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Written Report
Cell Proliferation
Submitted by:
Mizchelle A. Villador
BS Nursing Level III
Submitted to:
Evelyn Del Mundo, RN, MAN, PhD.
MISSION
Cavite State University shall provide
excellent, equitable and relevant
educational opportunities in the arts,
science and technology through quality
instruction and relevant research and
development activities. It shall produce
professional, skilled and morally upright
individuals for global competitiveness.
CELL PROLIFERATION
Cell proliferation is the process that results in an increase of the number of cells, and
is defined by
the
balance
or
differentiation. Cell proliferation produces two cells from one, and it requires cell growth
followed by cell division. It is increased in tumours.
Several patterns of cell growth exist:
1. Hyperplasia increases in the number of cells of a tissue; most often associated with
periods of rapid body growth
2. Metaplasia conversion of one type of mature cell into another type of cell
3. Dysplasia bizarre cell growth resulting in cells that differ in size, shape, or arrangement
from other cells of the same type of tissue
4. Anaplasia cells that lack normal cellular characteristics and differ in shape and
organization with respect to their cells of origin; usually, anaplastic cells are malignant.
5. Neoplasia uncontrolled cell growth that follows no physiologic demand
In normal tissues, cell proliferation is generally restricted to cells that replenish the tissue.
Most tissues are thought to contain stem cells that have this replenishment function
(Figure 1).
Stem cells are self-renewing cells that can divide asymmetrically to yield a new
stem cell and a progenitor cell. Progenitor cells may or may not undergo further
divisions, ultimately leading to terminal differentiation.
Cell number is dependent not only on cell proliferation, but also on cell death.
Programmed cell death, or apoptosis, is the process by which excess or damaged
cells in the body are removed. It is the balance between the production of new
cells and cell death that maintains the appropriate number of cells in a tissue
(referred to as homeostasis). Apoptosis is also a key mechanism by which cancerprone cells are eliminated. Both normal apoptotic processes and normal cell
mechanisms that control proliferation usually need to be altered to produce
enough abnormal cell proliferation to cause cancer.
Cells integrate the many signals that they receive in deciding whether to survive,
differentiate.
Proteins within the cell control the cell cycle: Signals affecting critical
anchorage dependent.
Cells continue dividing until they touch one another = density-dependent
inhibition
Growth factors are proteins secreted by cells that stimulate other cells to divide
Cancer cells have abnormal cell cycles - divide excessively and form tumors
The division of normal cells is precisely controlled. New cells are only formed for growth
or to replace dead ones.
Cancerous cells divide repeatedly out of control even though they are not needed, they
crowd out other normal cells and function abnormally. They can also destroy the correct
functioning of major organs.
Cells that are old or not functioning properly normally self destruct and are replaced by
new cells.
However, cancerous cells do not self destruct and continue to divide rapidly producing
millions of new cancerous cells.
A mutagen is mutagenic.
Any agent that causes cancer is called a carcinogen and is described as carcinogenic.