Acropolis Technical Campus, Indore 452020

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

Lab-Electronic Instrumentation

Group/Title: CRO

Evaluation

Type/Periods Explorative

Name

Enrollment No.

Performing on
Extra
Regular

0875EC

First submission

Second submission

Grade and Remarks by the Tutor

1. Clarity about the objective of experiment
2. Clarity about the Outcome
3. Submitted the work in desired format
4. Shown capability to solve the problem
5. Contribution to the team work
Additional remarks
Grade: Cross the grade.
A B C D
Tutor

1. Title: Demonstration of CRO.

2. Outcome:
1. An ability to function in multi disciplinary teams for applications of working.

2. An ability to develop and conduct experimental investigations of complex problems of

measurement related to cathode-ray oscilloscope.
3. An ability to develop, select and use the modern techniques, tools and skills necessary for
engineering practice in measurement..

3. Objective and value addition:

After completing the

experiment, student should able:

1. To observe front panel control knobs of CRO and testing the components
2. Learning Operation of CRO through Block Diagram
3. Demonstration of Internal hardware of CRO with block diagram .
4 Understanding various performance parameters.
5. Demonstration of Alternate and Chop mode.
6 Differentiation between dual beam and dual trace oscilloscope.

3. Apparatus required
1. Demonstration kit of Dual Slope Cathode Ray oscilloscope-ST 2001.
2. Two CRO probes .
3. Function generator/ Signal generator.

4. Theory:

The CRO permits us to see the waveform in time domain. It is extensively used for the
development of electronic circuits. It allows the amplitude of electrical signals as a movement
of electron beam in Y- direction and by moving the electron beam simultaneously in Xdirection through voltage linearly proportional to time applied to the horizontal amplifier of
CRO. It is made visible by allowing the beam to impinge on a phosphorous surface which
produces a visible spot. If the electron beam is deflected in both the axes ( X & Y plates ) ,
the luminous spot creates two- dimensional display. Typically, the X-axis of the oscilloscope
is deflected at a constant rate, proportional to time and the Y-axis is deflected in response to
the amplitude of input stimulus.
OPERATION OF THE CRO
The cathode ray tube (CRT) is the heart of the CRO. Electronic circuitry is employed to
operate the CRT. The main parts are as shown in the figure 01 [A.K.Sawhney-pp 806-810 }
Electron gun assembly
Deflection plate assembly
Fluorescent screen
Glass envelope
Base through which connections are made to the output of vertical amplifier and
horizontal amplifier.

Fig. 1 Block diagram of CRO

TYPICAL TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS OF OSCILLOSCOPE-ST 2001

6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4

Frequency range
Resolution
Sensitivity
Attenuation

6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8

Input Coupling
Input Impedance
Maximum Input Voltage
Dual Beam

20Hz to 30MHz
10Hz to 10MHz
0.5 Volts
12 calibrated steps from 5mV/div to 20V/div
in 1-2-5 sequence
AC
1 Mega Ohms 25pf
200 V (DC + Peak AC)
Alternate & Chop Mode

FRONT PANEL CONTROLS

FUNCTION
7.1 Power ON/OFF
( Push Button + LED )
7.2 INTENSITY(knob)
7.3 FOCUS(knob)
7.4 XY

7.5 X-POS
7.6 TR
7.7

X5

7.8 EXT

7.9 TV

DESCRIPTION
Turns scope ON & OFF.
LED indicates operating condition
Controls the brightness of the trace.
Controls the sharpness of the trace
Switch when pressed cuts off the time
base
and allows access the Ext.
Horizontal signal to be fed through Ch. II
(Used for X-Y display).
Control Horizontal position of the trace.
Controls the alignment of the trace with
gratitude (Screw Driver Adjustment)
Switch when pushed offers horizontal gain
of 5.
Switch when pressed allows external
Triggering signal to be fed from the
socket marked TRIG.INP
Switch when pressed allows video signal
at Frame frequency (up to 20 KHz) to be locked.

7.10 TIME/DIV
7.11 AUTO/NORMAL

Switch selects times base speeds

Switch selects auto/normal position. Auto permits
trace for no signal at the input. In normal mode the
trigger level can be varied from the positive peak to
negative with LEVEL control.

7.12 +/7.13 LEVEL

Selects the slope of triggering.

Control the trigger level from peak to peak
amplitude of the signal.

7.14 TRIG.INP

Socket provided to feed external trigger signal in

EXT mode.

7.15 CALOUT

Socket provided for 200 mVp-p square wave output,

used for probe compensation and checking vertical
sensitivity etc.
It is not accurate.

7.16 Y POS I&II

Controls provided for vertical deflection for trace of

each channel.

7.17 VOLTS/DIV

Switches select the sensitivity of each

Channel.

7.18 CT

Switch when pressed converts scope to

component tester.
BNC connectors serves as input connection for CH I
and CH II.
Channel II input also serves as horizontal input for
horizontal external signal.
Input coupling switch for each channel.
In AC mode the signal is coupled through 0.1 MFD
capacitor.

7.19 CH I (Y) & CH II (X)

7.20 DC/AC/GD

7.21 TRIG-I/TRIG-II
7.22 MONO/DUAL
7.23 ALT / CHOP

7.24 CT-IN

7.25 HOLD OFF

7.26 Z ( On rear side )

Switch when pressed triggers channel II

Switch selects the operation with the
channel I only or both the channels.
Switch selects the trigger signal whether from CH I
or
CH II for signal display in CHII this must be
pressed.
To test any component in the CT mode ,put one test
probe in this socket .
Connect the other test probe in ground socket.
Controls holdoff time between sweeps.
Terminal provided for Z-modulation.

OPERATING INFORMATION ABOUT CRO:

Fig.2 Trace and Retrace

Before applying power to the oscilloscope it is recommended to follow the following
procedures.
Check that all pushbuttons are in the released state ( OUT ).
Rotate the four variable controls with arrows, i.e. TIME/DIV variable control, CH- I
and CH-II attenuator variable controls, and HOLD OFF control fully counter clock
wise to their calibrated position.
Set all controls with marker lines to their mid-range positions (marker lines pointing
vertically ).
Both DC_AC_GD input coupling switches should be set to the GD position.
8.1

Switch on the oscilloscope by pressing the red POWER pushbutton.

LED will illuminate to indicate power on.
The trace becomes visible after a period of about 10 seconds.

8.2

Adjust the Y_POS and X_POS controls to center the baseline.

8.3

Adjust INTENS.(Intensity) & FOCUS controls for medium brightness and

optimum sharpness of the trace. The oscilloscope is now ready to use.

8.4

Connect one end of the CRO probe to either CH-I or CH-II input of the
oscilloscope and another end to the signal source (Function generator or the
Signal Generator).
For selecting channel I the front panel Button CH-I / CH-II must be OUT
For selecting channel II, the button should be depressed.

8.5

While connecting the signal use automatic triggering.

8.6

Use the VOLT/DIV control to adjust the amplitude of the signal before it is
applied to the vertical deflection plates.

8.7

Use TIME/DIV control to set the amount of time per div represented horizontally

across the screen.

8.8

Both the channels can be used simultaneously by depressing the DUAL button.
Two signals can be displayed together in this button position (alternate mode).
This mode is not suitable for displaying slow running processes. The display then
flickers too much.

8.9

If the chop button is depressed in addition to DUAL, both channels are switched
over constantly at a high frequency within the sweep period. Slow running
processes below I KHz are then also displayed without any flicker.

8.10

(a) Press the ADD button to add the signals of both channels algebraically added.
The difference is obtained if one of the channels is in invert mode.
Sum of the two signals is obtained if INVERT button is released.
(b) For X-Y operation, the pushbutton marked X-Y must be depressed. The
channel I is Y and channel II is X.

8.11

Try changing the various controls on the function generator/signal generator.

Observe the changes in the output. You can plot various different signals on the
same scale as well as the same signal on different scales by changing the
VOLT/DIV & TIME/DIV controls on the scope.
When you get a useful display set the function generator to a particular
frequencysine wave output & adjust the scope so that two or three cycles can be
seen on the screen.
Now try adjusting the trigger level and slope controls. Describe your results in
your report.

8.12
8.13
8.14
8.15

As an example of quantitative measurements he will determine the rise time of

the square wave output of the function generator.This is defined as the time
required for the voltage to change from 10% to 90% of its final value
By speeding up the sweep enough you should be able to find the 10% and 90%
points and read the time between them from the calibrated scale.

9. REPORT
Q.1. When do we use AC coupling?
Ans. To display AC signals with no DC content.
Q.2 When do we use DC coupling?
Ans. To monitor the amount of DC content in the input signal.
Q.3 Why do you require horizontal sweep in the oscilloscope?
Ans. To get horizontal deflection from left to right we need horizontal sweep.
Q.5 Where do we use Z-modulation? Give an example.
Ans. In spot wheel method we use Z-modulation to find the unknown frequency w.r.t known
frequency.
REFERENCES
[1] A.K. sawhney, instrumentation & measurment,1/e 2002,Dhanpat Rai & co.
[2] Stanley Wolf & Richard F.M. Smith, Student Reference Manual1/e, 1996 PHI.

Prepared by
Nilesh Chaurasia

Date
02.09.2014

Modified on