International Journal of Electrical, Electronics and Communication Engineering (IJEEC)

Vol. 1, Issue. 1, April 2015

ISSN (Online): 2395-6747

Simulation of Models for Controlling Blood Volume

Mechanism
1

Jaisre.K, 2Sudha Priyadarshini.N, 3Shenbaga Devi.S

1

PG Student, 2Teaching Fellow, 3Professor

Department of ECE, College of Engineering, Anna University, Chennai, INDIA

Abstract: A physiological model of feedback mechanism for
between 700 and 2000ml for 2 liters fluid intake.
controlling blood volume is developed using the parameters
Extracellular fluid volume (ECFV) usually denotes all body
from an existing model. These include values of Blood Volume,
fluid outside of the cells. Volume of ECF is typically 15 L.
Cardiac Output, Arterial Pressure, Daily Fluid Intake,
Urinary output and Extracellular Fluid Volume. Mathematical
2. BACKGROUND:
model is developed initially using the existing equations. From
the biofeedback mechanism, it can be inferred by the increase
Manjiri R. Purohit, V. D. Hajare Performance
in the blood volume; it is later controlled and normalised by
Evaluation of Heart from its Mathematical Model using
the changes occurring in values of cardiac output, arterial
Matlab Simulink. International Journal of Innovative
1
Anjanaexisting
Francis, 2C.Muruganantham
pressure and urinary output.
The previously
Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE) ISSN:
misconceptions can be analyzed using this developed model.
2278-3075, Volume-1, Issue-6, November 2012.[5]
1,2
Department
ECE, Nehru
College of Engineering
andpresents
Research
Along with the existing parameters
total of
peripheral
resistance
This paper
theCentre
Mathematical modeling of
is been added as a new parameters for this model and
the biological systems that plays a vital role in
Thrissur, understanding
INDIA
electrical analog for the same has been constructed.
of their activities and abnormalities

associated with them. Various approaches are there in

existence for the mathematical representation of the
systems. This paper discusses mathematical modeling of
the heart based on the activity of the heart by carotid
baroreflex control mechanism as a stimulant.

Keywords: Blood Volume, Cardiac Output, Arterial Pressure,

Urinary Output, Daily Fluid Intake and Extracellular Fluid
Volume.

1.

INTRODUCTION:
Prof. Ji Holk Windkessel model analysis in
matlab Am. J. Physiol. 273 (2000) H19-H27[6]
This paper briefly describes three Windkessel
models and demonstrates application of Matlab for
mathematical modelling and simulation experiments with
the models. Windkessel models are usually used to describe
basic properties vascular bed and to study relationships
among hemodynamic variables in great vessels. Analysis of
a systemic or pulmonary arterial load described by
parameters such as arterial compliance and peripheral
resistance is important for example in quantifying the
effects of vasodilator or vasoconstrictor drugs.

The term biofeedback can be defined as the

biological response within a system that influences the
continued activity of the system. In essence, it is the control
of a biological reaction. Here the bio feedback mechanism
is termed as the biological response which regulates
mechanism to maintain system normal. The increase in
blood volume from 5 liters should be returned back to 5 the
same by changes in the other parameters like cardiac
output, arterial pressure, urinary output and extracellular
fluid volume within the cycle. While considering the
existing model [1], some misconceptions are present which
can be proven to be false. These false interpretations can be
analyzed by our model.

Jean-Pierre Montani1 and Bruce N. Van Vliet2

(2009). Understanding the contribution of Guytons large
circulatory model to long-term control of arterial
pressure.[1].

Blood is the fluid that circulates through the heart,

arteries, and veins and is the chief means of
transport within the body. The total quantity of blood in an
individual depends upon body weight; a person weighing
70 kg has about 4.5 liters of blood in the body. Cardiac
output is the volume of blood being pumped by the heart, in
particular by a left or right ventricle in the time interval of
one minute. Normal range 4 to 8 l/min. Arterial pressure is
the pressure of the circulating blood on the arteries; arterial
pressure is the product of cardiac output and vascular
resistance. Its normal range 120/80mmhg. Urinary output
is the total volume of urine excreted daily, normally

This paper describes the Guytons circulatory

model is the instrumental exploration in the linkage
between blood pressure and sodium balance in
demonstrating the importance of renal salt and water
balance in setting the blood pressure. In both the model and
experimental data, any imbalance between salt intake and
salt excretion leads to a progressive alteration of the degree
of filling of the vascular system and simultaneous changes
in blood pressure.

International Journal of Electrical, Electronics and Communication Engineering (IJEEC)

Vol. 1, Issue. 1, April 2015
ISSN (Online): 2395-6747
of the blood flow and the urinary output increases by the
vessels that flow though the system increases and the
extracellular fluid volume will be decided by the
summation of the daily fluid intake, fluid loss and urinary
output. So finally when the extracellular fluid volume
changes that simultaneously changes the blood volume.

Frantiek
Lopot,1
Bohdan
Nejedl,2
Sylvie
Sulkov3(2000) Continuous Blood Volume Monitoring and
Ultrafiltration Control Hemodial Int, Vol. 4, 814, 2000[9].
This paper describes about the Continuous blood
volume monitoring (CBVM) is believed to be a promising
method for making the determination of patients dry
weight more objective, and ultrafiltration (UF) control
more appropriate. Although blood volume response to UF
and the interrelation between blood volume changes and
changes in hemodynamic parameters are highly individual,
certain principles of this response and interrelation can be
identified and exploited for effective use of CBVM.

4 .a BIOFEEDBACK MODEL FOR BLOOD VOLUME

CONTROL
The model shows that the system is a biofeedback
mechanism as the inputs are inter dependent. Ones output
depends in the input of the preceeding function.

3. METHODOLOGY:
From the existing model the parameters are been
selected and mathematical model is been deduced and
simulated as the graphical model.
EXISTING MODEL

PARAMETER ESTIMATION

MATHEMATICAL MODEL

Figure 2: Biofeedback Mechanism For Blood

Volume Control[2]

SIMULATION
(GRAPHICAL MODEL)
4.

After checking the normal conditions for the model

the abnormal conditions also been analysed. The diabetic

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Figure 3: Output of the Biofeedback Mechanism [2]

melitus condition and the renial failure conditions are been
analysed comparing to the normal conditions.

Figure1: Block Diagram of Biofeedback Mechanism for

Blood Volume Control.

4.b MISCONCEPTIONS:

The changes in blood volume implies the equal

changes in the cardiac output by increasing the heart beat
and that influences the arterial pressure to increase by the
changes in the resistance of the blood flow and the viscosity

The misconceptions are the misunderstanding factors that is

been considerd in the model are as follows
9

International Journal of Electrical, Electronics and Communication Engineering (IJEEC)

Vol. 1, Issue. 1, April 2015
ISSN (Online): 2395-6747
The Primary Renal dysfunction is the origin to
hypertension.[1]
This is false interpretation for hypertension the primary
renal dysfunction is not the origin of the hypertension,
hypertension is the origin for the renal dysfunction. Some
other conditions that would cause hypertension are
Mineralocorticoid producing tumor, Coartation of aorta
and Sympathetic over activity. So finally whatever the
cause of hypertension, it ends in modifying kidney to
excrete salt and H2O for given BP level otherwise it
increases excretion and at end returns to regular BP level.

resistance is also been added in the biofeedback

mechanism.
Total peripheral resistance can be defined by the
resiatance that is offered by the vessel is been measured by
the pressure that the blood leaves when the blood is been
entering the blood vessel.
This parameter is been included between the cardiac
output and the arterial pressure as the resistance also
describes the pressure changes.
4.d ELECTRICAL ANALOG MODEL:

The role of Central Nervous System in Blood Pressure

regulation is limited.[1]

The electrical analog is been created for the

cardiac output and arterial pressure, windkessel model is
the model that been used for the equivalent electrial analog
for the cardiac output and the arterial pressure.

The role of Central Nervous System functions for

only rudimentary representation. The Effects of
sympathetic stimulation is limited to renal effects. The
Central Nervous System releases some substances to
influence renal function are Vasopressin-peptide hormone,
Adreno Cortico tropic hormone, Gamma-Melanocyte and
Digitalis glycosides. Our existing model, central nervous
system is not controlling Blood Pressure level; Central
Nervous System controls only kidney renal functions.

The winkessel model is a simplified model that

the arterial system of the heart is been modelled as an
electrical storage model as the arteries is the interconnected
of storage system and these models are in three forms as
two element winkessel model, three element and four
element.

Changes in Mean arterial pressure is linked with the

changes total blood volume.[1]
The Blood Pressure is not the function for total
blood volume. Directly acting on kidney: Noradrenalin or
angiotensin to promote sodium retention. Vasoconstriction
increases Blood Pressure rapidly, that leads to natriuresis
thus decrease blood volume. Vasoconstrictor agents
decrease the vascular capacitance that permitting the
maintenance of high BP value with a low blood volume.
Simulation of these states in our model reveals a state of
overfilling of circulation with increased Mean Circulatory
Fluid Pressure & Arterial volume in excess despite the
decreased total blood volume
Whole body Blood flow auto regulation is the cause
of volume-loading hypertension [1] Auto regulation is the
organ or tissue that adjusts its blood flow by local
mechanisms. And it is outside of the main feedback of renal
body fluid feedback mechanism. Due to opposing Pressure
induced distension of arterioles, auto regulation reduces the
change in Extracellular Fluid Volume, Blood Volume &
Cardiac Output that may otherwise be required to Increase
Blood Pressure to achieve sodium balance. Auto regulation
converts the renal fluid feedback mechanism for regulating
the Blood Pressure in highly effective manner without
changing the fluid volumes.

Figure 4: Windkessel Model of the System[4]

a)2WM- 2 Element Winkessel Model
b)3WM- 3 Element Winkessel Model
c)4WM- 4 Element Winkessel Model
These models represents the hearts equivalent electrical
model and the used elements in the winkessel model the R
is the resistance of the blood vessel its the total peripheral
resistance, C is the compliance of the artery,r is the aortic or
pulmonary valve pressure and L is the inertia of the blood
flow.
From these models the differential equations are got
and finding the transfer function for the equations and been
modeling in the MATLAB simulink. From the output of the
winkessel models the arterial pressure is been analysed.

4.c IDENTIFICATION OF NEW PARAMETER:

Apart from the used parameters blood volume, cardiac
output, arterial pressure, urinary output, daily fluid intake
and extracellular fluid volume the total peripherial
10

International Journal of Electrical, Electronics and Communication Engineering (IJEEC)

Vol. 1, Issue. 1, April 2015
ISSN (Online): 2395-6747
5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS:

88.74
109.33

When considering the model the changes in blood

volume affects the cardiac output by increasing the heart
beat so if there is any increase in the blood volume that
changes the cardiac output also.
Table 1: Tablulation for blood volume and cardiac output
Blood volume(liters)
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
5.0

Total peripheral resistance is been calculated by

pressure divided by the cardiac output
Table 5: Total Peripheral Resistance Values

Cardiac output(l/min)
3.0
3.6
4.2
4.9
5.3

Pressure
( mmHg)

Parameters

Normal range

1)

Blood volume

3.5 to 5( liters)

Cardiac output

4 to 8 (liters/min)

3)

Arterial Pressure

120/80(mmHg)

4)

Urinary Output

0.8 to 2 (liters)

5)

Daily fluid intake

Extracellular fluid
volume
Total peripheral
resistance

Upto 2 liters

2)

6)
7)

Total
Peripheral
Resistance
(Mmhg.min/l)
17.07
17.04
16
14.1

CONCLUSION

Finally the model is been analysed by addition of

the parameter in the model between the cardiac output and
the arterial pressure and the equivalent electrical analog
also been constructed and analysed.
References
(1)

Jean-Pierre Montani1 and Bruce N. Van Vliet2

(2009)Understanding the contribution of
Guytons large circulatory model to long-term
control of arterial pressure 2009 The Authors.
Journal compilation.

(2)

Wylie Churchill-Davidson's A Practice

Anesthesia 7th Edition

(3)

Dr. Arthur C. Guyton textbook of medical

physiology isbn 0-7216-0240-1 international
Edition ISBN 0-8089-2317-X Copyright 2006,
2000, 1996, 1991, 1986, 1981, 1976, 1971, 1966,
1961, 1956 by Elsevier Inc.

(4)

Hauser, J. Park, J. Loek, M. Havlk, J.:

system analyze of the windkessel models.In
BioDat 2012 Conference on Advanced
Methods of Biological Data and Signal
Processing [CD-ROM]. Praha: esk vysok
uen technick v Praze, 2012, vol. 1, p. 7-11.
ISBN 978-80-01-05153-5.

(5)

Manjiri R. Purohit, V. D. Hajare(2012)

Performance Evaluation of Heart from its
Mathematical Model using Matlab Simulink
International Journal of Innovative Technology
and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE) ISSN:
2278-3075, Volume-1, Issue-6, November 2012.

(6)

Lambermont, B., et. al.: Comparison between

15 liters
9 to 20
(mmHg.min/l)

Table 3: Tabulation for Cardiac Output and Arterial

Pressure
Arterial pressure(mmHg)
23.71
63.86
88.74
109.33

Next the urinary output comes that is changed due to

the renal vessels that flow through the system causes the
urinary output to change.
Table 4: Tabluation for Arterial Pressure and Urinary
Output
Arterial pressure(mmHg)
23.71
63.86

4.1
4.4
5
6
6.

After the cardiac output in the model the arterial

pressure comes that changes due to the increase in cardiac
output or due to the total peripheral resistance or the
viscous nature of the blood.

Cardiac output(l/min)
3.6
4.2
4.9
5.0

Cardiac Output
(l/min)

70
75
80
85

Table 2: Normal Values of the Model

No

2.19
3.01

Urinary output(l/day)
0.8
1.09
11

of

International Journal of Electrical, Electronics and Communication Engineering (IJEEC)

Vol. 1, Issue. 1, April 2015
ISSN (Online): 2395-6747
Three- and Four-Element Windkessel Models to
Characterize Vascular Properties of Pulmonary
Circulation, Arch. Physiol. And Biochem. 105
(1997) 625-632.
(7)

Evans RG,Malpas SC, Osborn JW& Fink GD

(2005). Neural, hormonal and renal interactions
in long-term blood pressure control. Clin Exp
Pharmacol Physiol 32, 372373.

(8)

Guyton AC (1990). Long-term arterial pressure

control: an analysis from animal experiments and
computer and graphic models. Am J Physiol
Regul Integral Comp Physiol 28, R865R877.

(9)

Frantiek Lopot,1 Bohdan Nejedl,2 Sylvie

Sulkov3(2000) Continuous Blood Volume
Monitoring and Ultrafiltration Control Hemodial
Int, Vol. 4, 814, 2000.

12