicles
b)y-Direction-----In the direction of movement of vehicles
Vertical forces acting on the abutment (P) composes of the following components
S.No
Type of load
Intensity in KN Eccentricty about x- Eccentricty about yaxis(m)

axis(m)
Reaction due to dead load from super structure
586.59KN
0.00
0.00
Self wieght of abutment&footings
1939.00KN
0.150
0.000
Reaction due to live load with impact factor---(Wheel

loads)
851.08KN
-0.985
0.000
Upward wind load
-90.94
0.00
0.00
3285.73
Horizontal forces acting/transferred on the abutment (H) composes of the following components
S.No
Type of load
Intensity in KN Direction x or y
Location(Ht.from the
section considered).
(m)
Wind load
58.68KN
x-Direction
5.86
Tractive,Braking&Frictional resistance of bearings
74.41KN
y-Direction
6.82
Check for stresses:About x-axis:Breadth of 3rd footing b =
8.15m
Depth of 3rd footing d =
3.60m
Area of the footing = A =
29.34 m2
Section modulus of bottom footing

about x-axis --Zx =
(1/6)bd2 =
17.60 m3
For M15 grade of concrete permissible compressive stress in direct compreession is 4N/mm2
i.e, 4000KN/sqm
For M15 grade of concrete permissible tensile stress in bending tension is -2N/mm 2
i.e, -2000KN/sqm
S.No
1
2
3
4
5
Type of load
Intensity in KN Eccentricity/Lever
(P)
arm
Vertical loads:-(Stress = P/A(1+6e/d)

Reaction due to live load with impact factor
Upward wind load
Horizontal loads:- (Stress = M/Z)
586.59KN
1939.00KN
851.08KN
-90.94KN
74.41KN
Stress at heel
P/A(1+6e/d)
0.00
0.15
-0.985
0.00
19.99
82.61
-18.61
-3.10
6.82
-28.83
52.06
S.No
1
2
3
4
5
Type of load
Intensity in KN Eccentricity
(P)

Upward wind load
Stress at toe
P/A(1+6e/d)
586.59KN
1939.00KN
851.08KN
-90.94KN
0.00
-0.15
0.985
0.00
19.99
58.79
50.04
-3.1
74.41KN
6.82
28.83
154.55
Stress at heel =
P/A(1+6e/d)+M/Z =
52.06 KN/Sqm>-2000KN/sqm.
Hence safe.
Stress at toe =
P/A(1+6e/d)+M/Z =
154.55 KN/Sqm<4000KN/sqm
Hence safe.
TOE
U/S
3600
D/S
HEEL
8150
About y-axis:-
Breadth of 3rd footing b =
3.60m
8.15m
29.34 m2
Section modulus of bottom footing about =

y-axis--Zy =
(1/6)bd2 =
39.85 m3
i.e, 4000KN/sqm
i.e, -2000KN/sqm
S.No
1
2
3
4
5
Type of load
(P)
arm

Upward wind load
Wind load
Stress at upstream
edge
P/A(1+6e/d)
586.59KN
1939.00KN
851.08KN
-90.94KN
0.00
0.00
0.000
0.00
19.99
66.09
29.01
-3.1
58.68KN
5.86
-8.63
103.36
S.No
1
2
3
4
5
Type of load
(P)
arm

Upward wind load
Wind load
Stress at up stream side

edge =
P/A(1+6e/d)+M/Z =
Stress at D/S edge

P/A(1+6e/d)
586.59KN
1939.00KN
851.08KN
-90.94KN
0.00
0.00
0.000
0.00
19.99
66.09
29.01
-3.1
58.68KN
5.86
8.63
120.62
103.36 KN/Sqm>-2000KN/sqm.
Hence safe.
Stress at down stream side
edge =
P/A(1+6e/d)+M/Z =
Hence safe.
ii)On top of 3rd footing


Vertical load acting on the abutment (P) composes of the following components
S.No
Type of load

axis(m)
586.59KN
0.00
0.00
1586.92KN
0.330
0.000
851.08KN
-0.985
0.000
Upward wind load
-90.94
0.00
0.00
Horizontal load acting/transferred on the abutment (H) composes of the following components
S.No
Type of load
(m)
Wind load
58.68KN
x-Direction
5.36
74.41KN
y-Direction
6.32
Check for stresses:About x-axis:Breadth of 2nd footing b =

Depth of 2nd footing d =
Section modulus of Ist footing about
x-axis--Zx =
8.15m
3.30m
26.895 m2
(1/6)bd2 =
14.79 m3
i.e, 4000KN/sqm
i.e, -2000KN/sqm
S.No
1
2
3
4
5
Type of load

Upward wind load
(P)
arm
586.59KN
1586.92KN
851.08KN
-90.94KN
74.41KN
Stress at heel
P/A(1+6e/d)
0.00
0.33
-0.985
0.00
21.81
94.41
-25.03
-3.38
6.32
-31.79
56.02
S.No
1
2
3
4
5
Type of load
(P)

Upward wind load
Stress at toe
P/A(1+6e/b)
586.59KN
1586.92KN
851.08KN
-90.94KN
0.00
-0.33
0.985
0.00
21.81
23.6
88.32
-3.38
74.41KN
6.32
31.79
162.14
Stress at heel =
P/A(1+6e/d)+M/Z =
Hence safe.
Stress at toe =
P/A(1+6e/d)+M/Z =
Hence safe.
TOE
U/S
3300
D/S
HEEL
8150
About y-axis:Breadth of 1st footing b =

Depth of 1st footing d =
Section modulus of Ist footing about
y-axis--Zy =
3.30m
8.15m
26.895 m2
(1/6)bd2 =
36.53 m3
i.e, 4000KN/sqm
i.e, -2000KN/sqm
S.No
Type of load
(P)
arm
Stress at upstream
edge
P/A(1+6e/d)
1
2
3
4
5

Upward wind load
Wind load
586.59KN
1586.92KN
851.08KN
-90.94KN
0.00
0.00
0.000
0.00
21.81
59
31.64
-3.38
58.68KN
5.36
-8.61
100.46
S.No
1
2
3
4
5
Type of load
(P)
arm

Upward wind load
Wind load

edge =
P/A(1+6e/d)+M/Z =
Stress at D/S edge

P/A(1+6e/d)
586.59KN
1586.92KN
851.08KN
-90.94KN
0.00
0.00
0.000
0.00
21.81
59
31.64
-3.38
58.68KN
5.36
8.61
117.68
100.46 KN/Sqm>-2000KN/sqm.
Hence safe.

edge =
P/A(1+6e/d)+M/Z =
Hence safe.
i)On top of 2nd footing

S.No
Type of load

axis(m)
586.59KN
0.00
0.00
Self wieght of abutment&cut waters
1264.18KN
0.270
0.000
851.08KN
-0.985
0.000
Upward wind load
-90.94
0.00
0.00
S.No
Type of load
(m)
Wind load
58.68KN
x-Direction
4.86
74.41KN
y-Direction
5.82
Check for stresses:About x-axis:Breadth of 1st footing b =

8.15m
3.00m
24.45 m2
Section modulus of base of abutment

about x-axis--Zx =
(1/6)bd2 =
12.23 m3
i.e, 4000KN/sqm
i.e, -2000KN/sqm
S.No
1
2
3
4
5
Type of load
(P)
arm

Upward wind load
586.59KN
1264.18KN
851.08KN
-90.94KN
74.41KN
Stress at heel
P/A(1+6e/d)
0.00
0.27
-0.835
0.00
23.99
79.63
-23.32
-3.72
5.82
-35.43
41.15
S.No
1
2
3
4
5
Type of load
(P)

Upward wind load
Stress at toe
P/A(1+6e/d)
586.59KN
1264.18KN
851.08KN
-90.94KN
0.00
-0.27
0.985
0.00
23.99
23.78
103.38
-3.72
74.41KN
5.82
35.43
182.86
Stress at heel =
P/A(1+6e/d)+M/Z =
Hence safe.
Stress at toe =
P/A(1+6e/d)+M/Z =
Hence safe.
TOE
U/S
3000
D/S
HEEL
8150

about y-axis--Zy =
3.00m
8.15m
24.45 m2
(1/6)bd2 =
33.21 m3
i.e, 4000KN/sqm
i.e, -2000KN/sqm
S.No
1
2
3
4
5
Type of load

Upward wind load
Wind load
(P)
arm
Stress at upstream
edge
P/A(1+6e/d)
586.59KN
1264.18KN
851.08KN
-90.94KN
0.00
0.00
0.000
0.00
23.99
51.7
34.81
-3.72
58.68KN
4.86
-8.59
98.19
S.No
Type of load
(P)
arm
Stress at D/S edge

P/A(1+6e/d)
1
2
3
4
5

Upward wind load
Wind load

edge =
P/A(1+6e/d)+M/Z =
586.59KN
1264.18KN
851.08KN
-90.94KN
0.00
0.00
0.000
0.00
23.99
51.7
34.81
-3.72
58.68KN
4.86
8.59
115.37
Hence safe.
edge =
P/A(1+6e/d)+M/Z =
Hence safe.
i)On top of 1st footing
S.No
Type of load

axis(m)
1
2
3

Upward wind load
586.59KN
970.78KN
851.08KN
0.00
0.350
-0.685
0.00
0.000
0.000
-90.94
0.00
0.00
S.No
1
2
Type of load
Wind load
58.68KN
74.41KN
x-Direction
y-Direction
Check for stresses:About x-axis:Breadth of abutment b =

Depth of abutment d =
about x-axis--Zx =
8.15m
2.40m
19.56 m2
(1/6)bd2 =
7.82 m3
(m)
4.36
5.32
i.e, 4000KN/sqm
i.e, -2000KN/sqm
S.No
1
2
3
4
5
Type of load
(P)
arm

Upward wind load
Stress at heel
P/A(1+6e/d)
586.59KN
970.78KN
851.08KN
-90.94KN
0.00
0.350
-0.685
0.00
29.99
93.06
-31
-4.65
74.41KN
5.32
-50.6
36.80
S.No
1
2
3
4
5
Type of load
(P)

Upward wind load
Stress at toe
P/A(1+6e/d)
586.59KN
970.78KN
851.08KN
-90.94KN
0.00
-0.35
0.685
0.00
29.99
6.2
118.02
-4.65
74.41KN
5.32
50.6
200.16
Stress at heel =
P/A(1+6e/d)+M/Z =
Hence safe.
Stress at toe =
P/A(1+6e/d)+M/Z =
Hence safe.
U/S
TOE
2400
D/S
HEEL
8150
HEEL
8150
About y-axis:Breadth of abutment b =

2.40m
8.15m
19.56 m2

about y-axis--Zy =
(1/6)bd2 =
26.57 m3
i.e, 4000KN/sqm
i.e, -2000KN/sqm
S.No
1
2
3
4
5
Type of load
(P)
arm

Upward wind load
Wind load
Stress at upstream
edge
P/A(1+6e/d)
586.59KN
970.78KN
851.08KN
-90.94KN
0.00
0.00
0.000
0.00
29.99
49.63
43.51
-4.65
58.68KN
4.36
-9.63
108.85
S.No
1
2
3
4
5
Type of load
(P)
arm

Upward wind load
Wind load

edge =
P/A(1+6e/d)+M/Z =
Stress at D/S edge

P/A(1+6e/d)
586.59KN
970.78KN
851.08KN
-90.94KN
0.00
0.00
0.000
0.00
29.99
49.63
43.51
-4.65
58.68KN
4.36
9.63
128.11
108.85 KN/Sqm>-2000KN/sqm.
Hence safe.
edge =
P/A(1+6e/d)+M/Z =
Hence safe.
b)Load Envelope-II:-(The Canal is full,back fill intact with no live load on span)

S.No
Type of load

axis(m)
586.59KN
0.00
0.00
1939.00KN
Reduction in self weight due to buoyancy
-807.91KN
Net self weight
1131.09KN
0.150
0.000
Vertical component of earth pressure
102.11KN
1.200
0.000
Upward wind force
-90.94KN
0.000
0.000
S.No
Type of load
(m)
Wind load
58.68KN
x-Direction
5.86
0.00KN
y-Direction
0.00
Water current force
0.11KN
x-Direction
2.70
Horizontal load due to earth pressure
381.27KN
y-Direction
2.80
Water pressure force
881.12KN
y-Direction
1.55
Check for stresses:About x-axis:Breadth of bottom footing b =

Depth of bottom footing d =
about x-axis --Zx =
8.15m
3.60m
29.34 m2
(1/6)bd2 =
17.60 m3
i.e, 4000KN/sqm
i.e, -2000KN/sqm
S.No
Type of load
(P)
arm
Stress at heel
P/A(1+6e/d)
1
2
3
4
4
5

Net self wieght of abutment&footings
Vertical component of Earth pressure
Upward wind force
S.No
1
2
3
4
4
5
Type of load
0.00
0.15
1.20
0.00
19.99
48.19
10.44
-3.1
381.27KN
881.12KN
2.80
1.55
-60.56
77.6
92.54
(P)

Upward wind force
Stress at heel =
586.59KN
1131.09KN
102.11KN
-90.94KN
P/A(1+6e/b)+M/Z =
Stress at toe
P/A(1+6e/d)
586.59KN
1131.09KN
102.11KN
-90.94KN
0.00
-0.15
-1.20
0.00
19.99
28.91
-3.48
-3.1
381.27KN
881.12KN
2.80
1.55
60.56
-77.6
25.3
Hence safe.
Stress at toe =
P/A(1+6e/b)+M/Z =
Hence safe.
About y-axis:Breadth of bottom footing b =

about y-axis --Zy =
3.60m
8.15m
29.34 m2
(1/6)bd2 =
39.85 m3
i.e, 4000KN/sqm
i.e, -2000KN/sqm
S.No
1
2
Type of load

(P)
arm
586.59KN
1131.09KN
0.00
0.00
Stress at U/S Edge

P/A(1+6e/d)
19.99
38.55
3
4
4
5

Upward wind force
Wind load
Water current force
S.No
1
2
3
4
4
5
Type of load
0.00
0.00
3.48
-3.1
58.68KN
0.11KN
5.86
2.70
-8.63
0.0
50.28
(P)

Upward wind force
Wind load
Water current force

edge =
102.11KN
-90.94KN
P/A(1+6e/d)+M/Z =
Stress at D/S edge

P/A(1+6e/d)
586.59KN
1131.09KN
102.11KN
-90.94KN
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
19.99
38.55
3.48
-3.1
58.68KN
0.11KN
5.86
2.70
8.63
0.0
67.56
Hence safe.
edge =
P/A(1+6e/d)+M/Z =
Hence safe.

S.No
Type of load

axis(m)
586.59KN
0.00
0.00
1586.92KN
-661.22KN
Net self weight
925.70KN
0.330
0.000
102.11KN
1.200
0.000
Upward wind force
-90.94KN
0.000
0.000
S.No
Type of load
(m)
Wind load
58.68KN
x-Direction
5.36
0.00KN
y-Direction
0.00
Water current force
0.11KN
x-Direction
2.20
381.27KN
y-Direction
2.30
881.12KN
y-Direction
1.05

8.15m
3.30m
26.895 m2

about x-axis --Zx =
(1/6)bd2 =
14.79 m3
i.e, 4000KN/sqm
i.e, -2000KN/sqm
S.No
1
2
3
4
4
5
Type of load

Upward wind force
S.No
1
2
3
4
4
5
Type of load

Upward wind force
Stress at heel =
P/A(1+6e/d)+M/Z =
(P)
arm
Stress at heel
P/A(1+6e/d)
586.59KN
925.70KN
102.11KN
-90.94KN
0.00
0.33
1.20
0.00
21.81
55.07
12.08
-3.38
381.27KN
881.12KN
2.30
1.05
-59.18
62.5
88.94
(P)
Stress at toe
P/A(1+6e/d)
586.59KN
925.70KN
102.11KN
-90.94KN
0.00
-0.33
-1.20
0.00
21.81
13.77
-4.49
-3.38
381.27KN
881.12KN
2.30
1.05
59.18
-62.5
24.35
Hence safe.
Stress at toe =
P/A(1+6e/d)+M/Z =
Hence safe.

3.30m
8.15m
26.895 m2

about y-axis --Zy =
(1/6)bd2 =
36.53 m3
i.e, 4000KN/sqm
i.e, -2000KN/sqm
S.No
1
2
3
4
4
5
S.No
1
2
3
4
4
5
Type of load
(P)
arm

Upward wind force
Wind load
Water current force
Type of load

edge =
586.59KN
925.70KN
102.11KN
-90.94KN
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
21.81
34.42
3.8
-3.38
58.68KN
0.11KN
5.36
2.20
-8.61
0.0
48.03
(P)

Upward wind force
Wind load
Water current force
P/A(1+6e/d)+M/Z =
Hence safe.
Stress at U/S Edge

P/A(1+6e/d)
Stress at D/S edge

P/A(1+6e/d)
586.59KN
925.70KN
102.11KN
-90.94KN
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
21.81
34.42
3.8
-3.38
58.68KN
0.11KN
5.36
2.20
8.61
0.0
65.27

edge =
P/A(1+6e/d)+M/Z =
Hence safe.
iii)On top of 2nd footing

S.No
Type of load

axis(m)
586.59KN
0.00
0.00
1264.18KN
-526.74KN
Net self weight
737.44KN
0.270
0.000
102.11KN
1.200
0.000
Upward wind force
-90.94KN
0.000
0.000
S.No
Type of load
(m)
Wind load
58.68KN
x-Direction
4.86
0.00KN
y-Direction
0.00
Water current force
0.11KN
x-Direction
1.70
381.27KN
y-Direction
1.80
881.12KN
y-Direction
0.55

about x-axis --Zx =
8.15m
3.00m
24.45 m2
(1/6)bd2 =
12.23 m3
i.e, 4000KN/sqm
i.e, -2000KN/sqm
S.No
1
2
3
4
4
5
Type of load

Upward wind force
S.No
1
2
3
4
4
5
(P)
arm
Type of load
Stress at heel =
586.59KN
737.44KN
102.11KN
-90.94KN
0.00
0.27
1.20
0.00
23.99
46.45
14.2
-3.72
381.27KN
881.12KN
1.80
0.55
-56.01
39.6
64.55
(P)

Upward wind force
P/A(1+6e/d)+M/Z =
Stress at heel
P/A(1+6e/d)
Stress at toe
P/A(1+6e/d)
586.59KN
737.44KN
102.11KN
-90.94KN
0.00
-0.27
-1.20
0.00
23.99
13.87
-5.85
-3.72
381.27KN
881.12KN
1.80
0.55
56.01
-39.6
44.66
Hence safe.
Stress at toe =
P/A(1+6e/d)+M/Z =
Hence safe.

about y-axis --Zy =
3.00m
8.15m
24.45 m2
(1/6)bd2 =
33.21 m3
i.e, 4000KN/sqm
i.e, -2000KN/sqm
S.No
1
2
3
4
4
5
Type of load

Upward wind force
Wind load
Water current force
S.No
1
2
3
4
4
5
(P)
arm
Type of load

edge =
586.59KN
737.44KN
102.11KN
-90.94KN
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
23.99
30.16
4.18
-3.72
58.68KN
0.11KN
4.86
1.70
-8.59
0.0
46.01
(P)

Upward wind force
Wind load
Water current force
P/A(1+6e/d)+M/Z =
Stress at U/S Edge

P/A(1+6e/d)
Stress at D/S edge

P/A(1+6e/d)
586.59KN
737.44KN
102.11KN
-90.94KN
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
23.99
30.16
4.18
-3.72
58.68KN
0.11KN
4.86
1.70
8.59
0.0
63.21
Hence safe.
edge =
P/A(1+6e/d)+M/Z =
Hence safe.
iii)On top of 1st footing
S.No
2
3
4
Type of load

Net self weight
Upward wind force

axis(m)
586.59KN
1264.18KN
-526.74KN
737.44KN
102.11KN
-90.94KN
0.00
0.00
0.270
1.200
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
S.No
1
2
3
4
5
Type of load
Wind load
Water current force
58.68KN
0.00KN
0.11KN
381.27KN
881.12KN
(m)
x-Direction
y-Direction
x-Direction
y-Direction
y-Direction
4.36
0.00
1.20
1.30
0.05
Check for stresses:About x-axis:Breadth of abutment b =

8.15m
2.40m
19.56 m2

about x-axis --Zx =
(1/6)bd2 =
7.82 m3
i.e, 4000KN/sqm
i.e, -2000KN/sqm
S.No
1
2
3
4
4
5
Type of load

Upward wind force
S.No
1
2
3
4
4
5
(P)
arm
Type of load
Stress at heel =
586.59KN
737.44KN
102.11KN
-90.94KN
0.00
0.27
1.20
0.00
29.99
63.15
20.88
-4.65
381.27KN
881.12KN
1.30
0.05
-63.15
5.6
51.85
(P)

Upward wind force
P/A(1+6e/d)+M/Z =
Hence safe.
Stress at heel
P/A(1+6e/d)
Stress at toe
P/A(1+6e/d)
586.59KN
737.44KN
102.11KN
-90.94KN
0.00
-0.27
-1.20
0.00
29.99
12.25
-10.44
-4.65
381.27KN
881.12KN
1.30
0.05
63.15
-5.6
84.67
Stress at toe =
P/A(1+6e/d)+M/Z =
Hence safe.

2.40m
8.15m
19.56 m2

about y-axis --Zy =
(1/6)bd2 =
26.57 m3
i.e, 4000KN/sqm
i.e, -2000KN/sqm
S.No
1
2
3
4
4
5
S.No
1
2
3
4
4
5
Type of load
(P)
arm

Upward wind force
Wind load
Water current force
Type of load

edge =
586.59KN
737.44KN
102.11KN
-90.94KN
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
29.99
37.7
5.22
-4.65
58.68KN
0.11KN
4.36
1.20
-9.63
0.0
58.63
(P)

Upward wind force
Wind load
Water current force
P/A(1+6e/d)+M/Z =
Stress at U/S Edge

P/A(1+6e/d)
Stress at D/S edge

P/A(1+6e/d)
586.59KN
737.44KN
102.11KN
-90.94KN
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
29.99
37.7
5.22
-4.65
58.68KN
0.11KN
4.36
1.20
9.63
0.0
77.89
Hence safe.
edge of abutment =
P/A(1+6e/d)+M/Z =
Hence safe.
V)Check for stability of abutments:a)Load Envelope-III:-(The Canal is dry,back fill intact with live load on span)
S.No
Type of load

axis(m)
586.59KN
0.00
0.00
Self wieght of abutments
970.76KN
0.350
0.000
851.08KN
-0.685
0.000
Vertical component of Active Earth pressure
102.11KN
1.200
0.00
Upward wind force
-90.94KN
0.000
0.00
2419.59KN
S.No
Type of load
(m)
Wind load
58.68KN
x-Direction
4.36
74.41KN
y-Direction
5.32
Horizontal Active Earth pressure force
381.27KN
y-Direction
1.30
514.37KN
Check for stability against over turning:Taking moments of all the overturning forces about toe of the abutment wrt x-axis,
Moment due to tractive,braking&frictional resistance of bearings =
395.87Kn-m
Moment due to active earth pressure force =
494.12Kn-m
Total overturning moment =
889.99Kn-m
Taking moments of all the restoring forces about toe of the abutment wrt x-axis,,
Moment due to self weight of abutment =
1504.68Kn-m
Moment due to live load reaction on abutment =
438.31Kn-m
Moment due to vertical component of active earth pressure =
245.06Kn-m
Total Restoring moment =
Factor of safety =
2.45850446
2188.04Kn-m
> 2.0
Hence safe
(As per clause 706.3.4 of IRC:78-2000)
Check for stability against sliding:Total vertical load acting on the base of the abutment Vb =
2419.59KN
Total sliding force,ie,horizontal load on the abutment Hb =
514.37KN
Coefficient of friction between concrete surfaces =

Factor of safety against sliding Fs =
0.80
3.76322865 > 1.5

Hence safe
b)Load Envelope-II:-(The Canal is running upto HFL with no live load on span)
S.No
Type of load

axis(m)
586.59KN
0.00
0.00
Self wieght of abutments
970.76KN
-404.50KN
Net self wieght
566.26KN
0.350
0.000
Vertical component of Active Earth pressure
102.11
1.200
0.00
Upward wind force
0.00
0.00
-90.94KN
S.No
Type of load
(m)
Wind load
58.68KN
x-Direction
4.36
0.00KN
y-Direction
0.00
Active Earth pressure force
y-Direction
1.30
381.27KN
Force due to water pressure
881.12KN
y-Direction
0.05
Check for stability against over turning:Taking moments of all the overturning forces about toe of the abutment wrt x-axis,
Moment due to active earth pressure force =
0.00Kn-m
494.12Kn-m
494.12Kn-m
Taking moments of all the restoring forces about toe of the abutment wrt x-axis,
Moment due to self weight of abutment =
877.70Kn-m
Moment due to water pressure force on the abutment =
44.06Kn-m
Moment due to vertical component of active earth pressure =
245.06Kn-m
Factor of safety =
2.36140264
1166.82Kn-m
> 2.0
Hence safe
Check for stability against sliding:Total vertical load acting on the base of the abutment Vb =
1458.54KN
Total sliding force,ie,horizontal load on the abutment Hb =
381.27KN

3.06035913 > 1.5

Hence safe
0.80
Design of pier for skew bridge

I)Design Parameters:Clear Right Span
6.00m
Deck slab length
7.387m
Width of the carriage way
7.50m
Length of pier
8.15m
Thickness of deck slab as per MOST Dg.BD 12-74
0.540m
Thickness of wearing coat
0.075m
Height of hand rail(Vertical)
0.845m
Sectional area of hand rail (vertical)
0.220sqm
No.of hand rails per span(Verticals)
10Nos
Length of hand rail(Horizontal)
1.354m
Sectional area of hand rail (Horizontal)
0.020sqm
No.of hand rails per span(Horizontal)
16Nos
Thickness of dirt wall
0.30m
Sectional area of dirt wall
0.240sqm
Sectional area of kerb
0.130sqm
Thickness of raft
0.60m
Height of piers
3.202m
Top width of pier
0.800m
Bottom width of pier
1.20m
Sectional area of pier section
3.202sqm
One side batter of pier
0.200m
Other side batter of pier
0.200m
Width of 1st footing
1.80m
Thickness of 1st footing
0.50m
One side offset of 1st footing wrt pier
0.30m
Other side offset of 1st footing wrt pier
0.30m
Width of 2nd footing
2.40m
Thickness of 2nd footing
0.50m
(As per hydralic calculations)
One side offset of 2nd footing wrt pier
0.60m
Other side offset of 2nd footing wrt pier
0.60m
Width of 3rd footing
3.00m
Thickness of 3rd footing
0.50m
One side offset of 3rd footing wrt pier
0.90m
Other side offset of 3rd footing wrt pier
0.90m
Thickness of VRCC raft footing
0.60m
Offset of top footing along width
0.00m
Offset of 2nd footing along width
0.00m
Offset of 3rd footing along width
0.00m
Type of bearings
Unit weight of RCC (yrc)
25KN/cum
Unit weight of PCC (ypc)
24KN/cum
Unit weight of water (yw)
10KN/Cum
Road crest level (RTL)
9.280m
Low bed level (LBL)
5.62m
High flood Level (HFL)

Bottom of foundation level (BFL)
Safe Bearing Capacity of the soil (SBC)
=
=
=
7.950m
3.30m
15.00t/sqm
Compressive strength of concrete for VRCC raft footing

(fck)
25.00N/sqmm
Yield strength of steel (fy)
415.00N/sqmm
Cover to reinforcement
50.00mm
No bearings proposed
II)General loading pattern:As per IRC:6---2010,the following loadings are to be considered on the bridge or slab
culvert:1.Dead load
2.Live load
3.Impact load
4.Wind load
5.Water current
6.Tractive,braking effort of vehicles&frictional resistance of bearings
7.Buoyancy
8.Seismic force
9.Water pressure force
As per clause 202.3,the increase in permissible stresses is not permissible for the
above loading combination.
III)Loading on the slab culvert for design of piers:1.Dead Load:i)Self wieght of the deck slab =
ii)Self wieght of pier cap over pier =
iii)Self weight of wearing coat =
812.75KN
48.90KN
112.88KN
iv)Self weight of kerb =
48.02KN
v)Self weight of hand rails(verticals) =
46.48KN
vi)Self weight of hand rails(horizontals) =
10.83KN
1079.86KN
There is no need to consider snow load as per the climatic conditions
Self wieght of the piers upto bottom most footing based on the preliminary
section assumed:iv)Self wieght of the pier section =
626.31KN
v)Self wieght of top footing =
176.04KN
vi)Self wieght of 2nd footing =
234.72KN
vii)Self wieght of 3rd footing =
293.40KN
viii)Self wieght of 4th footing =
0.00KN
1330.47KN
ix)Calculation of eccentricity of self weight of pier w.r.t base of pier

S.No
Distance of centroid of load from toe of pier
Back
batter(W1)
62.63112
1.067
Centre
portion(W2)
501.04896
0.6
Front
batter(W3)
62.63112
0.133
626.3112
Location of resultant from toe of pier =
0.60m
Eccentricity wrt centre of base of pier =
0.000m
x)Calculation of eccentricity of self weight of pier&1st footing w.r.t bottom of 1st footing
S.No
Back batter
Centre portion
Distance of centroid of load from toe of 1st

footing
62.63112
1.367
501.04896
0.9
Front batter
62.63112
0.433
1st footing
176.04
0.9
802.3512
0.90m
Eccentricity wrt centre of 1st footing=
0.000m
xi)Calculation of eccentricity of self weight of pier,1st&2nd footings w.r.t bottom of 2nd footing
S.No
Back batter
Centre portion
Distance of centroid of load from toe of 2nd

footing
62.63112
1.667
501.04896
1.2
Front batter
62.63112
0.733
1st footing
176.04
1.20
2nd footing
234.72
1.20
1037.0712
1.20m
Eccentricity =
0.000m
xii)Calculation of eccentricity of self weight of pier,1st,2nd & 3rd footings w.r.t bottom of 3rd footing
S.No
1
2
3
Back batter
Centre portion
Front batter
62.63112
501.04896
62.63112
Distance of centroid of load from toe of 3rd

footing
1.967
1.5
1.033
4
5
6
1st footing
2nd footing
3rd footing
176.04
234.72
293.4
1330.4712
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50m
Eccentricity =
0.000m
2.Live Load:As per clause 204.3 of IRC:6--2010,the bridges of carriage way width 7.5m shall be designed for IRC
loadings of one lane of 70R or two lanes of Class A.
GENERAL IRC Class-AA tracked vehicle loading Pattern
35t
1200
35t
3600
GENERAL IRC Class-AA wheeled vehicle loading Pattern
850
300
300
3.75t
300
6.25t
300
700
6.25t
3.75t
1050
1200
GENERAL IRC Class-A loading Pattern
6.8t
6.8t
3.00
3.00
6.8t
11.4t
3.00
6.8t
4.30
1.20
11.4t
3.20
2.7t
1.80
2.7t
1.10
The IRC Class AA Tracked loading as per the drawing is considered
Y
9071
7387
850
35t
35t
1200
3600
1200
x
S.No
Wheel
Load/UDL in
KN
350
1.625m
350
3.675m
700.000
= 2.650m
S.No
Load in KN
350
4.198m
350
4.198m
700
= 4.198m
2650
4198
4198
x
640.70KN
The IRC Class AA wheeled loading as per the drawing is considered
Y
9071
3.75t
6.25t
6.25t
3.75t
7387
300
1050 1200
3.75t
700
6.25t
6.25t
1200
3.75t
300
x
Resultant live load:-
Eccentricity of live load w.r.t y-direction(Along the direction of travel of vehicles)

S.No
Wheel
Load/UDL in
KN
37.5
1.20m
37.5
1.20m
62.5
1.95m
62.5
1.95m
62.5
2.95m
62.5
2.95m
37.5
3.55m
37.5
3.55m
400.000
= 2.422m
S.No
Load in KN
37.5
5.310m
62.5
5.310m
62.5
5.310m
37.5
5.310m
37.5
4.110m
62.5
4.110m
62.5
4.110m
37.5
4.110m
400
= 4.710m
2422
4710
x
400.00KN
The details of wheel loads for IRC Class A live load ,each axle wise are as
given below:-
Axle load
(Tonnes)
Ground Contact Area

B(mm)
11.4
6.8
2.7
W(mm)
250
200
150
500
380
200
Placement of two lanes of IRC Class A loading as shown below:-
Y
9071
11.4t
1200
7387
11.4t
1200
4300
6.8t
x
S.No
Wheel
Load/UDL in
KN
57
0.835m
57
0.835m
34
0.835m
57
2.625m
57
2.625m
34
2.625m
57
4.325m
57
4.325m
57
6.125m
10
57
6.125m
524.000
= 3.251m
S.No
Load in KN
57
6.947m
57
6.947m
57
6.947m
57
6.947m
57
5.747m
57
5.747m
57
5.747m
57
5.747m
34
1.447m
10
34
1.447m
524
= 5.711m
3251
5711
5711
x
Calculation of reactions on abutments:As per PCI bridge design code,apply correction factor for skew angle of bridge,as given below:The reaction at the obtuse corner of skew slab is to be multiplied with correction
factor
1.0+{[Ld/12]0.5 +(Tan/6S)}
Where L =
d=
S=
Effective span
Depth of slab
Width of slab
Hence correction factor =
for 600
1.587654229
Reaction due to loads Ra =
478.36KN
Reaction due to loads = Rb =
45.64KN
The critical reaction from the above loading patterns is
Hence,the critical reaction is Ra =

The corrected reaction at obtuse corner =
640.70KN
640.7KN
1017.21KN
Assuming that the live load reaction acts at the centre of the contact area on the pier,
185
615
215
685
985
1285
815
1415
1715
The eccentricty of the line of action of live load on top of 1st footing =
-----do------ on top of 2nd footing =
-----do------ on top of 3rd footing =
-----do------ on top of raft =
0.215m
0.215m
0.215m
0.215m
The eccentricity in the other direction need not be considered due to high section modulus in transverse
direction.
3.Impact of vehicles:As per Clause 208.3(a) of IRC:6--2010,impact allowance for the spans designed for class AA tracked vehicles,
is increment of live load by a percent of
Hence,the factor is
5+2.5*(25-10)/4 =
14.375%
0.14375
Further as per clause 208.7(a),(b)&(c) of IRC:6--2010,the above impact factor shall be only
50% for calculation of pressure on piers and abutments just below the level of bed block.There
is no need to increase the live load below 3m depth.
As such,the impact allowance for the top 3m of abutments will be
For the remaining portion,impact need not be considered.
4.Wind load:Data:Bredth of the Bridge cross section 'b' =

Depth of the Bridge cross section 'd' =
b/d ratio =
Gust Factor 'G' =
Length of the bridge =
Height of the bridge in elevation =
Basic wind speed =
(From basic wind speed map of India)
8.15m
0.54m
15.0925926
2
6.74m
3.66m
50.00m/s
1)CALCULATION OF WIND FORCES ON SUPER STRUCTURE:A)Transverse Wind force:The drag coefficient for the deck slab bridges with b/d 10 is
=1.10
Hence,drag Coefficient for the bridge 'CD' =
=1.10
Area exposed to the wind A1 = Length of the bridgex(Ht.including ralings-Perforations)

Area of perforations =
3.22sqm
Net exposed area 'A1' =
21.45sqm
Hourly mean wind pressure ' Pz' for height upto 10m =
1064.5N/sqm
(Table 4 of IRC 6:2010)

The transverse wind force FT = PzXA1XGXCD =
50.23KN
B)Longitudinal Wind force:As per the clause 209.3.4. of IRC 6:2010,the longitudinal wind force F L shall be taken as 25% of the
transverse wind force,hence
FL =
12.56KN
C)Upward/Downward Wind force:The upward or downward windforce FV = PzxA3XGXCL

A3 is plan area of the bridge =
CL is lift coefficient =
56.95sqm
0.75
Hence FV =
90.94KN
2)CALCULATION OF WIND FORCES ON LIVE LOAD OVER THE ROAD SURFACE:As per the clause 209.3.2 of IRC 6:2010,the shall not be considered to be carrying
any live load when the wind speed at deck level exceeds 36m/s.
Hence,it is not necessary to consider the effect of wind on live load.
3)CALCULATION OF WIND FORCES ON SUBSTRUCTURE:The ratio of l/b =

The ratio of h/b =
Exposed area =
6.791666667
2.668333333
3.202sqm
The drag coefficient for pier CD from the
0.8
table 5 of IRC 6:2010 =

The tranvese wind force acting on the pier only =
5.45KN
3.63m
Tranverse wind force transmitted to pier from super structure =
50.23KN
6.24m
Taking moments of the above forces about top of raft,the location

of resultant from the top of raft =
5.98m
Hence,the final transverse wind force on pier FT =
55.68KN
The location of the wind force from the top of RCC raft footing =
5.Water current force:Water pressure considered on square ended piers as per clause 210.2 of
IRC:6---2010 is
P = 52KV2 =
3.51 Kg/m2.
(where the value of 'K' is 1.5 for square ended piers)
Hence,the water current force =
0.07KN
Point of action of water current force from the top of RCC raft footing =
6.Tractive,braking effort of vehicles&frictional resistance of bearings:The breaking effect of vehicles shall be 20% of live load acting in longitudinal
direction at 1.2m above road surface as per the clause 211.2 of IRC:6--2010.
As no bearings are assumed in the present case,50% of the above longitudinal

force can be assumed to be transmitted to the supports of simply supported spans resting on
stiff foundation with no bearings as per clause 211.5.1.2 of IRC:6---2010
Hence,the longitudinal force due to braking,tractive or frictional resistance of

bearings transferred to pier is
101.72KN
The location of the tractive force from the top of RCC raft footing =
7.Buoyancy :As per clause 213.4 of IRC:6---2010,for abutments or piers of shallow depth,the
dead weight of the pier shall be reduced by wieght of equal volume of water upto HFL.
For the preliminary section assumed,the volume of pier section is
i)Volume of abutment section =
26.10Cum
ii)Volume of top footing =
7.34Cum
iii)Volume of 2nd footing =
9.78Cum
iv)Volume of 3rd footing =
12.23Cum
v)Volume of 4th footing =
0.00Cum
55.44Cum
Reduction in self wieght =
9.Siesmic force :-
554.36KN
As per clause 219.1.1(a) of IRC:6---2010 in all siesmic zones,the bridges and culverts of spans upto 10m need
not be designed for siesmic forces.As the span of the bridge is only 6.37m,it need not be designed for siesmic forces.
10.Water pressure force:The water pressure distribution on the pier is as given below:-
HFL 7.950m
4.65
BFL 3.30m
46.50kn/sqm
As the pier is subjected to water pressure force from both the sides simultaneously,the
net water pressure will be zero.Hence,
Total horizontal water pressure force =
0.00KN
The above pressure acts at height of H/3 =
0.00m
IV)Check for stresses for piers&footings:-
a)Load Envelope-I:-(The Canal is dry,with live load on span)


Vertical forces acting on the pier (P) composes of the following components
S.No
Type of load
Intensity in KN Eccentricty about xaxis(m)
1079.86KN
0.00
Self wieght of pier&footings
1330.47KN
0.000
Reaction due to live load with impact factor---(Wheel

loads)
1163.43KN
Upward wind load
-90.94
-0.215
0.00
3482.83
Horizontal forces acting/transferred on the pier (H) composes of the following components
S.No
Type of load
Wind load
55.68KN
x-Direction
101.72KN
y-Direction
Check for stresses:About x-axis:Breadth of 3rd footing b =
8.15m
3.00m
24.45 m2
Section modulus
about x-axis --Zx =
(1/6)bd2 =
12.23 m3
For M15 grade of concrete permissible compressive stress in direct compreession is 4N/mm 2
i.e, 4000KN/sqm
i.e, -2000KN/sqm
S.No
Type of load
(P)
arm
1
2
3
4
5

Upward wind load
S.No
1
2
3
4
5
Type of load
0.00
0.00
-0.215
0.00
101.72KN
6.82
(P)

Upward wind load
Stress at heel =
1079.86KN
1330.47KN
1163.43KN
-90.94KN
P/A(1+6e/d)+M/Z =
1079.86KN
1330.47KN
1163.43KN
-90.94KN
0.00
0.00
0.215
0.00
101.72KN
6.82
Hence safe.
Stress at toe =
P/A(1+6e/d)+M/Z =
Hence safe.
TOE
U/S
3000
D/S
HEEL
8150
D/S
HEEL
8150
About y-axis:Breadth of 3rd footing b =
3.00m
8.15m
24.45 m2
Section modulus about =

y-axis--Zy =
(1/6)bd2 =
33.21 m3
i.e, 4000KN/sqm
i.e, -2000KN/sqm
S.No
1
2
3
4
5
S.No
1
2
3
4
5
Type of load

Upward wind load
Wind load
Type of load

Upward wind load
Wind load

edge =
P/A(1+6e/d)+M/Z =
(P)
arm
1079.86KN
1330.47KN
1163.43KN
-90.94KN
0.00
0.00
0.000
0.00
55.68KN
5.98
(P)
arm
1079.86KN
1330.47KN
1163.43KN
-90.94KN
0.00
0.00
0.000
0.00
55.68KN
5.98
132.42 KN/Sqm>-2000KN/sqm.
Hence safe.
edge =
P/A(1+6e/d)+M/Z =
Hence safe.

Vertical load acting on the pier (P) composes of the following components
S.No
Type of load
1079.86KN
0.00
1037.07KN
0.000
1163.43KN
Upward wind load
-90.94
-0.215
0.00
Horizontal load acting/transferred on the pier (H) composes of the following components
S.No
Type of load
Wind load
55.68KN
x-Direction
101.72KN
y-Direction

Section modulus about
x-axis--Zx =
8.15m
2.40m
19.56 m2
(1/6)bd2 =
7.82 m3
i.e, 4000KN/sqm
i.e, -2000KN/sqm
S.No
Type of load

Upward wind load
1
2
3
4
5
S.No
1
2
3
4
5
(P)
arm
Type of load
0.00
0.00
-0.215
0.00
101.72KN
6.32
(P)

Upward wind load
Stress at heel =
1079.86KN
1037.07KN
1163.43KN
-90.94KN
P/A(1+6e/d)+M/Z =
1079.86KN
1037.07KN
1163.43KN
-90.94KN
0.00
0.00
0.215
0.00
101.72KN
6.32
Hence safe.
Stress at toe =
P/A(1+6e/d)+M/Z =
Hence safe.
TOE
2400
D/S
HEEL
U/S
TOE
U/S
2400
D/S
HEEL
8150

Section modulus about
y-axis--Zy =
2.40m
8.15m
19.56 m2
(1/6)bd2 =
26.57 m3
i.e, 4000KN/sqm
i.e, -2000KN/sqm
S.No
1
2
3
4
5
S.No
1
2
Type of load

Upward wind load
Wind load
Type of load

(P)
arm
1079.86KN
1037.07KN
1163.43KN
-90.94KN
0.00
0.00
0.000
0.00
55.68KN
5.48
(P)
arm
1079.86KN
1037.07KN
0.00
0.00
3
4
5

Upward wind load
Wind load

edge =
P/A(1+6e/d)+M/Z =
1163.43KN
-90.94KN
0.000
0.00
55.68KN
5.48
151.58 KN/Sqm>-2000KN/sqm.
Hence safe.

edge =
P/A(1+6e/d)+M/Z =
Hence safe.
i)On top of 2nd footing

S.No
Type of load
1079.86KN
0.00
802.35KN
0.000
1163.43KN
Upward wind load
-90.94
-0.215
0.00
S.No
Type of load
Wind load
55.68KN
x-Direction
101.72KN
y-Direction

8.15m
1.80m
14.67 m2
Section modulus
about x-axis--Zx =
(1/6)bd2 =
4.40 m3
i.e, 4000KN/sqm
i.e, -2000KN/sqm
S.No
1
2
3
4
5
Type of load

Upward wind load
S.No
1
2
3
4
5
Type of load

Upward wind load
Stress at heel =
P/A(1+6e/d)+M/Z =
(P)
arm
1079.86KN
802.35KN
1163.43KN
-90.94KN
0.00
0.00
-0.215
0.00
101.72KN
5.82
(P)
1079.86KN
802.35KN
1163.43KN
-90.94KN
0.00
0.00
0.215
0.00
101.72KN
5.82
Hence safe.
Stress at toe =
P/A(1+6e/d)+M/Z =
Hence safe.
U/S
TOE
1800
HEEL
D/S
8150
Section modulus
about y-axis--Zy =
1.80m
8.15m
14.67 m2
(1/6)bd2 =
19.93 m3
i.e, 4000KN/sqm
i.e, -2000KN/sqm
S.No
1
2
3
Type of load

(P)
arm
1079.86KN
802.35KN
1163.43KN
0.00
0.00
0.000
4
5
Upward wind load

Wind load
S.No
Type of load
1
2
3
4
5
0.00
55.68KN
4.98
(P)
arm

Upward wind load
Wind load

edge =
-90.94KN
P/A(1+6e/d)+M/Z =
1079.86KN
802.35KN
1163.43KN
-90.94KN
0.00
0.00
0.000
0.00
55.68KN
4.98
187.49 KN/Sqm>-2000KN/sqm.
Hence safe.
edge =
P/A(1+6e/d)+M/Z =
Hence safe.
i)On top of 1st footing
S.No
Type of load
1
2
3

Upward wind load

1079.86KN
626.31KN
1163.43KN
0.00
0.000
-0.215
-90.94
0.00
S.No
1
2
Type of load
Wind load
55.68KN
101.72KN
x-Direction
y-Direction
Check for stresses:About x-axis:Breadth of pier b =

Depth of pier d =
Area of the base = A =
8.15m
1.20m
9.78 m2
Section modulus of base of pier

about x-axis--Zx =
(1/6)bd2 =
1.96 m3
i.e, 4000KN/sqm
i.e, -2000KN/sqm
S.No
1
2
3
4
5
S.No
1
2
3
4
Type of load

Upward wind load
Type of load

Upward wind load
(P)
arm
1079.86KN
626.31KN
1163.43KN
-90.94KN
0.00
0.000
-0.215
0.00
101.72KN
5.32
(P)
1079.86KN
626.31KN
1163.43KN
-90.94KN
0.00
0.00
0.215
0.00
Stress at heel =
P/A(1+6e/d)+M/Z =
101.72KN
5.32
-120.42 KN/Sqm>-2000KN/sqm.
Hence safe.
Stress at toe =
P/A(1+6e/d)+M/Z =
Hence safe.
U/S
TOE
1200
D/S
HEEL
8150

Section modulus of base of pier
about y-axis--Zy =
1.20m
8.15m
9.78 m2
(1/6)bd2 =
13.28 m3
i.e, 4000KN/sqm
i.e, -2000KN/sqm
S.No
1
2
3
4
5
Type of load

Upward wind load
Wind load
S.No
1
2
3
4
5
(P)
arm
Type of load
0.00
0.00
0.000
0.00
55.68KN
4.48
(P)
arm

Upward wind load
Wind load

edge =
1079.86KN
626.31KN
1163.43KN
-90.94KN
P/A(1+6e/d)+M/Z =
1079.86KN
626.31KN
1163.43KN
-90.94KN
0.00
0.00
0.000
0.00
55.68KN
4.48
265.34 KN/Sqm>-2000KN/sqm.
Hence safe.
edge =
P/A(1+6e/d)+M/Z =
Hence safe.
b)Load Envelope-II:-(The Canal is full,no live load on span)
S.No
Type of load
1079.86KN
0.00
Self wieght of pier&cut waters
1330.47KN
-554.36KN
Net self weight
776.11KN
0.000
Upward wind force
-90.94KN
0.000
S.No
Type of load
Wind load
55.68KN
x-Direction
0.00KN
y-Direction
Water current force
0.07KN
x-Direction
0.00KN
y-Direction
Check for stresses:About x-axis:Breadth of bottom footing b =

about x-axis --Zx =
8.15m
3.00m
24.45 m2
(1/6)bd2 =
12.23 m3
i.e, 4000KN/sqm
i.e, -2000KN/sqm
S.No
Type of load

(P)
arm
1079.86KN
0.00
2
3
4
Net self wieght of pier&footings

Upward wind force
S.No
Type of load
1
2
3
4
0.00
0.00
0.00KN
0.00
(P)

Upward wind force
Stress at heel =
776.11KN
-90.94KN
P/A(1+6e/b)+M/Z =
1079.86KN
776.11KN
-90.94KN
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00KN
0.00
Hence safe.
Stress at toe =
P/A(1+6e/b)+M/Z =
Hence safe.
About y-axis:Breadth of bottom footing b =

about y-axis --Zy =
3.00m
8.15m
24.45 m2
(1/6)bd2 =
33.21 m3
i.e, 4000KN/sqm
i.e, -2000KN/sqm
S.No
Type of load
(P)
arm
1
2
3
4
5

Upward wind force
Wind load
Water current force
S.No
1
2
3
4
5
Type of load
0.00
0.00
0.00
55.68KN
0.07KN
5.98
2.70
(P)

Upward wind force
Wind load
Water current force

edge =
1079.86KN
776.11KN
-90.94KN
P/A(1+6e/d)+M/Z =
1079.86KN
776.11KN
-90.94KN
0.00
0.00
0.00
55.68KN
0.07KN
5.98
2.70
Hence safe.
edge =
P/A(1+6e/d)+M/Z =
Hence safe.

S.No
Type of load
1079.86KN
1037.07KN
0.00
-432.11KN
Net self weight
604.96KN
0.000
Upward wind force
-90.94KN
0.000
S.No
Type of load
Wind load
55.68KN
x-Direction
0.00KN
y-Direction
Water current force
0.07KN
x-Direction
0.00KN
y-Direction

about x-axis --Zx =
8.15m
2.40m
19.56 m2
(1/6)bd2 =
7.82 m3
i.e, 4000KN/sqm
i.e, -2000KN/sqm
S.No
1
2
3
4
Type of load

Upward wind force
(P)
arm
1079.86KN
604.96KN
-90.94KN
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00KN
-0.50
S.No
1
2
3
4
Type of load
(P)

Upward wind force
Stress at heel =
P/A(1+6e/d)+M/Z =
1079.86KN
604.96KN
-90.94KN
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00KN
-0.50
Hence safe.
Stress at toe =
P/A(1+6e/d)+M/Z =
Hence safe.

about y-axis --Zy =
2.40m
8.15m
19.56 m2
(1/6)bd2 =
26.57 m3
i.e, 4000KN/sqm
i.e, -2000KN/sqm
S.No
1
2
3
4
5
Type of load

Upward wind force
Wind load
Water current force
(P)
arm
1079.86KN
604.96KN
-90.94KN
0.00
0.00
0.00
55.68KN
0.07KN
5.48
2.20
S.No
1
2
3
4
5
Type of load
(P)

Upward wind force
Wind load
Water current force

edge =
1079.86KN
604.96KN
-90.94KN
0.00
0.00
0.00
55.68KN
0.07KN
5.48
2.20
P/A(1+6e/d)+M/Z =
70 KN/Sqm>-2000KN/sqm.
Hence safe.
edge =
P/A(1+6e/d)+M/Z =
Hence safe.
iii)On top of 2nd footing

S.No
Type of load
1079.86KN
0.00
802.35KN
-334.31KN
Net self weight
468.04KN
0.000
Upward wind force
-90.94KN
0.000
S.No
Type of load
Wind load
55.68KN
x-Direction
0.00KN
y-Direction
Water current force
0.07KN
x-Direction
0.00KN
y-Direction

about x-axis --Zx =
8.15m
1.80m
14.67 m2
(1/6)bd2 =
4.40 m3
i.e, 4000KN/sqm
i.e, -2000KN/sqm
S.No
1
2
3
4
S.No
1
2
3
Type of load

Upward wind force
Type of load

Upward wind force
(P)
arm
1079.86KN
468.04KN
-90.94KN
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00KN
-1.00
(P)
1079.86KN
468.04KN
-90.94KN
0.00
0.00
0.00

Stress at heel =
0.00KN
P/A(1+6e/d)+M/Z =
-1.00
Hence safe.
Stress at toe =
P/A(1+6e/d)+M/Z =
Hence safe.

about y-axis --Zy =
1.80m
8.15m
14.67 m2
(1/6)bd2 =
19.93 m3
i.e, 4000KN/sqm
i.e, -2000KN/sqm
S.No
1
2
3
4
5
S.No
Type of load

Upward wind force
Wind load
Water current force
Type of load
(P)
arm
1079.86KN
468.04KN
-90.94KN
0.00
0.00
0.00
55.68KN
0.07KN
4.98
1.70
(P)
1
2
3
4
5

Upward wind force
Wind load
Water current force

edge =
P/A(1+6e/d)+M/Z =
1079.86KN
468.04KN
-90.94KN
0.00
0.00
0.00
55.68KN
0.07KN
4.98
1.70
Hence safe.
edge =
P/A(1+6e/d)+M/Z =
Hence safe.
iii)On top of 1st footing
S.No
2
3
Type of load

Net self weight
Upward wind force

1079.86KN
802.35KN
-334.31KN
468.04KN
-90.94KN
0.00
0.000
0.000
S.No
1
2
3
4
Type of load
Wind load
Water current force
Check for stresses:-
55.68KN
0.00KN
0.07KN
0.00KN
x-Direction
y-Direction
x-Direction
y-Direction
About x-axis:Breadth of abutment b =

8.15m
1.20m
9.78 m2

about x-axis --Zx =
(1/6)bd2 =
1.96 m3
i.e, 4000KN/sqm
i.e, -2000KN/sqm
S.No
1
2
3
4
Type of load

Upward wind force
S.No
1
2
3
4
(P)
arm
Type of load
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00KN
-1.50
(P)

Upward wind force
Stress at heel =
1079.86KN
468.04KN
-90.94KN
P/A(1+6e/d)+M/Z =
1079.86KN
468.04KN
-90.94KN
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00KN
-1.50
148.98 KN/Sqm>-2000KN/sqm.
Hence safe.
Stress at toe =
P/A(1+6e/d)+M/Z =
Hence safe.
About y-axis:Breadth of pier b =

Depth of pier d =
1.20m
8.15m
9.78 m2

about y-axis --Zy =
(1/6)bd2 =
13.28 m3
i.e, 4000KN/sqm
i.e, -2000KN/sqm
S.No
1
2
3
4
5
S.No
1
2
3
4
5
Type of load
(P)
arm

Upward wind force
Wind load
Water current force
Type of load
P/A(1+6e/d)+M/Z =
Hence safe.
0.00
0.00
0.00
55.68KN
0.07KN
4.48
1.20
(P)

Upward wind force
Wind load
Water current force

edge =
1079.86KN
468.04KN
-90.94KN
1079.86KN
468.04KN
-90.94KN
0.00
0.00
0.00
55.68KN
0.07KN
4.48
1.20
130.19 KN/Sqm>-2000KN/sqm.
edge of pier =
P/A(1+6e/d)+M/Z =
Hence safe.
V)Check for stability of pier:a)Load Envelope-I:-(The Canal is dry,live load on span)

S.No
Type of load
1079.86KN
0.00
Self wieght of pier
626.31KN
0.000
Upward wind force
1163.43KN
-0.215
-90.94KN
0.000
2778.66KN
S.No
Type of load
Wind load
55.68KN
x-Direction
101.72KN
y-Direction
157.40KN
Check for stability against over turning:Taking moments of all the overturning forces about toe of the pier wrt x-axis,
Taking moments of all the restoring forces about toe of the pier wrt x-axis,,
Moment due to self weight of pier =
Moment due to dead load from super structure =
Moment due to upward wind force =
Moment due to live load reaction on pier =
Factor of safety =
2.61858085
> 2.0
Hence safe
Check for stability against sliding:Total vertical load acting on the base of the pier V b =
Total sliding force,ie,horizontal load on the pier H b =
14.1227255 > 1.5

Hence safe
b)Load Envelope-III:-(The Canal is full ,with live load on span)

S.No
Type of load
1079.86KN
Self wieght of pier
626.31KN
-261.00KN
0.00
Net self wieght
365.31KN
0.000
1017.21KN
-0.215
Upward wind force
-90.94KN
0.00
S.No
Type of load
Wind load
55.68KN
x-Direction
101.72KN
y-Direction
Force due to water pressure
0.00KN
y-Direction
Check for stability against over turning:Taking moments of all the overturning forces about toe of the pier wrt x-axis,

Taking moments of all the restoring forces about toe of the pier wrt x-axis,
Moment due to self weight of pier =
Moment due to live load reaction =
Moment due to dead load from super structure =
Factor of safety =
2.32599924
Check for stability against sliding:Total vertical load acting on the base of the pier V b =
Total sliding force,ie,horizontal load on the pier H b =

> 2.0
Hence safe
10.1578237 > 1.5

Hence safe
ings proposed
Moment
66.83
300.63
8.33
375.79
Moment
85.62
450.94
27.12
158.44
722.12
Moment
104.41
601.26
45.91
211.25
281.66
1244.49
Moment
123.2
751.57
64.7
264.06
352.08
440.1
1995.71
e designed for IRC
850
6.8t
6.8t
0
3.00
Moment
568.75KNm
1286.25KNm
1855.00KNm
Moment
1469.30KNm
1469.30KNm
2938.60KN
7387
Moment
45.00KNm
45.00KNm
121.88KNm
121.88KNm
184.38KNm
184.38KNm
133.13KNm
133.13KNm
968.75KNm
Moment
199.13KNm
331.88KNm
331.88KNm
199.13KNm
154.13KNm
256.88KNm
256.88KNm
154.13KNm
1884.00KN
Moment
47.60KNm
47.60KNm
28.39KNm
149.63KNm
149.63KNm
89.25KNm
246.53KNm
246.53KNm
349.13KNm
349.13KNm
1703.38KNm
Moment
395.98KNm
395.98KNm
395.98KNm
395.98KNm
327.58KNm
327.58KNm
327.58KNm
327.58KNm
49.20KNm
49.20KNm
2992.63KN
given below:-
modulus in transverse
or class AA tracked vehicles,
0.071875
ken as 25% of the
5.98m
2.70m
6.82m
erts of spans upto 10m need
esigned for siesmic forces.
Eccentricty about yaxis(m)

0.00
0.000
0.000
0.00
(m)
5.98
6.82
Stress at heel
P/A(1+6e/d)
44.17
54.42
27.12
-3.72
-56.75
65.24
Stress at toe
P/A(1+6e/d)
m>-2000KN/sqm.
m<4000KN/sqm
44.17
54.42
55.12
-3.72
56.75
206.74
Stress at upstream
edge
P/A(1+6e/d)
44.17
54.42
47.58
-3.72
-10.03
132.42
Stress at D/S edge

P/A(1+6e/d)
m>-2000KN/sqm.
44.17
54.42
47.58
-3.72
10.03
152.48
m<4000KN/sqm

0.00
0.000
0.000
0.00
(m)
5.48
6.32
Stress at heel
P/A(1+6e/d)
55.21
53.02
27.51
-4.65
-82.17
48.92
Stress at toe
P/A(1+6e/b)
m>-2000KN/sqm.
m<4000KN/sqm
55.21
53.02
91.45
-4.65
82.17
277.2
Stress at upstream
edge
P/A(1+6e/d)
55.21
53.02
59.48
-4.65
-11.48
151.58
Stress at D/S edge

P/A(1+6e/d)
55.21
53.02
59.48
-4.65
11.48
174.54
m>-2000KN/sqm.
m<4000KN/sqm

0.00
0.000
0.000
0.00
components
(m)
4.98
5.82
Stress at heel
P/A(1+6e/d)
73.61
54.69
22.47
-6.2
-134.52
10.05
Stress at toe
P/A(1+6e/d)
m>-2000KN/sqm.
73.61
54.69
136.14
-6.2
134.52
392.76
m<4000KN/sqm
Stress at upstream
edge
P/A(1+6e/d)
73.61
54.69
79.31
-6.2
-13.92
187.49
Stress at D/S edge

P/A(1+6e/d)
73.61
54.69
79.31
-6.2
13.92
215.33
m>-2000KN/sqm.
m<4000KN/sqm

0.00
0.000
0.000
0.00
(m)
4.48
5.32
Stress at heel
P/A(1+6e/d)
110.42
64.04
-8.92
-9.3
-276.66
-120.42
Stress at toe
P/A(1+6e/d)
110.42
64.04
246.84
-9.3
276.66
688.66
m>-2000KN/sqm.
m<4000KN/sqm
U/S
Stress at upstream
edge
P/A(1+6e/d)
110.42
64.04
118.96
-9.3
-18.78
265.34
Stress at D/S edge

P/A(1+6e/d)
m>-2000KN/sqm.
m<4000KN/sqm
110.42
64.04
118.96
-9.3
18.78
302.9

0.00
0.000
0.000
(m)
5.98
0.00
2.70
0.00
Stress at heel
P/A(1+6e/d)
44.17
31.74
-3.72
0.0
72.19
Stress at toe
P/A(1+6e/d)
44.17
31.74
-3.72
0.0
72.19
m>-2000KN/sqm.
m<4000KN/sqm
Stress at U/S Edge

P/A(1+6e/d)
44.17
31.74
-3.72
-10.03
0.0
62.15
Stress at D/S edge

P/A(1+6e/d)
44.17
31.74
-3.72
10.03
0.0
82.23
m>-2000KN/sqm.
m<4000KN/sqm

0.00
0.000
0.000
(m)
5.48
0.00
2.20
-0.50
Stress at heel
P/A(1+6e/d)
55.21
30.93
-4.65
0.0
81.49
Stress at toe
P/A(1+6e/d)
55.21
30.93
-4.65
0.0
81.49
m>-2000KN/sqm.
m<4000KN/sqm
Stress at U/S Edge

P/A(1+6e/d)
55.21
30.93
-4.65
-11.48
0.0
70
Stress at D/S edge

P/A(1+6e/d)
55.21
30.93
-4.65
11.48
0.0
92.98
m>-2000KN/sqm.
m<4000KN/sqm

0.00
0.000
0.000
(m)
4.98
0.00
1.70
-1.00
Stress at heel
P/A(1+6e/d)
73.61
31.9
-6.2
0.0
99.31
Stress at toe
P/A(1+6e/d)
73.61
31.9
-6.2
0.0
99.31
m>-2000KN/sqm.
m<4000KN/sqm
Stress at U/S Edge

P/A(1+6e/d)
73.61
31.9
-6.2
-13.92
0.0
85.38
Stress at D/S edge

P/A(1+6e/d)
73.61
31.9
-6.2
13.92
0.0
113.24
m>-2000KN/sqm.
m<4000KN/sqm

0.00
0.000
0.000
(m)
4.48
0.00
1.20
-1.50
Stress at heel
P/A(1+6e/d)
110.42
47.86
-9.3
0.0
148.98
Stress at toe
P/A(1+6e/d)
m>-2000KN/sqm.
m<4000KN/sqm
110.42
47.86
-9.3
0.0
148.98
Stress at U/S Edge

P/A(1+6e/d)
110.42
47.86
-9.3
-18.78
0.0
130.19
Stress at D/S edge

P/A(1+6e/d)
m>-2000KN/sqm.
110.42
47.86
-9.3
18.78
0.0
167.77
m<4000KN/sqm

0.00
0.000
0.000
0.00
(m)
4.48
5.32
541.16Kn-m
541.16Kn-m
375.79Kn-m
647.92Kn-m
-54.56Kn-m
447.92Kn-m
1417.06Kn-m
of IRC:78-2000)
2778.66KN
157.40KN
0.80
of IRC:78-2000)

0.00
0.000
0.000
0.00
(m)
4.48
5.32
-1.50
541.16Kn-m
541.16Kn-m
219.19Kn-m
391.63Kn-m
647.92Kn-m
1258.73Kn-m
of IRC:78-2000)
1291.58KN
101.72KN
0.80
of IRC:78-2000)
DESIGN OF CANTILEVER WING WALL

Data:Height of Retaining wall(h) =
Height of wall above G.L=
Height of wall below G.L=
Density of back fill soil&material in toe portion(y) =
Grade of concrete =
Grade of steel =
Ground water Table level =
Angle of shearing resistance of back fill material&material at toe portion(Q) =
Angle of face of wall supporting earth with horizontal(a)(In degrees)
(in clock wise direction)
Slope of back fill(b) =
Angle of wall friction (q) =
Undrained Cohesion ( c) =
Safe bearing capacity(SBC) =
Surcharge over the back fill(s) =
(Assumed)
Characteristic compressive strength =
Tensile strength of steel =
Unit weight of RCC =
Unit weight of PCC =
Coefficient of active earth pressure by Coulomb's theory

Ka =
Sin(a+Q)
sina
Sin(a+Q) =
Sin(a-q) =
Sina =
Sin(Q+q) =
Sin(Q-b) =
Sin(a+b) =
sin(a-q)
SIN[3.14*(88+30)/180] =
SIN[3.14*(87.55-15)/180] =
SIN[3.14*(87.55)/180] =
SIN[3.14*(30+15)/180] =
SIN[3.14*(30-0)/180] =
SIN[3.14*(87.55+0)/180] =

Ka =
0.32
Dimensions of the Cantilever wall(Assumed for preliminary design):Thickness of base slab =
sin(Q+q)sin(Q-b)
sin(a+b)
0.887
0.954
0.999
0.707
0.5
0.999
Width of the heel slab =

Thickness of stem at bottom =
Thickness of stem at top =
Length of the toe =
4.20m
C
1.00m
2.00m
Earth pressure at top including surcharge = K ays =
Earth pressure at bottom including surcharge = K ay(s+h) =
Pressure distribution is as shown below:345.6
4.20m
2764.8
345.6

1451.52
5806.08
7257.6

S.No
1
2
Description
Area
Lever arm
Moment
Rectangular
Triangular
1451.52
5806.08
2.1
1.4
3048.19
8128.51
7257.60
11176.7
1.54m
0.20
17.68
4.200m
1.54m
87.32
0.40m
0.07
Total earth pressure acting on the wall per 1m length P =
7257.60Kg
Horizontal component of the earth pressure P h =
Vertical component of the earth pressure P v =

Total earth pressure =
It acts at a hieght of
from the base
Stability calculations:Load(Kg)
Weight of the rectangular portion of stem =
2100.00Kg
1050.00Kg
Wieght of base slab =
3000.00Kg
Wieght of soil on heel including surcharge =
14688.00Kg
Vertical component of earth pressure =
2203.06Kg
23041.06Kg
Note:-Weight of soil on the toe is neglected on the assumption that,it is scoured.

Horizontal earth pressure force =
Lever arm x =
6915.15
M=
1.27m
V
Eccentricuty e = b/2-x =
Maximum stress =
P/A(1+6e/b) =
Minimum stress =
P/A(1-6e/b) =
0.23m
<b/6
Hence there is no uplift
11213.31 < SBC
Hence safe
4147.39
Coefficient of friction between soil and footing u =

Factor of safety against sliding =(uFxW)/Ph =
0.5
1.67 >1.5 Hence,the structure is safe
Moment of overturning force,ie,Horizontal component of earth pressure about toe 'C' =

Moment of restoring forces about toe 'C' =
Factor of safety against overturning =
3.74 >2.0 Hence safe.
Design of heel:Length of heel =
1.60m
Downward load intensity due to self weight of base slab =
3000.00Kg/m
Downward load intensity due to soil including surcharge =
14688.00Kg/m
TOTAL
The upward pressure distribution below the base slab is as given below:F
17688.00Kg/m
4147.39Kg/sqm
11213.31
1.00m
0.40m
1.60m
The upward pressure intensity at point 'F' is
8858.00Kg/sqm
The upward pressure intensity at point 'G' is
7915.88Kg/sqm
Total upward pressure force on heel portion due to soil reaction =
9650.62Kg/m
The distance of centroid of upward soil reaction from 'G' is =
0.72m
The distance of centroid of downward load intensity from 'G' is =
0.80m
Resultant moment =
7233.85Kg-m/m
Factored bending moment Mu =
Effective depth required d =

Over all depth provided =
10850.78Kgm
Mu/0.138fckb =
400.00mm
Effective depth provided(Assuming 50mm cover) d =

Mu/bd2 =
177.35mm
342.00mm
0.928
From table 2 of SP 16,percentage of steel required =

Area of steel required =
0.276
943.92sqmm
Hence provide 12mm dia HYSD bars@ 110mm c/c spacing

Hence Ast provided =
1027.64sqmm
Check for shear:The critical section for beam shear is at distance of 'd' from the face of the support
Hence,the factored design shear force V Fd =
120.56KN
at a distance 'd' from the face of the support
Nominal shear stress Tv =
0.35N/sqmm <2.8 N/sqmm

(As per Table 20 of 1S 456)
Hence,the section is safe from shear point of view
Assumed percentage area of the steel reinforcement =
0.30%
The design shear strength of concrete for the above steel percentage from
Table 19 of IS 456 is
0.39
0.39>0.35
Hence,the depth provided is safe from beam shear point of view
Hence,no shear reinforcement is required.
Provide temperature re inforcement @ 0.15%
Area required =
600.00sqmm
Taking 10mm dia HYSD bars,the spacing comes to 150mm

Hence provide 10mm dia bars @ 150mm c/c
Design of wall or stem:Factored bending moment Mu =

15974.00Kgm
Mu/0.138fckb =
400.00mm

Mu/bd2 =
215.18mm
342.00mm
1.366

0.407
1391.94sqmm

1607.68sqmm
103.73KN

0.47%
0.466
0.466>0.3
Area required =
450.00sqmm
Provide 1/3rd of above reinforcement on earthen side =
150.00sqmm
Provide 8mm dia @ 200mm c/c on earthen side

Provide 2/3rd of above reinforcement on other side =
300.00sqmm
Provide 8mm dia @ 150mm c/c on other side

Provide 10mm bars at 300mm c/c vertically on the outer face to support horizontal rods
Design of Toe:-
Length of toe =
1.00m
Downward load intensity due to self weight =

3000.00Kg/m
0.00Kg/m
TOTAL
3000.00Kg/m
G
4147.39Kg/sqm
11213.31
1.00m
0.40m
1.60m
8858.00Kg/sqm
The upward pressure intensity at end of toe is
11213.31Kg/sqm
10035.66Kg/m
The distance of centroid of upward soil reaction from 'F' is =
0.52m
0.50m
Resultant moment =
3714.10Kg-m/m

5571.16Kgm
Mu/0.138fckb =
400.00mm

Mu/bd2 =
127.08mm
342.00mm
0.476
0.14
Min.percentage of steel as per IS 456 =
0.15
513.00sqmm

753.60sqmm
105.53KN

0.22%
0.339
0.339>0.32
Area required =
600.00sqmm
Taking 10mm dia HYSD bars,the spacing comes to 150mm

Hence,provide 10mm dia bars @ 150mm c/c
WALL
4.20m
4.20m
0.00m
1800Kg/Cum
M20
Fe415
30
87.32
0
15
0Kg/sqm
11000Kg/sqm
0.60m
25N/sqmm
415N/sqmm
2500Kg/Cum
2400Kg/Cum
0.40m
2.00m
0.40m
0.20m
1.00m
345.6Kg/sqm
2764.8Kg/sqm
6915.15Kg
2203.06Kg
0.13m
7257.6Kg/m
1.54m
Lever arm about C
Moment(Kg-m)
1.10
2310.00
1.27
1330.00
1.500
4500.00
2.00
29376.00
1.07
2357.27
39873.27
1.54m
here is no uplift
nce,the structure is safe

10649.33Kgm
39873.27Kgm
-10649.33
29223.94
o support horizontal rods
167.4666666667
334.9333333333
287.0857142857
DESIGN OF CANTILEVER RETAINING WALL

Data:Height of Retaining wall(h) =
Height of wall above G.L=
Height of wall below G.L=
Density of back fill soil&material in toe portion(y) =
Grade of concrete =
Grade of steel =
Ground water Table level =
Angle of shearing resistance of back fill material&material at toe portion(Q) =
Angle of face of wall supporting earth with horizontal(a)(In degrees)
(in clock wise direction)
Slope of back fill(b) =
Angle of wall friction (q) =
Undrained Cohesion ( c) =
Safe bearing capacity(SBC) =
Surcharge over the back fill(s) =
(Assumed)
Characteristic compressive strength =
Tensile strength of steel =
Unit weight of RCC =
Unit weight of PCC =
Coefficient of active earth pressure by Coulomb's theory

Ka =
Sin(a+Q)
sina
Sin(a+Q) =
Sin(a-q) =
Sina =
Sin(Q+q) =
Sin(Q-b) =
Sin(a+b) =
sin(a-q)
SIN[3.14*(87.44+30)/180] =
SIN[3.14*(87.44-15)/180] =
SIN[3.14*(87.44)/180] =
SIN[3.14*(30+15)/180] =
SIN[3.14*(30-0)/180] =
SIN[3.14*(87.44+0)/180] =

Ka =
0.32
Dimensions of the Cantilever wall(Assumed for preliminary design):Thickness of base slab =

Width of the heel slab =
Thickness of stem at bottom =
Thickness of stem at top =
sin(Q+q)sin(Q-b)
sin(a+b)
0.888
0.953
0.999
0.707
0.5
0.999
Length of the toe =
4.39m
C
1.20m
2.50m
Earth pressure at top including surcharge = K ays =
Earth pressure at bottom including surcharge = K ay(s+h) =
Pressure distribution is as shown below:345.6
4.39m
2874.2
345.6

1517.18
6308.96
7826.14

S.No
1
2
Description
Area
Lever arm
Moment
Rectangular
Triangular
1517.18
6308.96
2.195
1.4633333333
3330.21
9232.11
7826.14
12562.3
1.61m
0.20
17.56
4.390m
1.61m
87.44
0.40m
0.07
Total earth pressure acting on the wall per 1m length P =
7826.14Kg
Horizontal component of the earth pressure P h =
Vertical component of the earth pressure P v =

Total earth pressure =
It acts at a hieght of
from the base
Stability calculations:Load(Kg)
2195.00Kg
1097.50Kg
Wieght of base slab =
3700.00Kg
Wieght of soil on heel including surcharge =
19760.40Kg
Vertical component of earth pressure =
2360.02Kg
29112.92Kg
Note:-Weight of soil on the toe is neglected on the assumption that,it is scoured.

Horizontal earth pressure force =
7461.82
Lever arm x =
M=
1.74m
V
Eccentricuty e = b/2-x =
0.11m
Maximum stress =
P/A(1+6e/b) =
Minimum stress =
P/A(1-6e/b) =
<b/6
Hence there is no uplift
9271.9 < 1.5*SBC
6464.81
Coefficient of friction between soil and footing u =
0.5
Factor of safety against sliding =(uFxW)/Ph =
1.95 >1.5 Hence,the structure is safe
Moment of overturning force,ie,Horizontal component of earth pressure about toe 'C' =

Moment of restoring forces about toe 'C' =
Factor of safety against overturning =
5.24 >2.0 Hence safe.
Design of heel:Length of heel =
2.10m
Downward load intensity due to self weight of base slab =
3700.00Kg/m
19760.40Kg/m
TOTAL
23460.40Kg/m
G
6464.81Kg/sqm
9271.9
1.20m
0.40m
2.10m
8361.49Kg/sqm
The upward pressure intensity at point 'G' is
8058.02Kg/sqm
15248.97Kg/m
The distance of centroid of upward soil reaction from 'G' is =
1.01m
1.05m
Resultant moment =
9207.50Kg-m/m
13811.26Kgm
Mu/0.138fckb =
223.70mm
400.00mm

Mu/bd2 =
342.00mm
1.181
0.57
1949.40sqmm

2009.60sqmm
123.17KN

0.59%
0.51
0.51>0.36
Area required =
600.00sqmm
Taking 12mm dia HYSD bars,the spacing comes to
130.95mm
Hence provide 10mm dia bars @ 125mm c/c
Design of wall or stem:Factored bending moment Mu =

17966.30Kgm
Mu/0.138fckb =
400.00mm

Mu/bd2 =
255.14mm
342.00mm
1.536

0.477
1631.34sqmm

1747.48sqmm
111.93KN

0.51%
0.483
0.483>0.33
Area required =
450.00sqmm
Provide 1/3rd of above reinforcement on earthen side =
150.00sqmm
Provide 8mm dia @ 200mm c/c on earthen side

Provide 2/3rd of above reinforcement on other side =
300.00sqmm
Provide 8mm dia @ 150mm c/c on other side

Provide 10mm bars at 300mm c/c vertically on the outer face to support horizontal rods
Design of Toe:Length of toe =
1.20m
Downward load intensity due to self weight =

3700.00Kg/m
0.00Kg/m
TOTAL
3700.00Kg/m
G
6464.81Kg/sqm
9271.9
1.20m
0.40m
2.10m
8361.49Kg/sqm
The upward pressure intensity at end of toe is
9271.90Kg/sqm
10580.03Kg/m
The distance of centroid of upward soil reaction from 'F' is =
0.61m
0.60m
Resultant moment =
4237.27Kg-m/m

6355.90Kgm
Mu/0.138fckb =
151.75mm
400.00mm

Mu/bd2 =
342.00mm
0.543
0.158
Min.percentage of steel as per IS 456 =
0.15
540.36sqmm

753.60sqmm
103.20KN

0.22%
0.336
0.339>0.30
Area required =
600.00sqmm
Taking 10mm dia HYSD bars,the spacing comes to

Hence,provide 10mm dia bars @ 125mm c/c
130.95mm
NG WALL
4.39m
4.39m
0.00m
1800Kg/Cum
M20
Fe415
30
87.44
0
15
1600Kg/sqm
6500Kg/sqm
0.60m
20N/sqmm
415N/sqmm
2500Kg/Cum
2400Kg/Cum
0.40m
2.50m
0.40m
0.20m
1.20m
345.6Kg/sqm
2874.2Kg/sqm
7461.82Kg
2360.02Kg
0.13m
7826.1Kg/m
1.61m
Lever arm about C
Moment(Kg-m)
1.30
2853.50
1.47
1609.67
1.850
6845.00
2.45
48412.98
1.27
2997.23
62718.38
1.61m
-11977.53
50740.85
here is no uplift
Hence safe
nce,the structure is safe

11977.53Kgm
62718.38Kgm
o support horizontal rods
167.4666666667
334.9333333333
287.0857142857
DESIGN OF RAFT FOR SKEW BRIDGE

Name of the work:-Construction of High Level Bridge at 1/2Km on the R/F BN Road to Chelisingam
The plan of the raft and position of abutments& piers is as shown below:-
38892
6084
6800
4128
9506
5600
7387
Length of the Raft:-
38.892m
Width of the Raft:-
8.75m
Total load on the Raft:Dead Load:Wt.of Deck slab =
4028.00Kn
Wt.of wearing coat =
559.45Kn
Wt.of dirt wall over abutments =
150.78Kn
Wt.of bed blocks over piers =
195.60Kn
Weight of kerb =
237.95Kn
Weight of hand rails(verticals) =
232.40Kn
54.15Kn
Weight of hand rails(horizontals) =

Wt.of abutments
Footing-I =
Footing-II =
Footing-III =
Footing-IV =
Wt.of abutments =
586.80Kn
645.48Kn
704.16Kn
0.00Kn
1941.52Kn
Wt.of piers
Footing-I =
Footing-II =
Footing-III =
Footing-IV =
Wt.of piers =
704.16Kn
938.88Kn
1173.60Kn
0.00Kn
2505.24Kn
Total
Dead load stress =
43.07Kn/Sqm
Live Load:Taking two lanes of IRC Class-A loading

Wheel width in the direction of movement =0.2+0.2+0.25/2 = 0.625m
14658.17Kn
2.7
2.7
1.1
11.4
3.2
11.4
1.2
6.8
4.3
6.8
3.0
6.8
3.0
6.8
3.0
14.467
0.625
38.892m
Centre of gravity of loading from 1st 2.7t load =

=
Centre of gravity from the end of raft =
8.72m
9.345m
Eccentricity =
10.101m
Stress due to live load = 2xP(1+6e/b)

(Taking two lanes)
A
Max.stress =
25.29Kn/Sqm
Min.stress =
-18.91Kn/Sqm
Total stress due to dead load and live load

Max.Stress =
68.36Kn/Sqm
Min.Stress =
24.16Kn/Sqm
Assuming the depth of raft as 60cm

Stress due to self weight of raft =
15.00Kn/Sqm
Stress due to wieght of base concrete =

Hence,the Max.stress on the soil =
4.80Kn/Sqm
88.16Kn/Sqm
Which is less than 11t/sqm(Soil testing report)

Hence safe.
Net Max.upward pressure acting on Raft =
68.36Kn/Sqm
Net Min.upward pressure acting on Raft =
24.16Kn/Sqm
The design stress =
46.26Kn/Sqm
Hence,the UDL/m width on the raft =
46.26Kn/m
Design of Raft:The raft will be analysed as a continuous beam of 1m width with the loading
as shown below:-
3.65
5.60
6.80
6.80
6.80
UDL of 46.26Kn/m
After analysis the bending moment diagram on TENSION SIDE side is enclosed:
From the above BMD,it can be inferred that,
Max.bending moment at supports =
308.15KNm
Max.bending moment in span =
118.00KNm
Design Negative bending moment Mu =
462.23KNm
Design Positive bending moment Mu =
177.00KNm

Mu/0.138fckb =
366.03mm
600.00mm
542.00mm
Bottom steel at end supports:Mu/bd2 =
1.573

0.474
2569.08sqmm
Hence provide 20mm dia HYSD bars(Cranks)@ 200mm c/c spacing as per drawing
along with 16mm dia HYSD bars extra@ 200mm c/c
Hence Ast provided at bottom =
Bottom steel at intermediate supports:-
2574.80sqmm
Mu/bd2 =
0.982

0.291
1577.22sqmm
Hence provide 20mm dia HYSD bars(Cranks)@ 200mm c/c spacing as per drawing
Hence Ast provided at bottom =
1570.00sqmm
Top steel:Mu/bd2 =
0.603

0.175
948.50sqmm
Hence provide 20mm dia HYSD bars@ 200mm c/c spacing as per drawing
Hence Ast provided at top =
1570.00sqmm
Provide distribution reinforcement of 0.15% both at top and bottom

Area =
900.00sqmm
Adopting 12mm dia bars,the spacing required is =
174.44mm
Hence provide 10mm dia bars @ 150mm c/c spacing at top& bottom as distribution steel
Hence distribution steel provided =
1046.67sqmm
Effective depth = 300-50-6 =
0.244m
Clear span between abutments = 3.00-2x(0.125+2x(0.15)) =
2.150m
Effective span = 2.15+0.244/2 =
2.27m
For continuous slab,clear span will be the effective span,effective span =

The raft is proposed to be designed for the Max.stress of 5.47t/sqm
Assuming 1m width of raft,the UDL on the raft is
88.160t/Sqm
The raft is treated as simply supported beam with over hangs

Hence,the Max.positive moment = wl2/8 =
Max.Negative moment for over hangs = wl12/2 =
56.89t-m
3.97t-m
Max.negative moment =
3.970t-m
Max.positive moment =
56.890t-m
Hence,the design moment =
56.890t-m
Depth required = 3.53x105

7.7x100
85.955289
Hence provide overall depth of 30cm,the effective depth available is

300-50-6 =
24.4
Area of steel required = 3.53x105

at centre
2000x0.916x24.4
127.27sqcm
Spacing of 12mm dia bars required = 1.13x100/7.9 =
14.303797468
However provide 12mm bars at 125mm c/c at centre
Area of steel required = 0.25x105

for over hangs
2000x0.916x24.4
8.88sqcm
Spacing of 12mm dia bars required = 1.13x100/0.56 =
201.78571429
However provide 12mm bars at 250mm c/c

Provide distribution reinforcement of 0.12% both at top and bottom
Area =
3.60sqcm
Adopting 10mm dia bars,the spacing required is = 0.785x100/3.6 =
21.8055556
Hence provide 10mm dia bars @ 175mm c/c spacing
The details of Reinforcement is as shown below:-
12mm bars@ 125 c/c(Curtail 50% of cranks at the centre of abutment
3.00m
12mm bars@250mm c/c
8750
5600
61.26
5.60
3.65
2.27m
1.1304
1.1304
0.785
12mm bars@250mm c/c
Hydraulic design
Hydraulic Particulars:1.Maximum Flood Level
7.950m
2.Ordinary Flood level

3.Lowest Bed level
5.620
4.Average bed slope

(1 in 15000)
0.000067
5.Rugosity Coefficient(n)
(As per table 5 of IRC:SP 13)
0.033
6.Vertical clearence proposed

(As per clause 15.5 of IRC:SP 13&as per profile)
0.450
6.Bottom of deck proposed

(MFL+Vertical clearence)
8.555
7.Road Crest level

(Bottom of deck level+thickness of deck slab)
9.280
8.Width of carriage way
5.500
Discharge Calculations:1)Area Velocity method:a)At the proposed bridge site:Maximum Flood level
Slope
Rugosity Coefficient
S.No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
7.950m
0.000067
0.033
Chainage R.L
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40.0
45.0
51.7
55.0
60.0
Depth of
flow
(m)
9.96
9.95
9.930
8.580
7.850
7.560
7.660
7.530
6.790
6.710
9.770
9.800
9.820
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.10
0.39
0.29
0.42
1.16
1.24
0.00
0.00
0.00
Average
depth of
flow
(m)
Distance
(m)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.05
0.25
0.34
0.36
0.79
1.20
0.62
0.00
0.00
0.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
6.70
3.30
5.00
Area
(Sqm)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.25
1.23
1.70
1.78
3.95
6.00
4.15
0.00
0.00
19.05
Hydraulic Radius
R=
Total area/Wetted perimeter =
Velocity V =
1/nX(R2/3XS1/2)
Discharge Q =
AXV
0.45
0.15m/sec
2.86Cumecs
b)At 400m downstream of proposed bridge site(As per IRC SP-13):Maximum Flood level
Slope
S.No
7.550m
0.00007
0.033
Chainage R.L
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Depth of
flow
(m)
9.64
9.63
9.610
8.260
7.530
7.240
7.060
6.870
6.470
6.390
9.450
9.480
9.500
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40.0
45.0
53.0
55.0
60.0
Average
depth of
flow
(m)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.31
0.49
0.68
1.08
1.16
0.00
0.00
0.00
Hydraulic Radius
R=
Velocity V =
1/nX(R2/3XS1/2)
Discharge Q =
AXV
Distance
(m)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.17
0.40
0.59
0.88
1.12
0.58
0.00
0.00
Area
(Sqm)
0.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
8.00
2.00
5.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.05
0.82
2.00
2.93
4.40
5.60
4.64
0.00
0.00
20.44
0.48
0.15m/sec
3.07Cumecs
c)At 400m Upstream of proposed bridge site(As per IRC SP-13):Maximum Flood level
Slope
S.No
1
2
8.350m
0.00007
0.033
Chainage R.L
0
5
Depth of
flow
(m)
10.28
10.27
0.00
0.00
Average
depth of
flow
(m)
Distance
(m)
0.00
0.00
0.00
5.00
Area
(Sqm)
0.00
0.00
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
10.250
8.900
8.170
7.880
7.980
7.850
7.680
7.680
10.090
10.120
10.140
10
15
20
25
30
35
40.0
45.0
53.0
54.0
60.0
0.00
0.00
0.18
0.47
0.37
0.50
0.67
0.67
0.00
0.00
0.00
Hydraulic Radius
R=
Velocity V =
1/nX(R2/3XS1/2)
Discharge Q =
AXV
0.00
0.00
0.09
0.33
0.42
0.44
0.59
0.67
0.34
0.00
0.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
8.00
1.00
6.00
0.00
0.00
0.45
1.63
2.10
2.18
2.93
3.35
2.68
0.00
0.00
15.31
0.36
0.13m/sec
1.99Cumecs
Design Discharge =
72.330Cumecs
Design Velocity =
0.15m/sec
Afflux Calculations(H.F.L Condition):Un obstructed linear water way =
L=
Total water way provided = l =
41.70m
30.00m
Design discharge Q =
72.33Cumecs
Linear water way L =
30.00m
Depth of down stream water Dd =
0.70m
Width of the channel at HFL =
41.70m
Case(a) Assume that afflux is less than 1.4Dd:Using Orifice formula for calculation of discharge
Q = Co X (2g)1/2 X L X Dd X [h+(1+e)u2/2g]1/2
In the present case,
l/L =
0.72
Corresponding to this value the coefficient Co from IRC SP:13--2004 =

Corresponding to this value the coefficient e from IRC SP:13--2004 =
Hence
0.8081038 =
h+
0.0968399592 u2 ------------- (1)
0.865
0.9
At just upstream of the bridge

Q = W X (Dd + h) X u
1.7345324 =
u=
(0.70+h) X u
1.7345323741 ----------------(2)
(0.70+h)
Substituting,the above value in eq (1)

'2
0.8081038 =
h+ 0.096840
Solving by trial and error method,assume h =
1.73453
(0.70+h)
0.30m
0.808104 = 1.193933716
assume h =
Not satisfied
0.057m
0.808104 = 0.8076853719
Hence afflux h =
0.057m
Velocity u =
2.291m/sec
Case(b) Assume that afflux is more than 1.4Dd:Applying Broad crested wier formula,
Q = 1.706 CW LH3/2
As per clause 15.2 of IRC SP:13-2004,the value of CW for narrow bridge opening with or without floor =
Hence H =
1.31m
H = Du + u2/2g Du
Du =
1.31m
Again applying Q = Du x W x u
u=
1.324m/sec
Du = H - u2/2g
Hence, Du =
1.221
Hence afflux h = Du - Dd =
0.521
From the above calculations,it is inferred that afflux is less than 1/4 th Dd
and hence afflux to be adopted is from the Orifice formula,which is equal to
Ventway Calculations(H.F.L Condition):-
0.057m
Assuming the stream to be truly alluvial,the regime width is equal to linear waterway required for the drain.
Hence,as per Lacey's silt theory,the regime width W = 4.8Q 1/2 = 4.8*72.330.5 =
40.82m
But the actual top width is much less than the above regime width.Hence,the stream is no truly alluvial in nature.
It is quasi-alluvial.As per IRC:SP--13,the ventway calculations for quasi-alluvial streams are as given below:-
Assuming afflux =
x =
Width of channel at H.F.L(b+h) =
Effective span =
Effective linear water way =
di =
Depth of flow =
0.20m
41.70m
7.32m
36.60m
2.33m
Head due to velocity of approach =
(Vmax2/2g)X[di/(di+x)]2
0.001m
Combined head due to Velocity of approach and

afflux (0.15+0.06)
hi =
0.201m
Velocity through vents
0.90X(2ghi)1/2 =
Vv =
Linear water way required
LWW = Qd/(VvXdi) =
No.of vents required =
LWW /LC
1.79m/sec
17.37m
2.3729508197
Say---3 Vent
In quasi-alluvial streams,the actual width of the stream should not be reduced,as it results in enhanced scour
depth and expensive training works.
Hence No.of vents required as per the width of the stream at H.F.L=
5.6967213115
No.of vents to be provided
5Nos
No.of piers =
4Nos
Scour Depth Calculations:As per the clause 101.1.2 of IRC:5--1985,the design discharge should be increased by 30% to ensure adequate
margin of safety for foundations and protection works
Hence,the discharge for design of foundations =
1.30XDesign Discharge =
Lacey's Silt factor ' f ' = 1.76Xm1/2(Due to pebbles&boulders in the bed) =

Discharge per metre width of foundations = q =
Normal scour depth D = 1.34(q2/f)1/3 =
Maximum scour depth Dm = 1.5XD =
(For design of abutment foundations,as per clause 110.1.4.2 of IRC:5--1985)
Depth of foundation = Dm + Max.of 1.2m or 1/3 Dm =
Bottom level of foundation =

Depth of foundation below low bed level =
The Minimum Safe Bearing capacity of the soil is considered as 11 KN/m2 at a depth of 2.00m below LBL
Hence open foundation in the form of raft foundation is proposed at a depth of 2.90m below LBL
,ie,at a level of
As the foundations are proposed below the Max.scour level,bed protection is not needed from scour depth
considerations.But,the velocity through vents is more than 2m/s.Hence,it is advisable to provide flexible apron
to protect against excessive scouring action.
Design of LAUNCHING/FLEXIBLE APRONS:Size of stones as per clause 5.3.7.2 of IRC 89-1985
Diametre (d) = (Vmax/4.893)2 =
0.13m
0.30m
Say
Weight of each stone considering the specific gravity of stone as 2.65

Weight of stone =4/3x x(d/2)3 x 2.65 x 1000 =
Say
37.48Kg
40Kg
Weight of each stone shall not be less than 40 Kg.
Dimensions of apron as per clause 5.3.5.2 of IRC 89-1985

( T ) = 0.06 x (Qdf)1/3 =
Thickness of apron at inner edge(near raft) = 1.5 x T =
Say
Thickness of apron at outer edge = 2.25 x T =
Say
0.275
0.413m
0.60m
0.619m
0.90m
Hence provide a thickness of 0.60m at near end and 0.9m at the outer end
Width of Launching Apron on U/S Side:The launching aprons are designed to reach a level of 1.50 times the normal scour depth
1.5 x D =
Bottom level of apron after launching = HFL-1.5 X D =
3.450m
4.50m
Depth below top of the raft =
-0.60m
The apron should launch in a slope of 1V : 2H as per clause 5.3.7.6 of IRC 89

Hence the width of launching apron at U/S =
-1.20m
As per the clause 6.4.2(vi),of IRC SP:82-2008,minimum width =
4.0m
Width of Launching Apron on D/S Side:The launching aprons are designed to reach a level of 2.00 times the normal scour depth
2.0 x D =
4.600m
Bottom level of apron after launching = HFL-2 X D =
3.35m
Depth below top of the raft =
0.55m
The apron should launch in a slope of 1V : 2H as per clause 5.3.7.6 of IRC 89

Hence the width of launching apron at D/S =
As per the clause 6.4.2(vi),of IRC SP:82-2008,minimum width =
1.10m
6.0m
Design of Protection works:Afflux =
0.057m
di =
Depth of flow =
#VALUE!
Head due to velocity of approach =
(Vmax2/2g)X[di/(di+x)]2
#VALUE!
Combined head due to Velocity of approach and

afflux
hi =
#VALUE!
Velocity through vents
0.90X(2ghi)1/2 =
#VALUE!
LWW = Qd/(VvXdi) =
#VALUE!
Vv =
Linear water way required

Area available for flow at H.F.L =
1.99sqm
As per the clause 6.4.2(i),of IRC SP:82-2008,the post construction velocity under the structure should not exceed
2 m/s and the intensity of discharge is limited to 3m3/m except in the case of properly designed raft foundation with adequate
protective works.
Hence Vlim. =
2.00m/sec
Discharge,that can be passed over the causeway safely =
3.98Cumecs
Hence O.K
As per the clause 5.1.3(iv),of IRC SP:82-2008 for the beds consisting of boulders upto 200mm size,the permissible
velocity through vents is 2.5m/s and for beds containing larger sized boulders or rocky strata permissible velocity is 6m/s.
As the bed of the proposed stream is rocky strata,increased velocity of 2.68m/sec is allowed through vents without
rigid floor protection.Hence rigid floor protection is not proposed.
However,suitably designed flexible aprons with cut-off walls are proposed on both upstream and down stream sides to
protect against the probable eddies formed due to uneven spacing of vents along the causeway.
Design of cut-off walls/Toe walls:-
Though,it is sufficient to take the D/S side cut-off upto 1.27 times the normal scour depth as per
caluse 703.2.3.2 of IRC 78-1983 considering that the reach is straight.
1.27XNormal scour depth from HFL =
2.92m
Depth of bottom of Cut-off wall from HFL =
2.92m
Bottom level of cut-off wall =
#VALUE!
Depth of bottom of D/S side Cut-off wall from LBL
#VALUE!
As per the clause 6.4.2(v),of IRC SP:82-2008,the minimum depth of cut-off wall on U/S side is 2.0m below bed
level and 2.5m below bed level on D/S side.
Depth of bottom of D/S side Cut-off wall from LBL
2.50m
Depth of bottom of U/S side Cut-off wall from LBL
2.00m
As rigid floooring is not being proposed,there is no need to provide cut-off walls.But toe walls are proposed to a depth
of 0.90m to protect the flexible apron.
Design of LAUNCHING/FLEXIBLE APRONS:Size of stones as per clause 5.3.7.2 of IRC 89-1985
Diametre (d) = (Vmax/4.893)2 =
0.81m
0.30m
Say
Weight of each stone considering the specific gravity of stone as 2.65

Weight of stone =4/3x x(d/2)3 x 2.65 x 1000 =
Say
37.48Kg
40Kg
Weight of each stone shall not be less than 40 Kg.
Dimensions of apron as per clause 5.3.5.2 of IRC 89-1985

( T ) = 0.06 x (Qdf)1/3 =
Thickness of apron at inner edge(near raft) = 1.5 x T =
0.275
0.413m
Scour Depth Calculations:As per the clause 101.1.2 of IRC:5--1985,the design discharge should be increased by 30% to ensure adequate
margin of safety for foundations and protection works
Hence,the discharge for design of foundations =
1.30XDesign Discharge =
(1.3*16.95)
Lacey's Silt factor ' f ' = 1.76Xm1/2(Due to pebbles&boulders in the bed) =

Discharge per metre width of foundations = q =
(22.54/8.00)
Normal scour depth D = 1.34(q2/f)1/3 =
[1.34*(2.818^2/1.0)0.33]
Maximum scour depth Dm = 1.5XD =
(For design of abutment foundations,as per clause 110.1.4.2 of IRC:5--1985)
(1.5*2.66)
Depth of foundation = Dm + Max.of 1.2m or 1/3 Dm =
(3.99+1.2)
Bottom level of foundation = (9.23-5.19)
Depth of foundation below low bed level = [6.54-4.75)] =
The Minimum Safe Bearing capacity of the soil is considered as 15 KN/m2 at a depth of 1.50m below LBL
Hence open foundation in the form of raft is proposed at a depth of 1.80m below LBL,ie,at a level of
Though, cut-off walls and aprons are not required from scour depth point of view,down stream side apron with
cut-off wall is advisable due to check dam located on upstream side.
Wetted
perimeter
(m)
0.00
0.00
0.00
5.18
5.05
5.01
5.00
5.00
5.05
5.00
7.37
0.00
0.00
42.66
Wetted
perimeter
(m)
0.00
0.00
0.00
5.18
5.05
5.01
5.00
5.00
5.05
5.00
7.37
0.00
0.00
42.66
Wetted
perimeter
(m)
0.00
0.00
0.00
5.18
5.05
5.01
5.00
5.00
5.05
5.00
7.37
0.00
0.00
42.66
0.94
alluvial in nature.
hanced scour
ensure adequate
96.20Cumecs
2.00
3.207
2.30m
3.45m
xible apron
4.65m
3.30m
2.32m
+3.280m
<30.00m
hould not exceed

ion with adequate
>96.20
size,the permissible
locity is 6m/s.
ough vents without
down stream sides to
.0m below bed
e proposed to a depth
ensure adequate
96.20Cumecs
1.80
#DIV/0!
apron with
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!

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DESIGN OF SKEW BRIDGE

Name of the work:-Construction of High Level Bridge on the R/F

Design of Abutments for skew bridge

Deck slab length

Width of the carriage way

Thickness of deck slab as per MOST Dg.BD 12-74

Thickness of wearing coat

Height of hand rail(Vertical)

Sectional area of hand rail (vertical)

No.of hand rails per span(Verticals)

Length of hand rail(Horizontal)

Sectional area of hand rail (Horizontal)

No.of hand rails per span(Horizontal)

Thickness of dirt wall

Sectional area of dirt wall

Sectional area of kerb

Top width of abutments

Bottom width of abutments

Sectional area of abutment section

Bank side batter of abutment

Stream side batter of abutment

Width of 1st footing

Thickness of 1st footing

Canal side offset of 1st footing wrt abutment

Bank side offset of 1st footing wrt abutment

Width of 2nd footing

Thickness of 2nd footing

Canal side offset of 2nd footing wrt abutment

Bank side offset of 2nd footing wrt abutment

Width of 3rd footing

Thickness of 3rd footing

Canal side offset of 3rd footing wrt abutment

Bank side offset of 3rd footing wrt abutment

(As per hydralic calculations)

Thickness of VRCC raft footing

Offset of top footing along width

Offset of 2nd footing along width

Offset of 3rd footing along width

Unit weight of RCC (yrc)

Unit weight of PCC (ypc)

Density of back fill soil behind abutments (y)

Unit weight of water (yw)

Angle of shearing resistance of back fill material(Q)

Angle of face of wall supporting earth with horizontal(In

Slope of back fill (b)

Angle of wall friction (q)

Height of surcharge considered (h3)

Road crest level (RTL)

Low bed level (LBL)

High flood Level (HFL)

Compressive strength of concrete for RCC Strip footing

Yield strength of steel (fy)

III)Loading on the slab culvert for design of abutments:1.Dead Load:-

i)Self wieght of the deck slab =

ii)Self wieght of dirtwall over abutment =

iii)Self weight of wearing coat =

iv)Self weight of kerb =

v)Self weight of hand rails(verticals) =

vi)Self weight of hand rails(horizontals) =

v)Self wieght of top footing =

vi)Self wieght of 2nd footing =

vii)Self wieght of 3rd footing =

viii)Self wieght of 4th footing =