Lecture 4 - Mech 351 Statics & Dynamics of Rigid Bodies

Engr. Rejie C. Magnaye

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DYNAMICS
- The branch of mechanics that deals with bodies in motion
BRANCHES OF DYNAMICS
KINEMATICS
- The geometry of motion. This term is used to define the motion of a
particle or body without consideration of the forces causing the
motion. It is essentially a treatment of the relations between
displacement; velocity and acceleration.
KINETICS
- The branch of mechanics that relates the force acting on the body
to its mass and acceleration.
NEWTONS LAW OF MOTION
1 A body at rest will remain to be at rest or in motion will remain in
motion along a straight path unless acted upon by an unbalanced
force.
2 A particle acted upon by an unbalanced force system has an
acceleration in line with and directly proportional to the resultant of
the force system and inversely proportional to its mass.
a=

kF
M

or F= Ma

3 In every action, there is always an equal and opposite reaction.

KINEMATICS
MOTION OF BODIES
I
Translation
- The motion of a rigid body in which a straight line passing through
any two of its particle always remain to be parallel to its initial
position.
II
-

Rotation
The motion of rigid body in which the particles move in circular
paths with their centers on a fixed straight line called the axis of
rotation.

III
Plane Motion
- The motion of rigid body in which all particles in the body remain at
a constant distance from the fixed reference plane.
TRANSLATION:
Elements:
S = distance

v = velocity

Lecture 4 - Mech 351 Statics & Dynamics of Rigid Bodies

Engr. Rejie C. Magnaye

g = acceleration due to gravity

= 9.81 m/s2 = 32.2 ft/s2
A = acceleration

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Vo = initial velocity
t = time

RECTILINEAR TRANSLATION
Uniform Motion ( constant acceleration )
s=vt
Variable Acceleration
ds=vdt
dv=adt
vdv=ads
where a maybe a function of velocity v, time t, or distance s, and v maybe
a function of time t or distance s.
Constant Acceleration
Free Falling Body (Vo=o, s=h)
V= Vo + at
v=gt
S= Vot + at2
h= gt2
V2= Vo2 + 2as
v2=2gh
FREE FALLING BODIES
Rectilinear Motion with Variable Acceleration
dV
a= dT

dS
v= dT

ads = vdv

CASE I. The displacement is in terms of the time.

S = f(t); solve for v & a
PROBLEM. Determine the velocity and acceleration of a body after 3 sec. If
the motion is defined by the relation S= 5t + 4t3
dS
dV
v= dT
a= dT
v=5 + 12t2
=5 + 12(3)2
v=113 ft/s

=0 + 24t
=24(3)
a=72 ft/sec2

CASE II. The acceleration is expressed in terms of the time.

a=f(t); solve for the v & s
dV
a= dT
; dv=adt

Lecture 4 - Mech 351 Statics & Dynamics of Rigid Bodies

Engr. Rejie C. Magnaye
v

dV
vo

adT

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ds=vdT

dS
so

vdT

PROBLEM. Determine the velocity and displacement of body after 2 sec if

ft
the motion is defined by the relation; a=2t. a ( sec 2 ) & t(sec) if it is
known that s= 4ft and v=2 ft/s when t=1 sec.
ANS: 5 ft/sec

CASE III. The velocity is in terms of time.

V=f(t); solve for a & s
a= dv/dt
s

dS =
so

vdT

PROBLEM. The velocity of an automobile starting from rest is given by

90 t
ds/dt= (t+ 10) (ft/sec). Determine the acceleration after an interval of 10
sec (ft/sec2).
ANS: 2.25 ft/sec2

FREELY FALLING BODIES

1. A stone is thrown vertically into the air from a tower 30 m high @ the
same instant that the second stone is thrown upward from the ground;
vs=20 m/s, vs2=30 m/s ; when & where will the stones be at the same level
or height from the ground?
S1-S2=30
S2= Vot + gt2
= 30t (9.81) t2
S2=30t 4.905 t2
S1= Vot - gt2

Lecture 4 - Mech 351 Statics & Dynamics of Rigid Bodies

Engr. Rejie C. Magnaye

Page

= 20t 4.905 t2
S1-S2=30
(30t 4.905 t2) - (20t 4.905 t2) =30
10t=30
t=3 sec
S2= Vo(3) - 4.905(3)2
S2= 45.86 m
2. A man standing @ window 5m tall watches a falling stone pass by the
window in 0.3 sec. From how high above the top of the window way the
stone released?
S2= Vot + gt2
5= Vo(0.3) + (9.81)(0.3)2
Vo=15.20 m/s
S = 5m
t=0.3s

V2=2gh
15.202=2(9.81)h
h=11.77 m
The Centripetal Force and Direction Change

Any object moving in a circle (or along a circular path) experiences a

centripetal force. That is, there is some physical force pushing or pulling
the object towards the center of the circle. This is the centripetal force
requirement. The word centripetal is merely an adjective used to describe
the direction of the force. We are not introducing a new type of force but
rather describing the direction of the net force acting upon the object that
moves in the circle. Whatever the object, if it moves in a circle, there is
some force acting upon it to cause it to deviate from its straight-line path,
accelerate inwards and move along a circular path. Three such examples
of centripetal force are shown below.

As a car makes a turn,

the force of friction
acting upon the turned
wheels
of the car
provides
centripetal
force
required
for
circular motion.

As a bucket of water is
tied to a string and spun
in a circle, the tension
force acting upon the
bucket
provides
the
centripetal force required
for circular motion.

As the moon orbits

the
Earth,
the
force of gravity
acting upon the
moon provides the
centripetal
force
required
for

Lecture 4 - Mech 351 Statics & Dynamics of Rigid Bodies

Engr. Rejie C. Magnaye

Page

circular motion.
There are three mathematical quantities that will be of primary interest to
us as we analyze the motion of objects in circles. These three quantities
are speed, acceleration and force. The speed of an object moving in a
circle is given by the following equation.

The acceleration of an object moving in a circle can be determined by

either two of the following equations.

The equation on the right (above) is derived from the equation on the left
by the substitution of the expression for speed.
The net force (Fnet) acting upon an object moving in circular motion is
directed inwards. While there may by more than one force acting upon the
object, the vector sum of all of them should add up to the net force. In
general, the inward force is larger than the outward force (if any) such
that the outward force cancels and the unbalanced force is in the direction
of the center of the circle. The net force is related to the acceleration of
the object (as is always the case) and is thus given by the following three
equations:

The equations in the middle (above) and on the right (above) are derived
from the equation on the left by the substitution of the expressions for
acceleration.
Sample Problem #1
A 900-kg car moving at 10 m/s takes a turn around a circle with a radius of
25.0 m. Determine the acceleration and the net force acting upon the car.
The solution of this problem begins with the identification of the known
and requested information.
Known Information:
R = 25.0 m
m = 900 kg
v = 10.0 m/s
Requested Information:

Lecture 4 - Mech 351 Statics & Dynamics of Rigid Bodies

Engr. Rejie C. Magnaye

a = ????

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Fnet = ????

To determine the acceleration of the car, use the equation a = v 2 / R. The

solution is as follows:
a = v2 / R
a = (10.0 m/s)2 / (25.0 m)
a = (100 m2/s2) / (25.0 m)
a = 4 m/s2
To determine the net force acting upon the car, use the equation F net =
ma. The solution is as follows.
Fnet = m a
Fnet = (900 kg) (4 m/s2)
Fnet = 3600 N
Sample Problem #2
A 95-kg halfback makes a turn on the football field. The halfback sweeps
out a path that is a portion of a circle with a radius of 12-meters. The
halfback makes a quarter of a turn around the circle in 2.1 seconds.
Determine the speed, acceleration and net force acting upon the halfback.
The solution of this problem begins with the identification of the known
and requested information.
Known Information:
Requested Information:
m = 95.0 kg
v = ????
R = 12.0 m
a = ????
Traveled
1/4-th
of
the Fnet = ????
circumference in 2.1 s

To determine the speed of the halfback, use the equation v = d / t where

the d is one-fourth of the circumference and the time is 2.1 s. The solution
is as follows:
v=d/t
v = (0.25 2 pi R) / t
v = (0.25 2 3.14 12.0 m) / (2.1 s)
v = 8.97 m/s
To determine the acceleration of the halfback, use the equation a = v 2 / R.
The solution is as follows:
a = v2 / R
a = (8.97 m/s)2 / (12.0 m)
a = (80.5 m2/s2) / (12.0 m)
a = 6.71 m/s2
To determine the net force acting upon the halfback, use the equation F net
= ma. The solution is as follows.
Fnet = m*a
Fnet = (95.0 kg)*(6.71 m/s2)
Fnet = 637 N
Exercises:
1. A Lincoln Continental and a Yugo are making a turn. The Lincoln is four
times more massive than the Yugo. If they make the turn at the same
speed, then how do the centripetal forces acting upon the two cars
compare. Explain.
2. The Cajun Cliffhanger at Great America is a ride in which occupants line
the perimeter of a cylinder and spin in a circle at a high rate of turning.
When the cylinder begins spinning very rapidly, the floor is removed from
under the riders' feet. What affect does a doubling in speed have upon the
centripetal force? Explain.
3. Determine the centripetal force acting upon a 40-kg child who makes
10 revolutions around the Cliffhanger in 29.3 seconds. The radius of the
barrel is 2.90 meters.
WORK AND ENERGY
When a force acts upon an object to cause a displacement of the object, it
is said that work was done upon the object. There are three key
ingredients to work - force, displacement, and cause. In order for a force
to qualify as having done work on an object, there must be a displacement
and the force must cause the displacement. There are several good
examples of work that can be observed in everyday life - a horse pulling a
plow through the field, a father pushing a grocery cart down the aisle of a
grocery store, a freshman lifting a backpack full of books upon her

shoulder, a weightlifter lifting a barbell above his head, an Olympian

launching the shot-put, etc. In each case described here there is a force
exerted upon an object to cause that object to be displaced.
Read the following five statements and determine whether or not they
represent examples of work.
Statement

Answer with
Explanation

A teacher applies a force to a wall and becomes

exhausted.

A book falls off a table and free falls to the ground.

A waiter carries a tray full of meals above his head by

one arm straight across the room at constant speed.
A rocket accelerates through space.

Mathematically, work can be expressed by

the following equation.

where F is the force, d is the displacement,

and the angle (theta) is defined as the
angle
between
the
force
and
the
displacement vector. The angle measure is
defined as the angle between the force and
the displacement. To gather an idea of it's meaning, consider the following
three scenarios.
Units of Work
Whenever a new quantity is introduced in physics, the standard
metric units associated with that quantity are discussed. In the case of
work (and also energy), the standard metric unit is the Joule (abbreviated
J). One Joule is equivalent to one Newton of force causing a displacement
of one meter. In other words,
The Joule is the unit of work.
1 Joule = 1 Newton * 1 meter
1J=1N*m

In fact, any unit of force times any unit of displacement is equivalent

to a unit of work. Some nonstandard units for work are shown below.
Notice that when analyzed, each set of units is equivalent to a force unit
times a displacement unit.

Example Problem.
1. Apply the work equation to determine the amount of work done by the
applied force in each of the three situations described below.

2. Ben Travlun carries a 200-N suitcase up three flights of stairs (a height

of 10.0 m) and then pushes it with a horizontal force of 50.0 N at a
constant speed of 0.5 m/s for a horizontal distance of 35.0 meters. How
much work does Ben do on his suitcase during this entire motion?

3. A force of 50 N acts on the block at the angle shown in the diagram.

The block moves a horizontal distance of 3.0 m. How much work is done
by the applied force?

4. How much work is done by an applied force to lift a 15-Newton block

3.0 meters vertically at a constant speed?

Potential energy is the stored energy of position possessed by an

object.

Gravitational Potential Energy

Gravitational potential energy is the energy stored in an object as
the result of its vertical position or height. The energy is stored as the
result of the gravitational attraction of the Earth for the object. The
gravitational potential energy of the massive ball of a demolition machine
is dependent on two variables - the mass of the ball and the height to
which it is raised. There is a direct relation between gravitational potential
energy and the mass of an object. More massive objects have greater
gravitational potential energy. There is also a direct relation between
gravitational potential energy and the height of an object. The higher that
an object is elevated, the greater the gravitational potential energy. These
relationships are expressed by the following equation:
PEgrav = mass g height
PEgrav = m * g h
In the above equation, m represents the mass of the object, h represents
the height of the object and g represents the gravitational field strength
(9.8 N/kg on Earth) - sometimes referred to as the acceleration of gravity.

Elastic Potential Energy

The second form of potential energy that we will discuss is elastic
potential energy. Elastic potential energy is the energy stored in elastic
materials as the result of their stretching or compressing. Elastic potential
energy can be stored in rubber bands, bungee chords, trampolines,
springs, an arrow drawn into a bow, etc. The amount of elastic potential
energy stored in such a device is related to the amount of stretch of the
device - the more stretch, the more
stored energy.

Springs are a special instance of a

device that can store elastic potential
energy due to either compression or stretching. A force is required to
compress a spring; the more compression there is, the more force that is
required to compress it further. For certain springs, the amount of force is
directly proportional to the amount of stretch or compression (x); the
constant of proportionality is known as the spring constant (k).

Such springs are said to follow Hooke's Law. If a spring is not

stretched or compressed, then there is no elastic potential energy stored
in it. The spring is said to be at its equilibrium position. The equilibrium
position is the position that the spring naturally assumes when there is no
force applied to it. In terms of potential energy, the equilibrium position
could be called the zero-potential energy position. There is a special
equation for springs that relates the amount of elastic potential energy to
the amount of stretch (or compression) and the spring constant. The
equation is

Example Problems.
1. A cart is loaded with a brick and pulled at constant speed along an
inclined plane to the height of a seat-top. If the mass of the loaded cart is
3.0 kg and the height of the seat top is 0.45 meters, then what is the
potential energy of the loaded cart at the
height of the seat-top?

2. If a force of 14.7 N is used to drag the loaded cart (from previous

question) along the incline for a distance of 0.90 meters, then how much
work is done on the loaded cart?

Kinetic Energy
Kinetic energy is the energy of motion. An object that has motion whether it is vertical or horizontal motion - has kinetic energy. There are
many forms of kinetic energy - vibrational (the energy due to vibrational
motion), rotational (the energy due to rotational motion), and translational
(the energy due to motion from one location to another). To keep matters
simple, we will focus upon translational kinetic energy. The amount of
translational kinetic energy (from here on, the phrase kinetic energy will
refer to translational kinetic energy) that an object has depends upon two
variables: the mass (m) of the object and the speed (v) of the object. The
following equation is used to represent the kinetic energy (KE) of an
object.

where m = mass of object

v = speed of object
This equation reveals that the kinetic energy of an object is directly
proportional to the square of its speed. That means that for a twofold
increase in speed, the kinetic energy will increase by a factor of four. For a
threefold increase in speed, the kinetic energy will increase by a factor of
nine. And for a fourfold increase in speed, the kinetic energy will increase
by a factor of sixteen. The kinetic energy is dependent upon the square of
the speed. As it is often said, an equation is not merely a recipe for
algebraic problem solving, but also a guide to thinking about the
relationship between quantities.
Kinetic energy is a scalar quantity; it does not have a direction.
Unlike velocity, acceleration, force, and momentum, the kinetic energy of
an object is completely described by magnitude alone. Like work and
potential energy, the standard metric unit of measurement for kinetic
energy is the Joule. As might be implied by the above equation, 1 Joule is
equivalent to 1 kg*(m/s)^2.

Example Problems
1. Determine the kinetic energy of a 625-kg roller coaster car that is
moving with a speed of 18.3 m/s.

2. If the roller coaster car in the above problem were moving with twice
the speed, then what would be its new kinetic energy?

3. Missy Diwater, the former platform diver for the Ringling Brother's
Circus, had a kinetic energy of 12 000 J just prior to hitting the bucket of
water. If Missy's mass is 40 kg, then what is her speed?

4. A 900-kg compact car moving at 60 mi/hr has approximately 320 000

Joules of kinetic energy. Estimate its new kinetic energy if it is moving at
30 mi/hr.

Power
Power is the rate at which work is done. It is the work/time ratio.
Mathematically, it is computed using the following equation.

The standard metric unit of power is the Watt. As is implied by the

equation for power, a unit of power is equivalent to a unit of work divided
by a unit of time. Thus, a Watt is equivalent to a Joule/second. For
historical reasons, the horsepower is occasionally used to describe the
power delivered by a machine. One horsepower
is equivalent to approximately 750 Watts.

This new equation for power reveals that a powerful machine is both
strong (big force) and fast (big velocity). A powerful car engine is strong
and fast. A powerful piece of farm equipment is strong and fast. A
powerful weightlifter is strong and fast. A powerful lineman on a football
team is strong and fast. A machine that is strong enough to apply a big

force to cause a displacement in a small mount of time (i.e., a big

velocity) is a powerful machine.

Example Problems:
1. Two physics students, Will N. Andable and Ben Pumpiniron, are in the
weightlifting room. Will lifts the 100-pound barbell over his head 10 times
in one minute; Ben lifts the 100-pound barbell over his head 10 times in
10 seconds. Which student does the most work? ______________ Which
student delivers the most power? ______________
Explain your answers.

2. During a physics lab, Jack and Jill ran up a hill. Jack is twice as massive
as Jill; yet Jill ascends the same distance in half the time. Who did the
most work? ______________ Who delivered the most power? ______________
Explain your answers.

3. A tired squirrel (mass of approximately 1 kg) does push-ups by applying

a force to elevate its center-of-mass by 5 cm in order to do a mere 0.50
Joule of work. If the tired squirrel does all this work in 2 seconds, then
determine its power.

4. Your household's monthly electric bill is often expressed in kilowatthours. One kilowatt-hour is the amount of energy delivered by the flow
of l kilowatt of electricity for one hour. Use conversion factors to show how
many joules of energy you get when you buy 1 kilowatt-hour of electricity.

Momentum
Momentum is a commonly used term in sports. A team that has
the momentum is on the move and is going to take some effort to stop. A
team that has a lot of momentum is really on the move and is going to be
hard to stop. Momentum is a physics term; it refers to the quantity of
motion that an object has. A sports team that is on the move has the
momentum. If an object is in motion (on the move) then it has
momentum.
Momentum can be defined as "mass in motion." All objects have
mass; so if an object is moving, then it has momentum - it has its mass in
motion. The amount of momentum that an object has is dependent upon
two variables: how much stuf is moving and how fast the stuf is moving.
Momentum depends upon the variables mass and velocity. In terms of an
equation, the momentum of an object is equal to the mass of the object
times the velocity of the object.
Momentum = mass velocity
In physics, the symbol for the quantity momentum is the lower case "p".
Thus, the above equation can be rewritten as
p=mv
where m is the mass and v is the velocity. The equation illustrates that
momentum is directly proportional to an object's mass and directly
proportional to the object's velocity.
The units for momentum would be mass units times velocity units. The
standard metric unit of momentum is the kgm/s. While the kgm/s is the
standard metric unit of momentum, there are a variety of other units that
are acceptable (though not conventional) units of momentum. Examples
include kgmi/hr, kgkm/hr, and gcm/s. In each of these examples, a
mass unit is multiplied by a velocity unit to provide a momentum unit.
This is consistent with the equation for momentum.
Exercises:
Express your understanding of the concept
momentum by answering the following questions.
1. Determine the momentum of a ...
a. 60-kg halfback moving eastward at 9 m/s.
b. 1000-kg car moving northward at 20 m/s.
c. 40-kg freshman moving southward at 2 m/s.

and

mathematics

of

2. A car possesses 20 000 units of momentum. What would be the car's

new momentum if ...

a. its velocity was doubled.

b. its velocity was tripled.
c. its mass was doubled (by adding more passengers and a greater load)
d. both its velocity was doubled and its mass was doubled.
3. A halfback (m = 60 kg), a tight end (m = 90 kg), and a lineman (m =
120 kg) are running down the football field. Consider their ticker tape
patterns below.

Compare the velocities of these three players. How many times greater
are the velocity of the halfback and the velocity of the tight end than the
velocity of the lineman?
Which player has the greatest momentum? Explain.