Fundamentals of Overcurrent Protection

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Principles of
Overcurrent
Protection
Limitations of a Fuse
Power System Protection
Algorithm for
Overcurrent Relay
Time Multiplier
Setting
Classification
of Overcurrent
Relay
Lack of Coordination
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
S.A.Soman
Department of Electrical Engineering
IIT Bombay
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary
Fundamentals of Overcurrent Protection

Power System
Protection
Principles of Overcurrent Protection

Algorithm for Overcurrent Relay
Time Multiplier Setting
Classification of Overcurrent Relay

Lack of Coordination Problem
IEC Standard Equations
IEEE Standard Equations
Pick up Current Setting

Guidelines
Primary and Back up Relays
Setting and Coordination
Summary
S.A.Soman
Principles of
Overcurrent
Protection
Algorithm for
Overcurrent Relay
Time Multiplier
Setting
Classification
of Overcurrent
Relay
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary

Power System
Protection



Guidelines
Summary
S.A.Soman
Principles of
Overcurrent
Protection
Algorithm for
Overcurrent Relay
Time Multiplier
Setting
Classification
of Overcurrent
Relay
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Principles of
Overcurrent
Protection
Algorithm for
Overcurrent Relay
Time Multiplier
Setting
Classification
of Overcurrent
Relay
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary
It is difficult to control the time to trip.

This makes primary backup relay coordination difficult.
Once fuse melts, it has to be replaced for
reenergization of the equipment.
Thus it is difficult to have remote operation.

Power System
Protection



Guidelines
Summary
S.A.Soman
Principles of
Overcurrent
Protection
Algorithm for
Overcurrent Relay
Time Multiplier
Setting
Classification
of Overcurrent
Relay
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Principles of
Overcurrent
Protection
Algorithm for
Overcurrent Relay
Time Multiplier
Setting
Classification
of Overcurrent
Relay
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary

Set reference or threshold for discriminating
overcurrent Iref .
Measure device current I.
Compute the ratio abs( IrefI ) which is known as the Plug
Setting Multiplier.
Trip the device, if PSM is above the threshold. The
threshold is always greater than 1.

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Principles of
Overcurrent
Protection
Algorithm for
Overcurrent Relay
Time Multiplier
Setting
Classification
of Overcurrent
Relay
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary

Power System
Protection



Guidelines
Summary
S.A.Soman
Principles of
Overcurrent
Protection
Algorithm for
Overcurrent Relay
Time Multiplier
Setting
Classification
of Overcurrent
Relay
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Principles of
Overcurrent
Protection
Algorithm for
Overcurrent Relay
Time Multiplier
Setting
Classification
of Overcurrent
Relay
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary

Overcurrent relays normally play the dual roles of
primary and backup protection.
Backup action requires a wait state.
By providing the additional setting feature of TMS, this
can be achieved.
TMS is defined as the ratio TTm , where T is the desired
relay operating time for a given PSM and Tm is the
corresponding operating time at TMS=1.
Relay operating time can be varied by varying the TMS
setting.

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Principles of
Overcurrent
Protection
Algorithm for
Overcurrent Relay
Time Multiplier
Setting
Classification
of Overcurrent
Relay
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Principles of
Overcurrent
Protection
Algorithm for
Overcurrent Relay
Time Multiplier
Setting
Classification
of Overcurrent
Relay
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary

Instantaneous relay
Its action is very fast.
It has only pick up setting.
It does not have any TMS setting.
This relay is not suitable for backup protection.

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Principles of
Overcurrent
Protection
Algorithm for
Overcurrent Relay
Time Multiplier
Setting
Classification
of Overcurrent
Relay
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary

Instantaneous relay
Its action is very fast.
It has only pick up setting.
It does not have any TMS setting.
This relay is not suitable for backup protection.
Time delayed definite time relay

It can be adjusted to issue trip decision after a specified
delay.
This delay is independant of PSM value.
It has both time setting and pick up setting.
It is used for short length feeders.

Power System
Protection
Overcurrent Protection Using Definite Time Relay
S.A.Soman
Principles of
Overcurrent
Protection
Algorithm for
Overcurrent Relay
Time Multiplier
Setting
Classification
of Overcurrent
Relay
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary
R1 trips without any intentional time delay.

R2 has to coordinate with R1 and its operation is
delayed by CTI.
R3 has to back up R2 and it is again time delayed.

Power System
Protection



Guidelines
Summary
S.A.Soman
Principles of
Overcurrent
Protection
Algorithm for
Overcurrent Relay
Time Multiplier
Setting
Classification
of Overcurrent
Relay
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Principles of
Overcurrent
Protection
Algorithm for
Overcurrent Relay
Time Multiplier
Setting
Classification
of Overcurrent
Relay
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary
Lack of Coordination Between Fuse and DT relay

DT relay R1 has to back
up fuse.
After point X relay acts
faster than fuse.
This lack of coordination
is due to different
characteristics of fuse
and relay.
This lead to the
development of inverse
characteristics for
overcurrent relay.

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Principles of
Overcurrent
Protection
Algorithm for
Overcurrent Relay
Time Multiplier
Setting
Classification
of Overcurrent
Relay
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary

Inverse definite minimum time relay
It is inverse in the initial part and tends to approach a
definite minimum operating time characteristics as the
current becomes high.
This is the most widely used characteristics.

Power System
Protection



Guidelines
Summary
S.A.Soman
Principles of
Overcurrent
Protection
Algorithm for
Overcurrent Relay
Time Multiplier
Setting
Classification
of Overcurrent
Relay
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary

Power System
Protection
IEC Standard Equations for Inverse Characteristics
S.A.Soman
Principles of
Overcurrent
Protection
Algorithm for
Overcurrent Relay
Time Multiplier
Setting
Classification
of Overcurrent
Relay
Problem
Standard Inverse Characteristics

t = TMS
0.14
(I/Is )0.02 1
Very Inverse Characteristics

t = TMS
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary
13.5
(I/Is ) 1
Extremely Inverse Characteristics

t = TMS
80
(I/Is )2 1

Power System
Protection



Guidelines
Summary
S.A.Soman
Principles of
Overcurrent
Protection
Algorithm for
Overcurrent Relay
Time Multiplier
Setting
Classification
of Overcurrent
Relay
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Principles of
Overcurrent
Protection
Algorithm for
Overcurrent Relay
Time Multiplier
Setting
Classification
of Overcurrent
Relay
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary
IEEE Stanard Equations for Inverse Characteristics

0.0515
Moderately inverse: t = TD
+
0.114
7
(I/Is )0.02 1

TD
19.61
Very inverse: t = 7
+ 0.491
(I/Is )2 1

28.2
Extremely Inverse: t = TD
+
0.1217
7
(I/Is )2 1

5.95
TD
+ 0.18
US CO8 Inverse: t = 7
(I/Is )2 1

TD
0.02394
US CO2 Inverse: t = 7
+ 0.01694
(I/Is )0.02 1

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Principles of
Overcurrent
Protection
Algorithm for
Overcurrent Relay
Time Multiplier
Setting
Classification
of Overcurrent
Relay
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary
IEEE Standard Curves

Power System
Protection



Guidelines
Summary
S.A.Soman
Principles of
Overcurrent
Protection
Algorithm for
Overcurrent Relay
Time Multiplier
Setting
Classification
of Overcurrent
Relay
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Principles of
Overcurrent
Protection
Algorithm for
Overcurrent Relay
Time Multiplier
Setting
Classification
of Overcurrent
Relay
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary
Faults are classified into two:

Phase fault which do not involve ground.
Earth fault which involve ground.
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Principles of
Overcurrent
Protection
Algorithm for
Overcurrent Relay
Time Multiplier
Setting
Classification
of Overcurrent
Relay
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary
Guidelines for Setting Pickup Current for Phase Fault

Relays
Pickup current should be above the maximum load
current.
Pickup current should be below minimum fault current.
Pickup current should also be below the minimum fault
current of the feeder that it has to back up.
The back up relay also should provide time for primary
relay to operate. This time interval is known as
coordination time interval.

Power System
Protection



Guidelines
Summary
S.A.Soman
Principles of
Overcurrent
Protection
Algorithm for
Overcurrent Relay
Time Multiplier
Setting
Classification
of Overcurrent
Relay
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary
Power System
Protection
Algorithm for Identifying Primary and Backup Relays
S.A.Soman
Principles of
Overcurrent
Protection
Algorithm for
Overcurrent Relay
Time Multiplier
Setting
Classification
of Overcurrent
Relay
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary
Identify leaf nodes and

root nodes.
Find the parents of the
active child nodes.
The corresponding
relays should back up
the leaf node relays.
Update active child
nodes to corresponding
parent node.

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Principles of
Overcurrent
Protection
Algorithm for
Overcurrent Relay
Time Multiplier
Setting
Classification
of Overcurrent
Relay
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Principles of
Overcurrent
Protection
Algorithm for
Overcurrent Relay
Time Multiplier
Setting
Classification
of Overcurrent
Relay
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Principles of
Overcurrent
Protection
Algorithm for
Overcurrent Relay
Time Multiplier
Setting
Classification
of Overcurrent
Relay
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Principles of
Overcurrent
Protection
Algorithm for
Overcurrent Relay
Time Multiplier
Setting
Classification
of Overcurrent
Relay
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Principles of
Overcurrent
Protection
Algorithm for
Overcurrent Relay
Time Multiplier
Setting
Classification
of Overcurrent
Relay
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary

Power System
Protection



Guidelines
Summary
S.A.Soman
Principles of
Overcurrent
Protection
Algorithm for
Overcurrent Relay
Time Multiplier
Setting
Classification
of Overcurrent
Relay
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Principles of
Overcurrent
Protection
Algorithm for
Overcurrent Relay
Time Multiplier
Setting
Classification
of Overcurrent
Relay
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary
Algorithm for Setting and Coordination of Overcurrent

Relays in a Radial System
Initialize the coordination tree.
Are there any leaf nodes except the root? If yes, go to
step 3, else go to step 7.
Identify the leaf node in coordination tree.
If the PSM of these relays are not set so far, set their
PSM.
Identify the parents of leaf nodes in step 3. Compute
their PSM and TMS for backup protection and
coordination.
Delete the leaf nodes. Update the coordination tree and
go back to step 2.
Coordination activity is complete.

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Principles of
Overcurrent
Protection
Algorithm for
Overcurrent Relay
Time Multiplier
Setting
Classification
of Overcurrent
Relay
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary
Summary
Limitations of fuse protection.
Fundamental principle of overcurrent relay.
Plug setting multiplier and time multiplier setting.
Classification of overcurrent relay.
Primary relay and back up relay.
Setting and coordination of overcurrent relays.

Fundamentals of Overcurrent Protection

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Fundamentals of Overcurrent Protection

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