8 Communication Technologies

Instrument Consultant Training
Module 8
Communication Technologies
INTERNAL USE ONLY
2009 Rosemount Inc.
HART is a registered trademark of the HART Communication Foundation.

FOUNDATION is a trademark of the Fieldbus Foundation.
Tri-Loop is a registered trademark of Rosemount Inc.
Modbus is a registered trademark of Modicon, Inc.
2009 Rosemount Inc.
Table of Contents
Introduction..................................................................................................................................................... 1
Performance Objective ............................................................................................................................. 1
The Importance of Communication Technologies ........................................................................................ 3
Learning Objectives.................................................................................................................................. 3
Role of Communication Technology................................................................................................................ 4
Transmitter Communication Components ....................................................................................................... 5
Basic Communication Components.......................................................................................................... 5
Sensor ................................................................................................................................................ 5
Signal Processor................................................................................................................................ 5
Output Signal..................................................................................................................................... 6
Analog Communication Technology................................................................................................................ 7
Analog Signals .......................................................................................................................................... 7
420 mA Signal.................................................................................................................................. 7
315 psi Signal .................................................................................................................................. 7
Digital Communication Technology ................................................................................................................ 8
Digital Communication Protocols............................................................................................................ 8
Advantages of Digital Communication..................................................................................................... 9
Decreased Wiring Costs .................................................................................................................... 9
Remote Device Communication ........................................................................................................ 9
Improved Accuracy in Data Transmission ........................................................................................ 9
More Information from a Single Device.......................................................................................... 10
HART Communication Protocol .................................................................................................................. 11
Learning Objectives................................................................................................................................ 11
HART Technology Overview ......................................................................................................................... 12
Digital Process Values ........................................................................................................................... 13
How A/D Converters Work.............................................................................................................. 13
How D/A Converters Work.............................................................................................................. 14
Advantages of HART Technology .................................................................................................................. 15
Integration with Existing Equipment ...................................................................................................... 15
Burst Mode ...................................................................................................................................... 15
Multiple Process Variables..................................................................................................................... 16
Remote Device Communication.............................................................................................................. 16
Transmitter Self-Diagnostics .................................................................................................................. 16
Multidrop Networking ............................................................................................................................ 16
Open Protocol......................................................................................................................................... 18
HART Communicators ................................................................................................................................... 19
Connecting a HART Communicator to a Loop ...................................................................................... 19
Electronic Device Descriptions .............................................................................................................. 20
Foundation Fieldbus Protocol ..................................................................................................................... 21
2009 Rosemount Inc.
For Internal Use Only / 3
Table of Contents
Foundation Fieldbus Technology Overview.................................................................................................. 22
Foundation Fieldbus Layers................................................................................................................... 22
Physical Layer ................................................................................................................................. 22
Communications Stack .................................................................................................................... 23
User Layer ....................................................................................................................................... 23
Foundation Fieldbus Blocks ................................................................................................................... 23
Resource Block ................................................................................................................................ 23
Transducer Block............................................................................................................................. 23
Function Blocks ............................................................................................................................... 24
Advantages of Foundation Fieldbus .............................................................................................................. 26
Protocol Design ...................................................................................................................................... 26
Device Interoperability........................................................................................................................... 26
Reduced Wiring Costs............................................................................................................................. 26
Network Flexibility ................................................................................................................................. 27
Control in the Field ................................................................................................................................ 27
Foundation Fieldbus Networks...................................................................................................................... 28
Segments, Trunks, and Spurs .................................................................................................................. 28
Network Topologies ................................................................................................................................ 29
Device Communication on the Network ................................................................................................. 30
Intrinsic Safety ........................................................................................................................................ 30
FOUNDATION Fieldbus and Redundancy ................................................................................................... 31
FF Networks and Redundancy................................................................................................................ 31
Profibus Protocol .......................................................................................................................................... 33
Profibus Technology Overview...................................................................................................................... 34
Profibus-FMS ......................................................................................................................................... 35
Profibus-DP............................................................................................................................................ 35
Profibus-PA ............................................................................................................................................ 35
Similarities to Foundation Fieldbus................................................................................................ 35
Differences from Foundation Fieldbus ........................................................................................... 36
Proprietary Communication Protocols ........................................................................................................ 37
Proprietary Communication Protocols ......................................................................................................... 38
Modicon Modbus .................................................................................................................................... 38
Honeywell DE......................................................................................................................................... 38
Foxboro FoxCom.................................................................................................................................... 39
Yokogawa BRAIN ................................................................................................................................... 39
4 / For Internal Use Only
2009 Rosemount Inc.
Table of Contents
Advantages of HART and Fieldbus................................................................................................................ 40
Comparing HART With FoxCom and BRAIN ........................................................................................ 40
Open Protocol ................................................................................................................................. 40
Widely Adopted in the Industry ....................................................................................................... 40
Comparing HART With DE .................................................................................................................... 41
Maintained Analog Signals ............................................................................................................. 41
Simultaneous Variable Transmission .............................................................................................. 41
Broad Industry Support ................................................................................................................... 42
Foundation Fieldbus Added Advantages................................................................................................ 42
Workbook Exercises....................................................................................................................................... 43
Workbook Answers ........................................................................................................................................ 61
2009 Rosemount Inc.
For Internal Use Only / 5
Introduction
Introduction
Communication is the transmission of information between two or more points (e.g., transmitter and
controller) without alteration of sequence or structure of the information content. Communication
technologies tie process control instruments together with host systems, network masters, and other
nearby devices. The field of communication technology has evolved substantially over the last twenty
years. The accuracy and utility of device communication continues to improve dramatically, especially
over the last few years. Most recently, the trend in communication has been toward
fieldbusesall-digital device networksin which individual devices are taking over network control
responsibilities, directing their fellow devices, and managing entire loops in the field.
The following pages will introduce you to the range of device communication technologies commonly
used in the process control industry. You will start by learning about basic analog communication
technology. You will also learn about the various digital communication technologies that have
appeared and evolved over the last twenty years, and the benefits and limitations of each technology.
This module contains the following seven sections:
T Importance of communication technologies
T HART communication protocol
T FOUNDATION Fieldbus protocol
T Profibus protocol
T Proprietary communication protocols
T Modbus protocol
T OPC
PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVE
After completing this module, you will be able to discuss relevant communication technologies with
your customers and recommend communication technology strategies to your customers.
2009 Rosemount Inc.
Page 1
For Internal Use Only
The Importance of Communication Technologies
The Importance of
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After you have completed this section, you will be able to:
T Explain the role that communication technology plays in process control
T Identify the fundamental components involved in transmitter communication
T Define communication protocol
T Explain the difference between analog and digital communication signals
T Briefly describe the key advantages of moving from analog communication technologies to
digital communication technologies
2009 Rosemount Inc.
Page 3
Role of Communication Technology

Sensor equipment does not generally produce usable signals on
its own. Typically, a sensor will emit or regulate a small voltage
or current. The fundamental job of communication technology
is to transform the raw signals from transducers into intelligible
values that can be transmitted to other locations such as a
control room or maintenance shop.
The fundamental job of

communication technology is to
transform the raw signals from a
_______________ into values
that are typically transmitted to
_______________________.
2.
Name three tasks that digital

communication can perform.
Sensor; control room or maintenance

shop
Remote device maintenance,
self-diagnostics, and control in the field
COMPLETE WORKBOOK EXERCISE 8.1 ON PAGE 43
Page 4
2009 Rosemount Inc.
1.
Recent digital communication systems have enabled a number

of additional roles, including:
T Remote device maintenanceTechnicians can interact
with, test, and configure field devices from remote
locations using two-way digital communications.
T Self-diagnosticsInstruments and valves can observe
their own status and report problems back to a control
room or maintenance shop.
T Process diagnosticsInstruments and valves can observe
abnormal process conditions and report problems back to
the control room or maintenance shop.
T Control in the fieldTransmitters can handle network
traffic in the absence of a control host. Furthermore,
transmitters and other devices can be linked together in
complex, decision-making networks.
1.
2.
For the last several decades, communication technology has

been continuously improving its ability to carry out this
fundamental job. Transmitters and communicators are able to
produce and communicate more accurate and repeatable
process values every year.
Activities
Transmitter Communication Components

Activities
BASIC COMMUNICATION COMPONENTS

The basic communication components are:
T Transducer
T Signal processor
T Output signal
3.
Name the basic communication

components.
4.
What is the function of a

sensor?
Figure 8.1 illustrates how the basic communication

components interoperate.
Signal uses a communication protocol
(e.g., 420 mA, HART, Fieldbus)
Output signal
Signal
processor
Physical process
signal (e.g., pressure,
temperature)
Transducer
(converts the physical
process signal into an
electrical signal
process)
Figure 8.1: Basic Communication

Components
Sensor
The sensor interacts with the physical process and generates an
electrical signal usable by a signal processor (i.e., transmitter)
For example, a pressure sensor might convert pressure into
millivolts.
Signal Processor
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3.
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Sensor, signal processor, and output

signal
To convert a physical process signal
into an electrical signal.
4.
Within a transmitter, a signal processor accepts the raw

electrical signal from a sensor, performs calculations on the
signal according to preset values (e.g., range, span), and sends
out a new electrical signal suitable for transmitter output.
Transmitter Communication Components

Activities
Analog-to-Digital Converter
The signal processor may convert the incoming analog signal
from the transducer to a digital signal before processing the
signal. By converting the raw signal to a digital value, the
processing electronics can perform more sophisticated
calculations and produce a more accurate value than with a
pure analog signal.
An analog-to-digital (A/D) converter changes an analog signal
into an equivalent digital signal.
5.
Define communication protocol.
6.
What does an A/D converter

do?
7.
Why are D/A converters still in

use today?
Output Signal
The output signal component transmits the electrical impulse
from the signal processor to a host system or to the field device
network.
The output signal conforms to the specification of a
communication protocol. A communication protocol is a set of
rules that two devices use to talk to each other. The rules enable
the output signal sent by the transmitter to be received
and correctly interpreted by a host system or other devices on
the network. Most transmitters use communication protocols
that are based on a small range of electrical signals. For
example, a transmitter might use the signal 6 milliamps
(mA) to mean steam is moving through the pipe at a rate of
50 cubic feet per minute.
Digital-to-Analog Converter
Prior to sending the output signal, the transmitter may convert a
digital value (used internally by the signal processor) to an
analog value. Transmitters convert digital values to analog
values because many process control devicesuse analog
signals for monitoring and process control.
2009 Rosemount Inc.
5.
Page 6
6.
A set of rules that two or more devices

use to talk to each other
Convert analog signals into digital
signals
Some process control devices require
analog signals
7.
A digital-to-analog (D/A) converter changes a digital signal

into an equivalent analog signal.
Analog Communication Technology

Analog signals are signals which can be continuously varied
across a scale of values. Analog signals change in non-discrete
stepsany value within the minimum to maximum range of
the device is possible.
Activities
ANALOG SIGNALS
The process control industry uses two main analog signals:
T 420 mA
T 315 psi
420 mA Signal
8.
What are the two main analog

signals?
9.
Why does the 4-20 mA signal

use 4 mA for its lowest value?
The 420 mA signal is by far the most prevalent analog signal

in the process control industry. This signal varies the current of
an electrical signal to convey information. The 420 mA range
represents the normal 0100% range of the value being
transmitted. Failure/alarm conditions are transmitted using mA
values outside this normal range (i.e., signals between 04 mA
and/or above 20 mA).
Using 4 mA as the lowest value in the range is primarily
beneficial for diagnostic purposes. Users calibrate the
transmitter to output 4 mA when the process condition is in a
zero state (e.g., empty tank). In a system where the zero state
corresponded to 0 mA, as with 0-20 mA, a reading of 0 mA
may represent a valid reading, or be the result of a device
failure.
315 psi Signal
The 315 psi signalsometimes called the pneumatic
signaldoes not vary an electrical signal to convey data.
Instead, pneumatic systems use compressed air; the greater the
air pressure, the higher the value communicated.
Pneumatic signals are often used with dedicated devices such
as switches and valves.
4-20 mA and 3-15 psi

The 4 mA signal is primarily used for
diagramatic purposes
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8.
9.
Digital Communication Technology

Digital signals are signals that change only in discrete steps. A
digital signal does not continuously change like an analog
signal; digital signals jump directly from one value to the next.
For example, a digitally-tuned radio can be tuned to 94.7 FM or
94.8 FM but it cannot be tuned between those two steps.
Because process values are inherently analog, transmitters
must obtain a digital process value by sampling the analog
process value many times per second, which causes the value
to step to discrete values. Figure 8.2 illustrates digital
process values.
Activities
10. True or False? Tuning the radio

frequency by pressing a control
button is an example of digital
control.
Analog
process
value
11. Which of the following are

commonly used digital
communication protocols?
Select all that apply.
Sampled
digital
values
Digital
process
value
Figure 8.2: Digital Process Values
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
420 mA
FOUNDATION fieldbus
HART
Profibus
Modbus
DIGITAL COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS

The process control industry uses a wide variety of digital
protocols for device communication. Four of the most common
protocols are:
T HART
T FOUNDATION Fieldbus
T Profibus
T Modbus
Digital communication protocols are explained in detail
throughout the remainder of this module.
10. True
11. b, c, d, e
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2009 Rosemount Inc.

ADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
Activities
Digital communication technology offers significant

advantages over simple analog technology. Some of the most
important advantages of digital communication are:
T Decreased wiring costs
T Remote device communication
T Improved accuracy in data transmission
T More information from a single device
Decreased Wiring Costs
Digital communication allows multiple transmitters to operate
on the same set of communication wires, or band of the radio
spectrum. Because each transmitter does not need to be
individually wired to a control system, the wiring cost per
transmitter is lower.
12. Name three advantages of

digital communication.
Remote Device Communication

Two-way digital communication permits hosts (e.g., hand-held
devices, control systems, asset management systems) to
communicate with transmitters either locally or from a remote
location. Thus, users can perform the following functions from
a remote location:
T Diagnose the health of the field device, process
equipment, or the process itself
T Determine a transmitters current status, which may
include predictive maintenance information
T Conduct a loop test
T Commission a new device
Improved Accuracy in Data Transmission
A digitally transmitted value is either accurately received by
the control system or not received at all. Environmental
influences (e.g., electrical interference) never alter the values
of digitally transmitted data. Environmental influences do
affect data transmitted with an analog protocol (e.g., 420
mA).
12. Decreased wiring costs, remote device

communication, improved reliability in
data transmission, and more
information from a single device
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Page 9

More Information from a Single Device
Activities
An analog signal represents a single parameter. A digital signal

can contain many different parameters, each uniquely
identified within the digital message.
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2009 Rosemount Inc.
HART Communication Protocol

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After completing this section, you will be able to:
T Briefly describe how HART devices communicate
T Briefly describe the analog-to-digital (A/D) and digital-to-analog (D/A) conversion process
T Explain the key advantages of HART communication technology over simple analog
communication technology
T Briefly describe burst mode
T Briefly describe multidrop networking with HART devices
T Explain how a HART communicator is connected to a control loop
T Define device description
T Briefly describe wireless HART
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HART Technology Overview

Transmitters capable of using HART technology can overlay a
digital signal on top of an analog signal. The HART signal
conveys digital information (a series of 0s and 1s) by using
frequency shift keying. A frequency of 1100 Hz equals a 1, and
a frequency of 2200 Hz equals a 0. Because the average
modulating current value is zero, the digital HART signal has
no effect on the regular analog signal. Figure 8.3 illustrates
frequency shift keying.
Activities
1.
Which technique does HART

technology use to convey digital
information?
2.
What is the minimum resistance

that must be present in the loop
to establish HART
communication?
Analog
signal
HART
signal
Figure 8.3: Frequency Shift Keying
Frequency shift keying

250 ohms
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2009 Rosemount Inc.
1.
2.
A minimum of 250 must be present in the loop for HART

communication to work. The resistance is required so that the
digital HART signal will create enough voltage to be
recognized by a host system or HART communicator.

Activities
DIGITAL PROCESS VALUES

HART-capable transmitters use digital process values.
Therefore, the transmitter must convert the analog value from
the transducer to a digital value (A/D conversion). And because
HART-capable transmitters send a digital and an analog output
signal, the transmitter must also convert the output signal from
a digital value back to an analog value (D/A conversion).
Figure 8.4 illustrates how the components of a HART-capable
transmitter work together.
3.
What factors can affect the

quality of an A/D conversion?
Signal uses an analog protocol

(e.g., 420 mA) and the HART protocol
D/A converter
Output signal
A/D
converter
Signal
processor
Digital information
(i.e, HART values)
Mechanical
signal
Transducer
Figure 8.4: HART Communication

Components
How A/D Converters Work

HART-capable transmitters change analog transducer
information into digital information by passing the analog
signal through an A/D converter. A/D converters work by
sampling an analog signal many times per second. Each time
the analog signal is sampled, the A/D converter records a
digital value that is as close as possible to the analog value.
Two factors affect the quality of digitally sampled values:
T Sampling rateThe number of times per second that the
analog signal is sampled
T Sampling precisionThe smallest change in the analog
value that will cause the digital value to change
Sampling rate and sampling precision
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3.

Figure 8.5 illustrates the sampling rate and sampling precision
of an A/D conversion. The higher the sampling rate and
sampling precision, the closer the digital signal will be to the
original analog signal.
Activities
4.
What determines the quality of

the output of a D/A conversion?
Analog
transducer
signal
Sampling
precision
(10 steps)
1 sec
2 sec
3 sec
Sampling rate
(10 samples per second)
Figure 8.5: Sampling Rate and Precision
How D/A Converters Work

To produce an analog output, HART-capable transmitters use a
D/A converter to convert digital process information into an
analog signal. A D/A converter produces an analog wave based
on the digital samples taken during the A/D conversion.
Figure 8.6 shows an analog signal produced by a D/A
converter. The signal comprises many individual steps that
represent the individual digital values recorded during the A/D
conversion.
Analog output
Figure 8.6: Analog Output of a D/A Converter

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2009 Rosemount Inc.
4.
2
Time (seconds)
The quality of the original A/D

conversion and the quality of the D/A
conversion
Advantages of HART Technology

HART communication technology offers additional
capabilities over analog-only communication. Some of the
most important capabilities are:
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
Compatible with existing analog equipment

Multiple process variables
Remote device communication
Transmitter self-diagnostics
Multidrop networking
Open protocol
Equipment and process diagnostics
Wireless communications
Activities
5.
Which of the following are

significant capabilities of HART
technology? Select all that
apply.
a. Integration with existing
equipment
b. Multiple process variables
c. Remote device
communication
d. Safely used in any hazardous
area withou approval
e. Transmitter self-diagnostics
f. Equipment and process
diagnostics
6.
The purpose of burst mode is to

enable the HART device to send
data continuously /
intermittently that is not
requested by the ___________.
INTEGRATION WITH EXISTING EQUIPMENT

A key capability of HART technology is that it can be used
with existing equipment that uses the 420 mA signaling
standard, because HART devices can transmit data both as an
analog signal and as a digital signal at the same time.
Therefore, HART technology can be used with over 90% of the
equipment installed today, including control systems,
calibration equipment, and other maintenance tools.
Burst Mode
Burst mode is a user-selectable HART option that enables the
HART device to continuously send data in digital form without
the primary host requesting the data. In normal mode, a HART
device can typically complete two message transactions per
second; in burst mode, a HART device can complete three or
more message transactions per second.
The Model 333 Tri-Loop also uses burst mode transmission to
receive data from multivariable transmitters. The Tri-Loop
converts the burst mode data into three analog signals that can
be used by analog host systems.
a, b, c, e, f
Continuously; primary host
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5.
6.

Activities
MULTIPLE PROCESS VARIABLES

HART-capable transmitters send two output signals
simultaneously: a regular analog output signal and a digital
HART signal overlayed on the analog signal. Therefore,
HART-capable transmitters can send two (or more) process
variables at the same time. The HART digital signal alone is
capable of sending up to four variables simultaneously to
support multivariable transmitters and more complex devices
(e.g., analyzers, valve positioners).
REMOTE DEVICE COMMUNICATION

To configure or test an analog-only transmitter, a technician
must physically go to the transmitter and use analog
adjustments on the device itself. HART-capable transmitters
can engage in two-way digital communication, which means a
technician can make adjustments to a transmitter from
anywhere in the loop.
7.
True or False? HART

communicators are commonly
used to communicate remotely
with HART devices.
The most common methods for remote HART communication

are a hand-held communicator such as the Rosemount Model
375 HART Communicator. HART communicators are
discussed later in this module.
TRANSMITTER SELF-DIAGNOSTICS
The digital electronics in a HART-capable transmitter or an
online asset management application such as AMS Device
Manager allow the transmitter to periodically run its own
self-test suite. If the transmitter locates a problem, it can
communicate the error condition in its digital HART
information.
Transmitter self-diagnostics can significantly aid technicians
with device maintenance by proactively reporting problems to
an asset management system.
MULTIDROP NETWORKING
Analog-only transmitters must be individually wired to a
control system. By contrast, up to 15 HART-capable
transmitters can share a single analog loop in a networking
configuration called multidrop. Figure 8.7 shows a HART
True
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7.
Page 16

multidrop network. When on a multidrop network, transmitters
can only communicate using digital HART signals; the analog
signal for each device is fixed at 4 mA.
Activities
Digital communication only

Power supply
HART-capable transmitters
Figure 8.7: HART Multidrop Network
Each transmitter on a multidrop network identifies itself with a

unique polling address from 1 to 15 or from its unique TAG ID.
The output of each transmitter is accompanied by its network
address, which allows the control system to differentiate the
data of one transmitter from another. The network address also
allows a technician to engage in two-way communication
directly with a particular transmitter on the network.
Multidrop networking has a number of key advantages,
including dramatically reduced wiring costs, the ability to
communicate easily with many devices, and the improved
reliability of a digital-only network.
Due to the limited communication speed of the HART
protocol in a multidrop network, it is typically used
only for monitoring applications, such as level and
temperature.
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Activities
HART technology is an open protocolit is openly published

and is not controlled by a single vendor. Therefore, users of
HART technology can be assured that the technology will
remain stable and well supported by their suppliers long term.
Other benefits of an open protocol include:
T Competitive, market-based pricing
T Several price/performance options for software and
hardware
T Lower maintenance and training costs
T Continued product evolution and innovation
8.
What is an open protocol?
A protocol that is openly published and

is not owned by a single vendor.
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8.
OPEN PROTOCOL
HART Communicators
The most common tool used to configure and test
HART-capable transmitters is a HART communicator, such as
the Model 375 HART communicator. HART communicators
can engage in two-way communication with any
HART-capable transmitter on a loop.
Activities
CONNECTING A HART COMMUNICATOR TO A

LOOP
A HART communicator can be connected anywhere in the loop
across a minimum loop resistance of 250 (Figure 8.8).
Note: Even if there is 250 resistance in the loop, if the
connection is not parallel to this load, communication cannot
be established.
9.
Where can a HART

communicator be connected in a
control loop?
Figure 8.8: Connecting a HART

Communicator to a Loop
Anywhere across a minimum loop

resistance of 250 ohms
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9.
HART Communicators
ELECTRONIC DEVICE DESCRIPTIONS
HART communicators recognize HART-capable transmitters
by using device descriptions. Electronic device descriptions
(EDDs) are electronic files that list a particular transmitters
capabilities and modes of operation. EDDs allow HART
communicators to know about and configure all of a
transmitters features.
A HART communicator can be updated with new EDDs at any
time. New EDDs let a communicator recognize new
transmitters or keep up-to-date with changes in the way
transmitters work.
Activities
10. An electronic device description
is:
a. A data sheet that describes the
cpabilities of the HART
communicator.
b. A file that describes the
HART communicators
modes of operation.
c. A file that describes a
transmitters capabilities and
modes of operation.
d. A data sheet that describes a
transmitters functional
capabilities.
10. c
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Foundation Fieldbus Protocol
FOUNDATION Fieldbus Protocol

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
T Define physical layer
T Define function block
T Briefly describe the function of the resource block and transducer block
T List the most common FOUNDATION Fieldbus function blocks and their uses
T List the key benefits of FOUNDATION Fieldbus technology over other types of device
communication
T List three restrictions of FOUNDATION Fieldbus networks
T Define network topology
T Briefly describe how instruments communicate on a FOUNDATION Fieldbus network
T Explain how intrinsic safety concerns impact a FOUNDATION Fieldbus network
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FOUNDATION Fieldbus Technology Overview

FOUNDATION Fieldbus (FF) is a two-way, digital-only
communication protocol. FF provides an open, configurable
system for connecting many different process control devices
on a single network.
Activities
FOUNDATION FIELDBUS LAYERS

FF communication is logically divided into three layers:
T Physical layer
T Communications stack
T User layer
1.
Name the three layers of FF

operation.
2.
True or False? H1 and H2 are

the two speeds of FF.
Figure 8.9 illustrates the three FF communication layers.
User layer
Communications
stack
Physical layer
FF network
Figure 8.9: FOUNDATION Fieldbus Layers
Physical Layer
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1.
Page 22
Physical layer, communication stack,

and user layer
False
The physical layer of an FF network segment can be either H1,

which operates at 31.25 Kbits/second, or FF HSE (high-speed
ethernet), which operates at 100 Mbits/second or faster. H1 and
HSE were specifically designed as complementary networks.
H1 is optimized for traditional process control applications
using two-wire, bus-powered devices. HSE is designed for use
with field-powered devices that have large amounts of data to
transmit. HSE can also provide interconnectivity for high-data/
high-performance control applications and plant information
integration.
2.
The physical layer handles the physical connections necessary

to enable FF communication. The wiring connections for
power and data exchange are part of the physical layer. The
physical layer converts signals between the FF network and the
communications stack.
Foundation Fieldbus Technology Overview

Activities
Communications Stack
The communications stack handles the FF network
communication. The communications stack holds a queue of
outgoing network messages, receives incoming mesasages,
schedules time on the network for broadcasting those
messages, and negotiates sending unscheduled network
messages.
3.
a. It handles network
communication.
b. It controls the
transmitter-human interface
elements.
c. It regulates the flow of signals
to different Fieldbus blocks.
User Layer
The user layer controls the transmitter-human interface
elements, such as transmitter configuration and alarms. The
user layer is represented as function blocks. For example, two
input blocks that hold the data from two temperature sensors
can be linked into a mathematical block that averages the two
temperatures. The user layer also provides function blocks
used for monitoring and closed loop control.
FOUNDATION FIELDBUS BLOCKS
What job does the

communications stack perform?
4.
True or False? The transducer

block provides information
about a devices status to control
systems.
5.
Which block retrieves sensor

information and transfers it to
the other block?
The three main types of block contained in an FF device are:

T Resource block
T Transducer block
T Function blocks
Resource Block
The resource block describes the resources that a device can
provide to an FF network. For example, the resource block
might list the function blocks available in a transmitter. The
resource block provides the control system with information
needed to recognize a devices capabilities. The key function of
the resource block is to provide information about a devices
status to control systems and to other applications that require
the information.
Transducer Block
The transducer block is the interface between a sensor or
actuator and the function blocks in the transmitterfunction
blocks can only interact with sensor or actuator data through
the transducer block.
Page 23
3.
4.
2009 Rosemount Inc.
a
False; the resource block provides
information about a devices status to
control systems
Transducer block
5.
Transducer blocks are used to define the sensor type, perform

sensor calibrations, configure LCD displays, support
diagnostic functions, and perform other tasks.
Foundation Fieldbus Technology Overview

Activities
Function Blocks
Function blocks provide the mechanism for acquiring,
manipulating, selecting, sharing, and using information to
monitor or control a process. Function blocks are interoperable
computing elements used for monitoring and process control.
They are interoperable since blocks from any device and any
supplier can be used together.
6.
True or False? A transmitter

may need to use an AO function
block because some control
devices may need to reduce an
analog signal from the
transmitter.
7.
Which of the following is an

example of a PID function block
in use?
a. Controlling the radio signal
with a frequency knob
b. Controlling a valve to keep
flow in a process constant
c. Controlling the flow of two
liquids manually by
monitoring the transmitter
readings
d. Controlling the flow of
current with a fuse
The Fieldbus Foundation defines a very large number of

function blocks. The most common function blocks are:
T Analog input block
T Analog output block
T Proportional/integral/derivative block
Analog Input Block
The analog input (AI) block obtains sensor data from the
transducer block, optionally performs scaling algorithms, and
sends out a digital process value. The AI block also reports a
status of Good, Bad, or Uncertain based on its confidence in
the process value.
The analog output (AO) block accepts a digital process value as

its input, optionally performs scaling and alarming, and sends a
digital value to a transducer block. The transducer block then
produces the appropriate signal to drive a final control element
such as a valve.
Proportional/Integral/Derivative Block
The proportional/integral/derivative (PID) block operates like
the cruise control of an automobileit reads a digital process
value, compares the value against a predefined setpoint, and
sends out a correctional value based on the PID algorithm. The
PID block is useful for feedback loops. For example, a process
may require a constant flow rate even if the pressure in the
process changes. In the past, the PID block was executed in the
control system. FF lets the user decide where the PID block is
executed: in the control system, an instrument, or a final
control element.
Page 24
False
b
Analog Output Block
2009 Rosemount Inc.
6.
7.
The AI block is used with devices that measure a continuously

varying process. Devices may have more than one AI block to
handle multiple sensors.
Foundation Fieldbus Technology

Signal Characterizer (SGCR) Function Block
Activities
The Signal Characterizer (SGCR) function block characterizes

or approximates any function that defines an input/output
relationship. The function is defined by configuring as many as
20 X-Y coordinates. The block interpolates an output value for
a given input value using the curve defined by the configured
coordinates, i.e., strapping table.
Input Selector (ISEL) Function Block
The Input Selector (ISEL) function block can be used to select
the first good, maximum, minimum, or average of as many as
eight input values and place it at the output. The block supports
signal status propagation.
Integrator (INT) Function Block
The Integrator (INT) function block integrates one or two
variables over time. The block compares the integrated or
accumulated value to pre-trip and trip limits and generates
discrete output signals when the limits are reached.
Arithmetic Function Blocks
The Arithmetic function block provides the ability to configure
a range extension function for a primary input and applies
different arithmetic types as compensation.
The Arithmetic functions include:
T Flow Compensation Linear
T Flow Compensation Square Root
T Flow Compensation Approximate
T BTU Flow
T Traditional Multiply and Divide
T Average
T Summer
T Fourth Order Polynomial
T Simple HTG Compensate Level
2009 Rosemount Inc.
Page 25
Advantages of FOUNDATION Fieldbus

FF offers substantial advantages over other communication
protocols. Some of the most important advantages of FF
technology are:
T Protocol design
T Device interoperability
T Reduced wiring costs
T Compatibility with existing plant wiring
T More accurate and reliable process control
Activities
8.
True or False? One of the

reasons protocol design is a
meaningful advantage of FF is
that FF offers better process
control tools than other
protocols.
9.
Why do FF devices need less

wiring than analog devices?
PROTOCOL DESIGN
FF is the only all-digital device communication protocol
specifically designed for the process control industry. As such,
it offers better process control tools (i.e., function blocks) and
more useful communication and network options than other
protocols.
Furthermore, FF is an open protocolit is openly published
and not controlled by a single vendor. Therefore, users of FF
technology can be assured that the technology will remain
stable and well supported by their suppliers.
DEVICE INTEROPERABILITY
a. FF devices have short

distances between network
segments
b. FF devices are bus-powered
c. Multiple F devices can exist
on a single pair of wires
d. FF devices need fewer
control system components
All FF devices are interoperable by design. Any FF device can

be plugged into any FF network and be automatically
recognized.
REDUCED WIRING COSTS

FF devices require far less wiring overhead than their analog
counterparts. FF devices need less wiring because they:
T Can be powered by the same wires they use to
communicate (i.e., bus-powered devices)
T Share network segments with other FF devices
T Require fewer control system components
FF wiring, as a consequence, costs only a fraction of the cost of
wiring an equivalent number of analog instruments.
True
b, c, d
2009 Rosemount Inc.
8.
9.
Page 26
Advantages of Foundation Fieldbus

NETWORK FLEXIBILITY
Activities
FF technology allows customers to configure their device

networks into a wide variety of different topologies, unlike
traditional analog point-to-point installations (see Network
Topologies on page 29). No matter where a device is placed
on an FF network, the device will announce itself to the
network and receive a unique network ID.
10. True or False? The flexibility

of FF networking gives
minimum control of wiring and
placement of devices.
The flexibility of FF networking gives customers the maximum

amount of control in wiring and device-placement decisions.
11. True or False? Control in the

field is characterized by control
distributed within dedicated
control systems.
FF is the only communication technology that provides the

capability to perform basic and advanced regulatory control
and discrete process entirely in the field. Control in the field
means that control is distributed among field devices instead of
within dedicated controllers. Control loops can be
implemented on the FF segment, which increases the response
speed of the control loop, resulting in better process control.
FF does not stipulate that control functionality must be located
in the fieldinstead, users determine where control will be
distributed based on their specific application needs. Some of
the benefits of distributed control include:
T ReduncancyThe failure of a control system does not
cripple closed loop control.
T Reduced control costsBecause the devices themselves
are controllers, there is no need for additional controller
resources in the control system.
T Greater control adaptabilityNew devices can be added
online to implement new control strategies without
affecting the operation of the other devices and control
strategies on the segment.
T Increased reliabilityField devices are a more reliable
platform from which to implement regulatory control.
There are fewer failure points in field-based control,
resulting in a lower failure rate.
12. Which of the following are

benefits of control in the field?
a. Increased process availability
b. Reduced control costs
c. Greater control adaptability
d. Increased safety
e. Increased reliability
10. False
11. False
12. a, b, c, e
CONTROL IN THE FIELD
2009 Rosemount Inc.
Page 27
FOUNDATION Fieldbus Networks

Activities
SEGMENTS, TRUNKS, AND SPURS

An FF network (or segment) consists of one trunk and one or
more spurs. Figure 8.10 illustrates a trunk and several spurs in
an FF segment.
Spur
Spur
Trunk
Terminator
Power supply and

conditioner
Figure 8.10: FOUNDATION Fieldbus Segment
FF segments have the following characteristics:

13. What is the maximum cable
T Every FF segment must have two terminators, one
length of an FF segment without
mounted as close to each end of the segment as possible
FF repeaters?
T Each segment requires a power conditioner to prevent
messages on one segment from passing through shared
components such as power supplies to other segments.
T The maximum length of all FF wires on a segment cannot
14. What acts as a limitation on the
exceed 1900 m (6234 ft), although this distance can be
spur length?
extended with the use of FF repeaters
T An FF segment can support a practical limit of 16
bus-powered devices (or 32 individually-powered devices)
Spur length is limited by how many devices are on the spur.
Table 8.1 lists maximum spur length.
Number of Devices
on the Spur
Maximum Spur Length
120 m (394 ft)
90 m (295 ft)
60 m (197 ft)
30 m (98 ft)
Table 8.1: Maximum Spur Length

13. 1900 m (6234 ft)
14. The number of devices on the FF spur
Page 28
2009 Rosemount Inc.
Foundation Fieldbus Networks

Activities
NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
The network topology is the shape of the network. The three
most common network topologies used by FOUNDATION
Fieldbus are:
T Point-to-point
T Tree
T Branch
Figure 8.11 illustrates the three common network topologies.
15. Network topology can be

defined as the size / shape of the
network.
Junction
box
Tree
Branch
Point-to-point
Figure 8.11: Three Common Network

Topologies
Different network topologies can be combined to form

complex types of networks. For example, one segment of a
branch network could be the base of a tree network.
15. Shape
2009 Rosemount Inc.
Page 29
Foundation Fieldbus Networks

DEVICE COMMUNICATION ON THE NETWORK
To keep all of the FF devices on the network communicating in
a coordinated manner, communication is precisely scheduled
by a device called the link active scheduler (LAS). The LAS is
not a special instrument; any FF device (or a control system)
can be the LAS, but only one LAS can be active on each FF
segment. When each devices turn comes up on the schedule,
that device sends data for a limited amount of time. If the
primary LAS fails, a back-up LAS can take over and prevent an
interruption in network communication.
Activities
16. What device schedules the
communication on an FF
network?
INTRINSIC SAFETY
FF network segments can be made intrinsically safe by using
safety barriers between the segment and the rest of the
network. Individual safety barriers support two to four devices.
Multiple safety barriers can be used on a single fieldbus
segment. The exact number is dependent upon several device
characteristics (e.g., the I.S. classification, cable type, or power
consumption).
16. LAS
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2009 Rosemount Inc.
FOUNDATION Fieldbus and Redundancy

FF NETWORKS AND REDUNDANCY
Activities
FF networks can easily be made more secure and robust than a

conventional 4-20 mA point-to-point wired system.
Using the control in the field capabilities of the field devices
allows the primary control loops to be executed completely
outside of the traditional controller. The ability of the devices
to provide backup Link Active Scheduling for the H1 segment
means that if communication is lost within the central control
system, the loops will continue to function normally without
any interruptions. This in itself will result in an increased
availability of the overall system and a higher MTBF, usually
making additional component redundancy unnecessary.
Overall control reliability depends on the reliability of the H1
segment wires, the power supply/conditioner, field devices, and
terminators. FF does not support cable redundancy, but as the
wire has the lowest complexity level and under normal
conditions the lowest failure rate, this is usually not an issue.
Available FF redundant capabilities include:
T Measurement devices
T Valves
T Segment power supplies and conditioners
T Backup Link Active Scheduler
T Distributed function blocks
T Host H1 interface
2009 Rosemount Inc.
Page 31
Profibus Protocol
Profibus Protocol
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
T List the three major types of Profibus and their uses
T List the commonalities between FOUNDATION Fieldbus and Profibus
T List the key differences between FOUNDATION Fieldbus and Profibus
2009 Rosemount Inc.
Page 33
Profibus Protocol
Profibus Technology Overview

Profibus, like FF, is a fieldbusa two-way, digital-only
communication protocol. Profibus is fundamentally designed
to meet high-speed factory automation needs; one of the
protocols variants has been adapted for process control use.
Profibus is made up of three different variants, each with a
different purpose. The three protocols are:
T Profibus-FMS
T Profibus-DP
T Profibus-PA
Activities
1.
Name the Profibus variants.
2.
Which Profibus variant directly

competes with FF?
Profibus-PA is the Profibus variant that directly

competes with FOUNDATION Fieldbus.
Figure 8.12 illustrates Profibus topology.
Network master
device
Profibus-FMS
(or ethernet)
ProfibusDP
PLC
ProfibusPA
Power
supply
DP to PA
converter
Discrete
devices
Control
valves and
transmitters
Figure 8.12: Profibus Topology
2009 Rosemount Inc.
1.
Profibus-FMS, Profibus-DP, and

Profibus-PA
Profibus-PA
2.
Page 34
Profibus Protocol

Activities
PROFIBUS-FMS
Profibus-FMS (Fieldbus Message Specification) is a protocol
that is designed for communication between controllers/PLCs,
engineering stations, operating stations, or other high level
devices. Profibus-FMS is a multimaster protocolany or all of
the devices on the network can be masters.
PROFIBUS-DP
Profibus-DP (Decentralized Periphery) is a distributed I/O
protocol that is best suited for high-speed, discrete device
automation. In a Profibus-DP network, master devices
continuously poll slave devices. Like Profibus-FMS,
Profibus-DP is a multimaster system. However, Profibus-DP
does not allow master-to-master communication.
3.
Which Profibus variants

communicate using high-speed
signals?
4.
How is the Profibus-PA similar

to the FF?
PROFIBUS-PA
Profibus-PA (Process Automation) is the only Profibus variant
designed for process control. Profibus-PA attempts to address
the same applications and market as FF H1.
Unlike Profibus-FMS and Profibus-DP, the Profibus-PA variant
does not use high-speed communication signals and cannot
coexist with the other two variants on the same network.
Communication between a Profibus-PA segment and a
Profibus-DP segment requires a network gateway known as a
linking device or coupler.
Similarities to FOUNDATION Fieldbus
Profibus-PA is similar to FF in two main ways:
T Physical layerProfibus-PA uses a physical layer that is
identical to the physical layer used by FF H1 (IEC
61158-2)
T Bus-powered, I.S. devicesBecause Profibus is
electrically identical to FF, the I.S. options are identical as
well
Profibus-FMS and Profibus-PA

It has a physical layer, bus-powered,
and uses I.S. devices
2009 Rosemount Inc.
Page 35
3.
4.
Profibus Protocol

Activities
Profibus-PA differs from FF in several important ways,

including:
5.
T Protocol designProfibus was not originally designed for
process control. Profibus-PA is a variant of Profibus that
has been adapted to meet the physical and elecrical
requirements of process plants. FF is specifically designed
to meet the needs of the process control industry.
T Network structureProfibus-PA is stricter and more
hierarchical in its network requirements. Profibus-PA, like
traditional analog communication technology, puts all of
the control into network masters and central control
systems. FF allows the control to be distributed to the field
devices.
T Network managementTechnicians must manually
control Profibus-PA device addresses and host
configurations; address conflicts can disrupt a
Profibus-PA network. FF networks automatically assign
device addresses.
T Network communicationProfibus PA is a master-slave
6.
network. Devices can only communicate on the bus when
told to by the bus master, usually the control host. FF
synchronizes communication among all field devices and
the host. In addition, FF provides a timestamp, while
Profibus PA does not.
T Network modificationsProfibus networks must be taken
offline for modifications. FF allows online modifications
for both control and monitoring purposes.
T Function blocksProfibus PA does not support function
blocks in field devices.
T TAG searchProfibus only provides identification by
device address; FF allows devices and function blocks to
be identified through unique tags.
T TrendingFF devices can maintain a local trend file that
can be accessed by the host; Profibus PA devices cannot.
T Data integrationProfibus PA communications must
pass through several layers of networks between the field
and the end user/application. This imposes
communication delays and reduces reliability.
True or False? Reliance on

function blocks puts
Profibus-PA network structures
at a disadvantage in comparison
to FF networks.
What characteristic of the

Profibus-PA network
communication puts it at a
disadvantage to the FF network
structure?
False
The Profibus-PA network puts all of the
control into the network masters and
central control systems

Page 36
2009 Rosemount Inc.
5.
6.
Differences from FOUNDATION Fieldbus
Proprietary Communication Protocols
Proprietary Communication
Protocols
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
T Briefly describe the following communication protocols in terms of their basic technology and
common implementation:
Modicon Modbus
Honeywell DE
Foxboro FoxCom
Yokogawa B
RAIN
T List the principal differences between Honeywell DE and HART
T List the primary advantages of FOUNDATION Fieldbus over the protocols listed above
2009 Rosemount Inc.
Page 37

Device manufacturers have developed a large number of
proprietary (i.e., closed, vendor-owned) digital communication
protocols. Four of the most common other protocols are:
T
T
T
T
Modicon Modbus
Honeywell DE
Foxboro FoxCom
Yokogawa BRAIN
Activities
1.
How is Modbus most frequently

used?
2.
True or False? The Modbus

protocol is available to users
and manufacturers under a
royalty-free license.
3.
DE modulates the ___________

on the loop to convey
information.
MODICON MODBUS
Modbus is a digital, low-level, master-slave device
communication protocol. A Modbus master queries slave
devices with commands, such as a command to read a process
variable. Modbus is primarily used to communicate control and
monitoring data.
Modbus operates independently of a devices physical layer. A
device can communicate through its physical layer
(e.g., FOUNDATION Fieldbus) and also through Modbus. Some
device manufacturers use Modbus as a complementary
common language among their instruments.
Although the Modbus protocol is owned by Modicon, the
protocol is available to users and manufacturers under
royalty-free license.
HONEYWELL DE
Honeywells DE (Digitally Enhanced) protocol is a digital
replacement for standard analog communication protocols
(e.g., 420 mA). DE communicates digital information by
modulating the current on the loop: a 4 mA signal equals a 1,
and a 20 mA signal equals a 0. Because the current itself is
modulated, a regular 420 mA analog signal cannot coexist
with the DE signal.
The DE protocol is proprietaryit is owned by Honeywell and
is not openly available.
2009 Rosemount Inc.
1.
To communicate control and

monitoring data
True
Current
2.
3.
Page 38

Activities
FOXBORO FOXCOM
The FoxCom protocol operates either as a digital replacement
of a standard analog signal (like Honeywell DE) or as a digital
signal overlayed on top of an analog signal (like the HART
protocol). In both cases, the digital signal can accomplish the
same two-way communication tasks that DE and HART
technology can accomplish (e.g., remote transmitter
configuration). The all-digital signal conveys information at a
relatively speedy 4800 baud. The HART-like signal runs much
slower, at 600 baud. (By comparison, the HART protocol
operates at 1200 baud.)
4.
How does FoxCom operate?
5.
True or False? Frequency shift

keying is a technique used by
FoxCom and BRAIN to convey
digital information along with
the standard analog signal.
When operating in the HART-like mode, FoxCom uses the Bell

202 frequency shift keying method. The communication
methods between FoxCom and HART technology are similar
enough that most FoxCom-capable devices can communicate
using both FoxCom and HART technology. Technicians can
even configure many FoxCom-capable devices using a HART
communicator.
FoxCom is a proprietary protocolit is owned by Foxboro and
is not openly available.
YOKOGAWA BRAIN
Yokogawas BRAIN protocol is based on frequency shift
keying, like HART technology. A digital signal is overlayed on
top of a standard analog signal (e.g., 420 mA). However, the
BRAIN protocol uses non-standard frequency settings to
produce digital 1s and 0s.
Yokogawa manufactures a BRAIN communicator that is
somewhat like the HART communicator. The BRAIN
communicator (like the HART communicator) requires 250
resistance and can be connected anywhere in the loop across a
250 load.
2009 Rosemount Inc.
Page 39
4.
As a digital-only protocol and as a

digital signal overlayed on top of a
standard analog signal
True
5.
The BRAIN protocol is proprietaryit is owned by Yokogawa

and is not openly available.
Advantages of HART and Fieldbus

The HART and FF communication technologies maintain
significant advantages over the four other protocols described
in this section. A brief comparison can quickly highlight some
of the most important advantages.
Activities
COMPARING HART WITH FOXCOM AND BRAIN

HART, FoxCom, and BRAIN use essentially the same
frequency shift keying method of overlaying digital
information onto an analog signal. All three protocols can be
used via a communicator connected anywhere in the control
loop.
6.
What benefits does the HART

protocol have as compared to
FoxCom and BRAIN?
7.
Customers view HART

technology as a stepping-stone
to __________________
technology.
HART technology has two important benefits that FoxCom and

BRAIN do not have. HART technology is:
T An open protocol
T Widely adopted in the industry
Open Protocol
Both FoxCom and BRAIN are controlled by single vendors,
which lock customers into devices manufactured by that
vendor. HART technology is an open protocol that is not
owned by a single vendor, which frees customers to choose
devices from any manufacturer that supports the protocol.
HART is supported by over 140 companies, including Foxboro
and Yokogawa.
Customers have overwhelmingly chosen to buy
products that use open protocols.
Widely Adopted in the Industry

HART technology is the most widely adopted digital protocol
in the process control industry, accounting for the vast majority
of all digital device communication. The HART
Communication Foundation estimates that over 20 million
HART devices are in use today worldwide. Each year, as more
plants convert from simple analog communication to a digital
strategy, the majority of those plants will choose HART
technology as a logical first step.
2009 Rosemount Inc.
6.
The HART protocol is an open

protocol and it has been widely
adopted in the industry
Fieldbus
Page 40
7.
HART is a logical stepping stone to fieldbus

technology, because customers can maintain their
investment in analog technology.

Because HART technology is so widely adopted, most device
manufacturers build HART-capable instruments, which results
in even wider industry adoption. Wide adoption assures
customers that their HART devices will interoperate with an
enormous number of other devices from many manufacturers.
Activities
8.
Why is wide industry adoption a

benefit to HART technology?
9.
True or False? DE forces

customers to abandon their
analog systems because DE
cannot coexist with an analog
signal.
The HART protocol is the most widely adopted digital

protocol in the process control industry. All
proprietary protocols combined are expected to
amount to only a tiny fraction of total device sales in
the coming years.
COMPARING HART WITH DE

HART technology and DE commonly compete for customers.
However, HART technology and DE are not equal competitors.
HART technology has significant advantages over DE,
including:
T Maintained analog signals
T Simultaneous variable transmission
T Broad industry support
Maintained Analog Signals
HART technology overlays its digital signal on top of a
standard analog signal. The analog signal is perfectly
preserved. DE, on the other hand, replaces the analog signal
with a digital signal.
Because DE cannot coexist with an analog signal, customers
who adopt DE must throw away their investment in analog
technology. Customers who adopt HART technology, however,
are free to continue using their analog systems.
Simultaneous Variable Transmission
HART instruments can update up to four process variables with
each transmission. DE can only update one variable per
transmission. DE sends a secondary variable on the second
transmission, a tertiary variable on the third transmission, and
so on. This strategy delays transmission of the primary variable
by two or three cycles.
Continued viability is ensured.
True
2009 Rosemount Inc.
Page 41
8.
9.

Broad Industry Support
Activities
HART technology enjoys broad industry support. Over 200

device manufacturers build HART-capable instruments. DE is
restricted to Honeywell instruments and a few licensed
products from other vendors.
FOUNDATION FIELDBUS ADDED ADVANTAGES

FF is the only communication technology to offer substantial
process control advantages such as:
T Device interoperabilityDevices from the same and/or
different manufacturers can typically coexist in the same
network, but only FF devices communicate with each
other by design
T Network flexibilityOnly FF offers true plug-and-play
device networks
T Control in the fieldOnly FF is able to offer remote,
intelligent devices for which control is located right at the
device
10. Name three advantages FF has

over modbus, DE, FoxCom, and
BRAIN.
10. Device interoperability, network

flexibility, and control in the field
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2009 Rosemount Inc.
Workbook Exercises
Workbook Exercises
Note: All exercise answers are located at the end of this module.
EXERCISE 8.1THE ROLE OF COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY

1. Which of the following are roles that communication technology performs? (Select all that apply.)
a) It interprets sensor data and transfers the data to a control room.
b) It rectifies sensor failures from the control room.
c) It enables technicians to remotely configure transmitters.
d) It reports transmitter problems to a control room.
2. How does control in the field change the way the process control industry uses communication
technology?
a) Engineers can develop sophisticated control strategies that happen right at the measurement
device.
b) Plants can rely much less on central control systems.
c) Providing improved loop integrity reduces the need for redundant controllers and redundant
I/Os.
d) Permits multiple devices to exchange process control information simultaneously.
e) Local loops are safermodifying them (or failure of one loop) does not have to affect the rest
of the plant network.
2009 Rosemount Inc.
Page 43
Workbook Exercises
Workbook Exercises
EXERCISE 8.2COMMUNICATION COMPONENTS
1. Match each communication component to its diagrammatic description.
___ Sensor
a)
___ Process variable
b)
___ Signal processor
c)
___ Output signal
d)
2. What converts a process variable such as pressure into an electrical signal (for example,
millivolts)?
a) Controller
b) Sensor
c) Transmitter
3. Which of these statements explains why an analog-to-digital (A/D) converter and a
digital-to-analog (D/A) converter might be necessary for device communication? (Select all that
apply.)
a) Transmitters with digital electronics require a digital process value.
b) Dependent devices such as valves and programmable logic controllers (PLCs) can only receive
digital signals from transmitters.
c) Transmitters used with integral LCD display require an analog signal.
d) Dependent devices such as valves and programmable logic controllers (PLCs) can only receive
analog signals from transmitters.
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2009 Rosemount Inc.
Workbook Exercises
Workbook Exercises
EXERCISE 8.3ANALOG AND DIGITAL PROTOCOLS
1. Indicate whether each of the following is an analog signal or a digital protocol by checking the
appropriate column.
Analog Signal
Digital Protocol
420 mA
HART
FOUNDATION Fieldbus
15 V
315 psi
2. Write the letter of each description below its image identifier.

a) Continuously varies
b) Discrete values only
_____________
c) Created by sampling
d) Analog
e) Digital
_____________
3. A customer requires 10 additional transmitters, which will be fairly inaccessible once they are
installed. She also indicates that she needs to control costs. Why would you advise this customer to
consider digital communication technology? (Select all that apply.)
a) Digital transmitters require less wiring, and there are therefore cheaper to install.
b) Digital transmitters are more accurate, so money will be saved through improved process
control.
c) Digital transmitters offer the advantage of self-calibration.
d) Technicians can communicate with digital transmitters remotely.
2009 Rosemount Inc.
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Workbook Exercises
Workbook Exercises
EXERCISE 8.4HOW HART DEVICES COMMUNICATE
1. HART devices use a technique called frequency shift keying. A frequency of _______ equals 1,
and a frequency of _________ equals zero. Because the average modulation on the wire is zero,
the HART signal has ___________ effect on the analog signal.
Answer 1
Answer 2
Answer 3
a) 1100
a) 1100
a) No
b) 2200
b) 2200
b) Minimal
c) 31250
c) 31250
c) Major
2. Which of the following descriptions are characteristics of HART communication?

a) It requires a minimum 250 ohms resistance in the loop to establish HART communication.
b) The transmission rate is 2200 bits per second.
c) It requires no loop resistance to establish HART communication.
d) It uses two different frequencies to indicate 1 and 0.
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2009 Rosemount Inc.
Workbook Exercises
Workbook Exercises
EXERCISE 8.5SIGNAL CONVERSION
Note: Use the diagram below to answer all the questions in this exercise.
1. If the sampling rate changes from 10 samples per second to 20 samples per second, what will
happen to the digital process value?
a) It will have twice as many steps.
b) It will decrease by half.
c) It will be unaffected.
d) It will decrease marginally.
2. If the analog signal changes to a flat line, the digital value will also become a flat line that matches
(or very nearly matches) the analog signal.
a) True
b) False
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Workbook Exercises
Workbook Exercises
3. Sampling interval is more important when the process value ____________ changes.
a) Frequently
b) Never
c) Rarely
4. What general statement can you make about data loss in A/D conversions based on the illustration?
a) A/D converters with high sampling rates and sampling precision will not lose any data during
the conversion process.
b) A/D converters with high sampling rates and sampling precision can lose some data during the
conversion process.
c) A/D converters with low sampling precision lose data during the conversion process.
d) A/D converters with low sampling rates lose data during the conversion process.
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Workbook Exercises
Workbook Exercises
EXERCISE 8.6ADVANTAGES OF HART TECHNOLOGY
1. A customer is considering the upgrade of 10 analog transmitters to HART transmitters, but he has
expressed concern about the initial investment amount. What reassurances can you provide?
(Select all options that apply.)
a) HART transmitters can be used with the existing equipment that uses the 420 mA signaling
standard.
b) HART transmitters only deal with digital communication, and since an analog signal is not
required, wiring and control system costs are reduced.
c) HART transmitters can be connected in multidropped networks, which can save on wiring and
control system costs.
d) There can be unlimited multidropping of HART transmitters in a single loop.
e) HART transmitters run their own self-diagnostics, thereby reducing expensive downtime.
2. Which of the following statements is applicable to HART multidropped networks?
a) Only analog communication is possible.
b) Only digital communication is possible.
c) Both digital and analog communication is possible.
2009 Rosemount Inc.
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Workbook Exercises
Workbook Exercises
EXERCISE 8.7HART COMMUNICATORS
1. Which of these statements are applicable to HART communicators? (Select all that apply.)
a) A technician can configure many transmitters individually through a single connection by using
a communicator on a multi-dropped network.
b) Device descriptions allow communicators to be easily upgraded with information about new
transmitter functions.
c) Wired transmitters provide access to HART devices from any point in the loop.
d) Communicators allow technicians to access HART devices from any point in the loop across a
250 ohms load.
e) Multiple HART communicators can be used to communicate with multiple HART devices at
one time in a multidropped network.
2. HART ___________________ allow technicians to access HART transmitters from anywhere in
the loop across a minimum ________________ ohms load.
Answer 1
Answer 2
a) Sensors
a) 125
b) Communicators
b) 250
c) Transducers
c) 500
3. HART communicators are quick and easy to upgrade with new device descriptions.
a) True
b) False
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Workbook Exercises
Workbook Exercises
EXERCISE 8.8FOUNDATION FIELDBUS BASICS
1. Match each layer name and description to the layer code as indicated in the diagram below.
___ X
a) User layer: Contains function blocks that can be linked together to

provide process control features
___ Y
b) Physical layer: Defines the hardware connection of the transmitter to

the fieldbus network
___ Z
c) Communications stack: Handles transmitter communication on the

fieldbus network
X
Y
2. Match each function to the block name.

___ Analog input (AI)
a) Identifies the resources that a device can provide

to a FOUNDATION Fieldbus network
___ Resource
b) Communicates sensor data to other blocks
___ Proportional/integral/derivative (PID)
c) Reads and reports digital process values
___ Analog output (AO)
d) Converts a digital process value to an analog

value
___ Transducer
e) Behaves like a thermostat
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Workbook Exercises
Workbook Exercises
___ Signal characterizer
a) Could be used to implement the average of a number of

input values
___ Input selector
b) Totals a flow signal over time
___ Integrator
c) Could be used to allow for temperature compensation in

an HTG level application
___ Arithmetic
d) Makes the signal from a conical tank linear
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Workbook Exercises
Workbook Exercises
EXERCISE 8.9ADVANTAGES OF FOUNDATION FIELDBUS
1. How does FOUNDATION Fieldbus address the problem of traditional analog wiring costs?
a) Its devices offer complete remote control and require no wiring, leading to a complete reduction
of wiring costs.
b) Its devices require far less wiring than analog transmitters, which can lead to substantial cost
savings.
c) Its devices can run on the wiring of an existing analog system without terminators and power
conditioners.
d) Its technology allows an unlimited number of field devices to be multidropped in a single
segment, which can lead to substantial cost savings.
2. FOUNDATION Fieldbus devices are interoperable by design. Any device from any manufacturer
can communicate with any other device.
a) True
b) False
3. FOUNDATION Fieldbus devices _______________ the need for large, central control systems
and their attendant network of wires. They can also handle many control responsibilities by
_______________.
Answer 1
Answer 2
a) Support
a) Host system
b) Increase
b) Themselves
c) Reduce
c) Wiring direct
4. FOUNDATION Fieldbus fulfills all the roles of digital communication technology.

a) True
b) False
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Workbook Exercises
Workbook Exercises
5. A plant manager wants to use 100% FOUNDATION Fieldbus for a new plant expansion, but
intends to wire point-to-point. What would you advise? (Select all that apply).
a) There is little need to resort to point-to-point wiring because FOUNDATION Fieldbus devices
can be connected in a number of different network configurations.
b) A point-to-point wiring setup will be appropriate since all the devices have to share the same
network.
c) There is no need for point-to-point wiringbecause the FOUNDATION Fieldbus devices can be
controlled remotely.
d) The manager could rewire her devices so they share the same network wires, thereby cutting
down wiring and maintenance costs dramatically.
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2009 Rosemount Inc.
Workbook Exercises
Workbook Exercises
EXERCISE 8.10FOUNDATION FIELDBUS NETWORKS
1. Topology is the shape of the network, and FOUNDATION Fieldbus has a unique network shape.
a) True
b) False
2. How is intrinsic safety observed in a FOUNDATION Fieldbus network? (Select all that apply.)
a) A safety barrier must be placed between the intrinsically safe and non-safe segments.
b) The intrinsically safe and non-safe segments must have separate wiring properties.
c) All devices on the intrinsically safe side must be bus-powered.
d) The number of devices on an I.S. segment is unlimited.
e) The device must be certified as I.S.
3. The link active scheduler (LAS) need not necessarily be in the control room. The LAS can be
virtually anywhere on the network.
a) True
b) False
2009 Rosemount Inc.
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Workbook Exercises
Workbook Exercises
EXERCISE 8.11THREE PROFIBUS VARIANTS
1. Write the letter of the descriptive characteristic next to the appropriate Profibus variant.
(Characteristics may be used more than once.)
___ ProfibusFMS
a) Distributed I/O protocol
___ ProfibusDP
b) Uses high-speed signals
___ ProfibusPA
c) Supports intrinsically safe operation

d) Designed to meet factory automation needs
e) Suited for master-to-master communication
f) Designed to meet process automation needs
2. Which of these ProfibusPA items are similar to FOUNDATION Fieldbus? (Select all that apply.)
a) Network management
b) Physical layer
c) Bus-powered, intrinsically safe devices
d) Protocol design
e) Network communication
Page 56
2009 Rosemount Inc.
Workbook Exercises
Workbook Exercises
EXERCISE 8.12PROPRIETARY PROTOCOLS
1. Match each protocol to the appropriate characteristic(s). (More than one characteristic may apply
to a protocol.)
___ Modicon Modbus
a) Modulates current on the loop
___ Honeywell DE
b) Available through a royalty-free license
___ Foxboro FoxCom
c) Digital-only operation
___ Yokogawa BRAIN
d) Uses frequency shift-keying

e) Can communicate with a handheld communicator
f) Often used as a common language among devices
2009 Rosemount Inc.
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Workbook Exercises
Workbook Exercises
EXERCISE 8.13ADVANTAGES OF HART AND FOUNDATION FIELDBUS
1. A customer wants to replace one-third of his analog-only transmitters with digital transmitters, but
does not want to give up the analog communication since several valves are dependent on it. What
would you advise? (Select all that apply.)
a) HART technology is an open protocol that allows the customer to obtain devices from any
manufacturer.
b) HART transmitters require less network wiring as compared to FoxCom transmitters.
c) HART technology is widely adopted in the industry and this ensures that the technology will be
supported in the future.
d) FoxCom transmitters do not support analog signals since they only handle digital
communication.
2. A customer wants to upgrade his plant to a Fieldbus-only system. Not wanting to make the large
investment necessary to switch the entire plant at once, he is exploring stepping-stone
technologies. How will you convince the customer that in comparison to Honeywell DE, HART
technology is a better stepping-stone to Fieldbus? (Select all that apply.)
a) HART technology allows the customer to keep his existing analog technology while
introducing new digital technology. DE requires him to abandon his analog technology
immediately.
b) HART devices can transmit multiple digital variables simultaneously. DE can only send one.
c) HART devices can be configured by technicians in the field or on the bench with a
communicator. DE devices are factory-programmable and cannot be configured in the field.
d) HART technology is an open protocol that will not lock the customer into a single supplier. DE
is proprietary and requires the customer to buy devices from Honeywell.
e) HART technology is widely adopted in the industry, ensuring broad support.
Page 58
2009 Rosemount Inc.
Workbook Exercises
Workbook Exercises
3. A customer wants to move his plant to a fieldbus-only system. Not wanting to make the large
investment necessary to switch the entire plant at once, he is exploring stepping-stone
technologies. How will you convince the customer that FOUNDATION Fieldbus is the best
solution for his long-range plan for a fieldbus-only plant? (Select all that apply.)
a) FOUNDATION Fieldbus permits devices to communicate and inter-operate by design.
b) FOUNDATION Fieldbus is the only protocol that is specifically designed to meet the needs of
the process control industry.
c) FOUNDATION Fieldbus allows complete network flexibility.
d) FOUNDATION Fieldbus works equally well with digital or analog signals.
e) FOUNDATION Fieldbus is the only protocol to offer control-in-the-field functionality.
2009 Rosemount Inc.
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Workbook Answers
Workbook Answers
Exercise 8.1Role of Communication Technology
1. a, c, d
2. a, b, c, e
Exercise 8.2Communication Components

1. Match each communication component to its diagrammatic description.
d
___ Sensor
a)
c Process variable
___
b)
b
___ Signal processor
c)
a Output signal
___
d)
2. b
3. a, d
2009 Rosemount Inc.
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Workbook Answers
Workbook Answers
Exercise 8.3Analog and Digital Protocols
1. Indicate whether each of the following is an analog signal or a digital protocol by checking the
appropriate column.
Analog Signal
420 mA
Digital Protocol
HART
FOUNDATION Fieldbus
15 V
315 psi
2. Write the letter of each description below its image identifier.

a) Continuously varies
b) Discrete values only
a, d
_____________
c) Created by sampling
d) Analog
e) Digital
b, c, e
_____________
3. a, b, d
Exercise 8.4How HART Devices Communicate

1. a, b, a
2. a, d
Exercise 8.5Signal Conversion

1.
2.
3.
4.
a
a
a
b
2009 Rosemount Inc.
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Workbook Answers
Workbook Answers
Exercise 8.6Advantages of HART Technology
1. a, c, e
2. b
Exercise 8.7HART Communicators

1. a, b, d
2. b, b
3. a
Exercise 8.8FOUNDATION Fieldbus Basics

1. Match each layer name and description to the layer code as indicated in the diagram below.
a X
___
a) User layer: Contains function blocks that can be linked together to

provide process control features
c Y
___
b) Physical layer: Defines the hardware connection of the transmitter to

the fieldbus network
b Z
___
c) Communications stack: Handles transmitter communication on the

fieldbus network
X
Y
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2009 Rosemount Inc.
Workbook Answers
Workbook Answers
c Analog input (AI)
___
a) Identifies the resources that a device can provide

to a FOUNDATION Fieldbus network
a Resource
___
e Proportional/integral/derivative (PID)
___
b) Communicates sensor data to other blocks

c) Reads and reports digital process values
d Analog output (AO)

___
d) Converts a digital process value to an analog

value
b Transducer
___
e) Behaves like a thermostat

d Special characterizer
___
a) Could be used to implement the average of a

number of input values
a Input selector
___
b Integrator
___
b) Totals a flow signal over time
c Arithmetic
___
d) Makes the signal from a conical tank linear
c) Could be used to allow for temperature

compensation in an HTG level application
Exercise 8.9Advantages of FOUNDATION Fieldbus

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
b
a
c, b
a
a, d
2009 Rosemount Inc.
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Workbook Answers
Workbook Answers
Exercise 8.10FOUNDATION Fieldbus Networks
1. b
2. a, c, e
3. a
Exercise 8.11Three Profibus Variants

1. Write the letter of the descriptive characteristic next to the appropriate Profibus variant.
(Characteristics may be used more than once.)
b, d,
e ProfibusFMS
___
a) Distributed I/O protocol
a, b,___
d ProfibusDP
b) Uses high-speed signals
c,___
f ProfibusPA
c) Supports intrinsically safe operation

d) Designed to meet factory automation needs
e) Suited for master-to-master communication
f) Designed to meet process automation needs
2. b, c
Exercise 8.12Proprietary Protocols

1. Match each protocol to the appropriate characteristic(s). (More than one characteristic may apply
to a protocol.)
b, c,
f Modicon Modbus
___
a) Modulates current on the loop
a,
c Honeywell DE
___
c, d, e
___ Foxboro FoxCom
d,___
e Yokogawa BRAIN
b) Available through a royalty-free license

c) Digital-only operation
d) Uses frequency shift-keying
e) Can communicate with a handheld communicator
f) Often used as a common language among devices
Exercise 8.13Advantages of HART and FOUNDATION Fieldbus

1. a, c
2. a, b, d, e
3. a, b, c, e
Page 64
2009 Rosemount Inc.

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The Importance of Communication Technologies

The Importance of Communication Technologies

Role of Communication Technology

The fundamental job of

Name three tasks that digital

Sensor; control room or maintenance

COMPLETE WORKBOOK EXERCISE 8.1 ON PAGE 43

Recent digital communication systems have enabled a number

For the last several decades, communication technology has

The Importance of Communication Technologies

Transmitter Communication Components

BASIC COMMUNICATION COMPONENTS

Name the basic communication

What is the function of a

Figure 8.1 illustrates how the basic communication

Figure 8.1: Basic Communication

2009 Rosemount Inc.

Sensor, signal processor, and output

Within a transmitter, a signal processor accepts the raw

The Importance of Communication Technologies

Transmitter Communication Components

Define communication protocol.

What does an A/D converter

Why are D/A converters still in

A set of rules that two or more devices

COMPLETE WORKBOOK EXERCISE 8.2 ON PAGE 44

A digital-to-analog (D/A) converter changes a digital signal

The Importance of Communication Technologies

Analog Communication Technology

What are the two main analog

Why does the 4-20 mA signal

The 420 mA signal is by far the most prevalent analog signal

4-20 mA and 3-15 psi

The Importance of Communication Technologies

Digital Communication Technology

10. True or False? Tuning the radio

11. Which of the following are

Figure 8.2: Digital Process Values

DIGITAL COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS

The Importance of Communication Technologies

Digital Communication Technology

Digital communication technology offers significant

12. Name three advantages of

Remote Device Communication

12. Decreased wiring costs, remote device

The Importance of Communication Technologies

Digital Communication Technology

An analog signal represents a single parameter. A digital signal

COMPLETE WORKBOOK EXERCISE 8.3 ON PAGE 45

HART Communication Protocol

HART Communication Protocol

HART Communication Protocol

HART Technology Overview

Which technique does HART

What is the minimum resistance

Figure 8.3: Frequency Shift Keying