Voltage Stability Analysis of IEEE 30 Bus System

Introduction
Voltage stability is the ability of a power system to maintain steady acceptable voltages at all
buses in the system under normal operating conditions and after being subjected to a
disturbance. A system enters a state of voltage instability when a disturbance, increase in load
demand, or change in system condition causes a progressive and uncontrollable drop in
voltage or voltage collapse. The continuing increase in demand for electric power has
resulted in an increasingly complex interconnected system, forced to operate closer to the
limits of the stability. This has necessitated the implementation of techniques for analysing
and detecting voltage collapse in bus bar or lines prior to its occurrence. The analysis can be
done based on the power flow equation in power system. Based on the power flow equation,
simulation will be done using matlab. In the simulation all the factors that causes voltage
instability can be implemented when analysing the simulation of voltage stability. The
analysis will be done based on IEEE 30 bus system (figure 1.0). As you can see in the figure
the bus 10 and bus 24 has capacitor banks injecting reactive power to support the system. The
analysis will be conducted in four parts which are part 1 and part 3 with the capacitor banks
of bus 10 and bus 24 supporting the system and in the part 2 and part 4 without the capacitor
banks. This is done to get more information as how important the capacitor banks for the
system. For the analysis in part 1 and part 2, it will be done by choosing few buses from the
30 bus system and the reactive power (Q) of each bus will be increased by 20% until it
reaches the 400%. Then the readings of the voltage magnitude (V) of the bus and the nearest
bus connected to it will be tabulated and graph will be plotted. For the part 3 and part 4 all the
selected 5 bus reactive power (Q) was increased simultaneously, then the changes to the
voltage magnitude (V) of the 5 buses and the buses connected to these 5 buses will be

tabulated and graphed. Based on this readings we can analysis the systems resistance to
voltage instability, its capacity limit, the changes in the voltage magnitude of the bus and the
effect on other nearest buses connected to it.

Figure 1.0

Aim
To identify the effect of increased in reactive power Q (MVAr) on the buses voltage
magnitude (V).

Method of analysis
Newton raphson method using matlab programming
-

Selected 5 buses from IEEE 30 bus system, the buses are selected based on active
power P>15 MW. The 5 buses to be analysed are Bus 2, 5, 7, 8 and 21.

Example:- From figure 1.0 you can see that bus 5 is connected to bus 7 and bus 2. The
analysis will be done by increasing the Q on bus 5. After increasing it till 400% the data will
be tabulated and graph will be plotted. The data we going to analysis are, the increase in Q,
the changes on the voltage magnitude of bus 5 and the changes on the voltage magnitude of
bus connected to bus 5 which are bus 2 and bus 7. This how the analysis will be done for both
part 1 and part 2, whereby the only changes in the part 2 analysis is there will be no injected
reactive power (capacitor banks) on the system.

Analysis Result

Bus 2
Part 1 with reactive power injection

QV of Bus 2
70.00
60.00
50.00
40.00
Q (MVAr)

30.00
20.00
10.00
0.00
1.01

1.02

1.02

1.03

1.03

1.04

1.04

1.05

Vol. Mag.

QV Comparison
70.00
60.00
50.00
40.00
Vol. Mag.

30.00
20.00
10.00
0.00
0.97

0.98

0.99

1.01

1.02

1.03

1.04

1.05

Bus 2 Q (MVAr)
Vol. Mag. Bus 2

Vol. Mag. Bus 4

Vol. Mag. Bus 5

Vol. Mag. Bus 6

Bus 2 is a generating bus on the 30 bus system. This generating bus are usually very stable
and does not prone to any voltage instability. The initial reactive power load at bus 2 was 12.7
MVAr and it was increased by 400% till it reaches 63.5 MVAr. The voltage magnitude does
not being affected much as its drops 1.043 V to 1.013 V. It doesnt go close to voltage
instability. The buses connected to bus 2 are bus 4, 5 and 6. Due to stable voltage at bus 2
these buses are also not being affected much.

Part 2 without reactive power injection

QV of Bus 2
70
60
50
40
Q (MVAr)

30
20
10
0
1.01

1.02

1.02

1.03

1.03

1.04

vol. mag.

QV Comparison
70
60
50
40
Bus 2 Q (MVAr)

30
20
10
0
0.96

0.97

0.98

0.99

1.01

1.02

1.03

1.04

vol. mag.
Vol. Mag. Bus 2

Vol. Mag. Bus 4

Vol. Mag. Bus 5

Vol. Mag. Bus 6

Vol. Mag. Bus 10

Vol. Mag. Bus 24

As you can see there is a significant drop in the voltage magnitude of all the analysed bus
without the reactive power injection. But bus 2 still able to operate at a stable condition. If
this condition continuous for long hours there might be some damage on the generator of bus
2 as its operates at higher load and produces more heat.

Bus 5
Part 1 with reactive power injection

QV of bus 5
100
80
60
Q (MVAr)

40
20
0
0.95

0.96

0.97

0.98

0.99

1.01

1.02

vol. mag.

QV Comparison
100
80
60
Bus 5 Q (MVAr)

40
20
0
0.95 0.96 0.97 0.98 0.99

1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05

Vol. Mag.
Vol. Mag. Bus 5

Vol. Mag. Bus 2

Vol. Mag. Bus 7

Bus 5 reactive power load was increased from 19 MVAr to 95 MVAr. The voltage magnitude
drop is 1.01 to 0.96 V. After the increase of 160% of reactive power which is 49.4 MVAr the
voltage magnitude of bus 5 does not drop. This is due to the synchronous condenser
connected to bus 5. Synchronous condenser is a device that can inject and absorb reactive
power based on the situation of the system. The bus connected to bus 5 are bus 2 and 7. There
is no significant drop in the voltage of bus 2 whereby in the bus 7 there was a drop but it
become constant after the bus 5 voltage magnitude become constant.

Part 2 without reactive power injection

QV of bus 5
100
80
60
Q (MVAr)

40
20
0
0.96

0.96

0.97

0.97

0.98

0.98

0.99

0.99

1.03

1.04

vol. mag.

QV Comparison
100
80
60
Bus 5 Q (MVAr)

40
20
0
0.95

0.96

0.97

0.98

0.99

1.01

1.02

vol. mag.
Vol. Mag. Bus 5

Vol. Mag. Bus 2

Vol. Mag. Bus 10

Vol. Mag. Bus 24

Vol. Mag. Bus 7

Due to bus 10 and bus 24 does not have any direct connection and its from the bus 5, it does
not give any noticeable changes on the reading as they are almost the same.

Bus 7
Part 1 with reactive power injection

QV OF BUS 7
60
50
40
Q (MVAr)

30
20
10
0
0.93

0.94

0.95

0.96

0.97

0.98

0.99

1.01

1.01

1.02

Vol. Mag.

QV Comparison
60
50
40
Bus 7 Q(MVAr)

30
20
10
0
0.93

0.94

0.95

0.96

0.97

0.98

0.99

Vol. Mag.
Vol. Mag. Bus 7

Vol. Mag. Bus 5

Vol. Mag. Bus 6

Bus 7 reactive power load was increased from 10.9 MVAr to 54.5 MVAr. The voltage drop
was 1.002V to 0.937V. Bus 7 collapse at the Q of 47.96 MVAr. Bus 7 unable to withstand the
reactive power load above 47.96 MVAr. The bus connected to bus 7 are bus 5 and 6. There is
significant voltage drop on both buses but in the bus 5 it doesnt drop below 0.96V as the
synchronous condenser support the bus 5 whereas on the bus 6 it doesnt drop too drastically.

Part 2 without reactive power injection

QV OF BUS 7
60
50
40
Q (MVAr)

30
20
10
0
0.93

0.94

0.95

0.96

0.97

0.98

0.99

vol. mag.

QV Comparison
60
50
40
Bus7 Q (MVAr)

30
20
10
0
0.93

0.94

0.95

0.96

0.97

0.98

0.99

1.01

vol. mag.
Vol. Mag. Bus 7

Vol. Mag. Bus 5

Vol. Mag. Bus 10

Vol. Mag. Bus 24

Vol. Mag. Bus 6

Bus 7 voltage magnitude drop further as it fails earlier than the part 1 analysis. There is
significant changes on all the buses voltage drop except for bus 5 as it become constant at
0.96 V. The removal of reactive power injection has major impact on the bus 7.

Bus 8
Part 1 with reactive power injection

QV OF BUS 8
160
140
120
100
Q (MVAr)

80
60
40
20
0
0.95

0.96

0.97

0.98

0.99

1.01

1.02

vol. mag.

QV Comparison
200
150
Bus8 Q (MVAr)

100
50
0
0.95

0.96

0.97

0.98

0.99

1.01

1.02

vol. mag.
Vol. Mag. Bus 8

Vol. Mag. Bus 6

Vol. Mag. Bus 28

Bus 8 reactive power was increased from 30 MVAr to 150 MVAr. The voltage drop is 1.01 to
0.96 V. Bus 8 is connected to a synchronous condenser as like the bus 5. After its reaches
0.96 V the voltage becomes constant. The bus connected to bus 8 are bus 6 and bus 28. There
is no significant voltage drop on the buses.

Part 2 without reactive power injection

QV OF BUS 8
160
140
120
100
Q (MVAr)

80
60
40
20
0
0.96

0.96

0.97

0.97

0.98

0.98

0.99

0.99

1.01

vol. mag.

QV Comparison
160
140
120
100
Bus 8 Q (MVAr)

80
60
40
20
0
0.96

0.96

0.97

0.97

0.98

0.98

0.99

0.99

vol. mag.
Vol. Mag. Bus 8

Vol. Mag. Bus 6

Vol. Mag. Bus 10

Vol. Mag. Bus 24

Vol. Mag. Bus 28

There are significant drop on all the bus voltage analysed but after bus 8 voltage magnitude
reaches 0.96V all other bus voltages becomes constant.

Bus 21
Part 1 with reactive power injection

QV of Bus 21
60.00
50.00
40.00
Q (MVAr)

30.00
20.00
10.00
0.00
0.9

0.92

0.94

0.96

0.98

1.02

1.04

vol. mag.

QV Comparison
60.00
50.00
40.00
Bus 21 Q (MVAr)

30.00
20.00
10.00
0.00
0.9

0.92

0.94

0.96

0.98

1.02

1.04

1.06

vol. mag.
Vol. Mag. Bus 21

Vol. Mag. Bus 22

Vol. Mag. Bus 10

Bus 21 reactive power was increased from 11.2 MVAr to 56 MVAr. The voltage magnitude
drop was from 1.025 to 0.915 V. The increase in reactive power has a severe impact on the
bus 21 as drops way below the collapse level. Bus 21 collapse at the load of 44.81 MVAr. The
bus connected to bus 21 are bus 10 and 22. Bus 22 collapse as well in the process. As you can
see the graph the voltage drop in the bus 21 and 22 almost equal. Bus 10 reaches the voltage

collapse limit, if there is further increase on the reactive power load, bus 10 will collapse as
well.

Part 2 without reactive power injection

QV of Bus 21
60.00
50.00
40.00
Q (MVAr)

30.00
20.00
10.00
0.00
0.86

0.88

0.9

0.92

0.94

0.96

0.98

vol. mag.

QV Comparison
60.00
50.00
40.00
Bus 21 Q (MVAr)

30.00
20.00
10.00
0.00
0.86

0.88

0.9

0.92

0.94

0.96

0.98

1.02

vol. mag.
Vol. Mag. Bus 21

Vol. Mag. Bus 22

Vol. Mag. Bus 10

Vol. Mag. Bus 24

The removal of reactive power injection on the system has a major impact on bus 21. Since
the bus 21 is connected directly to bus 10 and bus 24 connection also close to it, the drop in
the voltage was vast as it drop below 0.9 mark. All the bus connected to bus 21 collapses.
This condition will have big impact on the whole system.

Part 3 all buses with reactive power injection

Vol. mag. (V) vs Q'%' increase

1.06

1.04

1.02

0.98
vol. mag. (V)
0.96

0.94

0.92

0.9

0.88

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

Above graph shows the comparison of all the buses analysed. Here the reactive power increased
until 200% only compare to the 400% increase in part 1 and part 2. Since all the 5 buses reactive
power (Q) were increased simultaneously it will give more impact on the system, thus the increase
of reactive power were lowered to 200%. In this case, as you can see bus 6 and bus 21 were the
only buses collapsed were bus 6 collapse at reactive were increased more than 100% and bus 21 at
180%. Overall, the increase in reactive power of a bus not only affects its own bus, but affects all
the buses connected nearby to it.

200

Part 4 all buses without reactive power injection

Vol. mag. (V) vs Q'%' increase

1.05

vol. mag. (V)

0.95

Bus 4
Bus 5
BUS 6

0.9

BUS 7
BUS 8
BUS 10
BUS 21
BUS 22
BUS 24
BUS 28

0.85

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

In this case the capacitor banks were removed, thus the system is more vulnerable to
instability. Here more buses were collapsed. The impact were was severe to the bus
connected nearby to the capacitor banks. As you can see bus 10 and bus 24 collapsed with
low percentage of increase in the reactive of all the buses.

200

Conclusion
Reactive power is inversely proportional to the voltage magnitude of a bus. Increase on
reactive power load on a bus stresses the particular bus and causes the voltage to drop, if
these condition continues the particular bus will collapse. This can be overcome by
connecting synchronous condenser to the bus as you can see on the bus 5 and bus 8.
Capacitor banks on a system has a major impact on the systems stability. As we removed the
capacitor banks for the part 2 analysis the system had two major failures. The constant
injection of reactive power gives the system a stable flow of power. In part 3, we can
conclude that increase in reactive power of more than one bus can have major impact on the
whole power system. The increase in the reactive power on a particular bus affects all the
nearest bus connected to the particular affected bus. As for the part 4, removing of the
capacitor banks made the system weaker. The system become unstable for small increase of
reactive power of all the buses. In this analysis, we can conclude that major increase in
reactive power will have severe impact the bus connected to the load and may stresses the
whole system.