British Code BS 6399 1995 Part 2 Code of Practice For Wind Loads For Buildings 1

BS 6399:
Part 2:1995
BRITISH STANDARD
Loading for
buildings
Part 2. Code of practice for wind loads
-Jj.q++
~~
:TL3
NO COPYING
WITHOUT
BS1 PERMISSION
EXCEPT
AS PERMITTED
BY COPYRIGHI
Jy:c,:,,
. .....
...-....3
. -j
2
,,,--
-...4
LAW
BS6399:Part2:
1995
Committees responsible for this

British Standard
rhe preparation of this Britiih Standard was entrusted by lbchnical
Committee B/525, Buildings and civil engineering structures, to Subcommittee
B/525/1, Actions (loadings) and basis of desigrr, upon which the following
bodies were represented:
British Constructional Steelwork Association Ltd.

British Iron arrd Steel Producem Association
British Masonry Society
Concrete Society
Department of the Environment (Building Research Establishment)
Department of the Environment (Property and Buifdings Directorate)
Department of Trarrsport (Highways Agency)
Institution of Structural En@reers
National House-building Council
Royal Institute of British Architects
Steel Construction Institute
This British Standard, having

bee prepared under the
direction of the Building and
Chil Engineering %ctor Board,
was published tinder the
authority of the Standards
Bozwd and comes into effect on
15 Ausust 1995
0 BSI 1!295
Nmt published (as CP 4)
November 1944
First revision (as CP 3:
Chapter V) Ausust 1952
%rfitd second revision (as CP3:
Chapter V : Part 1)
Becember 1967
Completion of second revision
(= CP 3: Chapter V : Part 2)
July 1970
Published as KS 6399: Fart 2:
Au@st 1995
The following 9S1 references
relate ro the work on this
stadati.
Committee reference 9/525/ 1
Draft for comment 91 I 16625 DC
ISBN06S0
23651 X
Amendments
issued since publication
Amd. No.
Text affected
Date
BS6299:Part2:
Contents
Fage
Inside front cover
Committees responsible
iv
Foreword
Section
1. General
1
1.1
Scope
1.2
Informative
references
1.3
Definitions
1.4
Main symbols
1.5
Outline of proceducc for calculating wirrd loads
1.6
Dyrramic claasiiication
1.7
Site exposure
1.8
Choice of method
Section 2. Standard
method
9
2.1
Standard wind loads
2.2
Standad
2.3
Standard pressure coefficients
12
wind speeds
20
2.4
External pressure coefficients for walls
20
2.5
External pressure coefficients
25
2.6
Internal pressure coefficients
39
2.7
Pressure coefficients
41
Section
3. Directional
for roofs
for elements
method
3.1
Dwectional wind loads
44
3.2
Directional wind speeds
46
3.3
3.4
Dnctional pressure coefficients

Hybrid combinations of standard arrd dkectional methods
72
51
Annexes
A
(normative)
B
C
(irrfOmative)
(informative)
(nonnative)
E
F
(informative)
(informative)
Necessary pruviaions for wind tunnel testing

Derivation of extreme wind information
Dynamic augmentation
PmbabiIity factor and seasonaf factor
l&rain categories and effective
Gust peak factor
height
73
73
75
77
79
81
lhbles
1
Buifding-type faCtOr &
Dynamic pressure g= [in Pa)
Valves of dwection factor S,j
17
4
L
Factor .%,for standard methud
20
ExcemaA pressure cucfficients Cw for verticaI walk
21
Frictional drag coefficients
25
External pressure Cw coefficients for walls of circulm-plan buildhrgs

Extemaf pressure ceefficienta Cw for flat roofs of buiIdings
25
8
9
External presarrc coefficients
Cw for monOpirch mOfs Of buildin@
31
10
C& for duopitch roofs of build@s

Cw for hipped roofs of buildings
31
11

12
Reduction factor for multi-bay roofs
26
32
35
Dcr
0.s33 : -
z : 1330
Page
13
Net pressure coefficients CP for free-standing monopitch canopy roofs
36
14
Net pre~um
37
15
Reduction factors for free-standing multi-bay camopy roofs
37
16
Internal pressure coefficients CPi for enclosed build@s
39
17
Internal pressure coefficients Cpi for buildings with dominant
coefficients CP for free-standing duopitch canopy roofs
40
opmings
HI
Internal
pressure coefficients Cpi for open-sided buildings
40
19
Internal pressure coefficients Cpi for open-tOpped vertical ~lindem
40
20
Net pressure coefficients CP for long elements
41
21
Net pressure coefficients CP for free-standing W*
42
22
Factom .SCind $
48
23
A@stment
49
24
Gust peak factor gt
50
25
Values of L, and .Sh
51
26
External pressure coefficients Cp, for vertical walls of

rectangular-plan buildings
52
factors Ic and Tt for sites in town terrain
27
Reduction factom for zone A on verticaf walls of polygon&plan

buildings
.52
28
External pressure coefficients CP, for vertical gable w~k

non-vertical walls and roofs
54
29
External pressure coefficients Cw for windward-facing

walls
30
ExtemaJ pressure coefficients Cw for flat roofs with sharp eaves
59
31
Reduction factor for zones A to D, H to J and Q to S of flat roofs

with parapets
60
adjacent tO
nOn-vefiical
55
32
External pressure coefficients Cm for flat roofs with curved eaves
60
33
External pressure coefficients Cw for flat roofs with mansard eaves
61
34
External pressure coefficients CP, for pitched roof zones A to J
63
35
Extemaf pressure coefficients CR for pitched roof zOnes K tO S
66
36

hipped roofs
70
37
Cw for additional zones T to Y of
Intemaf pressure coefficients Cpj for open-sided buildings
D. 1 Values of seasonal factor
72
78
Figures
ii
Flowchart illustrating outline procedure
Basic deftitions
Dynamic augmentation factor C,
Size
of building dimensions
effect factor Ca of standard method
8
11
Definition of diagonal of loaded areas
12
Basic wind speed Vb (in rds)
13
Definition of significant topography
14
Definition of topographic dimensions
15
lbpogmphic
location factors for hills and ridges
16
10
f@ographic
kxation factors for cliffs and escarpments
17
11
Division of buildings by parts for lateral loads
19
12
Key to wall pressure data
21
13
Typical examples of buildhygs with m-entrant comers and recessed

bays
22
Page
14
Examples of flush irregular walls
23
15
Key for walls of inset storey
24
16
Key for flat roofs
26
17
Key to cave details for flat roofs
27
18
Key for inset stomy
28
19
Key for monopitch roofs
29
Key for duopitch roofs
30
21
Key for hipped roofs
33
22
Key for mansard and multipitch roofs
34
22
Key for multi-bay roofs
35
24
Key for free-standing canopy roofs
38
25
Reduction factor for length of elements
41
26
Key for free-stamding walls
42
27
Shelter factor for fences
43
26
Key for signboards
43
29
Wind directions for a rectarrgulm-plan building
44
26
Key to overall load P
46
31
Key for vertical walls of builrlii
52
32
Key to vertical gable wrdls
54
23
Key for walls of buildings with m-entrant comers
56
24
Key for walls of buildings with recessed bays
57
35
Key to general method for flat rcofs
58
26
Examples of zones of flat roof of arbMary Plan shape
59
37
Additional zones around inset storey
62
28
Key for monopitch roofs
64
39
Synrmetries for pitched roofs
65
40
Key for duopitch roofs
67
41
Key for hipped roofs
69
42
Key to multi-bay roofs
71
E. 1 Effective
F. 1
heights br towns
Gust peak factor gt
L&t of references
so
82
Inside back cover
In
Foreword
This Part of this British Standard has been prepared by Subcommittee B/525/1,
Actions (loadings) and basis of design, and supersedes CP3 : Chapter V : Part 2:
1972.
Rds part of BS 6399 is a technical revision of CP3 : Chapter V : Part 2 and
incorporates the considerable advances made and experience gained in wind
engineering since that time. CP3 : Chapter V : M
2 will not be withdrawn
immediately so as to allow an overlap period with this Part of BS 6399.
The b=ic wind speed in thk British Standard is given as an hourly mean value;
this differs from CP3 : Chapter V : Part 2 in which it was based on a 3 s gust
value. However, the hourly mean basic wind speed is subsequently converted
into a gust wind speed for use in design (by a gust peak factor wh]ch takes
account of gust duration time, height of structure above ground and the size of
the structure). The adoption of the hourly mean value for the basic wind speed is
for technical reasons. Primarily it allows a more accumte treatment of
topography, but it alao provides the starting pohrt for serviceability calculations
involving fatigue or dynamic response of the stmcture. Its use is akw a move
towards harmonization as mean values (sometimes 10 min means) are often the
basis for wind loading calculations in European and international standards.
Structure factors are used to check whether the response of the structure can be
considered to be static, in which caae the use of the calculation methods in thk
standard is appropriate. If the response is found to be mildly dynamic the
methods can still be used but the resulting loads will need to be augmented.
Structures which are dynamic will alsu be identified but their assessment is
outside the scope of the standard.
TWO alternative methods are given:
a) a standard method, which uses a simplified procedure;
b) a directional method, from which the simplified method was derived.
The standard method gives a conservative result within its range of applicability.
Calibration haa shown that loads on typicaf buildings obtained by the standard
method are around 14 % larger than obtained from the directional method. The
degee of conservatism can be much larger close to the ground and in towns, but
decreaaes to zero around 100 m above the gruund.
In addition to reduced conservatism, the directional method assesses the loadhg
in more detail, but with the penalty of increaaed complexity and compukitional
effort. Because of this it is anticipated that the standard method will be used for
most hand-baaed calculations and that the directional method wifl be
implemented principally by computer
Procedures are alao given to enable the standard effective wind speed to be used
with the directional pressure coefficients and for the directional effective wind
speeds to be used with the standard pressure coefficients.
CP3 : Chapter V : Part 2 allowed for the effect of ground roughness, building
size and height above gound by a single factor. This required the calculation of
separate wind speeds for every combination of reference height above gruund
and the size of the loaded area. However, a simp~] cation has been introduced in
the standard method which involves the calculation of only a single wind speed
for each reference height. The effect of size is allowed for by a separate
factor, Cc
BS 6399: Part 2 also gives values for external pressure coefficients for a greater
mnge of building configurations than did CP3 : Chapter V : Part 2.
Compliance with a British Standard does not of itseff confer immunity
legaf obligations.
iv
from
BS6399:Part
2:1995
Section 1. General
1.1 Scope
lidsRut of BS 6399 gives methods for determining
the gust peak wind loads on buildings and
components thereof that should be taken into
account in design using equivalent static
procedures.
1.3.1 Wind speed

1.3.1.1 basic wind speed
Two alternative methods are given:

a) a standard method which uses a sirnpliiled
pnxedure to obtain a standard effective wind
speed which ix uacd with standard pressure
coefficients to determine the wind loads for
orthogonal design cases.
NOTE 1. This procedure
Chapter V : Parr 2.
is virtually the same win
CP3
b) a directional method in which effective wind

s~ds
~d Preasurc coefficients arc determined
to derive the wind loads for each wind dtiction.
Other methods may be used in place of the two
methcds given in thix standard, provided that they
can be shown to be equivalent. Such methods
include wind tunnel tests which should be taken as
equivalent only if they meet the conditions defined
in armex A.
NUTE2. Wind tunnel tests are recommended when the form of
the building is not covered by the data i this standard, when
the form of the b.ifdimg cm be changed in response to the test
resulf.? in order to give an optimized design, or when loading
data are required in more derail than is awe in this standard.
Specialist advice should be sought for building

shapes and site locations that are not covered by
this standard.
The methods given in this Part of BS 6399 do not
apply tO bufldkgs which, by virtue of the
structural properties, e .g, maas, stiffness, natural
frequency or damping, are particularly susceptible
to dynamic excitation. These should be asaeased
using established dynamic methods or wind tunnel
tests.
NOTE 3. See references
dynamic methcds.
[1] to 14] for examples of established
NUIE 4. If a building is susceptible to excitaticm by vortex

shedding or other aemelastic instability, tie maximum dynamic
respome may occur at wind speeds lower than the maximum.
1.2 Informative
1.3 Defiitionx
For the purposes of this British Standard the
following definitions apply.
references
Thii British Standard refers to other publications

that provide information or guidance. Editions of
thexe publications current at the time of issue of
this standard am listed on the inaide back cover,
but reference should be made to the latest
editions.
The hourly mean wind speed with an annual risk Q

of being exceeded of 0.02, irrespective of wind
direction, at a height of 10 m over completely flat
terrain at sea Ievei that would occur if the
ruughneas of the terrabr w
uniform everywhere
(inclu~l:g urban areas, inland lakes and the sea)
and equwalent to typical open country in the
United Kingdom.
1.3.1.2 site wind speed
The basic wind speed modtiled to account for the
altitude of the site arrd the direction of the wind
being considered (arrd the aeaaon of exposure, if
required).
NUlll, In the standard metbcd only, effectsof topographic
featuresare includedin tbe sitewind speed.
1.3.1.3 effective
wind speed
The site wind speed modfied to a gust speed by

taking account of the effective height, size of the
building or structural element Ming considered and
of permanent obstmctions upwind,
NCIIE. 1 the direcriomd method only: the effects of
topographic featwes are omitted from the site wind s~ed.
1.3.2 Pressure
1.3.2.1 dynamic
pressure
fhe potential pressure available from the kinetic

energy of the effective wind speed.
1.3.2.2 pressrrre coefficient
The ratio of the pressure acting on a surface to the
pKS.SUP2.
dy-c
1.3.2.3 exterfud
pressrrre
The pressure acting on a.frexternal surface of a

building caused by the dmct action of the wind.
1.3.2.4 intemaf
pressure
The preasffrc acting on an internal surface of a

buildbrg caused by the action of the external
pressures through porosity and openings in the
external surfaces of the buildlng.
1.3.2.5 net pressure
The pressure dtiference between opposite faces of
a surface.
BS63Y9:Part2:lYY5
Section
1.3.5 Distance
1.3.3 Height
1.3.5.1 fetch
1.3.3.1 altitude
a) when topography is not si@lcant:
the height
above mean sea level of the ground level of the
site;
b) when topography is significant: the height
above mean sea level of the base of the
topographic feature,
The distance from the site to the upwind edge of

each category of terrain, used to determine the
effect of termirr roughness changes.
1.4 Main symbols
1.3.3.2 building height
For the purposes of this Rut of BS 6399 the

following symbols apply.
The height of a building or part of a building above

its base.
Area
Largest diagonal dimension of the loaded area

envelope (figure 5)
Crosswind breadth of building (figure 2b)
Scaling length used to define loaded areas for

pressure coefficients (2.4.1.3, 2.5. 1.2)
c.
Size effect factor of standard method (2.1.3.4)
Cp
Net pressure coefficient (2. 1.3.3)
c
c:
c,
External prewure coefficient
Dynamic augmentation factor (1.6. 1)
Inwind depth of buifding (figure 2b)
Disnreter of circular cylinders
1.3.3.3 reference
height
The reference height for a part of a structure is the

datum height above Wound for the pressure
coefficients and is defined with the pressure
coefficients for that part.
1.3.3.4 obstruction
height
The average height above ground of buildings,

structures or other permanent obstmctions to the
wind immediately upwind of the site.
1.3.3.5 effective
height
The height used in the calculations of the effective

wind speed determined from the reference height
with slfowance for the obstmction height.
Internal pressure coefficient
(2. 1.3.1)
(2. 1.3.2)
gap across recessed bay or weU (figure 34)
1.3.4.1 buifding length
9t
gust peak factor
The longer horizontal dimension of a buildhrg or

part of a building. 1,
Buildhrg height (fw

2), eaves height or
height of inset or lower storey
He
Effective
H,
Reference height (1. 7.3)
Ho
Obstruction height (1. 7.3, figure 2), or

average height of roof tops upwind of the
building
Pa.rspet height (2.5.1.4, f~re

17),
free-standhrg waif height (2.7.5.4, figure 23),
or signboard height (2.7.6, figure 24)
1.3.4 Length
1.3.4.2 building width

The shorter horizontal dimension of a building or
part of a building.)
1.3.4.3 crosswind
breadth
The horizontal extent of a buiIding or part of a

building norrmd to the direction of the wind. l]
1.3.4.4 inwind depth
The horizontal extent of a building or part of a
building paralfel to the direction of the wind. 11
Kb
Building-type factor (1.6. 1)
Building length (figure 2) or length of element

between free ends (2.7.3)
LD
Length of downwind slope of topogmphic

feature (2.2.2.2.5, figure 8)
L,
Effective slope length of topographic feature

(2.2.2.2.4)
Lu
Length of upwind slope of topographic feature

(2.2.2.2.4, figure 8)
Net load (2.1.3.5)
Net pressure (2. 1.3.3)
P,
Pressure on external surface (2. 1.3.1)
1.3.4.5 diagonrd dirnenaion

The largest diagonal dimension of a loaded area,
i.e. the dimension between the most distant points
on the periphery of the area.
1.3.4.6 scaling length
A reference length determined from the
proportions of the building used to define zones
over which the pressure coefficient is Sasmed to
be constant.
l) For COmPIeX pla
shaWs,
these lengths may be detemined
height (1.7.3)
from the Smalleat enclming rectangle
or circle
Section 1
BSS399:Part
Pi
Pressure on intemaf surface (2.1.3.2)
Annual risk (pmbabi!lty) of the baaic wind

speed being exceeded (2.2.2.4, 2.2.2. 5,)
Dynamic pressure
9.
Dynamic pressure of directional method for

external pressures (3. 1.2.2)
9i
Reduction factor for length of elements

(2.7.3)
Average slope of the gmmnd
Effective slope of topographic feature
(2.2.2.2.4)
fhngent of downwind slope of topographic
feature (figure 7)
Dynamic presxure of dkectional method for

internal pressures (3. 1.2.2)
9s
Dynamic pressure of standard method (2.1.2)
Radius (figure 17)
s,
Altitude factor (2.2.2.2)
s~
Terrain and building factor (2.2.3. 1)
s=
Fetch factor (3.2.3.2)
s~
Dnction
s~
lbpogmphic
SP
Probability factor (2.2.2. 5)
lkrrgent of upwind slope of topographic

feature (figure 7, 2.2.2.2.4)
Whfd direction in degrees eaat of north
(2.2.2.3)
Solidity ratio of walls or frames (2.7.5) or
blockage ratio of canopies (2.5.9, figure 24)
Wind direction of degrees from normal to
building faces (figure 2) or angle around
periphery of circular-plan buildhrg (2.4.6)
factor (2.2.2.3)
increment (3.2.3.4)
s,
st
Seasonal factor (2.2.2.4)
lbpographic
Turbulence factor (3.2.3.2)

location factor (2.2.2.2)
T,
Fetch adjustment factor (3. 2.3.2)
Tt
fhrbulence adjustment factor (3.2.3.2)
v~
v,
v,
w
w
NIC
D~tance of site from crest of topographic

feature (2.2.2.2.5, figure 8) or distance in
wind direction for buifding spacing ( 1.7.3.3)
wind speed (2.2.1, figure 6)
Effective
wind speed (2.2.3, 3.2.3)
Site wind speed (2.2.2)

Buildlng width (figure 2)
width of wedge in re-entnmt comers
(figure 33)
Height of crest of topographic feature above

the upwind baae altitude (figure 8)
Pitch angfe (from horizontal) of roof (2.5) or

non-vertical W*
(3.3.1.4)
comer
AS
.%te altitude in metres above mean sea level

(2.2.2.2)
AT
Altitude of upwind baae of topographic

feature in metres above mean sea level
(2.2.2.3)
angle
of walls (3.3.1.2)
2:1995
1.5 Outline of procedure for calculating

wind loads
1.5.1 The outline of procedure is illustrated in the
flow chart given in figfmc 1. This shorn the stages
of the standard method, together with the relevant
clause numbem, as the boxes outlined and
connected by thick lines. The stages of the
directional method are shown as boxes outlined
with double lines and are directly equivalent to the
stages of the standard method. Various input data
are shown in boxes outlined with singfe lines.
1.5.2 The wind loads should be calculated for each
of the loaded areas under consideration, depending
on the dimensions of the building, defined in
figure 2. These may be:
a) the structure ax a whole;
b) parts of the structure, such as walls and roofs
or
c) individual stmctural components, including
cladding urrits arrd their ftinga.
Nc71Z. Wind load on a partially completed structure may he

critical and will be dependent on the method and sequence of
construction.
Wstww:rartz:lxm
CSSULIU1l 1
Stage
factor
1: Dynamic
C, (1 .6.1)
Input building height H, input

building type factor K, (table 1 )
augmentation
Stage 2: Check limits of

applicability
C, < 0.25,
H <300
Stage
Building is dynamic. This Pert

does not apply (see references
[1] to [41)
No
m (1.6.2)
Basic wind speed map [Figure 6)
3: Basic wind speed V,
(2.2.1)
I
Stage
Altitude factor S,, directional
4: Site wind speed V.
S~, seaaonal
(2.2.2)
factor
factor
S,
Stage 5: Terrain
effective
height
Site terrain type, level of upwind

rooftops Ho, separation of buildings
categories,
H. (1.7.3)
9
Stage
6: Choica of method
Directional
(1 .8)
and topographic
G
9
------------=
------:-----E=
Stage 7: Standard
effective
wind
Directional
effective
wind speed
Directional
pressure
coefficients
Directional
wind loads P (3.1)
--
Stage
10: Wtnd Ioada P (2.1 .3)

[
Figure L Flowchart
illustrating
outline procedure
Section
Notes
to figure
BS63YY:MZ:1YY6
Stage 1 Determines the dynamic augmentation

fmm the basic geometric
building,
and stnctuml
factor
pmpenies of the
Stage 2 Depending on this value, a check is p+?rformed

on the level of dynamic excitatim to determine:
a) whether the methods given in this k%rt of ss 6399
aPPIY and the a%ew.ment may proceed; or
b) whether the methcds given in this ~
of ss 6399
do not apply and the building should be assessed by
one of the methwls for dynmnic buildings (see
references [1] to [4]) or by wind tunnel tesfs
(see annex A).
SW,
% Determines the basic hourly mean wind speed
from the map for the UK.
Sfage 4 Determines a site wind speed, still
corresponding to the hourly mean wind speeds at a
height of 10 m above ground in the standard exposure,
from the basic wind speed by applying corrections for the
site altitude, wind dbwmion and season. Up to this point,
no allowance for the exposure of the particular site has
been made and the procedure is common (except in ifs
treafment of the effectsof topography) to both the
stidard and dkectional metbd.
NCflE The derivations of the b~ic wind speed map, the
adjustments for site altitude, wind direction and season
are given in annex B.
Stage 6 .ksses.ses the exposure of the site in term of the
terrain mugtmes and the effective height. llu?e
categories of terrain roughness are used to define the site
exposure. The effective height depends cm the degee of
shelfer provided by neighborig buildings or other
permanent obstmcfiom.
Stage k Having assessed the exposure of the site, this

St&3e offers the choice between the standard nwtbcd ad
the directional method. The standard method @ves
conservative values for standard orthogonal load czses,
and a simplified method for buildin@ up to 1C4 m in
height and for signirlcant to fmgmphy. The directional
methcd gives a more precise value for any given wind
direction, particularly for sites in towns, and where
topography is significant. A simple rule for assessing the
significance of to fmsraphy is provided.
Stage 7 Determines the effective wind W&&S required
by either method. The effective wind speed is a gust
wind sp+ed appropriate to the site exposure and the
height of the building. h! the scmdard method this
correspmds to a datum size of loaded area, while in the
directional method this cmresfmnds to the size of the
loaded area under consideration.
s~e
8 Converts the effective
equwalent dynamic pressure.
wind speed into an
Stage 9 Selects pressurecoefficients corresponding to

the form of the building. In the standard method these
coeffkienb
correspond to a number (usually two or
three) of orthogonal load cases, while in the directional
methcd they correspond to the wind directions being
considered (usually twelve).
St-x.
10
Determines
the wind loads from the dynamic

dynamic augmentation
factor and, in the standard method, by the size effect
factor, to gtve the characteristic wind load for static
design.
pressure,pressurecoefficients,
Bsw99:Partz:lYY5
Section
a) Fixed dimensions
length, width, height
~
44
General caae
h) Variable dimemiom:
c) Obstruction
crosswind
k~x
Wind
rml
Orthogonal caaas
imvind depth, wind angle
height and upwind $pacig
Figure 2. Basic definitions
breadth,
of building dimensions
Section
BS 6299:
1.6 Dynamic classtilcation
Part 2:1995
1.7 Site exposure
1.6.1 Dynamic augmentation factor
1.7.1 Genersf
The methods of this standard employ equivalent

static loads to represent the effect of fluctuating
loads which is applicable only to buildings which
are not susceptible to dynamic excitation.
The site wind speed V, refers to a standard open

country exposure at a height of 10 m above
ground. lb obtain the effective wind speed the
effects of varying gruund roughness, the height
and d~tance of obstructions upwind of the site and
the effects of topography should be taken into
account.
The standard permits equivalent static loads to be

used for the design of mildly dynamic structures by
the introduction of a dynamic augmentation factor.
The value of this factor depends upon the actual
height H of the building above ground and on a
building-type factor ~b obtained from table 1, for
the form of construction of the buildlng.
The dynamic augmentation factor C, is given for
typical buildings in figure 3.
fhble 1. Building-type
fsctor
categories
Three categories of terrain are considered:

a) sea the sea, and inland areas of water
extending more than 1 km in the wind direction
when closer than 1 km upwind of the site;
b) country: all terrain which is not defined as sea
or town;
~b
&p-e of buUdf@
f&
Welded steel unclad frames
?3
Bolted steel and reinforced concrete

unclad frames
Fort-d sheds and similar light structures

with few internal walls
Framed buildings with structural walls

around M- and staim only (e.g. office
build~
of open plan or with
partitioning)
Framed buildmf@ with structural walk

around lifts and stairs with additional
masonry subdivision walls (e. g.
aptiment buildings), buildings of
ma.?arry construction and
timber-framed housing
0.5
c) bum:
built up aress with an average level of
mof tops at least Ho = 5 m above ground level.
NOTE 1. Permanent
town categmy.
forest and woodland may be treated 8..s
NUIT 2. l&rain Categories are explained i more detail in

annex E.
NOTE. The valuesof the facfarsKb and C, have been derived

for typical building structures with typical frequency and
damping chamcfe!tstics,
under typical UK wind speeds, without
roughness effects. More
accounting for topogmphyor tsme.in
accurate values of these factam may be derived using annex C
when tbe buifding characteristics am ot typical, or when the
effectsof topographyand terrain mugtmessneed tobe taken
into account.
1.6.2 Lfndts of applicability

This Part of Ef3 6399 does not apply when the
value of dynamic augmentation factor exceeds the
limits shown in figure 3. Buildin@ faffing outside
these !imk? should be assmsed using established
dynamic methods.
NCllll See referemes[1] to [4] for frtber information o
analysis of dynamic structures.
1.7.2 Ground roughness
1.7.3 Reference height and effective height

L 7.3.1 The reference height H, is defined for the
building form in the appropriate pressure
coefficient tables and deftition figures, but can
conservatively be taken as the maximum height of
the building above ground level.
1.7.3.2 For buifdings in country terrain, or
conservatively for buildings in town terrain, the
effective height Ife should be taken as the
reference height HP
1.7.3.3 For buildings in town terrain, the effective
height & depends on the shelter affofied by the
avemge level of the height Ho of the roof tops of
the buildings, or of the height of other permanent
obstructions, upwind of the site and their upwind
spacing X. These dimensions are defined in
figure 2. The effective height He should be
determined as follows.
a) Ifxs2Ho
then He is the greater of
He = Hr 0.8H0 or He = 0.4H,;
b) If X > 6H0
tiien He is given by He = Hr;
c) fn the range 2Jfo < X c 6H0
He is the greater of
He = H,
1.2H0 + 0.2X or He = 0.4HP
NOTE. 1. the absence of more accurate information, the

obstmction bwgbt Ho may be estimated from the average
number of storeys of .pwid buildings by raking the typical
storey height as 3 m. Furrher guidance is given i annex E.
BsfxfYY:
section 1
Iartz:lYY5
-)
Limits of applicability
Shaded region outaidescope of this Part

0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
1
10
100
1000
Building height, H (m)

Figure
3. Dynamic augmentation factor C,
1.8 Choice of method

1.8.1 For alf structures less than 100 m in height
and where the wind loading can be represented by
equivalent static loads (see 1.6), the wind loading
can be otained either by the standard method
described in section 2 or by the directional method
given in section 3,
1.8.2 The standard method provides values of
effective wind speed to be used with the standard
pressure coefficient (clauses 2.3 to 2.5) to
determine orthogonal load cases, corresponding to
the wind direction notionally normal or parallel to
the faces of the buifding. The standard method
uses a simplilled allowance for signiilcant
topography, as defined in figure 7.
1.8.3 The directional method gives values of the
effective wind s~ed for different wind directions,
taking into account the term.in appropriate to the
wind dnction behrg considered, to be used with
the directional pressure coefficients. It gives better
estimates of effective wind speeds in towns and for
sites affected by topography.
L 8.4 However, m the standard method gives

conservative values of both effective wind speed
(below 100 m) and pressure coefficient, it may
sometimes be appropriate to use a hybrid
combination of both methods, either
a) standard effective wind speeds with
directional pressure coefficients; or
b) directional effective wind speeds with
standard pressure coefficients.
Combination a) k aurxouriate when the form of
the building is well defied,
but the site is not; the
caaes of relocatable buildings or standard
mass- pruduced designs are typical examples.
Combination b) is appropriate when only the
standmd orthogonal load cases are required, but a
better allowance for site exposure is desired
because topogmphy is signifkant and/or the site is
in a town. Such hybrid combinations should be
app~ed only in accordance with 3.4.
BS6399:Part2:lW5
Section 2. Standard method
2.1 Standard wind loads
where
2.1.1 Wind direction

2.1.1.1 The standard method requires assessment
for orthogonal load cases for wind dmections
normal to the faces of the buifdmg, as shown in
figure 2b. When the building is doubly-symmetric,
e.g. rectangular-plan with flat, equal- duopitch or
hipped roof, the two orthogonal cases shown in
figure 2b are sufficient, When the building is
singly-symmetric, three orthogonal cases are
required, e.g. for rectangular-plan monopitch
buildings: wind norrnaf to high eaves; wind normal
to low eaves; wind pwallel to eaves. When the
buifdlng is asymmetric, four orthogorwd cases are
n?quired.
2.1.1.2 For each orthogonal case, the range of
wind dmctions *45 either side of the direction
normal to the building face should be considered.
When symmetry is used to reduce the number of
orthogonal load cases, both opposing wind
directions, e.g. Q = Oo rmd O = 180 should be
considered arrd the more onerous dmction used.
2.1.2 Dynamic
9s
is the dynamic pressure from 2.1. Z
Cw
is the extemaf pressure coefficient for the

buifding surface given irr 2.4 and 2.5
c,
is the size effect factor for external

pressures defined in 2.1.3.4.
2. L3.2 Internal su~ace prssaurvs

The pressure acting on the internal surface of a
building, pi, is given by
Pi = q,cplca
where
9,
CPi
is the internal pressure coefficient

buifding given in 2.6
c,
is the size effect factor for internal

The net pressure p acting

by the following.
P=
(1)
q, = 0.613Ve2
q, is the dynamic pressure (in Pa*);
wind speed from 2.2.3
is the external pressure given irr 2.1.3.1;
Pi
is the internal pressure given in 2.1.3.2.
(2)
61
q~ (in Pa)
+ 1.0
+ 2.0
9,
Cp
is the net pressure coefficient for the

canopy surface or element given in 2.5.9
and 2.7
Ca
is the size effect factor for external

120
270
297
324
353
552
589
628
668
709
40
981
1030
1080
1130
1190
50
iCi30
1590
1660
1720
17!30
\2280
I 2360
2430
2510
38
20
245
30
Y60
.lPa-l!J/m2
2210
Ta
+ 6.0
1C4
74
(5)
where
The pressure acting on the external surface of a

buildhg P, is gNen by
P, - q,cwc,
and building
P = %% G
sueace prssaurw
Ihble 2. Dyrrs uc pressure
(4)
pe
2.1.3 Wind load
10
is given
Pe -Pi
b) For free-standing canopies

elements
2.1.2.2 Values of dynamic pressure q~ for various

values of Ve are given in table 2.
e
mls
a surface
where
where
+0
across
a) For enclosed buildings
2.1.2.1 The value of the dynamic pressure q, of

the standard method is given by
2.1.3.1 Ertemal
for the
2.1.3.3 Nst su@ace Preasurw
prsssure
t, is the effective
(in rots).
(3)
+ 6.0
+ 7.0
+ 8.0
+ 9.0
136
i 57
177
199
221
383
414
447
481
516
751
794
839
885
932
1240
1300
1350
1410
1470
1850
1920
1990
2060
2130
2590
2670
2750
2830
2920
BSfX399: Fart 2:1995
Section
NOTE 1. The factor 0.85 accounts

action between faces.
2.1.3.4 Sue @ectfactOr

The size effect factor Ca of the standard method
accounts for the non-simultaneous action of gusts
acnmsane xtemalsurfaceand
for the response of
internal pressures. Values of size effect factor are
given in figure4, dependent onthe site exposure
(see 1.7) and the diagonal dnenaion a.
For all individual stmctural components, claddlng

units and their ftings, the diagonal dimension
should bc taken as a = 5 m, unless there is
adequate load sharing capacity to justify the use of
a diagonal length ~eater than 5 m.
2.1.3.5 Su@ace loads
The net load P on an area of a building surface or
element is gjven by
(6)
where
P
A
is the net pressure acroas the surface;

is the loaded area.
Load effects, for example bending moments and

shear fomes, at any level in a building should be
baaed on the diagonal dimension of the loaded area
above the level being considered, as illustrated in
figure 5C.
2.1.3.6 Ovemll
loads
The ovemfl load P on a building is taken as the sum

of the loads on individual surfaces with allowances
for non-simultaneous action between faces and for
mildly dynamic response.
The overall horizontal loads are given by
P = 0.85( XPfmnt -
EP,,J
(1 + C,)
(7)
where
,zPfmnt
is the horizontal component of surface

load summed over the
windward-facing walls and roofs;
ZP.W
is the horizontal component of surface

load summed over the leeward-facing
walls and roofs;
c,
is the dynamic augmentation factor

fmm 1.6.1;
but tafdng the inwind depth of the building, D, as

the smaller of width Wor length L in the
determination of Pfmnt and Prem
10
for the non-simultaneous
NOTE 2. As the effect of internal pressure on the front and

rear faces is eqwd and opposite when they are of equal size,
internal presmue can be ignored in the calculation-of overall
horizontal loads on enclosed buildings on level ground.
For external pressures the diagonal dimension a is

the largest diagonal of the area over which load
sharfng takes place, as illustrated in figure 5. For
internal pressures an effective diagonal d]menaion
is defined in 2.6 which is dependent on the
internal volume.
P=PA
of the orthogonal loads is

Where
the combination
critical to the design, for example in deriving
stresses in comer columns, the maximum stresses
caused by wind in any component may be taken as
80 % of the sum of the wind stresses resulting from
each orthogonal pair of load caaes.
2.1.3.7 .@mmetric
loads
Unless specific rules are given for particular forms

of buifdlng (e.g. free-standing canopies (2.5.9.1)
and signboards (2. 7.6)), an aUowance for
aaymmetw of loading should be made, as follows.
For overalf loads on enclosed buildhga, 60 % of the
load on each waif or roof pitch should be applied in
turn, keeping the loads on the rest of the building
at the design values.
Where the inffuence function for a structural
component haa regions of negative value, 100 % of
the design loads to areas contributing to the
positive regions and 60 % of the design loads to
areas contributing to the negative regions should be
applied.
NIX!%. his procedwe shcmld k used to account for torsional
effecfs on buildings and is equivalent t. a boriz.ntal
displacement of the force on each face of 10 % of the face
width from the cemxe of the face.
2.1.3.8 Fictional
dmg component
When deriving overalf forces on the building

(see 2.4.5 and 2.5. 10) the contribution of the
frictional forces should be taken to act in the
direction of the wind and should be added to the
contribution of the normal pressure forces
from 2.1.3.6 using vectorial summation.
I
Section
BS6299:Part2
:1995
1.m
0.%
0s0
o.m
am
7
,,,
,!
,,!
0.00
0.%
Diagonal
I@
to IInes on figure
Effective
height
100
?0
10CO
dimensiona (m)
Site In county
closest
distance
to sea (km)
Site in town:
(km)
<1oo
2100
Zto
H,
closest
distance
to <100
Oto<z
Zto <10
Iota
52
>2t05
>5 to 10
>10 to 15
>15 to 20
>20 to 30
>30 to 50
>50
Figure 4. Size effect
factor
<10
10
to sea
>100
Ca of standard method
11
BSS399:Fart2
:1995
Section
-1
&a A
b) Diagonal for toti
faces
a) Diagonals for load on individual

faces
load on combined
for shear at bsse of shaded parl

EN
A+i2!xf0rc1add
C) Diagonals for load on elementi
d) Diagoml
of faces
e) Diagcmal for total load .
for total load on gable
Figure 5. Deffition
of diagonal of losded mess
NUl?3 In considetig
the range of wind directions *45,
acccmdam?e with 2.1.1.2. two amxoa.hes
are uossible:
..
2.2 Standard wind speeds

2.2.1 Basic wind speed
variation of basic wind sDeed Vb
shou~d b> ~btained directly from fisure 6.-
The
roof pitch
xeomauhical
NUfE. The method used to derive tbe basic wind speed fmm
the rneteomlwjcal data is descriimd in annex B.
in
a) the most onerous value of each factor in equation 8 is

taken, leading to a single conservative value of V,;
b) ==m..~
Of V, =e made at inte~
of direction and the largest value used.
thin@
the ~ge
[n practice, option b) will not produce signincantly lower

values than a) unless tbe cmnbiatio
of location, exposure
and topography of the site is unusual.
2.2.!2Site wind speed

2.2.2.1 Geneml
The site wind speed V, for any particular direction
should be calculated from where
v,=vbx.$ax.$dxssxs~
where
Vb
is
S.
is an altitude factor (see 2.2.2.2);
the basic wind speed from 2.2.1;
Sd
is a direction factor (see 2.2.2.3);
s,
is a seaaons.1factor (see 2.2.2.4);
SD
is a probability factor (see 2.2.2.5).
12
(8)
2.2.2.2 Altitude factor

2.2.2.2.1 The altitude factor Sa should be used to
adjust the basic wind speed Vb for the altitude of
the site above sca level. Its calculation in the
standard method depends on whether topography
is considered to be significant, as indicated by the
simple criteria in f~re
7. When topogmphy is not
considered significant, Sa should be calculated
using the procedure in 2.2.2.2.2. When topography
is signifhint, S1 should be calculated using the
procedure in 2.2.2.2.3 for the wind direction
yielding the largest value of S=, typically the
diection with the steepest slope upwind of the site.
I
Section
BS6299:Part
2:1995
63 Crown copyright,
Figure
Building Research Establishment
6. Basic wind speed Vb (in rids)
13
BS6399:Fart
2:1995
Section
~.
.)
SIOW length
Hill and ridge (upwind slope > 0.05; dmvmvind slope > 0.05)
Wind
\d_ddow
yo< 0.05
b) Escarpment (O.3 > upwind slope > 0.05; dmvnwind$lope

slope > 0,3; dmvm+inds lope < 0.05)
Figure 7. Defiition
of signitlcamt topography
2.2.2.2.2 When topography is not considered

significant Sa should be calculated from
where
s. = 1 + o.oolzf~
(9)
where
As
is the site altitude (in metres above mean

sea level).
NOTE 1 this cm the value of S=, based . the site altitude,

compensates for residual topography effects.
2.2.2.2.3 When topography is considered

significant Sa, should be taken as the greater of
Sa=
1 + o.oolzl~
(lo)
where
A ~ is the site altitude (in metres above mean sea
level); or
s= = 1 + o.oolzf~
14
+ 1.2v&
< 0.05) andcliff(upwind
(11)
AT
is the altitude of the upwind baae of

significant topography (in metres above
mean sea level);
we is the effective slope of the topographic

feature;
s
is a topographic location factor.
2.2.2.2.4 The relevant dmensions of the

topography are defined in figure 8. RVO
pararnetem, effective slope we and effective slope
length L, are defined in terms of these dimensions
by the following.
a) For shallow upwind slopes 0,05 < v <0.3:
v, = Vu and L, = Lu;
b) For steep upwind slopes v >0.3:
We = 0.3 and L, = Z/O.3.
I
Section
BS6299:Part
a)
X>o
X<o
Whd
Hill and ridge (Vu >0.05,
b) Escarpment
(0.3
2:1995
VD > 0.05)
kLu i
> Vu >0.0.5,
WD < 0.05) and cliff (VU >0.3,
VD < 0.05)
f@Y
J%
h
x
Length of the downwind
slope in the wind dimxtion
z
As
Effectiveheightof the feature

Sitealtitudein meows above mean sea level
Altitude of upwind base of topographic
Length of the upwind slope in the wind direction

Horizontal disfance of the site from the crest
Uprnnd SIOW Z{k
Downwind
slope
Figure 8. Deftition
i. the ~d
feature
d~On
ZIL~in the wind direction

of topographic
dimensions
15
BS6399:Fart
2:1995
Section
2.2.2.2.5 Values of the topographic location

factors are given for hills and ridges in figure 9
and for cliffs and escarpments in figure 10. In
reading the value ofs f-mm these fi&ree., the
location with respect to the crest of the feature is
scaled to the lengths of the upwind Lu or
downwind LD slopes as follows:
b) downwind of thecrest(X
> O), the horizontal
positiorr ratio is X/LDfor hills and ridges, and
XL
for cliffs and escarpments.
In all &ses, the height ab&e ground &-~io is Z/Le.
NUIE. 1. c-s
transitional
betweenhillsandridgesin figw? 8a
andcliffsandexarpmenfsin figure 8b, i.e. when the
downwind
-1.0
-0.5
X/Lu
slope length ~
is much longer than the upwind
slopelength ~ it may be difficult to decide which model is the

moreappropriate1 this cm, a value of s may b? derived from
both figures9 and 10, and the smaller value used.
a) upwind of the crest (X < O), the horizontal

position ratio is X/Lu for all types of topography;
-1.5
0
I
<+>
0.5
1.0
1.5
x/LD
Horizontalpositionratios
Figure 9. lbpographic
16
location factor s for hills and ridges
2.0
2.5
Section
BS6299:Fart
Upwi.d
2.0
1.5
.-0
@
1.0
of crest
2:1995
.~,Cfownwindofcreti
u
c
3
0
~
0.5
a
>
2
m
g
0.2
?
0.1
-1.5
-1.0
X/Lu
-0.5
0.5
<+>
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
X/Le
Horizontal positionratios
Figure
10. lbpographic location factors
for cfiffs and escarpments
2.2.2.3 Dirw?ctionfactor
Ikble 3. Vfdues of direction factor&
The direction factor Sd maybe used to adjust the

bssic wind speed to produce wind speeds with the
same risk of being exceeded in any wind direction.
Values am given in table 3 for all wind dmtilons in
30 intervals (where the wind direction ix defined
in the conventional manner an east wind is a wind
direction of v = 90 and blows from the east to
the site). J.fthe orientation of the building is
unknown or ignored, the value of the dim?ction
factor should be taken ss Sd = 1.00 for all
dmctions.
Direction
NU1E. When the direction factor is used with other factom that
have a dbecdonal variadon, values from Ale 3 should be
interpolated for the specific directi. being consideral, or tie
largest tsbulated value in tbe range of wind direction maybe
selected.
Direction
0 North
0.78
30
0.73
60
0.73
90 Esst
0.74
120
0.73
150
0.80
180 South
0.85
210
0.93
240
1.00
270 West
0.99
300
0.91
330
0.82
360 North
0.78
NOTE.Interrelation
factor
S~
may be used within this table.
17
BS6299:Part2
:1995
Section
2.2.2.4 Seasorralfactor
The seaaonaf factor S, may be used to reduce the
basic wind speed for buildings which are expected
to be exposed to the wind for specific subarmual
periods, in particular for tempmary works and
buildings during construction. Values which
maintain the risk (probabtity) of being exceeded of
Q -0.02 in the stated period are given in
annex D.
2.2.3.2 For buildings with height ff greater than

the cmaswind breadth B for the wind dmction
being considered, some reduction in later-al loads
may be obtained by dividhrg the building into a
number of parts m follows
a) buildings with height H leas than or equal to B
should be considered to be one part, as in
figure ha;
b) buildings with height II greater than B but less
than 2B should be considered to be two parts,
comprising a lower part extending upwards from
the ~ound by a height equal to B and an upper
part which is the remainder, as in figure 1lb;
For permanent buildlrrgs and buildings exposed to

the wind for a contirrrrous period of more than
6 months a value of 1.0 should be used for S,.
2.2.2.5 PrvbabilitfI factor
A pmbabiity factor SP may be used to change the
risk of the basic wind speed being exceeded from
the standard value of Q . 0.02 annually, or in the
stated subannurd period if SSis alao rraed.
Equation D. 1 gives .SP, together with a number of
values for other levefs of risk.
For alf normal design applications, where
adjustments for risk arc made through the partial
factors, the standard value of risk, Q = 0.02, is
used and SP = 1.0.
2.2.3 Effective
ve=v, xs~
.%
18
The reference height H, for each part should be

taken as the height to the top of that part.
of.
wind speed V, should be
a)
(12)
where
V,
c) buildings with height H greater than 2B should

be considered to be multiple parts, comprising a
lower part extending upwards fmm the ground
by a height equal to B, an upper part extending
downwards from the top by a height equal to B,
and a middle region between upper and lower
parts which may be dMded into a number of
horizontal parts, as in figure 1lc.
2.2.3.3 The terrain and building factor Sb should

be obtained directly from table 4 and takes account
wind speed
2.2.3.1 fbe effective

calculated from
is the site wind speed obtained from 2.2.2,

for the range 6 = +45 around the
notiorrrd orthogonal wind directions defined
with the pressure coefficient data for each
form of buifding;
is the terrain arrd building factor obtained
from 2.2.3.3.
the effective
height He determined from L 7.3;
b) the closest diatarrce of the site from the sea in

the range of wind direction O = t45 around
the notional wind direction for the orthogonal
load case, as defiied with the pressure
coefficient data for each form of building
c) whether the site is in country terrain or at
least 2 km irrside town terrain.
NCTE. Forall sites inside towns (except exactly at the upwind
edge or at a di.wance of 2 km fmm the upwind edge) the
simp~,cations
of the srandard method prcduce a huger value of
Sb than the directional methcd. If the loads produced by the
sfandard method are critical to the design, the use of tbe
hyhrid combiatio
given i 3.4.2 should & considered.
I
Section
BS6399:Part
2:1995
H s B
a) One part when
_FBF
Hr=H
T Hr=B
v
////////////////////////
b) Twoparts
when B<
~-
Hs
7.,9
~LY
A.
IH, =H
1 Hr=z
l;,
= H-6
fH=B
r
v
////////////////////////
c) Multipie parts whenfl
> ZE
Ngure 11. Division of buildings by parts for

lateral loads
19
BS6399:Fs.rt2
:1995
Section
fhble 4. I%ctnr .Sbfor standard method

] Site in town,
Site in country
Effective
height
I Closest
distance
I Effective
IW
to sea
He
km
extending
22
km .pwInd
from the site
height 1Closest distance to sea

I
km
2100
1.40
1.35
1.26
52
1.18
1,15
1,07
1.65
1.62
1,57
1.45
1.50
1.45
1.36
10
1,78
1.78
1,73
1.62
10
1.73
1.69
1.58
15
1.s5
1,85
1.82
1.71
15
1.85
1,s2
1.71
20
1.90
1.90
1.s9
1.77
20
1.90
1,89
1.77
30
1.96
1.96
1.96
1.85
30
1.96
1.96
1.s5
50
2.04
2.04
2,04
1.95
50
2.04
2.04
1.95
100
2.12
2.12
2.12
2.07
100
2.12
2,12
2.07
%----+=
NOTE 1. [nterpaiation
may be used within each mble.
N(TE 2. The !iRures in this table have been derived from reference
NOTE 3. Values =.me
NOr2 4. If
H, > 100 m use the directional method of section 3.
2.3 Standsrd pressure coefficients

2.3.1 General
2.3.1.1 The wind force on a building or element
should be calculated by the procedure given in
2.1.3 using appropriate pressure coefficients that
are dependent on the shape and form of the
buifdmg,
NOTE The sfandard pressure coefficients may be used for
b.ildigs ad elements of generally similar shape. Where the
building or eimnemt shape falls oufside the scow of the
tabulated PB.E
coefficients in Z.4 to 2.5 or in 3.3, or where
more detailed data are required, pressure ccefficiets
may he
obfained from wind tunnel tests as defined in 1.1.
2.3.1.2 The standd

extemaf pressure coefficients
aet out in 2.4 and 2.5 apply to buifding stmctures
that me predominantly flat faced, and to walk of
circular-plan buifd@s. The majority of
conventional buildin~, such as cuboidaf, or
composed of cuboidal elements, with different roof
forms such as flat, monopitcb, duopitch, hipped
and mansard, are included.
Where considerable variation of pressure occurs
over a surface it has been subdivided into zones
and pressure coefficients have been provided for
each zone.
2.3.1.3 When calculating the wind load on
individual structural components and cladding
units and their ftings, it is essential to take
account of the pressure difference between
oPPosite faces of each elements. Extemaf pressure
coefficients are given in 2.4 and 2.5 and internal
pressure coefficients in 2.6 for use with procedures
given in 2.1,
20
[5]
a diaaon?.1 dimension a = 5 m
2.3.1.4 Pressure coefficients me given for spec~lc

3uIfaces. or uarta of surfaces, of buildings or
element& V&en the procedure of 2.1. 3.~ is
applied, they give the wind loads acting in a
direction normal to that ptilcular surface,
2.3.1.5 For certain buildhgs a wind load due to
frictional drag should be taken into account (see
2.1.3.8, 2.4.5 and 2.5.10).
External pressure coefficients for

walls
2.4
2.4.1 Rectangular-plan
buildings
2.4.1.1 External preesure coefficients for vertical

walls of rectangular plan buildings are given in
table 5, dependent on the proportions of the
buifdings as shown in figure 12.
2.4.1.2 Vafues of pressure coefficient for
windward and leeward faces are given in tsble 5
for buildlngs with D/H s 1 and for buildings with
D/H ? 4 where D is the inwind depth of the
buildlng, which varies with the wind direction
being considered (see figure 2), and His the height
of the wall includkg any parapet.
NOTE. Values of pressure coefficient
ratios may be interpolated.
for intermediate
D/H
2.4.1.3 The loaded zones on the side face should

be divided into veti]ca.1 strips from the upwind
edge of the face with the dimensions shown in
figure 12, in terms of the scafing length b given by
b = B or b = 2H, whichever is the smaller, where
B is the crosswind breadth of the building, which
depends on the wind direction being considered
(see figure 2b) and H is the height of the wall,
including any parapet.
BS6299:Part2
Section
:1995
Plan
Plan
W=D
dh
L=D
Wind
%~~=
L=8
-n]
a) Load cases wind on long face and wind on short face
D
Elavatim of side faca
- Ix?b
-m
Wind
k%
1.-
=Hr
H=Hr
],,/,
////////////////////////////////
BuildingwithD S b
BuildingwithD > b
h) Keytopressure
Figure
I ml-u,.
~edward
m.A-.,
(front)
Leeward (rear)
face
12.
---------
coefficient
Keytowall
.--s4%-,..-..
+0.8
+0.6
-0.3
0.1
mneson
side face
pressnre
s-.
data
.,-..+,...1
Side face
NUIX. Interpolationmaybe usedin the range1 < D/H <4.
b) where the gapbetween the buildings is

greater than b/4 arrd less than b
Zone A
-1.3
Zone B
0.8
-0.9
-0.4
-0,9
Zone C
See 2.4.1.4
2.4.1.4 Where walls of two build@s face each

other and the gap between them is less than b,
frmneflirrg will accelerate the flow and make the
pressure coefficient more negative. Values of
pressure coefficient for the side faces are given in
table 5 for each cf the eases denoted isolated and
funneling to be applied aa foUows.
a) Whefe the gap between the buiMin@ is leas
than b/4, or greater than b, the isolated vaIues
should be used;
.-11.
for interpolation
Mtween
1.6
Lwlared and funneling.
1) either uae the fumellirrg values,

conservatively; or
2) take the furmelling values to apply at a gap
width of b/2 and the isolated values to apply at
gap widths of b/4 and at b, and intefpalate
linearly between these values for the actual
gap width in the range from b/4 to b/2 or the
range from b12 to b.
2.4.1.5 The values in table 5 are alao valid for
non-vertical walls within t 15 of the vertical.
Values outside this range should be obtained
from 3.3.1.4.
21
BSS399:Fart
2:1995
2.4.2 Polygonal
buildings
Section
Extemaf pressuce coefficients for the vertical walls

of buildlngs with comer angles other than 90
should be obtained using the procedures set out
in 3.3.1.2.
2.4.3 Buildings with re-entrant comers,
recessed bays or internal wefls
2.4.3.1 The external pressure coefficients given in
table 5 should be used for the vertical walls of
buildings containing re-entrant comers or recessed
bays, aa shown in figure 13, subject to the
following.
c) The side walls of re-entrant corne~ and

recessed bays facing downwind, for example the
downwind wing of f~rc
13a, should be assumed
to be part of the leeward (rear) face.
2.4.3.2 For internal wells and rcceased bays in side
faces (see figure 13d) where the gap acro~ the
weU or bay is smaller than the scaling length b, the
following apply.
a) External pressure coefficient for the walls of a
well is assumed to be equal to tbe roof
coefficient at the location of the weU given in
clause 2.5;
b) External pressure coefficient for the walls of
the bay is assumed to be equal to the side wall
coefficient at the location of the bay.
a) Where the re-entrant comer or recessed bay

results in one or more upwind wings to the
building, shown shaded in figures 13a,
13b and 13c, the zones on the side walls are
defined using the crosswind breadth B = B1 and
B3 and the height H of the wing.
Where the well or bay extends acroas more than

one pressure zone, the mea-average of the pressure
coefficients should be taken.
b) The zones on the side walls of the remainder

of the building are defined using the crosswind
breadth B = B2 and the height H of the building.
2.4.3.3 If the gap across the well or bay is greater

than the scaling length b, the external pressure
coefficients should be obtained fmm 3.3.1.5.
Wind
b)
c)
d)
Figure 13. Typicaf examples of buildings with re-entrant corners and

recessed bays
22
I
Section
BS6299:Part
2.4.4 Buildings
with irregular
b) Cut-out upwind, as in fiire

14b and 14d.
The loaded zones on the face are divided into
vertical strips immediately downwind of the
upwind edges of the upper and lower part of the
face formed by the cut-out. The scaling length bl
for the zones of the upper part is determined
fmm the height HI znd crosswind breadth B1 of
the upper inset windward face. The scaling
length & for the zones of the lower Dart is
det&&ed
from the height H2 and &osswind
breadth BZ of the lower windward face. The
reference height for the upper znd lower pzrt is
the respective height above ground for the top of
ezch part.
or inset faces
2.4.4.1 Irrcgularjfushfaces
External pressure coefficients for the flush waifs of
buildings with corner cut-outs in elevation, as
illustrated in figure 14, which include, for example,
buildings with a lower wing or extension built flush
with the main building, should bs derived as
follow.
a) Cut-out downwind, as in fii
14a and 14c.
The loaded zones on the face should be divided
into vertical strips fmm the upwind edge of the
face with the dimensions shown in figure 12, in
terms of the scaling length b, making no special
allowance for the presence of the cutout. The
scaling length b is determined from the height II
and cms-wvirrd breadth B of the windward face.
The pressure coefficients for zones A, B and C

may then be obtained fmm table 5.
Hr=H
A
v
//////////////////////////////////-
a) Cut-out downwind:
tall Part long
H,
HI
], ,,,,,,,,,,,,:,,,,,;,,,,,,,,,,),,$J
b) cut-out
2:1995
H2 = H,
upwind: tall part long
HI
~
H,
1
j +
,///,,),
,,:
,;,,,,,,B
CIB
H2 = H,
%77//////////////
.)
PUt.OUL
Figure
d.ymm.id
tail
part lmrrmv
~.t-..t
.m+.d: ~1 P~
n~w
14. Examples of flush irregular walla
23
BS6299:Part
2:1995
Section
b) Edge offmejlush with edge of lower sfm-ey

(see figure 15b). Where the upwind edge of the
wall is flush, or inset a distance of less than
0.2b1 from the upwind edge of the lower storey,
the procedure in item a) should bs followed, but
an additional zone E should be included as
defined in figure 15b with an external pressure
coefficient of C~-~ -2.0. The reference height
for zone E shou d be taken as the top of the
lower storey. The greater negative pressure
(suction) determined for zone E or for the
underlying zone A in item a), should be used.
2.4.4.2 Waifs of inset storegs

External pres.sum coefficients for the walls of inset
storeya, as illustrated in figure 15, should be
derived se follows.
a) Edge offats insetfrom edge of b.nuw stmwy
(see figure 15a). lb the inset walls, provided
that the upwind edge of the wall is inset a
distance of at least 0. 2b1 from the upwind edge
of the lower stomy (whers bl is the scaling
length for the upper storey), the loaded zones
are defined from the proportions of the upper
storey, assuming the lower roof to be the ground
plane. However, the reference height H, is taken
as the actual heidt of the toD of the wall above
ground.
-
>
The pressure coefficients for zones A, B and C may

then be obtained from table 5.
o.2b1
E
c
HI
H,
N(YIX. b,
is w-
lenstb
of p~~
Stmwy.
a) Edgeof face inset fmm edge of lower storey
NOfE
&
is scaling bw@h of lower stmey.
b) Edgeof faceflushwithedgeof lowerstorey

Figure
24
15. Keys for walls of inset storey
BS6299:Part2
Section 2
2.4.5 Friction-induced
2.5 External pressure coefficients
loads on walls
Friction forces should be calculated for long walls

with D > b when the wind is parallel to the wall.
The frictional drag coefficient should be assumed
to act over all zone C of such walls, with values as
given irr table 6. The resulting frictional forces
should be added to the normal forces as described
in 2.1.3.8.
FTfctioMf drag
coemcient
Smooth surfaces without

corrugations or ribs across the
wind direction
0.01
Surfaces with corrugations

ccrma the wind direction
0.02
Surfaces with ribs across the

wind dkection
0.04
2.5.1 Flat roofs

2.5.1.1 Scope
The data irr this section should be used for dl roofs
of pitch a less than 5. Pree.sure coefficients are
given for the orthogonal load cases and are upper
bound values to cater for all wind d~ections
8 *45 from normal to the eaves being considered.
2.5.1.2 Loaded zones
The roof should be subdkided into zones behind
each upwind eaves(verge as shown in figure 16 for
a rectangular roof. The loaded zones, shown in
figure 16, are defiied in terms of the scaling length
b given by b = B or b = 2H, whichever is the
smaller, where B is the cms.swind breadth of the
building, which is equal to Wor L, depending on
the wind direction being corwidered, as defined in
figure 16a, and His the height of the wall,
including any parapet.
2.4.6 Circular-plan bufldirrga

The d~tribution of external pressure coefficient
around the periphery of a circulw-plmr buildlng is
gjven in table 7. These pressure coefficients are
also applicable to silos, tanks, stacks and chimneys.
fhble 7. External I .essure coeffkients
walls of Circrllsr-pl ur buildir @
m
for
roofs
hide 6. Frictional drag coefficients

Nw OfSUrf=e
:1995
2.5.1.3 Ffat m@? with sharp eaues

External pressure coefticienta for each zone of flat
roofs with sharp eaves are given in table 8.
2.5.1.4 Ffat majl? with pampcfs
Cm
. . for
2.5.1.4.1 A parapet along any eaves or edge will

reduce the pressure coefficients for the roof in the
locaf edge areaa only. External pressure coefficients
for flat rcmfs with edge parapeta are given in
table 8, dependent upon the ratio of the height h
of the parapet, defined in fwre
17a, to the scaling
length b.
Positron
;.rface
mojection
perfphery
9
T/d z 10
Hld s 2.6
Y/d z 10
fld z 2.5
>
+1.0
+1.0
+1.0
+1.0
10
+0.9
+0.9
+0.9
+0.9
20
+0.7
+0.7
+0.7
+0.7
30
+0.4
+ 0.4
+0.35
+ 0.35
40
50
-0.5
-0.4
0.7
-0.5
60
-0.95
-0.8
1.2
-1.05
70
-1.25
-1.1
-1.4
-1.25
80
-1.2
-1.05
1.45
-1.3
90
1.0
-0.85
-1.4
1.2
100
-0.8
-0.65
-1.1
-0,85
120
-0.5
-0.35
-0.6
-0.4
140
-0.4
.-0.3
-0.35
-0.25
2.5.1.5.2 The presmrre on the curved eaves should

be linearly interpolated around the arc between
the adjacent wall and roof pres.smes.
160
-0.4
-0.3
-0.35
-0.25
2.5.1.6 Ffat ro@
180
-0.4
-0.3
-0.35
-0.25
kf.ce
smooth
2.5.1.4.2 Loading on the parapet walls, includhrg

the effects of comem where appropriate, should be
deterrrdned as for boundary walls from 2.7.5.
2.5.1.5 FZat roaJ%with curved earxx?
2.5.1.5.1 External pressure coefficients for each
zone are given in table 8 and are dependent on the
rrrtio of the radius r of the eaves to the scaling
length b, defined in 2.5.1.2, for that eaves. The
zones start fmm the edge of the flat part of the
mof aa defiied in fii
17b.
rpidation I ,ybe used the range

NOTE 1.1
13.
2.5< Hld
NOl?32. V d for diameters greater that d - 1 m.
NUTS 3. T
position on the periphery at O - 40 where
(! is a region where the pressure will change rapidly
%
wmh rime, due to fluctuations in wind direction cauwd by
atmospheric turbulence, over the range Cw - *0.7. h is
therefore the zeaon with the K&est risk of fatigue damage 0
cladding fltis.
with mansard eaves

zone are given in table 8 and arc dependent on the
pitch angle a of the mansard eaves. The zones start
from the edge of the flat part of the roof a-s
defined in fii
17c.
2.5.1.6.2 The pressure on the sloping mansard
eaves shordd be aasesed using the procedure
in 2.5.4.
25
BS6399:Fart
2:1995
Section
Plan
Plan
W=D
dh
L=D
Wind
=6
~lp=
o]
cases.
.) Load
wind on long face and wmd on short face
D
A
c
L
b12
b/1O
T
&
Wind
T
b)
Key
pressure
coefficient
Fignre 16. Key for
fit
Table 8. External pressure coeffkienta
Curved eaves
Mamad
NOTE 1.
NOTE 2.
between
NOTE 3.
NUTE 4.
NOTE 5.
fables 9,
26
eaves
roofs
Cw for flat roofs
of bnfi~@
-2.0
-1.4
-0.7
*0.2
I h/b = 0.05
-1. s
1.25
-0.7
*0.2
h/b = 0.10
1.75
1.2
-0.7
*0.2
h)b = 0.20
-1.4
-1.0
-0.7
*0.2
rib = 0,05
-1.0
-1.2
-0.4
*0,2
r/b = 0.10
-0.75
-0.8
-0.3
*0.2
r/b = 0,20
-0.55
-0.55
-0.3
*0.2
a = 30
-0.95
-1.0
-0.3
*0.2
*0,2
*0.2
eaves
With parapets
flat roof
Zme
FM roof type
Shzrp
zones..
@ = 45.
-1.2
-1.3
-0.4
a = 60
-1.3
1.25
-0.6
For roofs with parapets or curved eaves, iterpolatio

may be used for intermediate values of hlb and rib.
For rcmfs with mansard eaves, interpolation between a - 30 and a - 60 may be used. For a >60 interpolate
the values for m - 60 ad the values for flat roofs with sharp eaves.
1 zone D, where both positive and negative values are @ven, both values should be considered.
Values of cc+ fficienfs for other wind directions are @ve in 3.3.2,
Fbr pitched roofs with curved or nw..sard eaves, the values i this mble may be compared with the appropriate values in
10 or 11 and the least negative values used.
i
Section
BS
5.1.7 Flat mqp with
inset
Rut
2:1995
storwfp
r flat roofs with inset storeys, defined in

Nre 18, external pressure coefficients for both
e uPPer roofs and lower roofs should be derived
fouows.
K
r
6299:
a) For the upper roof the appropriate procedure

of 2.5.1.3, 2.5.1.4, 2.5.1.5 or 2.5.1.6, depending
on the form of the eaves, should be used, taking
the reference height H, aa the actual height to
the upper eaves, and Has the height of the inset
storey (from the upper eaves to the lower roof
level) for determining the scaling length b.
a) Parapets
Roof zonas
start from here
Hr. H
b) For the lower roof the appropriate procedure

of 2.5.1.3, 2.5.1.4, 2.5.1.5 or 2.5.1.6, depending
on the form of the eaves, should be used, where
H, = H and is the actual height of the lower
storey, ignoring the effect of the inset atoreys.
However, a further zone around the base of the
inset storeys extending b/2 from each facing waif
should be included, where b is the safing
p-eter
fmm 2.5.1.2 appropriate to the
relevant walls of the inset storey. The pressure
coefficient in this zone should be taken as that of
the zone in the adjacent wall of the upper storey
(as determined from 2.4).
b) Curved eaves
Take prsssure Cnefficienfs on adjacsnt wall in this zone
>b/1O
.
~Roof zones
start from here
+/!/
a\
H
L
rB
c) Mansard eaves
Figure 17. Key to cave details for flat roofs
NOTE. b is scaling length of upper storey.
27
BS6399:F%rt
2:1995
2.5.2 Monopitch and duopitch roofs

2.5.2.1 General
Monopitch and duopitch rrmfs of buildm
are
defined as rvofs with gable ends.
NOTE. Hippedroof form aretreatedseparatelyin Z.6.3.
Section
2.5.2.4.2 When a c 7 and W < bf,, zone C for

the load case .9 = 0 should be considered to
extend for a distance bf/2 downwind from the
windward cave (as shown for flat roofs in
figure 16), replacing ridge zones E and F and part
of zone G.
2.5.2.2 Loaded zones
2.5.3 Hipped roofs
Zones over which the extemaf pressure coefficient

is assumed to be constant for both monopitch and
duopitch rwfs am shown in figures 19 and 20.
These zones are strips parallel to the eaves and
verge and are defiied in terms of the waling
lengths ~ and bW where bf, = L or bf, = 2ff,
whichever is the smaller, and bW = W or bW = 21f,
whichever is the smaller.
External pressure coefficients for conventional

hipped roofs on cuboidal-plan buildings, where all
faces of the roof have the same pitch angle and are
in the range a = -45 to +75, are given in
table 11. The definitions of loaded zones and pitch
af@eS are given in tigurc 21. The data in table 11
may be applied to hipped roofs where main faces
and hipped faces have dtiferent pitch angles,
provided the pitch angle of the upwind face is used
for each wind direction, as indicated in f~re
21.
Negative pitch angles occur when the roof is a
hipped-tmugh form. For pressure coefficients for
skew- bipped roofs and other hipped rcmf forms see
reference [6].
2.5.2.3 Monopitch moJ3

External pressure coefficients for monopitch roofs
should be obtained from table 9, using the key in
figure 19, Owing to the asymmetry of this roof
form, values arc given for three orthogonal load
cases wind normal to the low eaves (0 . 0),
wind normal to the gable [8 = 90) and wind
normaf to the high eaves (6 = 180).
2.5.2.4 Duopitch roofi
2.5.2.4.1 External pressure coefficients for
duopitch roofs should be obtained from table 10,
using the key in figure 20. Values arc given for two
wind directions: wind normal to the low eaves
(d = 0) and wind normal to the gable (0 - 900).
These coefficients are appropriate to duopitch
faces of equal pitch but maybe used without
modification provided the upwind and downwind
pitch angles are within 5 of each other. For
duopitch roofs of greater disparity in pitch angles
see reference [6].
28
2.5.4 Mansard roofs

External pressure coefficients for mansard roofs
and other multi-pitch roofs should be derived for
each plane face by the procedure given in 2.5.2 for
roofs with gable ver%es or the procedure given
in 2.5.3 for roofs with hipped verges, using the
pitch angle for each plane face. The key in
figure 22 indicates where edge zones should be
omitted.
!
Section
BS6W9:M
2:1995
a) Geneml
Plan
b) Zones for wind directions
O - 0 and 8-
bJ70
180
High cave
F-1
Plan
w/2
Wind,.
w/2
A
r Y-
c) Zones
for wind direction O = 900
Fignre 19. Key for monopitch roofs
29
BS6399:RIrt2
:1995
Section
fliim!!m,
a) General
~-
4
Plan
G
F
~b,111
c
B
A
,<
c) Zones
bL/2
b) Zones for wind direction
Wind
8 - 0
b$
for wind direction O . 90
Figure 20. Key for duopitch roofs
30
~>!
.
fk
A
bL12
~b,,lo
>
H
Section
BS
Ihble 9. External pressure coefficients

Fffch aI@e
Cmfor
2:1995
monopitch rOOfs Of bnild~gs

D
Zone for O - 180

A
B
1.1
-0.6
-0.5
-2.3
-1.2
-0.8
-2.8
-1.1
-0.8
-0.7
-2.6
1.0
-0.9
-1.7
-1.2
-1,0
-0.8
-2.3
1.2
-0.8
+0.7
-1,5
-1.2
-1.0
-0.9
-1.3
-1.0
-0.8
+0,8
-1.2
-1.2
-0,4
-0.4
-1.0
-0.7
-0.7
-0.4
-0.2
-1.1
-0.7
-0.7
+0.5
+0.4
Zone
-1.8
-1,2
-0.6
-2.2
15
-1.3
-0.8
-0,3
+0,2
+0.2
+0.2
-1.1
-0.5
-0.2
+0.8
+0.5
+0.4
-1.1
-0.3
+0.8
+0.6
60
+0,8
+0,8
75
+0.8
45
Fart
Zone for O . 0
30
6399:
for %= 90
B
+0.4
+0.8
+0.8
-1.2
-1.2
NOTE1. At 0 = 0 the pressurechangesrapidlybetweenpmitiveandnegativevaluesin the rangeof pitchangle1so < m

<30, w both positive and negative values are given. At 8 . 90 with ha roof pitches, the press= changes between positive
and negative with fluctuations of wind direction, so both !-mitive and negative values are again given.
NUTE 2. Intemlatio
for intermediate ~itch ades mav be wed between valw of the same sire.
Table 10. External pressure coefficients Cw for duopitch r~fs

Pffrh @e
Of buildings
zone for R = 0
A
B
zone for e . 90~

A
B
-45
-1.3
-1.0
-0.8
-1.0
-0.7
-0.7
-1.5
1.3
-1.0
-0.2
-30
-2.3
-1.2
-0.8
-0.9
0.7
-0.7
-1.7
1.3
1.0
-0.2
15
-2.6
-1.0
-0.9
-0.7
-0.5
-0.5
-2.7
-1.4
-0.8
-0.3
- 5
-2.3
-1.2
0.8
-0.8
-0.3
-0.3
-2.2
1.5
-0.7
-0.4
+ 5
-1.8
-1.2
-0.6
-0.5
-0.3
-0.3
-2.0
-1.1
-0.6
-0.4
+ 15
-1.3
-0.8
-0.3
-1.1
-0.9
-0.5
1.6
-1.5
-0.6
-0.3
+0.2
+0.2
+0.2
-1.1
-0.5
-0,2
0.7
-0.4
-0.4
-1.2
-1.1
-0.6
-0.2
+0.8
+0.5
+ 0.4
-1.1
-0.3
+0.7
-0.4
-0.3
-0.3
-1.2
-1.2
-0.6
-0.2
+0.8
+0.6
+ 60
+0.8
+0.8
+0.8
-0.4
-0.3
-0.3
-1.2
1.2
-0.7
-0,2
+ 75
+0.8
+0,8
+0.8
-0.4
-0.3
-0.3
-1.2
-1.2
-0.7
-0.2
+ 30
+ 45
NOlY31.At9 - 0 the pmsare changes rapidly between positive and negative values i the range of pitch angle + 15 < a
< .30-, so both pmit!ve znd egztivc values are given.
NU1E 2. Interpolation for intermediate pitch angles of the same sign may be wed between
interpolate between a - + 5 and a - 5; uw the data for flat roofs in 2.6. 1.)
values of the same sigm (Do not
31
BS6299:Rwt
2:1995
Table 11. Exte&d

Pitch angle a
Section
pressure coefficients Cp, for Mpped rOOfs Of buil~gs
Zone for O - 0 and 890

.
I .
I.
Im
-0.7 7
-45
-1.3
-0.6
-0.8
-30
-2.3
-0.8
0.8
-0.7
15
-2.6
-1.0
--0.9
I -0.5
-2.3
1.2
-0,8
-0.3
+ 5
+ 15
I
+ 30
-1.8
-1.2
+ 75
+0.8
I -0.2
I -0.7
I -0.7
] -0.8
I -0.8
-0.2
I -0.5
I -0.5
I -0.6
I -0.6
I -0.3
-0.3
-0.3
-0.6
-0.6
-0,4
-1.2
-0.6
-0.4
-1.4
-0.6
-0.3
,-0.4
Ill
I -1.4
I -08
]-0.2
-0.5
~.
+0.8
I -0.8
-0.5
-1.1
.
+ 60
I -0.8
-0.6
I +02
+0.6
I -0.7
1.2
I +0.2
+0.8
-0.6
I +0.2
-0.3
fi
-1.0
-0,3
I -0.7
-0.6
-0.8
-1.1
-0.3
-1.3
I 5
+ 45
,-~.y
I -0.7
I -05
I U*
+0.7
-0.6
-0.3
-0.3
-1.3
-0.8
-0.2
+0.8
+0.8
-0.6
-0.3
-0.3
1.2
-0.4
-0.2
+0.8
+0.8
-0.6
-0.3
-0.3
-1.2
-0.4
0.2
NIWF
1. AL O . 0 the
,.-.
......
. . mess.re
.
changes rmidlv hetwee positive and negative values in the range of pitch angle
+ 15 < a < +30 o, so both positive &d n&at{ve v.alues are given.
used between tiue$ofthe=mesi!?m
NO12 2. Interpolation for intermediate pitch anglessof thesame simmaybe
interpolate between a - +5 ad a - 5; use the data for flat %ofs ~n 2. S.l. )
32
(Do not
II
Section
BS6399:Part
2:1995
->0.
,:+
r=,;+
//,
//////////////////1////////////////////////
,=o:~
///////////////////////////////////////////////
a) General
i+
Plan
G
F
c
B
s
b) Zones for wind direction
bLIZ
Wind
+L
,.
>
O - 0 using q
Plan
J%
c) Zones
for wind direction 0 - 90 using am
Figure 21. Key for ldpped roofs
33
BS 6299: Part 2:1995
Section
2.5.5
Multi-bay roofs
External pressure coefficients on downwind bays of

multi-bay monopitch and duopitch roofs as defined
in figure 23 may conservatively be taken to be the
same as for a single-bay roof.
However, reduced values of external pressure
coefficients may be derived from table 9 or
table 10, as appropriate, using the reduction
factom given in table 12, as follows.
///////,,///////,
,,/,
a) Decreasing pitch multipitch (mansard)
/,,,/
a) For monopitch roofs, on second and

subsequent downwind bays, any positive
pressure coefficient obtained from table 9 should
be replaced by Cw = -0.4.
b) Fbr duopitch roofs, all roof slopes downwind
of the fmt ridge should be treated as being
troughed (negative pitch angle), even when the
upwind slope is ridged as shown in figure 23c,
thus enaurirrg that the pressure coefficients on
the second and subsequent downwind bays are
always negative in value.
c) For the wind directions 6 = 0 and 180, as
shown in figure 23d, the pressure coef flcients on
the second and downwind bays may be
multiplied by the reduction factor given in
table 12.
b) Increasing pitch muldpitch

22. Key for ma.rraardand
mrrltipitch roofs
Figure
34
I
Section
BS6399:Psrt2
7//////
:1995
/////.///////////////////////////////////
a) Multi-bay monop,tcb
H,
7//,///,
/,,/////,,,,,,,//////,////////////////,
b) MuIt]-bay trougbed
/,,
duopitch
,//////////
.\
\
Treat as troughed duopitch
Treat as monopitch
c) Multi-bayridged
dopitch
I
I
I
I
I
Wind
u
.-c
3
I
d) Key to reduction
~All u~secuerIt
II
1.!
b ays :
I
I
I
zones
Figure 23. Key formulti-bay
roofs
35
BS6299:Part
2:1995
Section
2.5.6 Fitched roofs with inset storcys

The procedure given for inset storeys on flat roofs
in 2.5.1.7 should be followed, but using the
appropriate zones for pitched roofs as derived from
2.5.2 to 2.5.5.
2.5.7 Effect of parapets on pitched roofs
Parapets reduce the high suction in the edge zones
around the periphefy of the roof and neglecting
these effects will give a conservative result for mof
pitches less than a = 30. For steeper roofs, the
effects of pampets should be taken hrto account by
using the procedure given in 3.3.3.7.
Larger overhangs should be treated as open-sided

buildings, with internal pressure coefficients
detenwirred using the provi.+oms of 2.6.3.
2.5.8.2 Small overhangs
..
The net pressure across a small roof overhang

should be calculated taking the pressure coefficient
on the upper surface from 2.5.2 to 2.5.5, as
appropriate, and the preasurc coeffkient on the
lower surface as that on the adjacent wall fmm 2.4
2.6.9 Canopies, grandstands and open-sided
buildings
2.5.9.1 Fkce-standing canopies
2.5.8 Roof overhangs

2.5.8.1 General
Where the roof overhangs the walls by an amount
leas than b/10, pressure coefficients should be
assessed using the procedure given in 2.5.8.2.
2.5.9.1.1 Net pressure coefficients CP for

free-standing canopy roofs are given in tables 13,
14 and 15, which take account of the Eombmed
effect of the wind on both upper and lower
surfaces of the canopy for all wind directions.
.
Ikble 13. Net
,ressure coefficients
Pitch angle Q
Load case
j.
10
15
20
25
30
~ for free-standiru? mOnODitCh canODY roofs

-
LOmfcoefficients
4
1B
Maximum, zdf c
+0,2
+0.5
+1,8
+1.1
Minimum C = O
-0.5
-0.6
1.3
-1.4
Minimum C = 1
-1.2
1.3
-1.8
-2.2
M-urn,
+0.4
+0,8
+2.1
+1.3
Mirrimum ( = O
-0.7
-1.1
-1.7
-1.8
Minimum c = 1
-1.4(-1.2)
-1.4(-1.2)
-2.6
-2.6(-2.1)
Maximum, all (
+0.5
+1.2
+2.4
+1.6
Minimum C = O
-0.9
-1,5
-2.0
-2.1
Mlnirnum ~ = 1
-1.4(-1.1)
-1.4(-1.1)
-2.6
-2.7(-1.8)
Maximum, all C
+0,7
+1.4
+2,7
+1.8
Minimum C = O
1.1
-1.8
-2.4
-2.5
Minimum ( = 1
-1.5(-1.0)
-1.5(-1.0)
-2.9
-2.8(-1.6)
all c
Maximum, all (
+0,8
+1.7
+2.9
+2.1
Minimum C = O
-1.3
-2.2
-2.8
-2.9
Minimum [ = 1
-1.5(-0.9)
-1.5(-0.9)
-2.9
-2.7(-1.5)
Maximum, all (
+1.0
+2.0
+3.1
+2.3
Mhdmum ( = O
-1.6
2.6
-3.2
-3.2
Minimum c = 1
-1.4(-0.8)
-1.4(-0.8)
-2.5
-2.5 (-1.4)
Maximum, all (
+1.2
+2.2
+3.2
+2.4
Minimum ~ = O
-1.8
-3.0
-3.8
-3.6
Minimum C = 1
-1.4(-0.8)
-1.4 (-0.8)
-2.0
-2.3 (-1.2)
irate pitxh ang

NfYfT 1. [nterpd
i.. may be usd for solidity ratio in the range O < : < 1 ad for iterm
NUCE 2. Where two values are given for C - 1, the first value is for I ocka.se to the low downwind eaves:
(in parentheses) is for blockage w the K&b do~rn.d
eaves.
NOTE 3. Load cases cover all wxsible wind direction% When six directional effective wind speeds, use:
al these values of C. with ihe lamest value of V. found: or
b) directional value; of C, from ;ference
[6]
-
36
the second value
i
Section
BS6299:Part
2:1995
lhble 14. Net nressure coefficients C.

for free-standimf duouit.ch canonv roofs
F
)verall
=
-15
-5
Local coefficients
+0.7
+0,8
+1,6
+0.6
+1.7
-0.7
-0.9
-1.3
-1.6
-0.6
-1.5
-2.4
-2.4
-1,2
Maximum, all ~
-1.5
1
+0.5
+0.6
+1.5
+0,7
+1,4
Mtimum
-0.6
-0.8
-1.3
1.6
-0.6
-1.5
-2.7
-2.6
-1.2
all ~
1.5
1
+0,4
+0.6
+1.4
+0.8
+1,1
Minimum 1 = O
-0.6
-0.8
-1.3
-1.5
-0.6
Minimum c = 1
-1.4
-1.4
-2.5
-2.5
-1.2
M-urn,
all (
+0.3
+0,5
+1.5
+0.8
+0.8
1 = O
-0.5
-0.7
( = O
Minimuml=l
-10
coefficients
M-urn,
-1.3
-1.6
-0.6
Mbdmum L .
-1.4
-1.4
-2.3
-2.4
1.2
+5
Maximum, fl
+0.3
+0.6
+1.8
+1.3
+0.4
Miniium
-1--+ 10
m
+ 20
Minimum ~ = O
-0.6
-0.6
-1.4
-1.4
-1.1
Mfnimum c = 1
-1.2
-1.2
-2.0
-1.8
-1.5
M-urn,
+0.4
+0,7
+1.8
+1,4
+0.4
Minimum [ = O
-0.7
-0.7
-1.5
1.4
-1.4
Mbdmum ~ = 1
1.2
-1.2
1.8
1.6
1.6
+0.4
+0.9
+1.9
+1.4
+0.4
-0.8
-0.9
-1.7
-1.4
-1.8
-1.2
1.2
-1.6
1.3
-1.7
Maximum, all C
+0.6
+1.1
+1.9
+1.5
+0.4
Minimum ~ = O
-0.9
1.2
1.8
1.4
-2.0
[ = 1
-1.2
-1.2
-1.5
-1.2
-1.7
Maximum, all c
+0,7
+1,2
+1.9
+1,6
+0,5
1.0
1.4
-1.9
-1.4
-2.0
-1.2
-1.2
-1.4
1.1
-1.6
+0.9
+1.3
+1.9
+1.6
+0,7
-1.0
-1.4
-1.9
-1.4
2.0
-1.2
-1.2
1.3
-1.1
-1.6
all (
I Mtimnl
+ 25
---Ei3i
Minimum ~ = 1
NOTE1. hwerpolacion
for mlidityratioIMY be u.wtiin therange( <; <1.
NOTE2. lterpolati. for intermediatepitch angles maybe used I ,tween values of the same sign.
NCllT 3. Load casa cover all possible wind directic.s. When using directional effective
a) tfww values of Cp with the largest value of V, found; or
b) directional values of Cr from reference [6]
wind speeds, use:
Ihble 16. Reduction factors for free-standing

multi-bay canopy roofs
Location
Factors
for au solidity ratio c
On maxim..
On mhdumm
End bay
1.00
8econd bay
0.87
0.64
Third and subsequent

bays
0.68
0.63
0.81
37
BS6299:Part
2:1996
Section
---
2.5.9.1.2 Canopies should beableto resist the

maximum (kgestpositive) and the minimum
(largest negative) net pressures, the latter
depending on the degree of blockage under the
canopy. The blockage ratio (at anycross section is
equal to the height of obstructions under the
canopy divided by the height to the downwind
eaves of the canopy, both areas normal to the wind
dnction. The value ( = O repreeenta a canopy
with no obstructions underneath. The value c = 1
represents the canopy fully blocked with contents
to the downwind eaves. Values of CP for
intermediate blockages may be linearly interpolated

between these two extremes, and app!ied upwind
of the position of maximum blockage only.
Downwind of the position of maximum blockage
the coefficients for L = O may be used.
2.5.9.1.3 The values in the columns with the
multi-column heading sLocal coefficients,
corresponding to the loaded areas defined in
figure 24, should be used for the design of the
respective areas of the canopy. Where the local
coefficient areas overlap the greater of the two
gjven values should be taken,
a > 0 for ridged
a < 0 for tmughed

v
0.CT
~ >~-?fi-~
~Hr Cp,0 downwards lHr
C,, Odownwards
a) General
b) Blockage ratio
LI
LI
w
c)
Keyto zones o. nmnopitch and duopitch
Figure 24. Key for free-standing
38
canopy
roofs
canopy roofs
Section 2
BS6399:Part
2.5.9.1.4 The values br the columns headed

Overall coefficients should be wed for the design
of the members supporting the canopy. For
monopitch canopies the centre of pressure should
be taken to act at 0.3 W fmm the windward edge.
For duopitch canopies the centre of pressure should
be taken to act at the centre of each slope.
Additionally, duopitch canopies should k able to
support forces with one slope at the m-urn
or
minimum snd the other slope unloaded.
2.5.9.1.5 In addition to the pressure normal to the
camopy, there will be horizontal loads on the
canopy due to the wind pressure on any fascia at
the eaves or on any gable between eaves mrd ridge
on duopitch canopies. Fascia loads should be
calculated on the area of the surface facing the
wind using a net pressure coefficient of Cp - 1.3
on the windward faacitigable and Cp - 0.6 on the
leeward faacialgable acting in the direction of the
wind.
2:1995
2.6 Internal pressure coefficients

2.6.1 Enclosed
buildings
2.6.1.1 fn enclosed buildings, containing external

doors and windows which may be kept closed, and
where any internal doom are generally open or am
at least three ties more permeable than the
external doom mrd windows, the internal pressure
cmr be taken as uniform; appropriate intemaf
pressure coefficients are given in table 16. The
relevant diagonal dmension a for the internal
pressure may be tiken as
a=
lox
3internal volume of storey
lkble 16. Internal pressure coefficients

enclosed buildings
&p .f walls
(13)
CP1for
pi
TWO opposite walls equally permeable;

other faces impermeable
2.5.9.2 Canopies attached to buildings
- Wind normal to permeable face
+0.2
Pressures on canopies attached to buildings depend

on the shape and size of the building, the location
of the canopy and on the surrounding buildings.
Advice is given in reference [6].
- Wmd normal to impermeable face
-0.3
2.5.9.3 Grandstands
and open-sided
buildings
Buildings with permanent walls and one or more

open sides should be treated as conventional
buildings, with external pressure coefficients
determined from 2.4 and 2.5 and the internal
pressure coefficients determined from 2.6.3.
2.5.10 Priction induced loads on roofs
2.5.10.1 ROOD of buildings
Frictional forces should be considered on long roofs
away frum the upwind edges. The resulting
frictional drag coefficient should be a.smrned to act
over zone D on flat roofs (see fiire
16) for all
wind directions; and over zone D for monopitch or
duopitch roofs (see figures 19 and 20 and zone J
for hipped roofs in figure 21) only when the wind
is parallel to the ridge. Values of frictional drag
coefficient should be obtained from table 6 and the
resulting frictional forces combmed with the
no.rnralpressure forces us desmired in 2.1.3.8.
2.5.10.2 Frre-starrding canopy m@
FYictionzd forces should be assumed to act over the
whole of the top and bottom sufaces of an empty
canopy or the whole of the top surface only for a
fully blocked canopy. Wdues of frictiousl drsg
coefficient should be obtained from table 6 and the
resulting frictional forces combhed with the
normal forces as described in 2.1.3.8
NGTE.[f there are fascias at the eaves or verges (we 2.5.9.1.5)
only the greater of the fascia or friction forces need to be taken
into account.
21TWOor ~o,e oprdns in the me
fwe will contribute

dwonal dimension a equal to Mat of the Iarg@t opei~.
Four walls equally permeable; mof

impermeable
-0.3
2.6.1.2 When? an enclosed buildhrg is subdivided

into moms with internal doom which are not at
least three times more permeable than the external
doors, the internal pressure may differ between
rooms. This will result in net wind loads on
internal waifs. A method for calculating the
internal pressures in multi-room buildings is given
in reference [6], For external walk, provided there
me no dominant openings, the intemsl preesure
coefficient CPi should be taken as either 0.3 or
+ 0.2, whichever gives the larger net pressure
coefficient across the wall. The m-urn
net
pressure coefficient Cp across internal walls should
be taken as 0.5. The relevant diagonal dmen.sion a
for the intemsl pressure may be taken as
a=
lox
ainternal volume of room
(14)
2.6.1.3 Where an external opening, such as a door,

would be dominant when open but is considered to
be closed in the ultimate limit st&e, the condition
with door open should be considered ~ a
serviceabilityy limit state, and the loads assessed
using the appropriate partial load factom for
serviceabfity.
2.6.2 Buildings with dominant openings
An opening will be dominant, and control the
internal pressure coefficients, when its area is
equal to, or greater than, twice the sum of the
openings in other faces which contribute porosity
to the internal volume containing the opening. z)
to one ef fmive
dominat
opei.g
qua) to the combined area ad
!m
BS6299:Part2
:1995
Section
Internal preamre coefficients Cp] arc given irr

table 17 as a fraction of the avemge external
pressure CY at the dominant opening obtained
from 2.4 or 2.5 aa appropriate. The relevant
diagonal dimension a depends on the size of the
dominant opening rvlative to the internal volume
and may be taken as the greater of
a = diagonal dimension of dominant opening
a=
O.2x
2.6.3 Open-sided buildings
or
(15)
internal volume
where the internal volume is the volume of the

storcy or room containhrg the dominant opening.
lhble 17. fnternal pressure coefficients CPi for
buildings with dominant openings
Ilatioof dominantqe~
area to sum of remablhlg
opetigs and distributed
porosities
c,!
0.75
0.9
2.6.3.1 Internal pressure coefficients 6 i for

open-sided buildings are given in table f 8 accorrhng
to the form of the buildhg. The relevant diagonal
dimension a for use with these coefficients is the
diagonal dmension of the open face. In table 18 a
wind direction of O = O corresponds to wind
normal and blowing into the open face, or the
longer face in the case of two open faces, and
normal to the wall in the c&se of three open faces.
2.6.3.2 For buildings with two opposite open
faces, wind skewed at about # = 45 to the axis of
the building increases the overall side force. This
load case should be allowed for by using a net
pressure coefficient of 2.2, divided equally
between each side wall. More details are given in
reference [6].
2.6.4 Open-topped cylinder%
The internal pressure coefficient for an
open-topped vertical cylinder, such aa a tank, silo
or stack, is given in table 19.
x (&
x Cw
lkble 18. Internal pressrrre coefficients Cpi for open-sided buildings

Wind direction O
*O
One open face

Shorter
Longer
\ +0.85
I +0.68
lWo adjacent open

faces]
Three adjacent open

faces~]
+0.77
+ 0.60
*9W
-0.60
0.40
+0.77,
k 180
0.16
-0.16
-0.30
+270
1)~. ~ue~ ~
-0,60
sjven for o . W., the p,itlve
to the shorf face upwind.
2)Apply ,due~ to nde=ide .f ~f
-0.40
~uw
H/d <0.3
40
co~spond
] -0.5
CPi for
-0.38
0
-0.39
+0.77
t. the short face downwind;
~nIy. For the single wall, use pressure coefficients
fkble 19. Intemaf pressure coefficients
the negative values correspond
for walls siven in table 5.
.-
BS6399:Part
Section 2
2.7 Pressure coefficients for elements

2.7.1 General
This section deals with the pressure coefficients of
elements of small crosswind breadth, typicalfy
200 mm, attsched to buildings. For sharp-edged
shapes the pressure coefficients remain
aPPmximately constant over the whole mnge of
wind speeds likely to be encountered. However, for
circular sections the pressure ccefficienta vary with
wind speed and dkuneter. For circular elements
whose diameter is greater than about 200 nun the
values in this section are conservative.
2.7.2 Individual
aectiona
2.7.2.1 Net pressure coefficients for long circular

and sharp-edged sections, such as rolled steel
sections, plate girdem, bux sections, beams and
cimular tubes with the long axis normal to the
wind are given in table 20. These net pressure
coefficients should be taken to act on the projected
area normal to the wind.
I Table 20. Net pressure coeffkienta
elements
CD for long
Cp
Elementtype
Sharp-edged sections
into parts of length at leaat twice the crosswind

breadth, L z 2B, and the reference height H,
should be taken as the height above ground of the
top of each part.
2.7.3 Effect of length
The net pressure coefficient for individual sections
reduces when length L between free ends is leas
than 20 dkmeters. A reduction factor K to be
applied to the net pressure coefficient in these
cases is given by figure 25 in terms of the ratio
LIB. In the case of sections cantilevered fmm the
ground or another plane surface, such as a roof,
the length L should be taken as twice the
protruding length. For sections spanning between
two planes L should be taken as infbrite (K = 1).
and unclsd building franrea
2.7.4 Lattices
2.7.4.1 Conaervativeestimates of the loading on

open lattices can be determined by summing the
loads on individual members using 2.7.1 to 2.7.3.
The length L between free ends should be taken as
the length of each element, i.e. the length between
nodes of the lattice. When the lattice is dense or
shielded, as with multiple lattices frames, the
degee of conservatism can be large.
2.7.4.2 I.mads on unclad building frames camrot
exceed the loads on the fully clad building, except
when the building is very long and the wind is
skewed about O - 30 to the long axis. A
simplified method of calculating the wind loads on
unclad building frames which accounts properly for
the shielding effects is given in reference [71, based
on the full method give; in reference [6].
I 1.2
Ckmdar sections
2:1995
2.0
2.7.2.2 For horizontal sections, the reference

height ffr should be taken aa the height above
ground of the axis of the section. Vertical or
inclined sections may be taken as being divided
1.1
1
Y
0.9
0.8
0.7
&tlarp-efl!yd
/\/ . *
0.6
lx
,,
0.5
1 1 1
1,:
I
)(,1,,!,
1 [ ,,
1 I 1{1
>
!1
I
0.4 1
0.1
, ,
L-,
1
t
,,1
\
1 ,,
I , , ,,
10
,
!,
,,!
\ ,
I
I
,
I
I
1
,
,
,,,
,
I
,
I
,
,
! ,
I
, I ,
J
10C
Ratio of length and breadth, L/B
Figure 25. Reduction factor for length of elements
41
BS6399:RU%2
:1995
2.7.5 Free-standing
Section
2.7.5.4 When there are other walls or fences

upwind that are equal in height or taller than the
wall or fence height h an additional shelter factor
can be used with the net pressure coefficierrta for
boundary walk and lattice fences. The degree of
the shelter depends on the spacing between the
walls or fences and the solidity < of the upwind
(sheltering) wall or fence. Values of shelter factor
to reduce the net pressure coefficient are plotted
in f@ure 27. Shelter remains sigrr~lcant up to
spacin& of 20 wall beighta. At very close spacings
the net pressure coefficient on the downwind
(sheltered) wall can be zero or can rcveme in sigrr.
A mirrirrrumlimit to the shelter factor of 0.3 has
been set to cover this caae safely.
wafls and parapets
2.7.5.1 Values of net pressure coefficients C for

free-standing walls and parapets, with or wlt\ out
return comers, are given irr table 21 appropriate to
the zones shown irr figure 26 for two values of
solidity. Solidity ( = 1 refers to solid walk, while
( = 0.8 refers to walls which are 80 % solid and
20 % open.
2.7.5.2 The high values near the free end or
return comers of solid walls (zones A and B) occur
when the wind is blowing at 0 = 45 onto that
end. Moderate porosity in this region, i.e. solidlty
0:eOD8, reduces these high loads to the vafues in
2.7.5.3 Interpolation for solidity may be used in
the range 0.8 < ~ < 1. For porous walls and fences
with solidity less than 0.8, coefficients shoufd be
derived as for plane lattice frames (ace 2.7.4).
Table 21. Net pressure coefficients Cp for free-standing
(=1
c = 0.8
WdfS
ZOn.s
A
Wrdrs
aoudity
D
1.2
Without return comers
3.4
2.1
1,7
With return comers
2.1
1.8
1.4
1.2
AU
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
Wind
+
1<-o.3h
l<- 2h
B
7//
1<-4h
I
D
/////////////////
///////////////////
Comer
or fraa and
a) Key to zones
-x
> hi3
Plan
8
AB
8
C
Without return corner
Plan
I_
AS
42
26. Key for free-standing
With return corner
b) Key to return comers

Ngure
wafls
jJ,
h=H
Section
BS6399:Part
0.200.5
Spacing
X/h
10
20
2:1995
5(
(log scale)
Figure 27. Shelter factor for fences
B14
..
Hr
*
Figure 2S. Key for signboards
2.7.6 .%@bonrds
The net prcs.sure coefficient Cp fOr si@bO~ds,
separated from the ground by at least half their
height as defined in figure 28, should be taken aa
Cp- 1.8. If the gap is lee-sthan half the height of
the board, then it should be treated as a

free-standing waif in accordance with 2.7.5. The
normal fome should be taken to act at the height
of the centre of the board, but the horizontal
position should be taken to vary between *0.25B
from the centre of the board.
43
BS6399:Part
2:1995
Section 3. Directional
3.1 Directional
3.1.1
method
3.1.3
wind loads
3.1.3.1.1 The pressure acting on the external

surface of a building, p,, is given by
where
is the dynamic pressure (3. 1.2.2) from the
effective wind speed in wind direction p for
the external surface defined in 3. 1.2;
b) in degrees relative to normal to each building

face (or around the periphery of a circular-plan
building), represented by 8, used to determine
the pressure coefficients.
NC1lE. In practice, it is usually most convenient to relate troth
q and the various values of e for each face, 01,ez, 83,et., to a
srandard value of O, mmqxmdimg
m a primipal axis or
referemx face of the building. TM is illustrated in figure 29 for
the case of a rectangulaqian
building.
3.1.2 Dynamic pressure

3.1.2.1 The value of the dynamic pressure q
(in F@ of the directional method is given by
is the external pressure coefficient for the

buildhg surface in wind direction .9given in
3.3.
3.1.3.1.2 The pressure acting on the internal
surface of a building, pi, is given by
pi = qicpi
qi
is the dynamic pressure (3.1.2.2) from the

effective wind speed in wind direction p for
the intemaJ surface defined in 3. 1.2;
Cpl
is the internal pressure coefficient for the

building in wind direction O given in 3.3.5.
where
wind speed (in m/s) from
3.1.2.2 The reference value of dynamic pressure

for deriving pressure on external surfaces is
denoted by g, and the reference value for deriving
internal pressures by qi.
3.1.3.1.3 The net pressure acting across a surface

p is given by the foUowing.
a) For enclosed build@s
P=
3.1.2.3 Values of dynamic pressure for various

values of wind speed are given in table 2.
e3=li30-e
02=90 -0
P,
(19)
P,
where
Ar7
Figure 29. Wind directiom
(18)
where
(16)
Q = 0.613Ve2
(17)
Pe = %Cpe
a) in degrees east of north, represented by p,

used to determine wind speeds and dynamic
pressure;
is the effective
3.2.3.1.
suflace pressures..
3.1.3.1 Directional
Wind direction
3.1.1.1 The directional wind load method requires

knowledge of the wind dkection in two forms:
V,
Wind load
for a rectangular-plan
e4=90+e
d
buifding

BS6399:Part
Section 3
p,
is the external pressure given in 3.1.3. L 1;
P,
is the internal pressure given in 3.1.3.1.2.
b) For canopies or building elements

(20)
P = %CP
where
%
is the dynmrric pressure from the

effective wind speed for the canopy
surface or element defined in 3.1.2;
co
is the net pressure coefficient

element given in 2.7.
is the net pressure across the surface;
is the loaded mea.

ouemll lads
3.1.3.3.1 The overall load P on a building maybe

taken as the vectorial sum of the loads on
individual surfaces, multiplied by (1 + Cr) to
account for mildly dynamic response. However,
since peak loads on each face of buildings do not
act simultaneously, the resulting summation would
be conservative.
3.1.3.3.2 Accordk@y, the ovendl load on a
building of arbkrary shape may be represented by
the csaes shown in figure 30 hr which all
windward-facing walls or mof faces are categorized
as front and all leewan-facing walls or roof faces
as rear, when the overall load in the wind
difection, ~ may be taken as
P -0.85
For buildings with flat roofs, or where the

contribution to the horizontal loads from the roof is
insi~lcant,
the oversll load in the wind direction
P may be taken, without siwlcant
loss of
accuracy, as
A cOs@]
(1
G)
(23)
where
where
m
,
N(YI!3 2. The horizontal component of the net wind load for

each loaded area k resolved into the wind dkction
by
multiplying with the appropriate value of cm 6 before being
summed
~(cw,-ear
(21)
non-simultaneous
P = 0.85 q, [Z(cw,fmt ACOS20-
The net wind load P on a building surface or

element is given by
P=PA
for the
actionof wind pressures.
for the
3.1.3.2 Directional suflace bad-s
3.1.3.3 Dinxtional
NOTE 1. The factor 0.85 accounts
2:1995
[X(Pfmnt C0Sr9) -
z(Pmm CoSe)] (1 + c,)
(22)
where
P~mnt
is the norizontai component of net

wind load acting on windward-facing
WSk
and roofs;
P rear
is the horizontal component of net

wind load acting on leewami-fachg
waifs and roof%
is the angfe of the wind frum normal

to the WSU or to the roof in the
horizontal plane;
c,
is the dynamic augmentation factor

from 1.6.1.
Cw, fmt
is the pressure coefficient for

windward walls in the standard
method from table 5;
c pe,rear
is the pressure coefficient for leeward

walls in the standard method fmm
table 5;
NOTE 3. Equation 23 implies that the pmiti.e pressure acting

o each windward-facing wail reduces with wind angle normal
to tie wall in proportion m cm 0, whereas the negative
pressure acting 0. leeward-facing walls is taken as consfam
with wind angle. Face loads are then resolved vecbmially to
3ive the OVeIdl load in the wind direction. Walls ali~ed exactly
parallel to the wind give no resolved component in the wind
dir.xtion. fn the case of rectangular buildings, the Pmedure
@v= the exact result of the orthogonal cases in 2.1.3.6 of the
sfandard methcd at the wind directions O - O and 8 - 90
and very close to the combination of orthogonal loads case in
2.1.3.6 of the sfandard metkd at the wind direction 8 - 45.
3.1.3.3.3 In the case of re-entrant comem and

recessed bays, (see 3.3.1.5 and 3.3. 1.6), the
boundary of the wedge should be taken as a solid
surface normsl to the flow (cosz@ = 1) as indicated
in figure 30b.
3.1.3.4 Directional jkictional dmg component
Itisrecommended in 3.3.1.9, 3.3.2.8, 3.3.3.9 and
3.3.4.3 that frictional forces on long walls and
roofs are determined in addition to the forces
generated by normal preesures. When determining
overall forws on the building, the contribution of
frictional fomes should be taken to act in the wind
load
d~ction and added to the norrnsl pressure
given by R
3.1.3.5 Directional
cladding loada
3.1.3.5.1 A simp~lcation of the full dkectional

methud which leads to fewer calculations may be
used to determine directional cladding loads. The
basis of the simplification is to calculate all
external surface pressures corresponding to a
nominal diagonal dimension a = 5 m, and then to
adjust these pressures for the actual diagonal size
of cladding element using the size effect factor of
the standard method C= gNen in figure 4.
BS 6399: Part 2:1995
Section 3
(3A
wind direction
Smallaatenclosing/7
rectangle
a) Generalcasefor arbitrary shaped b.ddmg
b) Building with re-entmnt
corner (see figure 33)
Figure 30. Ksy to overall load P
3.1.3.5.2 For this method the expression for the

directional external surface pressure Pe given
bv 3.1.4.1.1 becomes
P. = 93cpefZ
(24)
where
%
is directly equivalent to the dynamic

pressure of the standard method but is
determined from the equivalent effective
wind speed V_ of the directional method for
a Wst peak factor (see 3.2.3.3) of
9t = 3.44, corresponding to the nominal
diagonal dimension a = 5 m,
The expression for the directional internal surface

pressure p, given in 3.1.3.1.2 remains unchanged.
3.2 Directional
wind
speeds
3.2.1 Baaic wind speed

The geogmphlcal variation of basic wind speed Vb
should be obtained directly f mm figure 6.
NIYCE. lbe method used to derive the basic wind speed from
tbe meteomlo@cal data is desmibed in annex B,
3.2.2 Site wind speed

The site wind speed V, should be calculated fmm
equation 8, following the procedure given in 2.2.2,
except for the determination of the altitude
factor Sa.
NU1E. 1. tbe directional method, topographic
determined separately from altitude effects
effects
are
m
BS6399:Part2:l!W5
Section 3
3.2.3.2 Terrain and building factor
When topography is not to be considered, the

altitude factor S= should be determined from
sa = 1 + O.oolzts
(25)
where
As
is the site altitude (in metres above mean

sea level).
When topo@aphy is to be considered, the altitude

factor Sa should be determined from
s. = 1 + &@)lLtT
(26)
where
ztT
k the altitude of the base of the topography

(in metres above mean sea level).
3.2.3 ~ectiue
wind speed
3.2.3.1 The effective wind speed V. for each wind

direction for a building on a particular site should
be determined from
v, =
v, x s~
(27)
where
v,
s~
is the site wind speed for each wind

dmction given by 3.2.2;
is the terrain and buifdhg factor
aPPMPfiate to the wind direction king
consdered, determined from 3.2.3.2.2 for
sites in country terrain and from 3.2.3.2.3
for sites in town te-.
The effective wind speed should be crdculated at

the effective height He, determined from the
reference height Hr in accordance with 1.7.3.
Reference heighta H, are defined with the pressure
coefficient data for each form of buifdirrg.
For brdldm& whose height His greater than the
cmsawind breadth B in the wind direction king
considered, some reduction in lateral loads may be
obtained by dlvidmg the building into a number of
parts in accordance with 2.2.3.
3.2.3.2.1 General
The terrain and building factor & should be used
to modtiy the site wind speed to take account of
the effective height He of the boildhrg or part, the
dimensions of the building, the local topography
and the terrain upwind of the site. It also modifies
the hourly mean site wind speed to an effective
gust wind speed.
The teand building factor Sb should be
determined from 3.2.3.2.2 for sites in country
terrain and from 3.2.3.2.3 for sites in town terrain,
taking the following into account:
a) the effective height He determined in
accordance with 1.7.3 from the reference height
H, defined for the form of the building or part
(see 2.2.3.2).
b) the distance of the site from the sea in the
wind direction being considered;
c) for sites in town terrain, the distance of the
site fmm the edge of the town in the wind
direction being considered;
d) the largest diagonal a of the area over which
load sharing takes place as defined in figure 5.
Load effects, e.g. bending moments and shear
forces, at any level in a building should be based
on the diagonal dlmerrsion of the loaded area above
the level being considered, as illustrated in
f~re
5C.
3.2.3.2.2 Sites in counlry terrain
In country terrain Sb should be determined from
&
S.(1 + @t X SJ + Sh]
(28)
where
SC
is the fetch factor obtained from table 22;
s~
is the turbulence factor obtained from

table 22;
9t
Sh
is the gust peak factor (see 3.2.3.3);

is the topographic increment (see 3.2.3.4).
BS 6399: Fart 2:1995
Section
lhble 22. Factors SCand St

Effective
He
height
Factor
Upwind
distance
from sea to site
km
m
so. 1
0.3
1.0
3.0
10
30
2 Km
0.812
0.792
0.774
0.761
0.723
0.215
0.215
52
SC
0.873
0.840
St
0,203
0.215
0.215
0.215
0.215
SC
1.06
1.02
0.990
0.966
0.944
0.928
0.882
st
0.161
0.179
0.192
0.192
0,192
0.192
0.192
SC
1.21
1.17
1.13
1.10
1.07
1.06
1.00
St
0.137
0.154
0.169
0.175
0.178
0.178
0.178
s,
1.28
1.25
1.21
1.18
1.15
1.13
s~
0.131
0.141
0.156
0.167
0.171
0.171
s.
1.32
1.31
1.27
1.23
1.21
1.19
1,13
s~
0.127
0.132
0.145
0.157
0.163
0.164
0.166
10
15
20
30
50
100
200
300
0.171
SC
1.39
1.39
1.35
1.31
1.28
1.26
1.20
St
0.120
0,122
0.132
0.145
0.155
0.159
0.159
s=
1.47
1.47
1.46
1.42
1.39
1.36
1.30
St
0.112
0.113
0.117
0.125
0.135
0.145
0.149
s.
1.59
1.59
1.59
1.57
1.54
1.51
1.43
St
0.097
0.100
0.100
0.100
0.110
0.120
0.132
SC
1.74
1.74
1,74
1.73
1.70
1.67
1.59
s~
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.078
0.083
0.093
0.111
SC
1.84
1.64
1.84
1.83
1.82
1.78
St
0.065
0.065
0.065
0.067
0.068
0.80
NUIE1. Interpolation may tm used.

NOTE 2. The fmres
1.08
-
in this table have been derived from reference
[8].
1.70
0.098
m
BS6399:Part
Section 3
3.2.3.3 Gust peak factor
3.2.3 .2.3 Sites in town tarain

In town terrain Sb should be determined from
s~ =
2:1995
SCT. [1+ @~ X St X TJ + Sh]
(29)
where
Sc
is the fetch factor obtained from table 22;
T,
is the fetch adjustment factor obtained from

table 23;
s~
is the turbulence factor obtained from

table 22;
Tt
is the turbulence a@ustment factor

obtained fmm table 23;
9t
is the gust peak factor (see 3.2.3.3);
s~
is the topographic increment (see 3.2.3.4).
3.2.3.3.1 The gust IY?ak factor gt used in the

calculation of the terrain and building factor Sb
allows for the influence of the dnenaioms of the
building on the maximum gust speed. The
dimension of the building which determines the
value of the gust peak factor is the length of the
dlWOnd a of the loaded area over which Ioad
sharing takes place (see figure 5). Separate values
should be used depending upon whether wind
loads are being calculated for the whole buifdlng,
portions of the buifding or individual components
3.2.3.3.2 For external pressures on whole
buildings and portions of buildings, the values of gt
should be obtained from table 24 using the
effective height He of the top of the building and
the diagonal of the loaded area, a,
lhble 23. .4r@stment factors TC arrd Tt for sites in town terrain

Effective height He
FhctOr
Upwind disfance from edge of row.
to site
km
m
=2
10
15
20
30
50
100
T.
300
0.3
1.0
3.0
10
230
0.695
0.653
0.619
0.596
0.576
0.562
1.93
Tt
1.92
1.93
1.93
1.93
1.93
TC
0.846
0.795
0.754
0.725
0.701
0.684
Tt
1.41
1.60
1.63
1.63
1.63
1.63
T.
0,929
0.873
0.828
0.796
0.770
0.751
Tt
1.16
1.34
1.50
1.52
1.52
1.52
0.783
T.
0.969
0.911
0.863
0.831
0.803
Tt
1.04
1.22
1.38
1.47
1.47
1.47
T,
0.984
0.935
0.886
0,853
0.824
0.804
Tt
1.00
1.17
1.35
1.44
1.45
1.45
T,
0.984
0.965
0.915
0.880
0.851
0.830
T,
1.00
1.06
1.21
1.33
1.43
1.43
T.
0.964
0.984
0.947
0.912
0.881
0.859
Tt
1.00
1.00
1.12
1.24
1.38
1.42
TC
0.984
0.984
0.984
0.948
0.917
0.894
1.00
1.00
1.14
1.28
1.38
0.924
Tt
200
o.I
1.00
Tc
0.984
0.984
0.984
0.980
Tt
1.00
1.00
100
1.07
0.947
1,19
T=
0.984
0.984
0.984
0.984
0.964
0.940
1.04
1.14
1.24
Tt
1.00
l.oil
1.IXI
NUTE 1. Interpolation may be wed,

NOIE 2. For sites in towns less than 0.1 km from the edge in the upwind direction
c@u~tv re~n
(=. 3.~.3.2.2).
NCllT ?. The figures i this table have been derived from reference [8].
1.31
the site should be assumed to be in open
BS6399:Part
2:1995
Section 3
Ikble 24. Gust neak factor a.

.
Effective height
He
Diagonaf dimension a
<5
10
20
40
100
Zwl
am
510
3.44
3.19
2.90
2.62
2.23
1.97
1.77
20
3.44
3.24
2.98
2.69
2,27
2.04
1.83
50
3.44
3.30
3.02
2.75
2.36
2.10
1.89
100
3.44
3.33
3.07
2.79
2.40
2.14
1.95
200
3.44
3.40
3.13
2.84
2.47
2.18
2.01
300
3.44
3.44
3.17
2.86
2.49
2.21
2.04
NCTE Interpolationmaybe used.

3.2.3.3.3 When asseasing the loads on individual
stmctural components, cladding unita and their
ftings a vafue of gt = 3.44 should be taken, unless
there is adequate load sharing capacity to justify
the use of a lower value (i.e. a diagonal length a
greater than 5 m) in which caae table 24 should be
used to obtain the appropriate value for the gust
peak factor gt. fhis value of gt = 3.44 should also
be taken when using the previsions of 3.1.3.5.2 or
3.4.2 in conjunction with the size effect factor C.
of the standad method.
3.2.3.3.4 For internal pressures, the values of g~
effective height He of the top of the building or
part of the building containing the relevant storey,
and the diagonal of the loaded area a is determined
from the volume of the building, storey or room as
defined in 2.6.
Nf7fE The derivation of the gust peak factor is described in
annex F, which also includes mathematical equations to derive
9,. Note that the size effect factor of the sfandard method C.,
@ven in fitwe 4, W= dete~ined
fmm g, - 3.44 hy the
method give in 3.2.3. Z and 3. Z.3.3 for a umber of typical site
exposures.
3.2.3.4 lbpogmphic
increment
3.2.3.4.1 The topographic increment Shshould be

used to modify the terrain and building factor to
allow for local topo~phical
features such as KI1ls,
valleys, cliffs, escarpments or ridges which can
significantly affect the wind speed in their vicinity.
Values of Sh should be derived for each wind
direction cofraidercd and used in conjunction with
the corresponding direction factor Sd.
3.2.3.4.2 Where the average slope of the ground
does not exceed 0.05 within a kilometre radius of
the site the terrain should be taken as level and the
topographic increment Sh should be taken as zero.
When tbe topography is defined as not significant
by the simple criteria in figure 7, the terrain may
be taken as level and the topographic increment Sh
may be taken as zero, but implementation of the
topogmphlc increment will produce a more
accurate assessment.
!=.n
3.2.3.4.3 Depending on whether the topographic

increment S~ is uacd, care should be taken to
ensure that the altitude factor S=, used to
determine the site wind speed V,, is derived from
the appropriate definition of altitude A ~ or A ~
in 3.2.2.
3.2.3.4.4 In the vicinity of local topographic
features the topographic increment .9his a function
of the upwind slope and the position of the site
relative to the summit or crest. It should be noted
that Sh will vary with height above ground level,
from maximum near to the ground reducing to zero
at higher levels, and with position from the crest,
from m-urn
near the crest reducing to zero
dktant from the crest.
3.2.3.4.5 Values of topographic increment are
cotilned to the range O < Sh < 0.6 and apply only
to the simple topographic features defined in
figure 8. fn situations of multiple Km or ridges,
th~ procedure is appropriate when applied to the
single bill or ridge on which the site is situated.
3.2.3.4.6 In certain steep-sided enclosed valleys
wind speeds may be leas than in level terrain.
Before any reduction in wind speeds is considered
specialist advice should be sought. For sites in
complex topography speciahst advice should be
sought (see references [5] to [8]) or a maximum
value of Sh = 0.6 used.
NUIE Values of Sh may be derived from model-scale or
full. scale measurements or from numerical simulations.
3.2.3.4.7 In undulating terrain it is often not

possible to decide whether the local topography of
the site is significant in terms of wind flow. In
such cases the average level of the terrain upwind
of the site for a distance of 2 km should be taken
as the baae level from which to as-seasthe height Z
and the upwind slope Vu of the feature.
3.2.3.4.8 Values of the topographic increment Sh
appropriate values for the upwind slope Vu, the
effective length Le and the factors which should
be determined from figure 9 for hills and ridges or
figure 10 for cliffs and escarpments.
m
BS6399:E%Z
Section 3
I fkble 25. Values of L, snd .Sh

Shfdrow
(0.05< vu > 0.3)
slope
(W = Z/Lu)
Effective
length
I L. = LIT
f@graphic
increment
s~ = 2.ol/@
steep
( 1#~> 0.3)
IL. =
ZIO.3
.5&= 0.6s
3.2.3.4.9 In cases transitional between hills and

ridges in figurY 8a and cliffs and escarpments in
figure 8b, i.e. when the downwind slope length LD
is much longer than the upwind slope length Lu, it
may be difficult to decide which model is the more
aPPmPfiate. In this case, a value ofs may be
derived from both figures 9 and 10 and the smaller
value used.
3.2.3.4.10 At some distance from a topographic
feature the effect of local topography is replaced
by the general effect of altitude. In many cases, it
will not be clear whether topogmphy or altitude
dominates. As each is assessed differently by the
directional method, it is necessary to calcufate the
effective wind speed Ve twice, as follows, and to
take the larger value of V, obtained:
with topo.gaphy, using Sa for the terrain
base altitude and the appropriate value
of Sh; and
without topography, using Sa for the site
altitude and Sh = O.
fhii procedure is recommended to determine the
limit of topographic influence downwind of a cliff
or escarpment.
3.2.3.4.11 Where the downwind slope of a hfl or
ridge is greater than wfI = 0.3 there will be large
regions of reduced acceleration or even shelter and
it is not possible to give precise design roles for
these circumstances. Values ofs from figure 9
should be used as upper bound values.
3.3 Directional
pressure
coefficients
3.3.1 External pressure coeffkients

of buildings
Cm for
Wttfk
3.3.1.1 Vertical waifs of rectangular-plan

brfildi..rgs
3.3.1.1.1 Pressure coefficients for walls of
rectangular-plan buildin~ are given in table 26 for
the zones as defined in figure 31. Zones A and B
should be defined, measuring their width from the
upwind edge of the wall. If zones A and B do not
occupy the whole of the wslf, zone D should be
defined from the downwind edge of the wall. If
zone D does not occupy the remainder of the face,
zone C is then defined as the remainder of the face
between zones B and D.
%2:1995
3.3.1.1.2 The wind direction O is defined as the

angle of the wind from normal to the wall being
considered (see 3.1. 1). The reference height If, is
the height above ground of the top of the wall,
including any parapet, or the top of the Part if the
building has been divided into parts in accordance
with 2.2.3. The crosswind breadth B and inwind
depth D are defined in figure 2. The scaling length
b for defining the zones is given by b = B or
b = 2H, whichever is the smaller.
3.3.1.1.3 Where walls of two buildin@ face each
other and the gap between them is less than b and
greater than b/4 some funneling of the flow will
occur between the build@s. The maximum effect
occurs at a spacing of b/2 and is maintained over a
range of wind angles *45 from normal to the axis
of the gap. In this circumstance, the following
apply.
a) Over the range of wind angle
45 < b < + 45 the windward-facing wall is
sheltered by the leeward-facing wall of the other
building. The positive pressures in table 26 apply
where the wafl is directly exposed to the wind
but gjve conservative values for the whole wall.
b) Over the ranges of wind angle
-135 < @ < 45 and +45 c 6 c +135
funneling occurs. Vshres for zone A at 6 = * 90
should be multiplied by 1.2. Values for zones B
*90 should be multiplied by 1.1 and
ate=
applied to aU Parts of zones B to D which face
the other building over these mnges of wind
angfe. These funnellhrg factors give the
maximum effect which corresponds to a gap
width of b/2 and interpolation is permitted in the
~ge
of gaP widths from b14 to b (see 2.4.1.4).
c) Over the ranges of wind angfe
-180 <@<
1350and
+1350 <tr <+1800
the values of pressure coefficient remain the
same as given in table 26.
3.3.1.2 Vertical waifs qfpol~gonal-plan
buildings
3.3.1.2.1 The pressure coefficients given in
table 26 should also be used for the vertical walls
of po! ygonal-plan buildings, In such cases there
ma~ be any number of faces (greater than or equal
to 3). The wind dkection, principal dimensions and
scaling length remain as defined in 3.3. L 1.2.
NUTE.:nstead of calculating the crosswind breadtb B mid
inwind depth D for the complex building plan, these dimensions
may be determined from the smallest rectagJe or circle which
encloses the plan shape of the building.
3.3.1.2.2 Provided the length of the adjacent

upwind face is gzeater than b/5 the peak suction
coefficients for zone A given in table 26 can be
reduced by multiplying them by the reduction
factor appropriate to the adjacent corner angle B
given in table 27.
NCflT
sctio
A recta@w
in zone A.
comer b -
90 gjves th, highest local
BS6399:l%rt
2:1995
Ibble 26. External

Wfnd direction O
Section 3
J of rectangular-plan
PI ssure coefficients CP, for vertictd wa
buildings
r)/H> 4
D/H s 1
k
>
+0.70
+ 0,83
+0.86
0.83
+0.50
0.59
+0.61
+0.59
*15
+0.77
+0.88
+0.80
+0.68
+ 0.55
+ 0.62
+0.57
+0.49
*300
+ 0,80
+0.80
+0.71
+0,49
+0.57
+0.57
+0,51
+0,35
*45
+0.79
+0.69
+ 0.54
+ 0.34
+ 0.56
+0.49
+ 0.38
+0.24
*60
+ 0.24
+0.51
+0.40
+ 0.26
*0.20
+0.36
+ 0.29
*0.20
*75
-1.10
-0.73
+0.23
+0.08
-1.10
0.73
+ 0.23
*0.20
*90
-1,30
-0.80
-0.42
*0.20
1.30
-0.80
-0.42
*0.20
i 105
-0.80
-0.73
-0.48
-0.26
-0.80
-0.73
-0.48
-0.26
* 1200
-0.63
-0.63
-0.45
-0.29
-0.63
-0.63
-0.45
-0.29
*135
-0.50
-0.50
-0.40
-0.33
-0.50
-0.50
-0.40:.
-0.33
* 150
-0.34
-0.34
-0.26
-0.32
-0.34
-0.34
-0.26
~~ -0.32
* 165
-0.30
-0.30
-0.23
-0.28
-0.20
-0.17
-0.15
-0.18
* 180
-0.34
-0.24
0.24
-0.24
-0.17
-0.15
-0.15
-0.15
? used between @ven W d directions and for D/fl n the range l< D/H<
NOTE 1. Interpolation mq
nterpolatiw between positive ad negative values s in the range 0.2 <
Nc71z 2. When the result
wefficient should b+ taken as Cp . i 0.2 and both possible values used.
&
-TJ51
Figure 31. Key for vertical walls of buildings

I
lhble 27. Reduction factors for zone A on

vertical WSIIS of polygonal-plan buildings
NQTE. Interpolation
..3
is allowed m the range 60 <8
< 150.
, < +0.2,
the
BS6399:Part
Section 3
3.3.1.2.3 Whenever the value of pressure

coefficient for peak suction in zones B and C are
more negative than the reduced pressure
coefficient in zone A, the reduced zone A values
should be applied to these zones alao.
3.3.1.3 %angular
gable rods
3.3.1.3.1 Preaaure coefficients for the triangular

gable wdl.s formed by steep duopitch roofs or
non-vertical walls (A-frame buildinga) in the
range 30 s a s 75 are given in table 28 for
zones H to K as defined in figure 32. For gable
walls formed by duopitch roofs of pitches less than
a = 30 or by non-vertical walk of pitches greater
tham a = 75 (nearly vertical) the general method
given in 3.3. L 1 should be used.
3.3.1.3.2 The wirrd direction 6 is defined as the
angle of the wind from normal to the wall being
considered (see 3.1. 1). The reference height H, is
the height of the peak of the gable.
3.3.1.3.3 Where gables of two buildhrgs face each
other and the gap between them is leas than b
some funneling of the flow will occur between the
buildings. The maximum effect occum at a spacing
of b/2 and is maintained over a range of wind
angl~ *45 frum psrallel to the axis of the gap. In
this crmumstance, the folfowing apply.
a) Over the range of wind angle
-45 <8 < + 45 the windward-facing gable is
sheltered by the leeward-facing gable of the
outer buifding. The positive pressures in table 28
applY where the gable is dhectly exposed to the
wind but give conservative values for the whole
gable.
b) Over the ranges of wind angle
-135 < e < -45 and +45< e < +135
funneling occurs. Values for zone H at 8 = *90
should be multiplied by 1.2. Values for zone I at
e= +90 should be multiplied by 1.1 and
applied to all ParW of zones I to K which face
the other building over these rsnges of wind
angle. These furmelling factors give the
maximum effect which corresponds to a gap
width of b/2 snd interpolation is permitted in the
mge of gap Widtk from b/4 to b (see 2.4.1.4).
c) Over the ranges of wind angle
-180 < e < 135
and + 135 < .9 < + 180 the vrdues of pressure
coefficient remain the asme as given in table 28.
3.3.1.4 Non-uertical
wrdf.s
3.3.1.4.1 Pressure coefficients for

windward-facing non-vertical wslls irr the range
*90 are given in table 29 for zones A to D
b=
defined in figure 31. Fur all other wind angles,
pressures on non-vertical wallx should be taken as
the same as for vertical walls
2:1995
3.3.1.4.2 The wind direction # is defined as the

a@e Of the wind from normal to the wall being
considered (ace 3.1. 1) and is lirrdted here to the
range O = *90. The pitch angle a is defined as
the angle fmm horizontal, hence a = 90 for
vertical walls. The reference height If, is the height
above ground of the top of the wall.
NUIX. The pressure coefficients for non-vetiical walls in
table 29 are essentially identical to the pressure cc.efficients for
steep pitched mfs in 3.3.3, allowing for the differences in
de ftition of mne% therefore at large pitch angles (a > 454)
the distinction between wall and rc@ is largely irrelevant.
However, stee~ pitched surfaces which meet along the top edge
are betterinterpreted
to form a ridge, e.g. A-framehuildin.gs,
as .duopifchrwfs, fallingunderthe provisionsof 3.3.3.

3.3.1.5 Buildings
with re-entmnt
comers
3.3.1.5.1 The prucedure given in 3.3.1.1 should be

used for vertical walls of buildhgs containing
re-entrarrt comers, such as L, T, X and Y shaped
buildings in plan. Iterns a) to e) define the zones,
using figure 33 aa reference.
a) For the
cruaswind
should be
p-eter
crosswind
used.
faces of the upwirrd wing, the

breadth and the height of the wing
used to determine the scaling
b. For all other wings the overall
breadth of the building should be
NOTE. h!stead of calculating the crosswind breadth B and

imvtnd depth D for the complex building plan, these dimensions
may be detemded
from the smallest rectangle or circle which
encloses the plan shape of the upwind wing or of the whole
bild~,
respectively.
b) For faces with two external comers, zones A,

B, C arrd D are defined in accordance with
3.3.1.1.
c) For faces with one upwind (external) comer
srrd one downwind re-entrant comer, zones A, B
and C are defined (zone D does not apply).
d) For faces with one upwind m-entrant comer
and one downwind external comer, zones C
and D arc defined (zones A and B do not apply).
e) In reentrant comers that face directly into
the wind a wedge that extends from the internal
comer with the face of the wedge normal to the
wind direction is defined. The width of the
wedge w should bs taken as w = b or w = the
width of the wedge Iirrrited by an extemaf comer
(marked limit of wedge), wh]chever is the
smafler.
3.3.1.5.2 The pressure coefficients for zones
defined in 3.3.1.5.1 should be obtained from
table 26 appropriate to the wind angle f?measured
frum normal to each wsll.
The pressure coefficients for the zones that lie
within the defined wedge should be taken for
zone C at O = 0 from table 26.
BS6399:Fart
2:1995
Section
Wind
-+?
A
I
J
K
H
H,
A
I
+
//// //. ////,, ,/////,, ///////,//////,///H
@ Duopitch
roof
,,:tijm+al
b) Monopitcb
roof
Figure 32. Keytovertical
Ihble 28. Extetipressure

md roofs
W,nd direction o
gable wzdls
coefficients Cwforvetiicd
Pitch of adjacent mdlorroof
gable wdlsa~acent
tenon-verticalwalls
31Y s a s 75e
DIH z 4
D/H s 1
+0,25
+ 0.80
+ 0.80
+0.25
+0. 18
+0.57
+ 0.57
+0.18
*30
+0.70
+ 0.75
+0.50
+0.2
+ 0.50
+0,54
+ 0.36
*0.20
f60
+ 0.50
+ 0.40
*0.2
-0.25
+ 0.36
+ 0.29
*0.20
*0.20
*90
-1.10
-0.80
-0.70
-0.60
-1.10
-0.80
-0.70
-0.60
*lZoo
-1.30
-0.75
-0.60
-0.50
1.30
-0.75
-0.60
-0.50
* 1500
-0.30
-0.25
-0.25
-0.25
0.21
-0.18
-0.18
-0.18
-0.25
-0.25
-0.25
-0.25
-0.18
-0.18
-0.18
-0.18
i180
NOIT 1. lnte~latiomayku~d~twwn
givenwid directiom.mdfor D/lfintberage 1 < D/f{ <4.
NUIE2, Wbe"rhe msultof intemlating

ktween~sitive
andnegative values isintbemnge
iO.2a.d
Lwjtb possiblevalues$ed.
coefficient should be take as Cy .
-0.2
< Cm < +(),2, the

Section 3
BS 6399: Part 2:1995
BS6399:Fart2
Section 3
:1995
ABCD
61
A
B
Wind
Upwind
wing for
wind
Limk of wedge
direction
Shown
~.-if-
.-.~--=b-~ y~) ....-:,.

: (01< o)
-,.=,.
,..,,
,.
.,
,..
CD
D
AB
cc
ABCD
Figure 33. Key for walls of buildings with re-entrant

comers
3.3.1.6 Buildings
with recessed ba~s
3.3.1.6.1 Buildings where there are recessed

openings, such as porches arrd balconies or
between thewinmo fabuildln~,
should retreated
as follows, using &ure 34 as relerence.
a) The p-eter
b should be determined in
accordance with 3.3.1.1.2
NOTE.Inste&of&culating thecm=rnnd b~adth Band
inwind depth Dforthe
cmnplex building plan, these dimensions
may bedetemdned
from the smallest recfangle m circle which
enclosed the relevant plan shaw defined in itemsb) ore).
b) IfG < b/2therecesa iscategorized aa narrow.

The wall in which the recess should be assessed
as if the recess d]d not exist, as shown in
figure 34a. fhepressur
ecoefficient
corresponding to the position of the recess
should be applied to all the walls inside the
recess. Forpeak cladding loads at the mouth of
the narrow recess, additional locti zones A at the
external edge of the walls of the recess should be
defined aaindkatedinfigurc
34a. The relevant
pku-shape for calculating b is that of the whole
building.
c) If G > b/2 the recess is categorized as wide,
The procedure in 3.3.1.5 for buildings with
re-entfant cornem should be applied as indicated
in figure 34b. The relevant plan-shape for
calculating b is that of any upwind wing, or of
the whole building, respectively.
3.3.1.6.2 Where the recessed bay is limited in

height byafloororasoffit,
thepres.sure in the
recess should be taken to act on the floor and soff]t
in addition to the walls.
3.3.1.7 Buildings with internal welfs
3.3.1.7.1 For buildlngs with internal wells, the
pressure coefficient for the external walls are
unaffected by the well and should be derived as if
the well d]d not exist.
3.3. L 7.2 Pressure within the well is dominated by
flow over the roof and should be derived as
follows.
a) When the gap across the well G is smaller than
b/2 the pressure in the well is taken aa uniform
and equal to the pressure on the roof containing
the well.
b) When G > b12 the procedure for re-entmnt
comem in 3.3.1.5 should be used.
3.3.1.8 Irrvgularfaccs
and inset waifs
lb determine pressure coefficients for the irregular

faces of buildings with re-entrarrt comers in
elevation (i. e. walls formed by more than one
rectangle) the procedure given for the standard
method in 2.4 should be used with dkectional
pressure coefficients obtained from table 26
appropriate to the wind angle # from normal to
each face.

BS6399:Part
Section 3
A
<
>
G < b12
2:1995
BA
%\ ev
a) Narrow recess
*
Co
.
b) Wide recess
Figure
34.
Key for wafls of buildings with recessed
bays
3.3.1.9 FHction induced loads on uxdfa

Friction forces should be determined for long walls
with D > b when the wind is parallel to the wall.
The frictional drag coefficient should be assumed
to act over all zone C and D of such walls, with
values as given in table 6. The resulting frictional
forces should be applied in acconhwe
with 3.1.3.4.
around the periphery of the roof caused by various

common forms of eaves detail.
3.3.2 Extemaf pressure coefficients for flat

roofs nf build@s
3.3.2.2 General method
3.3.2. i Choice of method

3.3.2.! 1 A geneml methcd for deterrninhg the
wind pressures on flat, or nearly flat roofs of
buifdings with any arbitrary plan shape is given in
the fodowing section. lhii general method also
accounts for the variations in high local suction
3.3.2.1.2 A simpler method, restricted to

rectangular-plan buildings only, is given in 3.3.3.3,
assuming the flat roof to be a monopitch roof with
zero pitch angle. The general method should be
used for afl roofs of pitch less than u = 50 on
non-rectangular plan buildings.
3.3.2.2.1 The roof should be subdivided into
sections by lines drawn in the wind direction
through each upwind-facing comer.
Zones of pressure coefficient are defined for each
section from the upwind comer as given in
figure 35. The shape of the roof in figure 35
represents a typical arbitrary roof plan.
BS6399:I%rt
Section 3
2:1995
Figure 35. Keytogeneral
method for ffat roofs
3.3.2.2.2 Thewind direction 8.isdefined as the

angle of the wind from nornmlto the eaves of the
section of roof Ming considered, as defined in
figure 35. Thereference height Hris the height
above ground of the top of the roof. The crosswind
breadth B znd inwind depth D are defined in
figure 2.
NUTE.insteadofcalc.latingthecmsswindbreadthBand
inwinddepthDfor the complexbuildingplanat every wind
angle, the- dimensions may bedetemnined from thewnallest
rectandeorcimle
which encloses the pbin shape of the
build,ng.
scaling length b for defining the zones is given

2H, whichever is the smaller.
by b= Borb=
The
3.3.2.4 Ffat roo~ with parapets

3.3.2.4.1 A pampet along any eaves or edge wilf
reduce the pressure coefficients in zones A and D
immediately adjacent to that eaves but the
pressures in zones E, F and G will be unaffected.
tie external pressure coefficients given in table 30
for zones A to D for flat roofs with sharp eaves
should be multiplied by the appropriate reduction
factors given in table 31, dependent on the height
of the parapet h, az defined for the standard
method in figure 17, and the eaves height H or
crosswind width B.
Nf7113. The reference height H, isthe height above ground of
the top of the parapet.
3.3.2.2.3 Application of the zones as defined in

figure 35 should be repeated for every section of
the mof until pressure coefficients for all zones
over the whole roof have been defined. Figure 36a
shows the completed assignment for the arbitrary
shape and wind direction used in figure 35.
Figure 36b shows the zones for the same shaped
roof but a different wind direction. The examples
in figure 36 cover most conditions likely to be
encountered.
3.3.2.3 Ffat roofi with sharp eaves
External pressure coefficients for each zone of flat
roofs with sharp eaves are given in table 30. Sharp
eaves represent the most onerous loading condition
(highest suction). Pressure coefficients for other
common types of eaves are given in 3.3.2.4
to 3.3.2.6.
3.3.2.4.2 I.aadlng of the parapet walls should be

determined fmm 2.7.5.1 for free-standing parapets
and from 2.7.5.4 for downwind parapets
3.3.2.5 Ffat roo~ with curved eaves
For flat roofs with curved eaves, as defined for the
standard method in figure 17, the zones start from
the edge of the flat part of the roof. External
pressure coefficients for each zone are given in
table 32 dependent on the mtio of the corner
radius r of the eaves to the scaling length b.
3.3.2.6 Ffat mop with mansard eaves
For flat roofs with mansard eaves, as defined for
the standard method in figure 17, the zones start
from the edge of the flat part of the roof. External
pressure coefficients for each zone are given in
table 33 dependent on the pitch of the mansard
eaves a.

Section
BS6399:l%t2
:1995
/
6
a) Assignment
of zones for arbitrary shape according
to wind direction of figure 35
b) As.signmet
of zones for arbitrary shape accotilng
to a different
wind direction
Figure 36. Examples of zones of flat roof of arbitrary

shape
lhble 30. External pressure coefficients

~ial wind
direction e
Cw for flat roofs with Sk
plan
eaves
Zone
A
-1.47
-1.25
-1.15
-1.15
-0.69
0.71
*0.20
+15
1.68
1,47
-1.24
-1.14
-0.61
-0.70
*0,20
*30
-2.00
-1.70
-1.38
-1.03
-0.66
-0.67
*0,20
*450
-1.90
-1.49
-1.18
-0.86
-0.59
-0.54
*0.20
*60
1.70
-1.24
1.10
-0.64
-0.61
-0.42
*0,20
i75
-1.45
-0.85
-CI.69
-G.35
0.61
-0.21
*0,20
-0.24
-0.62
*0.20
*0.20
t90
- i,43
-0.75
-0.52
NOTE1. IMerpdatio. mayhe used.

NOTE2. W!tereboil, positive and negative values are given buth values should be considered.
BS6299:Paxt
2:1995
Section 3
Table 31. Reduction factor for zones A to D,

H to J and Q to S of flat roofs with parapets
kwd wind
direction
FamPetheightratio hlb
0.10
0
0.05
1.00
I 0.76
hble 32. Extetivresswe
I 0.67
20.20
I 0.56
coefficients CP, for flat roofs with cu~ed
,aves radius
ttie ./b
LOCal wind
direction .9
brie
i
.05
-0.81
-1.00
-1.15
-1.26
*15
1.10
,MO
eaves
F
-0.39
*0.20
*0.20
-0.79
1.06
-1.16
-1.09
-0.37
-0.22
*0.20
f30
-0.66
-0.97
-1.07
-1.06
-0.35
-0.29
*0.20
*450
-0.61
-0.80
-0.92
-0.35
-0.35
-0.35
*0.20
i60
-0.66
-0.64
-0.69
-0.62
-0.35
-0,38
*0.20
*750
-0.79
-0.48
-0.53
-0.48
-0.37
-0.40
*0.20
*90
-0.81
-0.48
-0.39
-0.29
-0.39
-0.43
*0.20
-0.77
-0.73
-0.79
-0.79
0.30
-0.21
*0.20
-0.29
-0.22
*0.20
*15
-0.64
-0.65
-0.70
0.69
*30
-0.56
-0.60
-0.62
-0.63
-0.29
-0.25
*0.20
*450
-0.49
-0.51
0.56
-0.58
0.28
-0.28
*0,20
*60
-0.56
-0.40
-0.43
-0.46
-0.29
-0.30
*0.20
*75
-0.64
-0.39
-0.36
-0.36
-0.29
-0.30
*0,20
i90
0.77
-0.43
-0.37
-0.37
-0.30
0.30
*0.20
0.51
-0.54
0.54
-0.56
-0.30
-0.21
*0.20
* 15
-0.46
-0.49
-0.52
0.53
~0.28
-0.22
*0,20
+30
-0.40
-0.43
-0.47
-0.51
-0.26
0.25
*0.20
*45
-0.38
-0.41
-0.43
-0.43
-0.26
-0.27
*0.20
*60
-0.40
-0.38
-0.40
-0.38
-0.26
-0.29
*0.20
*75
-0.46
-0.35
-0.31
-0.28
0.28
-0.29
io.20
0.36
-0.23
-0,30
-0.30
*0,20
i-90
-0.51
NOTE 1. Interpolation maybe used

NCITE2. Where bvthpmitive
and negative val.es.aI?
-0.40
given botbval.es
sho.ld
reconsidered.

BS6399:Fart
Section 3
hble 33. Externaf messure coefficients
C.. for flat roofs with d
fansard pitch
@e
a
Local wind
direction O
tine
100
-0.93
-0.98
*150
-0.76
-0.85
*30
-0.66
i45
-0,60
+ 60
15
;0
m
*
2:1995
eaves
F
-0.27
*0.20
*0.20
-0.94
-0.22
*0.20
*0.20
-0.75
-0.88
-0.20
*0.20
*0.20
-0.63
-0.66
-0.21
*0.25
*0,20
-0.40
-0.42
-0.36
-0.20
-0.30
*0.20
-0.76
-0.34
-0.30
-0.23
-0.22
-0.30
*0.20
-0.93
-0.39
-0.30
-0.22
-0.27
-0.26
*0.20
-1.19
-1.24
1.29
1.34
-0.44
*0,20
*0,20
*150
-1.10
-1.22
-1.22
-1.24
-0.39
*0.20
*0.20
*0.20
=---
=J--
-0.98
-0.73
-0.59
-0.66
*75
*90Q
&
*30
-0.98
-1.06
-1.05
1.05
-0.35
+0.24
+45
-0.87
-0.89
0.88
-0.80
-0.35
*0,36
*0.20
+60
-0.98
-0.62
-0.64
-0.34
-0.35
-0.46
*0,20
*75
-1.10
-0.50
-0.45
-0.24
-0.39
-0.48
*0.20
+90
00
1.10
0,56
-0.41
-0.21
-0.44
-0.46
*0.20
-1.27
-1.27
-1,27
-1.23
-0.59
*0.20
*0,20
*15
-1.37
-1.25
-1.27
-1.17
-0.54
*0.20
*0.20
*30
-1.32
-1.22
-1.08
-1.02
-0.49
-0.26
*0.20
i45
-1.21
1.11
-0.97
-0.77
-0.45
-0.45
*0.20
*60
1.32
0.81
-0.73
-0.35
-0.49
-0.60
*0,20
k75
-1.37
-0.70
-0.54
-0.23
-0.54
-0.66
*0.20
*90
-1.27
-0.69
-0.48
-0.21
-0.59
-0.66
*0.20
{(JTE 1.Interpolarm between a - 30 ud a-60

may be us
iarE2.
Fbra>f
m a - 60 k table 33 and the values give i table 30.
,0 interpolate between the value
WrE 3. where b+ I positive and negative values are given, both values should be considered.
3.3.2.7 Flat r@b
with inset storc~
For flat roofs with inset storeys, pressure

coefficients for both the upper and lower roof
should bc derived as foffows.
a) For the upper roof 3.3.2.3 to 3.3.2.6,
depending on the form of the eaves, should be
used, taking the reference height H, as the
actual height to the upper eaves but taking H as
the height of the inset storey (from the upper
eaves to the lower roof level) for determining the
scafing length b.
b) For the lower roof 3.3.2.3 to 3.3.2.6,
dependhrg on the form of the eaves, should be
used, where H, - H, the actual height of the
lower storey, ignoring the effect of the inset
storeys. In addkion, two further zones, X and Y,
around the base of the inset storeys are defined
in figure 37, where the scaling parameter b is
bawd on the dimensions of the upper, irrsct
Storey.
c) In zones X and Y the pressures shalf be taken
as the pressure appropriate to the waif zones A
to D on each adjacent inset stcmcywall from 3.3. L
3.3.2.8 Friction induced loads on flat roqfk

Friction forces should be determined for long flat
roofs with D > b/2 in alf wind directions. The
frictional drag coefficient should be assumed to act
over alf of zone G of such roofs, with values as
given in table 6. The resulting frictional forces
should be applied in accordance with 3.1.3.4.
3.3.3 External pressure coefficients for pitched
roofs of buffdfngs
3.3.3.1 Gcnerd
The pressure coefficients for windward-facing steep
pitched roofs (a > 45) given irr th~ section are
easentiafly identical to the pressure coefficients for
windward-facing non-vertical waifs in 3.3. L4 and
table 29, affowing for the differences in definition
of zones. fhereforc at large pitch angles (a > 45)
the dutinction between wall and mof is largely
irrelevant Steep-pitched surfaces attached to the
top of vertical walls are better interpreted 6s
pitched roofs, fafling under the provisions of 3.3.3,
Steep-pitched surfaces springing directly from the
ground which meet along the top edge to form a
ridge, e.g. A-frame buildirr@, are also better
interpreted as duopitch roofs, frdfing under the
pmtilons of 3.3.3
BS6399:Paxt
2:1995
Section 3
Plan
b
L<
x
/2~
Upper storey
,1
k-J
b/2
Lower storey
Wind
/
e
Figure 37. Additional zones around inset storey
3.3.3.2 Scaling
length and tyference height
3.3.3.2.1 TWOvalues are needed for the scaling

length b: ~ = L or bL = 2H, whichever is the
smaller, and LW= W or tW = 2H, whichever is the
smaller.
3.3.3.2.2 The reference height H, is the height
above ground of the h@est point on the roof, the
high eaves in the case of monopitch and troughed
duopitched roofs, and the ridge in the case ridged
duopitch and hipped roofs.
3.3.3.3 Monopitch roofi
3.3.3.3.1 External pressure coefficients CP, for
monopitch roofs are given in table 34 for zones
A to J defined in fieure 38. These zones are
defined from the upwind comer,
NOTE The pitch angle a is taken as positive when the low
eaves is upwind and negative when the high eaves is upwind.
3.3.3.3.2 When all wind directions are considered,

smmetv
leads to four possible patterns of zones
for each form of roof, as shown in figure 39a. Wind
nornmf to either the eaves (6 = 0 ) or the verge
(6 = 90) provides special cases where either of
two patterns in figure 39a could apply. Because of
the fluctuations of wind direction found in practice
and in order to give the expected range of
asymmetric loading, both patterns should be
considered. In the special case O = 0 the two load
cases have symmetrically identical values, whereas
in the special case O = 90 the two load cases
differ one with the pitch angle positive and the
edge zones along the low eaves; the other with the
pitch angle negative and the edge zones along the
high eaves.

BS6399:M2:1995
Section 3
hble 34. External pressure coefficients

Wchanglea
-45.
acti wind
Zone
Urectione
Cp, fOr pitched rOOf zOnes A tO J

r
,.
-0.61
k30.
-0.53
k60
-1.11
-30
-15
-5.
+ 5.
+ 150
2---I-R
k so.
* go.
-1.66
P
*30.
&60.
* ew
).
+30.
+60
%
-1.47
-2.00
-1.70
-1.43
-1.39
-1.78
-1.67
0.41
-0.62
I -0.79
-0.49
0.56
-0.55
-0.81
-0.52
-0.58
-0.94
0.58
.1.29
-1.36
0.96
-0,97
-0.91
-1.05
-0.97
-1.17
.0.81
-0.62
0.42
0.68
-0.60
0.50
1.02
-2.33
0.89
0.79
-0.84
0.76
-2.17
-1.03
-0.70
0.80
:0.20
+%--&%
-0,97
-0.90
-0,94
-0,70
1.22
-0,37
-1.05
-0.97
.0.92
-0.88
0.82
-2.37
-1.71
-0.93
.0,85
.2.15
-i
-1.85
-1.00
-1,02
-0.76
-0.72
-0.31
-0.60
-0.20
-1.12
-0.83
-0.82
*
-2.21
-1.63
-1.04
-0.82
-0.77
-1.57
-1.28
-0.77
-0.54
-0.27
-0.66
-0.59
-1.15
-0.69
-0.71
-1.38
-1.03
-0.66
-0.67
1.10
-0.64
-0.24
-0.61
-0.42
to.20
-1.19
-0.56
-1.30
*
-1.70
-1.24
%-t-%%
-0.62
-0.20
-0.59
-0.60
-1.64
-1.34
-1.09
-0.62
-1.33
-1.12
-0.71
-0.64
-0.83
-0.55
-0.25
-0.61
-0.42
ko. zo
-0.33
+0.20
-0.78
+0.20
-0.81
+0.20
-0.21
+0.20
-0.31
+0.20
\ -1.21
-0.91
+0.20
+30
-0.84
+0.20
-0.88
+ 0.20
-0,82
+ 0.20
-0.83
+0.20
-0.21
+ 0.20
-0.37
+0,20
* 60.
-1.27
+0,20
-0.86
+0.20
-0.70
+0.20
-0.61
+ 0.20
-0.54
+0.20
*WY
W
-1.20
-0.84
-0.27
-0.64
-0.38
+0,50
-0.50
+0.50
-0.58
-0.50
+0.50
-0.33
+0.20
*0,20
-0.50
+0.50
-0.20
+0.39
-0.25
+0.40
*30.
-0.60
+ 0.75
-0.50
+ 0.55
-0.50
+0.40
-0.50
+0.45
-0,20
+ 0.41
-0.20
+ 0.26
i 6W
-0.14
+0.50
-0.50
+0.43
-0.45
+0.30
-0.40
+0.26
0.30
+0.20
-0.20
+0.20
* eo~
-1.13
-0.94
-0.77
-0.19
0.60
0=
+0,52
+0.80
+ 0.50
=
+0.60
+ 0.49
+0.78
+ 0.50
+ 0.48
+0.45
+0.60
-4-
+0.55
+0.45
+0.35
-0.76
+0.57
-0.86
+ 0.30
-0.33
+0.28
-0.55
+0.57
+0.80
+ 0.57
+0.79
+0.59
+ 0.62
+0.59
+ 0.47
+0.37
+0.37
-0.44
+ 0.81
-0.44
+0.81
+0.35
*0. !20
t 0.83
+0.3s
+ 0.81
+0.73
+ 0.55
+0.55
+0.41
-0.43
-i-
-0.43
+0.20 \ -0.43
J!90
00
+30.
* 60
* !30.
=0.
-1.17
+0.57
+0.80
+ 0.70
-0.44
+0.81
-0.56
*90
P
t30
* 60.
+o.75~
0.58
.0.50
E----R
+ 60.
-0.44
I
+0.81
I :::
-1.17
-1.69
-1.54
-1.10
-2.75
-2.44
-1.51
-1.47
-2.24
-2.10
-1.65
-1,43
-1.70
-2.00
-1.47
-1.39
-1.75
-2.05
-1.48
-0.90
+0.20
-0.63
+0.20
1.57
+0.20
-1.42
-0.60
+0.20
-0.40
3
+0.40
-0.20
-1.25
+0,42
+ 0.70
,+0.45
+IJ.65
+0.21
+0.50
-0.28
-1.25
+0.80
+0,50
+ 0.62
+0.77
+().59
+0.35
*0.20
-1.21
+0.81
+0.58
+().73
+0.85
+ 0,41 k + 0.78
*(),20I-1.21
-0,87
-0.73
-1.18
1.10
.0.96
1.66
1.60
1.15
-0.91
-1.30
-1.67
.1.15
.0.75
-1.24
-1.70
-1.25
-0.69
-1.02
-1.51
-1.15
-0.36
+0.20
-().35
+0.20
-1.21
+().20
-1.15
-0.30
+(1.20
-0.30
+0.,50
-0.89
+0.40
-1.15
+ 0.40
+{1.60
+0.50
1,15
+0.50
+[).77
+().59
-1.21
+().58
+!1.85
-1.21
-1.16
-0.43
-0.76
-1,05
-1.10
-0.30
+0,20
-0.32
+0.20
-0.93
+ 0.20
-1.10
-0.25
+0.20
-0.25
+0.47
-0.83
+0.33
-1.10
+0.35
+().55
+ 0.50
-1.15
+0.5,(1
+(),77
+0.59
-1.21
+ 0.58
r +0.85
+ [1.78
+ 0.7$
1.21
-1.21
1.01
-0.83
1,11
-1.07
-1.10
-().67
-0.91
-1.09
1.lU
0.52
-1.10
1,38
NOTE 1. Interpolation may be betwem values of the same sign.

NUTE r!. P,essure chamze rmidlv from nemtive to wsitive with inm=imz
pitch between a - 15 and a - 30 ~d v~ues for
both signs are @en.
NCITE 3. When imerpdating hetwee a - 15 and a - 30, interpolate between negative values to give Iad case for upward
load and between paitive values to @ve load c=
for dmvmvard load.
BS6399:Fart
2:1995
Section 3
2iz2EE
Pitch angle positive
Pitch angle negative
a) General
b)Key to zones
Figure 3S. Key for monopitch roofs
3.3.3.3.3 Loading of rectangular-plan flat or

nearly-flat roofs in the range 50 < a < 5 may
be assessed as monopitch roofs as a simpler
alternative to the general method for flat roofs
in 3.3.2. In this case, when the roof is long in the
wind direction, i.e. D > b/2, a downwind zone
equivalent to zone G in figure 35 may be defined
for which Cw = +0.2,
3.3.3.4 Duopitch mor
3.3.3.4.1 External pressure coefficients Cp, for
duopitch roofs are given in table 34 for zones A
to J and table 35 for zones K to S defined in
figure 40. These zones are defined from the
upwind comer of each face.
NUIE The pitch angle a is taken as positive when the rcmf has
a central ridge and negative when the roof has a central
trough.
3.3.3.4.2 When all wind directions are considered,

symmetry leads to four possible patterns of zones
for each form of roof, as shown in figure 39b.
Wind normal to either the eaves (0 = 00, or the
verge (0 = 90 ) provides special cases where either
of two patterns in figure 39b could apply. Because
of the fluctuations of wind direction found in
practice and in order to give the expected range of
Wmmetric loading, both patterns should be
considered.
3.3.3.4.3 When a < 10 and W < B, zones E
and F should be considered to extend for a distance
B/2 downwind from the windward cave, replacing
zones L, M and N and part of zones O and P. This
load caae should be compared with the standard
load case defined in figure 40 and the more
onerous condition should be used.
m
BS6399:Part2
Section 3
Wind
m
EiLiElm
Wmd
Wind
a) Symmetries
for monopitch
roofs
FWind
Wind
H
s
R
J
W, Symmetries
Wind
for duopitch roofs
Figure S9. Symmetries for pitched roofs
a
P
R
J
I
wind
R
:1995
Bs6399:Part
kible 35. Extem
T
-45
1
-30
-15
- 5
+5
+ 15
+ 30
2:1995
1 pressure coei
:ients CPe for pitched roof zones K to S
Loc.sf
wind
iirection8
Cone
+ 60
+75
1!
-0.92
-1.12
1.04
-0.92
-1.12
-1.04
-0.92
-0.75
-0.75
-0.75
-0.63
-0.63
-0.63
-1.12
-1.04
-0.52
-0.24
*0.20
-0.73
-0,52
-0.24
-0.32
-1.05
-0.32
-1,05
-0.32
-1.05
-1.17
-0.96
-0.86
-0.33
-0.88
-0.28
-1.25
-1.08
-1.36
1
*30
*60
+90
-0.78
-0.44
-0.74
-0.78
-0,44
-0.74
-0.78
-0.44
-0.66
-0,52
-0.47
*0,20
-0.66
0,52
-0.40
*0.20
-0.40
*0.20
-0.40
*0.20
-0.74
-0.27
-0.62
-0.27
-1.01
-1,01
-1.01
1.13
-0.94
-0.77
-0.19
*0.20
-0.19
-1.25
-1.06
-1.36
3
*30
t60
*90
-0.69
*0.20
-0.69
*0.20
-0.69
*0.20
-0.52
*0,20
-0.26
*0,20
-0.52
*0.20
-0.21
-0.55
-0.21
0.55
-0.21
0.55
-0.67
-0.67
-0.67
*0.20
-0.65
*0.20
-1.03
-1.03
-1.03
-1.20
T
-0.34
*0,20
-0.84
-0.58
-0.27
-0.64
*0.20
-1.42
-1.10
-1.30
-0.34
*0.20
-0.34
*0.20
-0.25
*0.20
-0.25
0.26
-0.25
*0,20
-0.28
0,48
-0,28
-0.48
-0.28
0.48
-0.69
-0.69
0.69
*0.20
0,66
*0,20
-0.88
-0.88
0.88
*300
*60
*900
1)
*30
*60
*90
-1.21
0.83
-0.55
-0.25
-0.61
*0.20
-1.48
-1.12
-1.30
0
*30
*60
*90
-0.32
-0.70
-1.04
-0.27
-0.46
-0.90
-0.28
-0.30
-0.28
-0.23
*0.20
0.31
*0.20
*0.20
-0,36
0.71
-0.30
-0.59
-0.24
-0.46
-0.52
*0.20
-0.56
*0.20
-0.97
-0.83
-0.73
-0.90
-0.83
-0.58
*0.20
-0.60
*0.20
-0.89
-0.89
-1.09
-0.8
0.81
-0.80
-0.78
-0.39
-0.40
-0.85
-0:55
-0.39
+30
+60
1.32
-1.14
-1.11
-0.88
-0.46
0.34
-0.47
-1:25
-0.81
-1.31
-0.92
-0.72
-0.58
-0.57
-0.23
-1.45
-1,08
-0.75
*90
-0.74
-0.54
*0.20
-0.58
*0.20
-0.83
-0.77
-0.92
-0.81
T
-0.29
*0.26
0.25
-0.30
-0.30
-0.30
-0.31
-0.32
-0.33
*30
-0.74
-0.63
-0.52
-0.43
-0.39
-0.43
-0.76
-0.51
-0.40
*60
-1.05
T-1.04
-0.661-0.61
-0.90
-0.64
0.58
-0.47
-1.02
-0.67
0.64
-0.491-0.21 I -0.49
*0.20
-0.671-0.581-0.69
o
*303
-0.211-0.201-0.231-0.231
-0.211-0.241-0.26
-0.20
-0.20
*60
0.54 0.54 -0.51
-0.41
-0.44
0.38 0.55 0.47 0.50
+90
-0.55
-0.46
-0.38
-0.20
-0.40
*0.20 -0.60
-0.45
-0.47
-0.49
-0.49
-0.40
-0.40
-0.30
-0.30
-0.57
-0.57
-0.57
+30
+60
0.63 -0.62
-0.71
-0,69
-0.40
-0.40
-0.67
-0.67
-0.67
-1.00
-1.OC -0.60
-0.42
-0.74
-0.63
-0.91
-0.91
-0.91
*90
-0.72
-0.72
-0.241 *0.201 -O.60
o
*30
-0.54
-0.54
-0.431 0.431 0.301 0.301 -0.581 0.581 -0.58
-0.71
-0.71
-0.64
-0.63
-0.40
-0.40
-0.70
-0.70
-0.70
1.13
1.1:
-0.67
-0.31
-1.15
-0,61
-0.97
0.97
0,97
-0.79
0.7s
-0.42
-0.21
-0.80
*0.20
-1.21
-1.21
-1.21
*90
+45
Section 3
*60
*90
-0.21
-0.20
0.27 0.23 -0.26
*0.201 -1.21
NOTE 1, Interpdatir
mmaybe.sed, excel
etween.z
- +5 anda
- 5.
wee positive and mgative values is in the range 0.2
NOTE2. When theresult of interpolating
ccefiicient should be taken as Cm - + 0.2 and both Pssible values used.
0.21 -0.22
-1.211-1.21
< C= < + 0.2, the
I
I
m
BS6399:Pmt
Section 3
+.
<0
0=
I%dged, pitch angle positiie
Troughed, pitch angle negative
Plan
bwti
)L/l
bJl O
J
bJ4~
BIC
@lo 1$4
Wind
7 e
o) Key t. zones
Figure
40. Key
for duopitch roofs
D
l@
2:1995
BS 6399:
Part
3.3.3.5 Hipped roo~

3.3.3.5.1 TheprOvisiOns in3.3.3.5.2 t03.3.3.5.4
aPPIY tO conventionalKlpped roofs on
rectarrgulw-plarr buildings, where the pitch of the
main ridged faces have pitch angle al and the
triangular side faces have pitch arrglea2. Zones of
external pressure coefficient are defined in
figare 41. Local wind dmctions O1and f12are
defined from normal to the longer and shorter
eaves, respectively, where 6z = 90 01.
3.3.3.5.2 Thas, forthemain
ridged faces the pitch
is al, the wind dwection is 61 and the zones are AI
toY1, arrdfor thetriangular side faces the pitch is
CX2,the wind diretilonis62 and the zones are A2 to
Y2. Therefererrce height Hristhe height above
ground of the ridge.
3.3.3.5.3 External preasure coefficients for
zones A to E on the upwind faces are given irr
table 34. External pressure coefficient.s forzones O
and Ponthedownwind
faces sregiven in table 35.
The size of each of these zones is given in
figure 40.
3.3.3.5.4 Extema.l pressure coefficients for the
additional zones T to Walong the hip ridges and for
zones Xarrd Yalong the main ridge arc given in
table 36. The width of each of these additional
zonesin plan isshowrrin figare 41b. The boundary
between each pair ofadditional zones, T-U, V-W
and X-Y, is the mid-point of the respective hip or
main ridge.
3.3.3.6 Mired gables and hipped roofi
Roofs with a standard gable at one end and a hlp
at the other are a frequent occurrence. In such
cases, the governing criterion is the form of the
upwind comer for the wind dlrectirm being
considered.
3.3.3.7 Effect of parapets on pitched m@
3.3.3.7.1 The effects of parapets should be taken
into account to determine external pressure
coefficients on pitched roofs. Owing to the way
that parapets around roofs change the positive
pressures expected on upwind pitches with large
positive pitch angles to suction, neglecting their
ef feet is not always conservative. Pressures on the
parapet walls should be determined using the
procedure in 2.7.5.1 for free-standing parapets and
from 2.7.5.4 for downwind parapets.
3.3.3.7.2
Section
2:1995
Morrqitch
mqfs
a) Lurueat.%with pampet upwind. For the part

of the roof below the top of the parapet,
external prwssure coefficients should be
deterrrrirred in accordance with 3.3.2.4, i.e. the
roof should be treated as a flat mof with
parapets, irrespective of actual roof pitch. For
anY Part of the roof that is above the top os the

parapet, i.e. if the top of the parapet is below
the level of the h@fr eaves, external pressure
coefficients should be determined in accordance
with 3.3.3.3 as if the parapet did not exist.
b) High eaves upwind. External pressure
with 3.3.3.3, The reduction factors of table 31
should be used for upwind eaves and verge
zones A to D and H to J, with the parapet height
h determined at the upwind comer of each
respective zone. Thus, for parapets level with the
high eaves the parapet height should be taken as
h = O for zones A to D and H, so that the
reduction factor is less than unity only for zones
for zones I and J.
3.3.3.7.3
Daopitch
roofs
a) Upwind fbxe. For the part of the roof below

the top of the parapet, exterrmf pressure
with 3.3.2.4, i.e. the roof should be treated as a
flat roof with parapets, irrespective of actual
roof pitch. For any part of the roof that is above
the top of the parapet, i.e. if the top of the
parapet is below the level of the ridge, external
pressure coefficients should be determined in
accordance with 3.3.3.4 as if the parapet did not
exist.
b) Drrrmnuindfbce. External pressure coefficients
should be deterrrrined in accordance with 3.3.3.4
for the downwind pitch of duopitch roofs. The
reduction factorx of table 31 should be used only
for the verge zones Q to S with the parapet
height h deterrrrined at the upwirrd comer of
each respective zone.
3.3.3.7.4
Hipped roofs
a) Upwind main arui hip fwes. For the part of

the roof below the top of the parapet, external
pressure coefficients shorrfd be determined in
accordance with 3.3.2.4, i.e. the roof should be
treated as a flat roof with parapets, irrespective
of actual rcmf pitch. For any part of the mof that
is above the top of the parapet, i.e. if the top of
the parapet is below the level of the ridge,
external pressure coefficients shoald be
determined trr accordance with 3.3.3.5 as if the
parapet did not exist.
b) Downwind main and hip fax%. External

pressure coefficients should be determined in
accordance with 3.3.3.5 as if the parapet did not
exist. The reduction factors of table 31 should
not be applied to any zone.
3.3.3.8 Pitched ra@
with irrset ston?vs
External pressure coefficients should be

determined in accordance with 3.3.2.7, using the
aPPmPriate zones for the pitched roofs as derived
from 3.3.3.3 to 3.3.3.5.
m
Section
BS6399:Part
%>0.
a.>c-J7-
(,J,,,,,,,,,,,,L,,,
,/,>,
H,
,:+
//
,:+-
H,
,:+
7//,////,,//,////////
,!>
,,,
/,,,/,,,/,,/,/,,,,,
,,
a) Oeneml
Plan
b /2
~
bL/l O
.Q
b) Key to zones
Ngure
41. Key foridppedmofs
2:1995
BS6299:Part
2:1995
Oible 36. External

?ttch angle a
+ 5
+ 15
+30
+ 45
WTCE. Interpolation
3.3.3.9 fiction
Section 3
uressure coefficients
C-
For additional
Local wind
direction .9
T
-0.56
-0.56
-0.31
-0.45
-0.58
-0.58
f30
*60
-0.62
-0.62
-0.60
-0.46
-0.47
-0.54
-1.13
-0.63
-0.76
-0.51
-0.38
-0.36
*90
-1.19
-0.76
-0.89
-0.50
-0.61
*0,20
o
+30
-0.31
-0.31
0.44
0.83
-1.17
-1.17
-0.37
-0.37
-1.00
-0,99
-1.31
-1.13
*60
-0.94
-0.52
-1.43
-0.71
-0.78
-0.80
*!900
-1.09
-0.77
-0.97
-0.59
-0.64
*0.20
-0.40
-0.40
-0.53
-0.33
-0.28
~0.28
*30
-0.26
-0.26
-0.74
-0.55
-0.51
;0.50
*60
-0.99
0.47
1.25
0.82
-0.77
-0.49
*90
-1.10
1.01
-1.40
-0.62
-0.78
*0.20
-0.74
0.74
-0.65
0.24
-0.20
-0.20
t30
0.55
-0.55
-0.52
-0.22
-0.22
-0.28
*60
1.11
-0.33
-0.67
-0,35
-0.32
-0.41
I *90
-1.22
-0.71
-1.35
-0.43
-0.88
-0.28
may be used.
induced loads on pitched roo~
Friction forces should be determined for long

pitched roofs when the wind is parallel to the
eaves or ridge, i.e. 8 = 90. The frictional drag
coefficient should be assumed to act over zones F
and P only of such roofs, with the values as gjven
in table 6. The resulting frictional forces should be
applied in accodance with 3.1.3.4.
3.3.4 Multipitch
zones T to Y of hiDDed roofs
and multi-bay
roofs
3.3.4.1 Multipitch roofi

3.3.4. L 1 Multipitch roofs are defined as roofs in
which each span is made up of pitches of two or
more pitch angles, as shown in figure 22 for the
standard method. The form in figure 22a is
commonly known as a mansard roof.
NCJTE Flat roofs with mansard eaves are dealt with in 3.3.2.6.

pitch should be derived in accordance with 3.3.3.4
or 3.3.3.5, according to the form of the verges, but
omitting the eaves edge zones along the change in
slope where indicated in figure 22.
NOTE The letters designating the zones in figure 22 which
cmrespmd to the standard method should be ignored.
eaves edge zones A to D on the bottom
edge Of df windward faces should be included
when the pitch angle of that face is less than
that of the pitch below, including the lowest face
forming the actual eaves of the windward side,
as shown in figure 22a. The eaves zones A to D
should be excluded when the pitch angle is
greater than that of the pitch below, as shown in
figure 22b.
a) The
b) The ridge zones K to N for gabled roofs or

ridge zones X and Y for hipped roofs should be
included only on the highest downwind face
along the actual ridge, as shown in figures 22a
and 22b. Ridge zones on all other downwind
faces should be excluded.
c) Verge zones H to J on gabled roofs or hip
zones U to W on hipped roofs should be included
for all faces.
m
Section
BS6399:Part.
3.3.4.2 Multi-bag
rooJ%
3.3.4.2.1 Multi-bay roofs are defiied as roofs

made up of a series of monopitch, duopitch, hlpped
or similar spans as shown in fwres 23a to 23c.
3.3.4.2.2 pressure coefficients on the fmt span,
i.e. the upwind pitch of multi-bay monopitch roofs
and the upwind pair of pitches of duopitch roofs,
may be taken to be the same as for single span
mof, However, these preasurss w.? reduced in value
for the downwind spans.
3.3.4.2.3 Account may be taken of
by following the procedure in 2.5.5
method, but using the key in figure
regions of shelter at any given wind
th~ reduction
of the standard
42 to define
direction.
NUIE. When the wind direction is normal ta the eaves, i.e.

8- 0, tllre 42 becomes identical to the standard method
case of fwre 23d. When the wind is normal to the gables, i.e.
e . 90, there are no regkms of shelte~
3.3.4.3 Friction induced luarfs on multipitch

and multi-bag mojk
eaves or ridge, i.e. 6 = 90. The frictiorvd drag

coefficient should be assumed to act over only
zones F and P of such roofs, with values as given in
table 6. The resulting frictional forces should be
added to the normal pressure forces in accordance
with 3.1.3.4.
3.3.5 fnternal
pressure
coefficients
3.3.5.1 It is recommended that the procedures for

internal pressure coefficients given in 2.6 for the
standard method are used. When necessary,
interpolation should be used between the
orthogonal wind directions to obtain values for the
other wind directions.
3.3.5.2 Table 18, giving internal pressure
coefficients for open-sided buildin&, has been
expanded in table 37 to give values for 30
increments of wind direction.
NCTE. If more accurate values are required, internal PIWSUreS
in .mclwed buildins or buildings with dominant openin@ may
also be determined fmm the distribution of external pressures
by calculating the balance of internal flow (W refermce [6]).
Friction forces should be determined for long

pitched roofs when the wind is parallel to the
Linsa in wind difWlon
m
A Upwind bay
B Second bay
C AU subsequent
bays
Figure 42. Key tu multi-bay roofs
2:1995
through upwind comer of bay
BS6399:Part2
:1995
Eable 37. fnternslpressu
Section
e coefficients Cpi for open-side
Wfnd dkection 8 One open fa!

Longer
Upwind
thfrd
Middle
third
buildings
IWOm more adjacent OP.
faces
~w=
I.mwer and both

,horte$]
and one shorter]
third
*o.
+0.85
+0.68
+ 0.68
+ 0.66
+ 0.77
+0.60
* 30~
+0.71
+0.54
+0.70
+ 0.80
+0.77
+0.50
*600
+0.32
+0.38
+ 0.44
+ 0.54
+0.77
* 600
-0.60
-0.40
-0.40
-0.40
+0.77,
* 120~
-0.46
-0.46
-0.46
-0.46
-0.53
-0.63
* 150~
-0,31
-0.40
-0.40
-0.40
-0.60
-0.49
i 180
-0.16
-0.16
-0.16
0.16
-0.33
-0.39
+ 0.30
0.38
) TWO values are gWen f.. @ - ! P: the positive values cmreymnd to the short face dmvmvhd; the m ,tive values correspond
to the short face upwind.
2)APP,Y dues ~0 ndemide Of m~f OIIIY.FOr the single wall, use pressure coefficients for wails @en in table 26.
.:
,,: ,.,
3.4 Hybrid combinations

snd directional methods
of standard
3.4.1 Standsrd effective wind speeds with

directiomd pressure coeftlcients
3.4. L 1 Applicability
Standsrd effective wind speeds should be
combmed with directional prcasure coefficients in
csaes where the form of the building is well
defined but the exposure of the site is not well
defined.
NME. &@cal examples are relocatable
or m-produced
designs
3.4.1.2 Application
As the standsrd effective
Or patable
buildings,
wind speeds apply to the
~ge
o = *45 either side of the rmtional
orthogonal wind directions, the appropriate
standsni effective wind speed to be used with each
of the directiorwd pressure coefficients should be
selected from this range. This results in a load case
for each wind direction for which pressure
coefficients are given, usually tweive.
3.4.2 Dfrectionsf effective wind speeds with
stsndsrd pressure coefficients
3.4.2.1 Applicability
Directional effective wind speed should be
combined with standmd pressure coefficients if a
more precise estimate of site exposure is required,
particularly when there is significant topography or
when the site is in a town. In the standard method
the method for significant topography (2. 2.2. 2) was
derived assuming the turbulence characteristics for
open country terrain and some advantage may be
gained by using the actual site characteristics. The
standard method for effective wind speeds sssumes
that the site is 2 km from the edge of a town, with
sites closer to the edge treated as being in country
terrain snd sites further into the town treated as
being at 2 km, thus, the potential benefits of
shelter from the town exposure are not exploited
for any locations except those at exactly 2 km from
the edge.
3.4.2.2. Application
3.4.2.2.1 The directional effective wind speeds
should be determined in each of the twelve wind
directions using the value of gust fsctor m = 3.44,
for the datum diagonsl dlme&ion a = 5-m as
follows:
a) from p = O to p = 330 in 30 intervals,
aligned from north, for which values of
directional factor are given in table 3; or
b) from @ = 0 to d = 330 in 30 intervals,
alied
with respect to the building axes,
interpolating corresponding values of directional
factor from table 3; or
c) in 30 intervxls from normal to the steepest
slope of the signtilcant topographic feature,
interpolating corresponding values of directional
factor from table 3.
Option a) is the simplest to implement when
topography is not si~tilcant; option b) ensures
that estimates will correspond exactly with the
building axes; option c) ensures that the most
onerous topographic effects are included.
3.4.2.2.2 For each orthogonal load case the largest
value in the range O = *45 either side of the
notional wind direction should be selected from the
directional wind speeds. llreae vslues may be taken
to be equivalent to the stsndard effective wind
speeds and used in the standard method.
Annex A
BS6399:Part
2:1995
Amexes
Annex A (normative)
Annex B (informative)
Necessary provisions for wind tunnel

testing
Derivation of extreme wind information
A. 1 Static structures
The wind data archived by the Meteorological

Office are derived from continuously recording
anemographs, normally exposed at a height of
10 m above ground in open, level terrain or, in
other terrains, at a height equivalent to the
standard exposure. Currently, the network
numbers about 130 stations and the main archive
comprises hourly mean wind speeds and wind
directions, together with details of the maximum
gust each hour. Many of these stations have past
rvcords spanning several decades, although the
computer-held ones generally begin in about 1970,
Tests for the determination of wind loads on static

structures should not be considered to have been
properly conducted unless
a) the natural wind has been modelfed to
account for
1) the variation of mean wind speed with
height above ground appropriate to the terrain
of the site; and
2) the intensity and scale of the turbulence
aPPmPriate to the terrain of the site at a
deterrrrined geometric wile;
b) the brdldhg has been modelled at a geometric
scale not more than the following mrdtiples of
the geometric scale of the simulated natural
wind, with appropriate corrections applied to
account for any geometric scale discrepancies
within this range:
3 for overall loads; and
2 for cladding loads;
c) the response characteristics of the wind tunnel
instrumentation are consistent with the
measurements to be made;
d) the testa enable the peak wind loads with the
required annual risk of being exceeded to be
predicted.
A.2 Dynamic
structures
l%stsfor the determination of the respmse of

dynamic structures should not be considered to
have been properly conducted unless the previsions
for static stmctures in items a) to d) of A. 1 are
satisfied, together with the additional provision
that:
the structural model is represented (physically or
mathematically) in maw distribution, stiffness
and damping in accordance with the established
law of dimensional scaling.
NOTE. Information to enable desigmem t.o make a considered
judgment of the facilities offered when commkioning
wind
tunnel tests is available in reference (9]. Mvice may also be
sought from the Buildina Research Advisory Service, Building
Research Establishment, Gamtmn, W.tfmd, Hats WD2 7JR.
lkl 01923 ~S46&!.
B. 1 Introduction
Conventionally, estimation of the extreme wind

clinratc in temperate regions has involved the
analysis of a series of annual maximum wind
speeds, for example using the method proposed by
Gumbel [8]. The main dffiadvantage of methods
using only annual maxbnum values is that many
other useful data within each year are discarded.
For the preparation of the basic wind speed map
given in f=
6, a superior technique involving
the m-urn
wind speed during every period of
windy weather (or storm) was used. This approach
.gmatly incnmaed the amount of data available for
anrdy%.sand enabled the directional and seasonal
characteristics of the UK wind climate to be
examined.
A storm was defined as a period of at lea.%
10 consecutive hours with rur overall mean wind
speed greater than 5 tis. Such periods were
identified for 50 anemogr-aph stations, evenly
dtiributed over the United Kingdom and mostly
having standard exposures, using their records
during the period 1970 to 19S0. At the majority of
these stations, the average number of storms each
year was about 140. The maximum hourly mean
wind speed blowing from each of twelve 300 wind
direction sectors (centred on 0, 30, 60, etc.)
was calculated for each storm.
Three types of new extreme wind information were
needed: an improved map of basic wind speeds Vb;
dmction factors Sd; and seasonal factors S~.
Analyses of extreme wind speeds are performed in
terms of their probability of occurrence. The
standard measure of probability is the cumulative
distribution function (CDF), conventionally given
the symbol P (used elsewhere in this standard for
wind load), and corresponding to the annual risk of
not being exceeded.
73
BS6399:Part
Annex B
2:1995
)
Desigm to fesist extreme winds is based on the
annual risk (probability) Q of the hourly meam
wind speed being exceeded given by Q = 1 F?
The reciprocal of the annual risk is sometimes
referred to as the return period and is best
interpreted as the mean interval between
recurrences when averaged over a very long
period. The definition of return period rapidly
becomes invafid for periods less than about
10 years The period between individual
recurrences varies considerably fmm this mean
vafue, so the concept of return period is not very
useful and is open to misinterpretation. The
concept of annual risk is less open to
misinterpretation and should be viewed as the risk
of exceeding the design wind speed in each yeaf
the building is exposed to the wind.
B.2 Baaic wind apeed
B.2. 1 Storm mczrima
The baaic wind speed Vb is estimated to have a risk
of Q = 0.02 of being exceeded in any year lb
obtain this speed for each station, all the maximum
wind speeds in storms v, were first abstracted,
irrespective of direction. The cumulative
d~tribution function P representing the risk of a
particukw value not being exceeded was
determined by the method of order statistics. In
this method, the m-a
were sorted into
ascending order of value and assigned a rank m
where rn = 1 for the lowest value and m = N for
the highest value, then P was estimated for the
storm maxima v~ by F(v,) = m/(N + 1).
B.2.2 Annual mama
Maxima from different storms can be regarded as
statistically independent, m the CDF Hv) of annual
maximum wind speeds v was found from
flu) = V(U,), where r is the average annual rate
of storms. This CDF of annual maxima was fitted to
a Fisher-Tippett Type 1 (FTl ) distribution, defined
by
F(v) = exp[ - exp( - y)]
(B.1)
where
Y
=a(v-fl);
is the mode;
I/a
is the dispersion
-1
[-[[fin
v=
U+*]
(B.3)
N~:
Equation B. 3 follows from equation B.2 because the
a!wmximati.n
- ln( 1 P) = P holds well for small values of P
B.2.3 Best extreme model

When the maximum wind speed in each storm v, is
replaced by its square v~z and thk is multiplied by
half the density of air, the dynamic pressure q is
obtained. Extreme-value theory predicts that the
ETl distribution should be a better fit to dynamic
pressure than to wind speed. The above, e,tireme
value analysis method was repeated for~each
station using g as the variable. It was found that
the rate of convergence of storm maxima to the
FTl model was faster for the g model than the v,
model. The wind speed corresponding to the
dynamic pressure having a risk of Q = 0.02 of
being exceeded at least once per year was used to
derive the value at each station. Corrections were
then made to the individual station estimates to
ensure that when all the values were plotted on a
map, they represented a height of 10 m above
ground in open, level termin at mean sea level.
Isotachs were then drawn to be a best fit to the
wind speeds plotted.
Fkting the dynamic pressure g to the FTl model
has been standard practice in most of Europe for
many yeas, whereas the practice in the UK had
previously been to fit the wind speed V. The
dtiference between the two models at the design
riak Q= 0.02 is small, about 4 %. At very small
risks, for example at Q = 10-4 used for nucleaf
installations, the q model predicts smaller wind
speeds than before. Whereas at higher risks, for
example for frequent service conditions, the q
model predicts higher wind speeds than before.
While adoption of the better q model brings the UK
into line with European practice, it fdao implies
that previous practice at small risks was
overconservative, but that service conditions may
have been unconservative. Tlese changes are alao
reflected in the expression for probabtity factor SP
in annex D.
B.2.4 Extension to Northern Ireland
Hence
and a plot of y vemus v~ led to estimates of the

annual mode and dispemion. The wind speed V
associated with a certain annual cumulative risk P
of not being exceeded may be found from:
(B.2)
There were insufficient anemograph stations to

define the isotachs for Northern Ireland, so it was
necessary to incorporate addkionzd data from Eire
in order to allow interpolation up to the national
border. This was done by comparing results from
the storms analysis for Northern Ireland with a
map, prepared by the Irish Meteorological Service,
showing isotach.s of gust speeds having an annuaf
risk of being exceeded of Q = 0.02.
BS6299:Part
Annex B
B.3 Direction
factor
The same analyais was performed on the series of

maximum wind speeds from each 30 wind
direction sector, to yield ratios of the sectorial
extreme to the al-direction extreme for wind
speed and dynamic pressure. After correction for
site exposure, the directional characteristics of
extreme winds showed no significant variation with
location anywhere in the United Kingdom, with
the strongest winds blowing from dmctions southwest to west. This enabled one set of direction
factom to be proposed. The ratios calculated refer
to a given risk in each sector. However, due to
contributions from other sectom, the overall risk
wiIl be greater than the required value. The
direction factor Sd has been derived by adjusting
sectorial ratios to ensure an evenly distributed
overall risk.
B. 4 &aaonaf
factor
The overall storm maxima (irrespective of wind

direction) were arralysed for each month, using a
technique similar to that used for the annual
arralyaes. Given the risk of a value being exceeded
by month, the risk in any longer period is the sum
of the monthly risks. The seasonal characteristics
of strong winds also show no significant variation
across the UK so, again, one set of factors could be
proposed .S,. The strongest winds usually occur in
mid-winter and the leaat windy period is between
June and August.
B.5 Verification
Annex C (informative)
Dynamic augmentation
C. 1 Dy-c
augmentation
factor
C. 1.1 General
The dynamic displacement of a structure in its
lowest-frequency mode can be related to the
comespondlng quaai-static displacement by the
product of two parametem: the buildlng height
factor Kh and the buifding type factor Ifb. The full
analysis of the governing relationships leads to
equations which are too complex for codification
purposes. A numerical evaluation and curve-fitting
exercise carried out for practical prismatic
buildings, including portd-fmme structures,
showed that simplifications could be made to the
algebraic relationships with only marginal loss of
accuracy within a range of mildly dynamic
structures.
C. 1.2 Full equation
The peak deflection (and hence peak stresses) can
be obtained by applying a factor to the static
deflection, where this factor is the ratio of the
actual peak deflection to the static peak deflection.
This ratio is defined here as (1 + C,) in terms of
the dynamic augmentation factor Cr given by
,.>
of the data
Since this analysis was performed, a further

10 years of data has become available which
doubles the data record and includes the severe
storms of October 1987 and of JanuaIY and
February 1990. A more recent anaiyais of the full
21-year records for ten of the original 50 sites
showed an improved analysis accuracy but the
values were not signfilcantly different from the
original analysis. This gives further cotildence that
the 1l-year period of the original analysis was
representative.
B. 6 Further
2:1995
(Cl)
sg
is the gust factor appropriate to

the size of the structure and
terrain and is given by
Sg = 1 + gt.$ for country terrain;
and Sg = 1 + g$t Zt for town
termin;
St> Tt, gt
are obtained from tables 22,

23 and 24, respectively.
Kh and I&
are parameters depending on the

building height and location and
on the form of constmction of the
building (see C.2). VahIeS of ffb
arc given in table 1.
information
References [8] and [ 10] to [14] give further

wind
information on the derivation of extreme
information.
Advice can also be obtained from the
Meteorological Office at the following addresses.
England and Wales Meteorological Office, Advisory
Service, London Road, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12
2S2. lkl: 01344856856 or 01344856207
Scotland: Meteorological Office, Saughton House,
Broomhouse Drive, Edinburgh EH11 3XQ. Tel:
01312448362 or 0131 2448363
Northern Ireland: Meteorological Office,
Pmgrssive House, 1 College Square Eaat,
Belfast ml 6BQ. Tel: O123? 328457
75
BS6399:Rtrt2
C. 1.3 Range
Annex C
:1995
of ualiditff
C.2.2 Default values of parameters
As long as the dynamic augmentation factor

remains in the mnge O s C, s 0.25 the method
works weU, and this range can be used as the
definition of mildly dynamic buifdings. With fully
dynamic buildings, which give values of Cr >0.25,
the method becomes leas accurate and generally
more conservative. The limits of C, < 0.25 and
If< 300 m in figure 3 serve to exclude these fuUy
dynamic structures from the protilons of this Part
of BS 6399.
Using the curve-fitted expressions for the buildlng

height factor F& and the buildhg type factor&
enables presentation of the values of C, to a good
aPPmximation by the family of curves presented in
figure 3. The equation for this family of curves is
)075
(C.2)
Cr = 800 log (If/ho)

where
ho
is a dimensional const&t
ho = O.lm.
C.2 Building height factor

factor
C.2. 1 Derivation
with value
and building
type
of values
The product Ifh x & given in equation (C. 1) is

given with ordy marginal 10SSof accuracy by
Kh X Kb =
[b
(C.4)
-E
Vb = 24
Kh - &2/3
(C.5)
~ ~/3
~ &
(C.6)
Kb=&
C. 1.4 Simple equation
&(~/&,
In figure 3 and equation (C. 2) standard @ues of

p-eters
have been assumed tn be given by the
fouowing,
The building height factor

equation (C. 6) varies only
terrain roughness, so that
terrain-independent form
Kh = (0.8H)075
is the terrain arrd building factor for mean

values given in 3.2.2, so that
So = Sc (1 + S~) for country termin;
and SO = & T.(1 + ~h) fOr tOWn tetrain
(from tables 22 and 23);
is the natural frequency of the
fundamental mode of vibmtion (in Hz);
is the diagonal size of the buildlng (in m);
is the stmctural damping of the building
as a fraction of critical;
is the basic hourly mean wind speed
(in m/s);
is a terrain correction factor such that
Kt = 1.33 at the sea coaat; and Kt = 0.75
at least 2 km inside town terrain.
NOTE Intermediate values of Kt could lx? obtained by
interpolation, taking the variation of SO = a guide.
Kh defined by
weakly with change of
a simple
given by
SC.8)
where His the buUding height in metres, can be

used without sitilcarrt
loss of accuracy. This
sirnp~lcation is used in figure 3 and
equation (C.2).
Values of the building type factor Kb given in
table 1, have been derived from data obtained
from a large number of completed buildings and
other structures.
C.3 More accurate
augmentation
assessment
of dynamic
If the assumptions used to derive the value of

dynamic augmentation factor C, are inappropriate
for the patilcular building, or if a more accurate
assessment is required, then the expression for the
product & x ffb @Ven by eqUatiOn (C.3) can be
used in conjunction with relevant values of the
parameters In particul=, values of Vb, & and K~
can be derived for the actual location and exposure
of the building, and values of no and ~ obtained
from measurements or predictions for the
stmcture.
63231
x [al C3)
where
(C.7)
BS6399:Part2
Annex D
Annex D (normative)
NIJTE 1. The annual mcde,

annual maximum value.
Probability factor and seasonal factor
NCflE 2. fir the serviceability limit, assuming tbe partial factor

for loads for the ultimate limit is y~ - 1.4 and for the
serviceability limit is Yf - 1.0, gtving
D. 1 Probability
factor
The basic wind speed as defined in clause 2.2.1 has

arr annual risk of being exceeded of Q = 0.02. lb
vary the basic wind speed for other such annual
probabilities the basic wind speed should be
multiplied by the probability factor SP @ven by
pEx%iY
(D. 1)
where Q is the snnusl probability required. This

expression corresponds to a Fisher-Tippett type 1
(FTl) model for dynamic pressurs that has a
characteristic product (mode/dLspemion ratio) value
of 5, which is vslid for the UK climate ordy.
A number of vslues of Sp for standard values of Q
sre relevant:
p -0.749
for Q = 0.632 (see note 1);
S, = 0.S45 for Q = 0.227 (see note 2);

p -
1.000 for Q = 0.02 (see note 3);
p = 1.048 for Q = 0.0083 (see note 4);

p -~1.4f0r
Q=
5.7 x 10-4 (see note 5);
corresponding
:1995
to the most likely
s, - m
- o~s
NUIT 3. The standard desigm value, corresponding
recurrence interval of 50 yearn.
NOTE 4. The design risk for bridges, corresponding
recunwnce interval of 120 yearn.
ta a mean
t. a mean
NUTE 5. The annual risk comqm.ding

to the standard partial
frwror for loads, corresponding m a mean recurrence interval of
1754 yeas. Eack-calculated awnning the partial factor load for
the ultimate limit is YC- 1.4 and all risk is ascribed to tbe
recurrence of wind.
NIJTE 6. The design risk for nuclear installations,
to a mean recurrence interval of 10 COOyew.
corresponding
D.2 Seaaomd factor

The seasonal factor S, maybe used for buildings
which are expected to be exposed to the wind for
specific subamrual periods, reducing the basic wind
speeds while maintaining the risk Q of Lr.ing
exceeded at a value 0.02 in the stated period. The
seasonal factor S~ may also be used in conjunction
with the probabfity factor Sp for other risks Q of
bebrg exceeded in the stated period. If values of S,
are used they should be taken fmm table D. 1.
p = 1.263 for Q = 10-4 (see note 6).
77
BS6399:RUt
Annex D
2:1995
.;
.:..
Annex
Annex
BS6399:Fart
E (infomtive)
lkrra.in categories and effective height

E. 1 Terrain categories
E. 1.1 Geneml
The roughness of the ground surface controls both
the mean wind speed and its turbulent
characteristics and is described by an effective
aemdynrunic roughness length Zo. Over a smooth
surface such as open country the wind sp+ed is
higher near the ground than over a rougher surface
such as a town. By deftig
three basic terrain
categories wind speeds can be derived for any
interrnediate category or to account for the
influence of differing upwind categories to that of
the site. The three basic categories defined in 1.7
are as foffows.
a) Sea. This applies to the sea, but also to infmrd
lakes which are large enough and close enough
to affect the wind speed at the site. Although
this standard dots not cover offshore structures,
it is necessary to define such a category so that
the gradual deceleration of the wind speed from
the coast inland can be quantitled and the wind
speed for any land-baaed site can be determined.
The aerodynamic rmrgbnesa length for sca is
taken as 20 = 0.003 m.
b) Cuutiry. This covers a wide range of terrain,
from the flat open level, or nearly level country
with no shelter, such as fens, airt3elds, moorland
or farmfand with no hedges or walls, to
undulating countryside with obstmctions such as
occasional buildings and windbreaks of trees,
hedges and walls. Examples are farmlands and
country estates and, in reality, all terrain not
othedefined or sea or town. The
aerodynamic roughnesa length for country is
taken as% = 0.03 m.
c) Tbwn. This terrain includes suburban rcgioms
in which the general level of ruof tops is about
5 m above @und level, encompassing all two
storey domestic housing, provided that such
buildings are at least as dense as normal
suburban developments for at least 100 m
upwind of the site. Whilst it is not easy to
quantify it is expected that the plan area of the
buifriings is at least 8 % of the total area within a
30 sector centred on the wind direction beiig
considered. The aerodynamic roughness length
for town is taken as% = 0.3 m.
of foresk3 and mature
NOTE.The aerodynamic mugbnvmdand
is similar to town terrain (z. - 0.3 m). It is
inadvkable to take advan-age of the shelter providrn by
woodland unless it is permanent (not likely to be clear
fd.+.
2:1995
E. 1.2 Variation qffetch

Fetch refers to the terrain directly upwind of the
site. The ar@tment
of wind speed characteristics
as the wind flows from one terrain to another is
not inatantr.neuus. At a change frum a smoother to
a rougher surface the mean wind speed is gradually
slowed down near the ground and the turbulence
in the wind increases.
This adjustment requires time to work up through
the wind prufde and at any site downwind of a
change in terrain the wind speed is at some
intermediate flow between that for the smooth
terrain and that for the fufly developed rough
terrain. The resulting gradual deceleration of the
mean speed and increase in turbulence has been
accounted for in tables 22 and 23 by defining the
site by ita distance downwind from the coast and,
in addition if it is in a town, by its distance from
the edge of the town.
Shelter of a site from a town upwind of the site has
not been allowed for, other than if the site is in a
town itself. lb do su would introduce too much
complexity with only a marginal saving irr the
resulting wind loads. However, [8] and [15] give
information on how to take such effects into
account.
It is important, if directional effects need to be
considered, to take full account of the effects of
teupwind of the site in conjunction with the
direction factor. This becomes even more important
if the effects of topography also need to be
considered, as the topographic increment Sh can be
large.
E.2 Effective
height
E.2. 1 In rough te-,

such as towns and cities,
the wind tends to behave as if the ground level was
raised to a height just below the average roof
height, leaving an indeterrninate rc@on below
which is often sheltered. This displacement height
ffd is a fUIICtiOXI of the plan area density and
general height of the buildings or obstructions. The
effective height, He of any build~
that is higher
than its surroundings in such terrain is thus the
reference height H, less the d~placement height
Hd. Thus He = H, Hd.
E.2.2 The d~pfacement height has been
determined by ESDU [16] from available references
for urban and wcedlzwd terrain. Ehacd on this
work the normal practical range of duplacement
heights has been found to be
0.75H0 < Hd < 0.90H0. A value of Hd = 0.8H0 has
been adcpted in 1.7.3.
79
BS6399:14U%2
:1995
Annex E
E. 2.3 This does not apply where the buildlng to be

designed is a similar height or lower than its
surmundhigs, A minimum effective height of
He . 0.47, has been adopted.
E. 2.5 Accelerated wind speeds occur close to the

baae of buildings which are si@lcantly
taller than
the displacement height. When considering low-rise
buildings which are close to other tall buildinm the
rules for effective height wilf not necessarily ~ead
to conservative values and specialist advice should
be sought,
E.2.4 The displacement height reduces with

separation distance X between buildin&
particularly across open spaces within, or at the
edge of, a built up area, as described in 1.7.3.3 and
illustrated in figure E. 1.
6 Ho
2HO>
Wind
~Hd
//,,//
Hr
He
JK
--
>-
f-,,
T~ 0.8 Ho
k
Figure E. 1 Effective
.-
heights in towns
-N
--. ,],,]/,,,>
Annex F
Amex
BS6299:Fart
F (informative)
Gust peak factor

A simplified formula [8] for gt given by
9t = 0.42 in (3600/t), where t is the gust duration
time in seconds, has been shown to be within a
few percent of more complex formulations as
proposed by Gm?enway [17] and ESDU [18]. For the
purposes of these procedures the simplifkd formula
was thus considered adequate. However, the value
of the gust factor in terms of the gust period t is
not of direct application to design. The problem is
rather to determine, for static structures, the
appropriate gust speed which will envelop the
stmcture or component to produce the maximum
loading thereon.
Fortunately for bluff type structures, such as
buildings, which can be designed statically, there is
a simple empirical relationship between the period
t and the characteristic size of the structurs or
element a given by
t=
4.5a/ VO
2:1995
By combining these two equations, a gmph can be

plotted of height against a/V, for town teto
give values of the gust peak factor gt. Thii is
shown in f~rc
F.1. For design purposes it is likely
that V~ will lie within the range
20 m/s < V, <30 m/s so that for a size of, for
example, 20 m, a/V, lies in the range
0.67s < aJV, < 1s. For a height of 20 m above
grrmnd, gt wind speed would be within * 1.8 %
over this range of site mean speed. Simifar
percentage changes would apply for different sizes
and heights. Comequently for these purposes the
vrdues of gt adopted have been based on a single
value of V, - 24 m/s, representative of the whole
of the UK. The resulting values of size a are then
shown as the abscissa on the graph of figure F.1
which enables gt to be read directly for given
heights and sizes. Factor gt is given in table 24 for
various heights and building sizes.
(F.1)
where
V.
is the relevant mean wind speed at height

H, given by V. = V& for country terrain;
and V. = V& T= for town terrain
NOTE. Acceleration of the wind speed by tqwgmphy dws not

signifkantiy affect the size of the gusts, w that topographic
increment Sk is not included in the equatiow for Vw
81
BS6299:Pert
2:1995
Annex F
., )
o
0
m.
0
0
(I@
/./
@!eq
aA!pfJe#q
BS6399:Part2
List of references
(see
:1995
clause 2)
Informative references
[1] ENGINEERING
SCIENCES DATA UNIT (ESDU). Wind Engineering.
London: ESDU InterrrationaL~l
(2] CONSTRUCITON INDUSTRY RESEARCH AND INFORMATION ASSOCIATION (CIRIA).

Engineering in thsEighties. London: CIRfA, 1981.4)
[3] SIMIU, E., and SCANLAN,
Wind
R.H. Wind Effects on .StWturws. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1978.
[4] NATIONAL COUNCIL OF CANADA. Suppfernent totAsNational

No. 17724, Ottawa: National Council of Canada, 19S0.
Building
COCI%of Canada, 1980. NRCC
of dssign wind spsed data: manual works~ets with ready-reckoner tabfes.

[5] COOK, N.J. Tlwasawmmi
(Supplement 1 to The &signers guids to wind foad of building struzturws [6,S] ). Gamton: Building
Research Establishment, 1985 (Reprinted with amendment 1991).
[6] COOK, N.J. The &?.signers gaide to wind foading of building structures.
London: Butterworth Scientific, 1985.
Rmt 2: Static structures.
[7] WILLFORD, bf.R., and ALLSOP, A.C. Dssign guids fb-r wirui loads on urrzfadfranwd building
structures during construction (Supplement 3 to W dssigrums guide to wind faadirrg of buildiny
structures [6, 81). Gamton: Building Research Establishment, 1990.
[8] COOK, NJ, The de-signers guirk to wind foading of imilding structures. F&t 1: Background,
SWTS?Y,WirJ-ddata ad St?%cturaL cfa.sst~ication. London: Butterworth Scientific, 1985.
[9] REINHOLD, T.A., ed. Wind Tunnel ModAlirrg
Cambridge Unive~ity Press, 1982.
fm Civil EWirreering Applications.
[ 10] COLLINGBOURNE, R.H. Wind data available in the Meteorolo~cal

1978, 3, 145-155.
damage
Cambridge:
Office. .Juur_nulof hrdu.sttia~
Aervdwwmics.
[11] COOK, N.J. lbwards better estimation of extreme winds. Jo-urnal of Wind Errginsering
Aerudynnmics. 19S2, 9, 295-323.
and Industrial
[12] COOK, N.J. Note on directional and seaaonal assessment of extreme winds for design. Jvurrzd of Wind
Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics
1983, 12, 365-372.
[13] COOK, NJ,, and PRIOR, M.J. Extreme wind climate of the United Kingdom. Journal
Engineering and Industrial Aervdy?ramirs. 1987, 26, 371-3S9.
[14] MAYNE J R. The estimation of extreme winds. Journal
of Industrial
Aerodynamics.
of Wind
1979, 5, 109-137.
[15] COOK, N. J., SMfTH, B. W., arrd HUBAND, M.V. BREprvgram

STRONGBLOU? users manual
(Supplement 2 to The dssignerk guids to wrrd foadirrg of &uildirrg structures [6,S]). BRE Microcomputer
package, Garston: Building Research Establishment, 1985.
[16] ENGINEERING SCIENCES DATA UNIT. Strong winds i. thx atmospheric bouruiarg faym Ftzrt 1:
Mean hourly wirrd speeds. Engineering Sciences Data Item S2026. London: ESDU International, 1990.
[17] GREENWAY, M.A. An smdytical approach to wind velocity gust factors. Journal
Aerodynamics. 1979, 6, 61-91.
of Industrial
[ 1S] ENGINEERING SCIENCES DATA UNIT. Strung winds i. tfrz atmospheric bwundary kzym F&t 2:
Disc-r%% gust speeds Engineering Wiences Data Item S3045. London: ESDU International, 19S3.
3) Available from: ESD~ Intemati.nal,

4) Available from: CIRIA, 6 Storeys
27 Cmham street,
Gate, London, sWIP
L.ordoc,
N1 6UA. Tel. 0171 4905161.
:3AU. Tel. {1171 222 S891.
BS 6399 :
Part 2:1995
BSI British Standards Institution

)S1is the independent national body responsible for preparing British
t-andards, It presents the UK view on standards in Europe and at the
ntemational level. It is incorpomted by Royal Charter.
;ontract requirements
i British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a
:ontract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct
~pplication.
ievisions
3ritish Standards are updated by amendment or revkion. Users of British

;tandards should make sure that they possess the latest amendments or
tiltions.
irry person who finds an inaccuracy or ambiguity while using this British
;taxrdard should bring it to the attention of the Quality Manager, BSI without
May so that the matter maybe investigated swiftly.
3S1offers membem an indWidual updating service called PLUS which ensures
hat subscribers automatically receive the latest editions of standards.
Brryirw standards
lrders for all BSI, international and foreign standards publications should be
@dressed to Customer Services, Sales Department at Chiswick:
Ikl: 0181996 7000; Fax: 01819967001.
h response to orders for international standards, it is BSI policy to supply the
6S1implementation of those that have been published as British Standatis,
unless otherwise requested.
hrformation
on standards
SS1provides a wide mrge of information on national, European and

international standards through its Library, the Standardline Databaae, the BSI
tnforrnation f&hnology Service (BITS) and its Technical Help to Exporters
Service. Contact the Information Department at Chiswick:
Tel: 0181996 7111; Fax: 01819967048.
Subscribing members of BSI are kept up to date with standards developments
and receive substantial diiounts on the purchase price of standards. For
details of these and other benefits contact Customer Services, Membemhip at
Chiswick: Tel: 0181996 7002; Fax: 01819967001.
Copyright
Copyright subsists in all BSI publications and no part maybe reproduced in
any form without the prior permission in writing of BSI. This does not
preclude the free use, in the coume of implementing the standard of necessary
detaik such as symbols and size, type or gmde designations including use by
incorporation into computer programs, but where these details are reproduced
including without limitation in printed form, in computer programs or in any
other form whatsoever, the permission in writing of B81 must be obtained and
if granted wi13be on terms including royalty, before the product is sold,
licensed or otherwise exploited for commercial gain. Enquiries about copyright
should be made to the Copyright Manager at Chiswick.
B81
389 Chiswick H@
London
W44AL
9508
10
Road
ISBN06S0
23661 X
Product cd,
00491767
B/525/ 1
p,
-.,
/--5==
-23-
30
~y;(,;~
.
,
Fig. 3
Maximum 60-minute mean wind speed (mls) with

return period 50 Yean.
METEOZOLUE!C2L
5!iiiVlGii
be
JO*
1,
1.1
.,...-..
.,
,{
>._
,..
. .
~v# ~, .-----
.,
,,.,. .,. ,. .,-.
~:
51
~~
T&:...,_,,
49
cj~
.
.+$
51
,.,
50
yJ
h
/.
,
~u
:;
(
47
52
51.-
(g:6:, -f:
. ..
-F#
,,
,..
-.
m/\
[
\
&,
s,
49
,.
,, .
. . ....-
,,-,
,.,
50,
.:.
,,
.:. .
.:.::
.
. . . ....- :-.,....-.
~~~
l+:;
s
49
-,. .
50
.,.,,
: .--,-=.-~-,
. ..
.. . . ..... --.,,
..
,.,::
.;.
!,......-. ,....
.
...
...
....
.----..,1, -, ,.-.
.
,.-.
.,.,
. .. ,.
-.
nshxi
refer
to
.,
$pccd
Q
j.
10*
. . . ..
-.~imufn wkid
- . . ...--
---:.-:-.:::y-.. -,,.
.. . . .. . . . .--.-,..-,,,. -...=.,.:.., . ... . . .
. .
. ..
,~,~,c;...
:,, ...
. .
.,
I
,.
m
hei9ht
o
of
guSt
( M/S/
lo m above
With
~cn
ret UPfl
p?F;Od
..
CV+l
coun Lry
50 ytors
.,

British Code BS 6399 1995 Part 2 Code of Practice For Wind Loads For Buildings 1

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Titolo originale

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

British Code BS 6399 1995 Part 2 Code of Practice For Wind Loads For Buildings 1

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

BS 6399:

Committees responsible for this

British Constructional Steelwork Association Ltd.

This British Standard, having

issued since publication

Outline of proceducc for calculating wirrd loads

Standard wind loads

Standard pressure coefficients

External pressure coefficients for walls

External pressure coefficients

Internal pressure coefficients

Dwectional wind loads

Directional wind speeds

Dnctional pressure coefficients

Necessary pruviaions for wind tunnel testing

Buifding-type faCtOr &

Dynamic pressure g= [in Pa)

Valves of dwection factor S,j

Factor .%,for standard methud

ExcemaA pressure cucfficients Cw for verticaI walk

Frictional drag coefficients

External pressure Cw coefficients for walls of circulm-plan buildhrgs

External presarrc coefficients

Cw for monOpirch mOfs Of buildin@

C& for duopitch roofs of build@s

External pressure coefficients

Reduction factor for multi-bay roofs

Net pressure coefficients CP for free-standing monopitch canopy roofs

Reduction factors for free-standing multi-bay camopy roofs

Internal pressure coefficients CPi for enclosed build@s

Internal pressure coefficients Cpi for buildings with dominant

coefficients CP for free-standing duopitch canopy roofs

pressure coefficients Cpi for open-sided buildings

Internal pressure coefficients Cpi for open-tOpped vertical ~lindem

Net pressure coefficients CP for long elements

Net pressure coefficients CP for free-standing W*

Gust peak factor gt

Values of L, and .Sh

External pressure coefficients Cp, for vertical walls of

factors Ic and Tt for sites in town terrain

Reduction factom for zone A on verticaf walls of polygon&plan

External pressure coefficients CP, for vertical gable w~k

External pressure coefficients Cw for windward-facing

ExtemaJ pressure coefficients Cw for flat roofs with sharp eaves

Reduction factor for zones A to D, H to J and Q to S of flat roofs

External pressure coefficients Cm for flat roofs with curved eaves

External pressure coefficients Cw for flat roofs with mansard eaves

External pressure coefficients CP, for pitched roof zones A to J

Extemaf pressure coefficients CR for pitched roof zOnes K tO S

External pressure coefficients

Cw for additional zones T to Y of

Intemaf pressure coefficients Cpj for open-sided buildings

D. 1 Values of seasonal factor

Flowchart illustrating outline procedure

Dynamic augmentation factor C,

effect factor Ca of standard method

Definition of diagonal of loaded areas

Basic wind speed Vb (in rds)

Definition of significant topography

Definition of topographic dimensions

location factors for hills and ridges

kxation factors for cliffs and escarpments

Division of buildings by parts for lateral loads