Sia3e SSM 03

Chapter 3
Section 3.1
Are You Ready for This Section?
R1. Substitute x = 5 and y = 4, and simplify:
2 x 3 y = 2(5) 3(4)
= 10 12
= 2
R2. 2(4) 3(1) ! 11
8 + 3 ! 11
11 = 11 True
Yes, (4, 1) is on the graph of 2x 3y = 11.
R3. y = 3 x 7
Let x = 0, 1, and 2.
x = 0 : y = 3(0) 7
y = 07
y = 7
R5. 4 x 3 y = 15
3 y = 4 x + 15
4 x + 15
y=
3
4
y = x5
3
4
The slope is
and the y-intercept is 5.
3
R6. The additive inverse of 4 is 4 because
4 + (4) = 0.
R7. 2 x 3 ( 3 x + 1) = 36
2 x + 9 x 3 = 36
11x 3 = 36
11x = 33
33
x=
= 3
11
The solution set is {3}.
Section 3.1 Quick Checks
x = 1: y = 3(1) 7
y = 37
y = 4
1. A system of linear equations is a grouping of two

or more linear equations, each of which contains
one or more variables.
x = 2 : y = 3(2) 7
y = 67
y = 1
2. A solution of a system of equations consists of

values of the variables that satisfy each equation
of the system.
Thus, the points (0, 7), (1, 4), and (2, 1) are
on the graph.
3. 2 x + 3 y = 7
3 x + y = 7
a.
2
5
(2,1)
(1,4)
8
178
Let x = 2 and y = 1 in both equations (1) and

(2).
Equation (1): 2 ( 2 ) + 3 (1) ! 7
4+3! 7
7=7
Equation (2): 3 ( 2 ) + (1) ! 7
6 +1 ! 7
7 7
Although these values satisfy equation (1),
they do not satisfy equation (2). Therefore,
the ordered pair (2, 1) is not a solution.
(0,7)
R4. The slope of the line we seek is m = 3, the same

as the slope of y = 3x + 1. The equation of the
line is
y y1 = m ( x x1 )
y 3 = 3 ( x 2 )
y 3 = 3 x + 6
y = 3 x + 9
(1)
(2)
b.
Let x = 4 and y = 5 in both equations (1)

and (2).
Equation (1): 2(4) + 3(5) ! 7
8 + 15 ! 7
7=7
Copyright 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 3: Systems of Linear Equations and Inequalities
SSM: Intermediate Algebra

Equation (2): 3(4) + 5 ! 7
12 + 5 ! 7
7 = 7
These values satisfy both equations, so the
ordered pair ( 4, 5 ) is a solution.
c.
Let x = 2 and y = 1 in both equations

(1) and (2).
Equation (1): 2(2) + 3(1) ! 7
4 3 ! 7
7 7
Equation (2): 3(2) + (1) ! 7
6 1 ! 7
7 = 7
the ordered pair (2, 1) is not a solution.
4. If a system of equations has no solution, it is said

to be inconsistent.
5. If a system of equations has infinitely many
solutions, the system is said to be consistent and
the equations are dependent.
6. False. If the graphs of the equations are parallel
lines, then the system will have no solution.
7. True
8. True
9. y = 3x + 10
(1)
y = 2x 5
(2)
The two equations are in slope-intercept form.

Graph each equation and find the point of
intersection.
y
10
y = 2x 5
(3, 1)
10
10 x
y = 3x + 10
The solution is the ordered pair (3, 1) .
10. 2 x + y = 1
(1)
2 x + 2 y = 10 (2)
Equation (1) in slope-intercept form is

y = 2x 1. Equation (2) in slope-intercept form
is y = x + 5. Graph each equation and find the
point of intersection.
y
2x + 2y = 10
(2, 3)
5
5
5
2x + y = 1
The solution is the ordered pair (2, 3) .
(1)
11. y = 3x 5
5 x + 3 y = 1
(2)
Substituting 3x 5 for y in equation (2), we

obtain
5 x + 3 ( 3 x 5 ) = 1
5 x 9 x 15 = 1
4 x 15 = 1
4 x = 16
x = 4
Substituting 4 for x in equation (1), we obtain
y = 3 ( 4 ) 5 = 12 5 = 7.
The solution is the ordered pair (4, 7).
12. 2 x + y = 2
(1)
3 x 2 y = 2
(2)
Equation (1) solved for y is y = 2x 2.

Substituting 2 x 2 for y in equation (2), we
obtain
3 x 2 ( 2 x 2 ) = 2
3 x + 4 x + 4 = 2
x + 4 = 2
x = 6
Substituting 6 for y in equation (1), we obtain
2(6) + y = 2
12 + y = 2
y = 10
13. The basic idea in using the elimination method is
to get the coefficients of one of the variables to
be additive inverses, such as 5 and 5.
179
(1)
14. 2 x 3 y = 6
8 x + 3 y = 3
(2)
There is no need to multiply either equation by

any constant. Add the two equations.
2 x 3 y = 6
8 x + 3 y = 3
6 x
= 3
1
2
1
Substituting
for x in equation (1), we obtain
2
1
2 3 y = 6
2
1 3 y = 6
3 y = 7
7
y=
3
1 7
The solution is the ordered pair , .
2 3
x=
15. 2 x + y = 4
(1)
5 x + 3 y = 7
(2)
Multiply both sides of equation (1) by 3 and

add the result to equation (2).
6 x 3 y = 12
5 x + 3 y = 7
x
= 5
2(5) + y = 4
10 + y = 4
y = 6
16. 3 x + 2 y = 3
(1)
4 x 3 y = 6
(2)
Multiply both sides of equation (1) by 4,

multiply both sides of equation (2) by 3, and add
the results.
12 x + 8 y = 12
12 x 9 y = 18
y = 6
y=6
3x + 2(6) = 3
3 x + 12 = 3
3x = 9
x=3
180

17. While solving a system of equations, you have
eliminated the variable, and a false statement,
such as 8 = 0, results. This means that the
solution of the system is or { }.
18. 3 x + y = 2
(1)
6 x 2 y = 1
(2)
Multiply both sides of equation (1) by 2 and add

the result to equation (2).
6 x + 2 y = 4
6x 2 y = 1
0=5
The equation 0 = 5 is false, so the system has no
solution. The solution set is or { } . The
system is inconsistent.
The graphs of the equations (shown below) are
parallel, which supports the statement that the
system has no solution.
y
5
3x + y = 2
6x 2y = 1
19. When solving a system of equations, you have

eliminated the variable, and a true statement,
such as 11 = 11, results. This means that the
equations are dependent.
20. 3 x + 2 y = 8
(1)
6 x 4 y = 16
(2)

the results.
6 x + 4 y = 16
6 x 4 y = 16
0=0
The equation 0 = 0 is true, so the system is
dependent. The solution is
{( x, y ) | 3x + 2 y = 8} .
The graphs of the equations (shown below)
coincide, which supports the statement that the
system is dependent.

y
5
1
1
(12) + y = 7
3
5
1
4+ y = 7
5
1
y=3
5
y = 15
3x + 2y = 8
6x 4y = 16
21. 2 x 3 y = 16 (1)
3 x + 2 y = 19 (2)

the results.
6 x 9 y = 48
6 x + 4 y = 38
5 y = 10
y=2
2 x 3 ( 2 ) = 16
2 x 6 = 16
2 x = 10
x = 5
The graphs of the equations (shown below)
intersect at the point (5, 2), which supports the
statement that the solution of the system is
(5, 2).
y
3.1 Exercises
23. a.

the ordered pair (5, 3) is not a solution of the
system.
b.
25. a.
(5, 2)
Let x = 3, y = 7 in both equations (1) and

(2).
2 ( 3) + 7 = 6 + 7 = 13
5 ( 3) + 3 ( 7 ) = 15 + 21 = 6
Because these values satisfy both equations
(1) and (2), the ordered pair (3, 7) is a
solution of the system.

(2).
2 ( 5 ) + 3 = 10 + 3 = 13
5 ( 5 ) + 3 ( 3) = 25 + 9 = 16 6

(2).
5 (1) + 2 ( 2 ) = 5 + 4 = 9
10 (1) 4 ( 2 ) = 10 8 = 18
(1) and (2), the ordered pair (1, 2) is a
1
1
3 x + 5 y = 7 (1)
22.
1 x 2 y = 4 (2)
6
5
multiply both sides of equation (2) by 30, and
add the results.
20 x + 12 y = 420
5 x 12 y = 120
25 x = 300
x = 12
b.
Let x = 2, y = 1/ 2 in both equations (1)

and (2).
5 ( 2 ) + 2 ( 1/ 2 ) = 10 + ( 1) = 9
10 ( 2 ) 4 ( 1/ 2 ) = 20 + 2 = 18
(1) and (2), the ordered pair ( 2, 1/ 2 ) is a
27. consistent; independent

29. inconsistent
181
(1)
31. y = 3x
y = 2 x + 5
(2)

intersection.
y
5
(1, 3)
5
y = 2x + 5
y = 3x 5

33. 2 x + y = 2
(1)
x + 3 y = 9
(2)

y = 2x + 2. Equation (2) in slope-intercept form
1
is y = x 3. Graph each equation and find
3
the point of intersection.
y
5
2x + y = 2
5
x + 3y = 9
(3, 4)
5
35. y = x + 1
2
y + 2 x = 10
(1)
(2)
1
Substituting x + 1 for y in equation (2), we
2
get
1
x + 1 + 2 x = 10
2
1
2 x + 1 + 2 x = 2 (10 )
2
x + 2 + 4 x = 20
3x = 18
x=6
y = 2 ( 6 ) + 10 = 12 + 10 = 2.
182
37. x = y
3
3 x y = 3
Substituting
(1)
(2)
2
y for x in equation (2), we obtain
3
2
3 y y = 3
3
2 y y = 3
y = 3
2
x = ( 3) = 2 .
3
The solution is the ordered pair ( 2, 3) .
39. 2 x 4 y = 2
(1)
x + 2 y = 0
(2)
Equation (2) solved for x is x = 2y.

Substituting 2 y for x in equation (1), we
obtain
2 ( 2 y ) 4 y = 2
4 y 4 y = 2
8 y = 2
2
1
y=
=
8
4
1
Substituting for y in equation (2), we obtain
4
1
x + 2 = 0
4
1
x =0
2
1
x=
2
1
1
2
4
x + y = 10, 000
(1)
41.
0.05 x + 0.07 y = 650
(2)
Equation (1) solved for x is x = 10,000 y.

Substituting 10, 000 y for x in equation (2), we
obtain
0.05 (10, 000 y ) + 0.07 y = 650
500 0.05 y + 0.07 y = 650
0.02 y + 500 = 650
0.02 y = 150
y = 7500
Substituting 7500 for y in equation (1), we
obtain

x + 7500 = 10, 000
x = 2500
43. x + y = 5
(1)
x + 2 y = 14
(2)
Add equations (1) and (2).

x + y = 5
x + 2 y = 14
1
2 + 5 y = 3
2
1 + 5 y = 3
5 y = 4
4
y=
5
4
1
5
2
3y = 9
y=3
x + 3 = 5
x = 8
(1)
49. 0.05 x + 0.1 y = 5.25
0.08 x 0.02 y = 1.2
(2)
Multiply both sides of equation (1) by 0.2, and

0.01x + 0.02 y = 1.05
0.08 x 0.02 y = 1.2
45. x + 2 y = 5
(1)
3 x + 3 y = 9
(2)
Multiply both sides of equation (1) by 3, and

3 x 6 y = 15
3x + 3 y = 9
= 2.25
x = 25
0.05(25) + 0.1y = 5.25
1.25 + 0.1y = 5.25
0.1y = 4
y = 40
3 y = 24
y = 8
x + 2(8) = 5
x 16 = 5
x = 11
47. 2 x + 5 y = 3
(1)
5
1
(2)
x + 4 y = 2
2 x + 5 y = 3
4 x 5 y = 2
2 x
= 1
1
x=
2
Substituting 1 / 2 for x in equation (1), we obtain
0.09 x
51. 3 x + y = 1
6 x 2 y = 4
(1)
(2)
Equation (1) solved for y is y = 3x + 1.

Substituting 3x + 1 for y in equation (2), we
obtain
6 x 2 ( 3x + 1) = 4
6 x + 6 x 2 = 4
2 = 4
The system has no solution. The solution set is
or { } . The system is inconsistent.
y
3x + y = 1
1
2 1
1
2
6x 2y = 4
1
53. 5 x 2 y = 2
(1)
10 x + 4 y = 3
(2)

183
10 x 4 y = 4
10 x + 4 y = 3
0=7
{( x, y )
x + 3 y = 6} .
y
x
y = 2
3
4
x + 3y = 6
4 2
2
10x + 4y = 3
1
1
1
5x 2y = 2
55.
y = x +1
(1)
2
2 x 4 y = 4
(2)
1
2
obtain
1
2 x 4 x + 1 = 4
2
2 x 2 x 4 = 4
4 = 4
The system is dependent. The solution is
{( x, y ) | 2 x 4 y = 4}.
y
(1)
(2)
x
Equation (2) solved for y is y = + 2.
3
x
Substituting + 2 for y in equation (1), we
3
obtain
x
x + 3 + 2 = 6
3
xx+6=6
6=6
184
y
4
4 2
1
2
x + 3y = 9
2
4
4 2x 4y = 4
1
2
y = x+1
4
2
x
2
2 4
2
57. x + 3 y = 6
x
3 y = 2
1
59. x 2 y = 6
(1)
3
1
x + 3 y = 9
(2)
2
the results.
x 6 y = 18
x + 6 y = 18
0=0
x 2 y = 6.
( x, y )
3
1
x 2y = 6
3
61. x + 3 y = 0
(1)
2 x + 4 y = 30
(2)
Because the coefficient of x in equation (1) is 1,

we use substitution to solve the system.
Equation (1) solved for x is x = 3y.
Substituting 3y for x in equation (2), we
obtain
2 ( 3 y ) + 4 y = 30
6 y + 4 y = 30
10 y = 30
y=3
x + 3 ( 3) = 0
x+9 = 0 .
x = 9
63. x = 5 y 3
(1)
3 x + 15 y = 9
(2)
Because equation (1) is already solved for x, we

use substitution to solve the system.
Substituting 5 y 3 for x in equation (2), we
obtain
3 ( 5 y 3) + 15 y = 9
15 y + 9 + 15 y = 9
9=9
{( x, y ) x = 5 y 3}.
65. 2 x 4 y = 18
(1)
3 x + 5 y = 3
(2)
Because none of variables have a coefficient of

1, we use elimination to solve the system.
add the results.
6 x 12 y = 54
6 x 10 y = 6
22 y = 60
60
30
y=
=
22
11
30
for y in equation (1), we
Substituting
11
obtain
30
2 x 4 = 18
11
120
= 18
2x +
11
120
11 2 x +
= 11(18)
11
22 x + 120 = 198
22 x = 78
78 39
=
x=
22 11
30
39
11
11
1
5
(1)
67. x y = 5
6
3
x + 2 y = 1
(2)
5
Because none of the variables have a coefficient
of 1, we use elimination to solve the system.
the results.
5 x 2 y = 30
5 x + 2 y = 5
0 = 25
69. 2 x + y = 5
(1)
5 x + 3 y = 1
(2)
Write each equation in slope-intercept form.

2 x + y = 5
5x + 3 y = 1
y = 2 x 5
3 y = 5 x + 1
5 x + 1
y=
3
5
1
y = x+
3
3
Since the equations have different slopes, the
lines are neither parallel nor coincident. Thus,
the system must have exactly one solution.
(1)
71. 3 x 2 y = 2
6 x + 4 y = 4
(2)
Write each equation in slope-intercept form.

3x 2 y = 2
6 x + 4 y = 4
2
3
2
4 y = 6x + 4
y = x
6x + 4
3 x 2
y=
y=
4
2
3
3
y = x +1
y = x +1
2
2
Because both equations have the same slopeintercept form, the two lines are coincident.
Thus, the system is dependent and has an infinite
number of solutions.
73. a.
Equation of line through (1, 3) and (3, 1):

1 3
2
1
m=
=
=
3 ( 1) 4
2
1
( x 3)
2
1
3
y 1 = x +
2
2
1
5
y = x+
2
2
y 1 =
Equation of line through (2, 1) and (4, 5):

5 ( 1) 6
y y
m= 2 1 =
= =1
x2 x1 4 ( 2 ) 6
y 5 = 1( x 4 )
y 5 = x4
y = x +1
185

b.
Solve the system formed by the equations

found in part a.
(1)
y = x +1
1
5
(2)
y = 2 x + 2
obtain
1
5
x +1 = x +
2
2
5
1
2 ( x + 1) = 2 x +
2
2
2x + 2 = x + 5
3x = 3
x =1
Substituting 1 for x in equation (1), we
obtain y = 1 + 1 = 2.
75. The two lines intersect in the second quadrant.

Of the choices provided, the ordered pairs
(3, 1) and (1, 3) are the only ones that are in
the second quadrant. Therefore, the answers are
(c) and (f).
77. Ax + 3By = 2
3 Ax + By = 11
Substitute 3 for x and 1 for y in the system and

solve for A and B.
A ( 3) + 3B (1) = 2
or 3 A + 3B = 2
(1)
+
=
+
=
3
A
3
B
1
11
or
9
A
B
11
(2)
(
)
(
)
Multiply equation (1) by 3 and add the result to

equation (2).
9 A + 9B = 6
9 A + B = 11
10 B = 5
5
1
B=
=
10
2
1
Substituting for B in equation (2), we obtain
2
1
9 A + = 11
2
1
2 9 A = 2 ( 11)
2
18 A + 1 = 22
18 A = 21
21 7
=
A=
18 6
Thus, for the system to have x = 3, y = 1 as a
solution, then A =
186
7
1
and B = .
2
6

79. Answers will vary. One possibility follows:
x + y = 3
x y = 5
81. 3x + y = 5
x+ y =3
x + 3 y = 7
(1)
(2)
(3)

3x + y = 5
x y = 3
=2
x =1
3 (1) + y = 5
3+ y = 5
y=2
The point (1, 2) is a solution to the first two
equations. Check to see if it is a solution to
equation (3).
x + 3y = 7
1
+
( ) 3( 2) ! 7
1+ 6 = 7
The solution of the system is the ordered pair
(1, 2).
2x
x+y=3
x + 3y = 7
3x + y = 5
(1, 2)
x
4 2
2
4
83.
y = x5
3
4 x 6 y = 30
x 5 y = 11
Substituting
(1)
(2)
(3)
2
x 5 for y in equation (2), we
3
obtain
4 x 6 x 5 = 30
3
4 x 4 x + 30 = 30
30 = 30
These two equations form a dependent system.
2
Substituting x 5 for y in equation (3), we
3
obtain
x 5 x 5 = 11
3
10
x x + 25 = 11
3
7
x = 14
3
x=6
2
y = ( 6) 5
3
y = 45
y = 1
The solution of the system is the ordered pair
(6, 1).
The solution is the ordered pair ( 4, 13) .
(1)
93. 4 x 3 y = 1
8 x + 6 y = 2
(2)
Writing each equation in slope-intercept form,

we obtain the same equation for both,
4
1
y = x .
3
3
4
2
4 2
x 5y = 11
4
(6, 1)
2
x 5
3
4x 6y = 30
y=
85. Yes. The method of elimination is preferred over

the method of substitution if substitution leads to
fractions.
87. The lines intersect at the point (3, 2).
89. y = 3x 1
y = 2 x + 5
(1)
(2)
The two lines are coincident. The system is

dependent. The solution is {( x, y ) 4 x 3 y = 1} .
95. 2 x 3 y = 12
(1)
5 x + y = 2
(2)

2
we obtain y = x 4 and y = 5x 2.
3
The solution is approximately the ordered pair

(0.35, 3.76).
The solution is the ordered pair (1.2, 2.6 ) .
91. 3 x y = 1
(1)
4 x + y = 3
(2)

we obtain y = 3 x + 1 and y = 4x 3.
Section 3.2
R1. Step 1: Identify what you are looking for.
Step 2: Give names to the unknowns.
Step 3: Translate the problem into the language
of mathematics.
Step 4: Solve the equation(s) found in Step 3.
Step 5: Check the reasonableness of your
answer.
Step 6: Answer the question.
187

R2. Since the total to be invested is $25,000 and the
amount to be invested in stocks is s, the amount
to be invested in bonds is 25,000 s.
R3. The total interest for the year would be
0.125 ( $3500 ) = $437.50. Since there are
12 months in a year, the interest that would be
paid after one month would be
$437.50
$36.46.
12
R4. A linear cost function will be of the form
C(x) = mx + b. For this problem, the variable
cost is m = $15 and the fixed cost is b = $500.
Thus, the cost function is C(x) = 15x + 500.
1. Let x represent the first number, and y represent
the second number.
(1)
2 x + 3 y = 9
x y = 22 (2)
equation (1).
2x + 3y = 9
3x 3 y = 66
= 75
5x
x = 15
x y = 22
15 y = 22
y = 7
The two numbers are 15 and 7.
2. Let c represent the cost of a cheeseburger and let
s represent the cost of a medium shake.
(1)
4c + 2s = 10.10
3c + 3s = 10.35
(2)

multiply both sides of equation (2) by 2 , and
add the results.
12c + 6s = 30.30
6c 6 s = 20.70
6c
= 9.60
c = 1.60
Substituting 1.60 for c in equation (1), we obtain
4 (1.60 ) + 2s = 10.10
6.40 + 2s = 10.10
2s = 3.70
s = 1.85
A cheeseburger costs $1.60. A medium shake
costs $1.85.
188

3. Let x and y represent the length and width of the
rectangle, respectively.
(1)
2 x + 2 y = 360
x = 2 y
(2)
Substituting 2 y for x in equation (1), we obtain
2(2 y ) + 2 y = 360
4 y + 2 y = 360
6 y = 360
y = 60
x = 2(60) = 120.
The length is 120 yards, and the width is
60 yards.
4. Because angles a and c are supplemental, and
because angles a and e must be equal, we obtain
the following system
( x + 3 y ) + ( 3x + y ) = 180
x + 3 y = 5x + y
Simplify each equation.
(1)
4 x + 4 y = 180
4 x + 2 y = 0
(2)
Add the two equations.

4 x + 4 y = 180
4 x + 2 y = 0
6 y = 180
y = 30
4 x + 2 ( 30 ) = 0
4 x + 60 = 0
4 x = 60
x = 15
Thus, x = 15 and y = 30.
5. Let a represent the amount invested in the Aaarated bond, and let b represent the amount
invested in the B-rated bond. We organize the
information in the table below, using the interest
formula: Interest = Principal rate time.
Principal Rate Time Interest

$
%
Yr
$
Aaa-rated
bond
B-rated
bond
Total
0.05
0.05a
0.10
0.10b
120, 000
7200

Using the columns for Principal and Interest, we
obtain the following system.
(1)
a + b = 120, 000
0.05a + 0.10b = 7200
(2)
Solving equation (1) for b, we obtain

b = 120, 000 a . Substituting 120, 000 a for b
in equation (2), we obtain
0.05a + 0.10 (120, 000 a ) = 7200
0.05a + 12000 0.10a = 7200
0.05a + 12000 = 7200
0.05a = 4800
a = 96, 000
Substituting 96,000 for a into equation (1), we
obtain 96, 000 + b = 120, 000
b = 24, 000
Maria should invest $96,000 in the Aaa-rated
bond and $24,000 in the B-rated bond.
6. Let c represent the weight of cashews to be used
and let p represent the weight of peanuts to be
used. We organize the information in the table
below, using the formula
Price per pound Number of pounds = Revenue.
Cashews
Peanuts
Trail mix
Price per
pound
7.00
2.50
4.00
Number of
pounds
c
p
30
Revenue
7c
2.5 p
4 ( 30 ) = 120
Using the columns for Number of pounds and

Revenue, we obtain the following system.
(1)
c + p = 30
7c + 2.5 p = 120
(2)
Solving equation (1) for c yields c = 30 p.

Substituting 30 p for c in equation (2), we
obtain
7 ( 30 p ) + 2.5 p = 120
210 7 p + 2.5 p = 120
210 4.5 p = 120
4.5 p = 90
p = 20
Substituting 20 for p in equation (1) yields
c + 20 = 30
c = 10
The trail mix requires 10 pounds of cashews and
20 pounds of peanuts.
7. Let a represent the airspeed of the plane, and let

w represent the impact of wind resistance on the
plane. We organize the information in the table
below.
Against Wind
( West )
With Wind
( East )
Distance
Rate
Time
1200
aw
1200
a+w
Using the formula Distance = Rate Time, we

1200 = 4 ( a w )
1200 = 3 ( a + w )
(1)
4a 4w = 1200
3a + 3w = 1200
(2)

the results
12a 12w = 3600
12a + 12w = 4800
24a
= 8400
a = 350
Substituting 350 for a in equation (2) yields
3 ( 350 ) + 3w = 1200
1050 + 3w = 1200
3w = 150
w = 50
The airspeed of the plain is 350 miles per hour.
The impact of wind resistance on the plane is
50 miles per hour.
8. a.
b.
If one Austrian Pine tree is sold, revenue

will be $230. If two trees are sold, revenue
will be $230(2) = $460 . If x trees are sold,
revenue will be $230x. The revenue function
is R(x) = 230x.
The cost function is C ( x) = ax + b where a
is the variable cost and b is the fixed cost.
With a = 160 and b = 2100, the cost
function is C(x) = 160x + 2100.
189

c.
Revenue, Cost ($)
R, C
R (x ) = 230x
C(x) = 160x + 2100
10,000
8,000
6,000
(30, 6900)
4,000
2,000
10 20 30 40 50
Number of trees
d.
R ( x) = C ( x)
230 x = 160 x + 2100
70 x = 2100
x = 30
R ( 30 ) = 230 ( 30 ) = 6900
C ( 30 ) = 160 ( 30 ) + 2100 = 6900
The break-even point is ( 30, 6900 ) .

If 30 Austrian Pine trees are sold, the cost
and revenue will be even at $6900.
3.2 Exercises
9. Let x and y represent the two numbers.
(1)
x + y = 18
x y = 2
(2)
Adding equations (1) and (2) result in

2 x = 16
x=8
8 + y = 18
y = 10
11. Let x represent the first number and let y
represent the second number.
(1)
2 x + y = 47
x + 3 y = 81
(2)

2 x + y = 47
2 x 6 y = 162
5 y = 115
y = 23
x + 3 ( 23) = 81
x + 69 = 81
x = 12
The 1st number is 12 and the 2nd number is 23.
190

13. Let x represent the flat set-up fee and let y
represent the hourly rental rate.
(1)
x + 5 y = 235
x + 3 y = 165
(2)

x + 5 y = 235
x 3 y = 165
2 y = 70
y = 35
x + 3 ( 35 ) = 165
x + 105 = 165
x = 60
The flat set-up fee is $60 and the rental rate is
$35 per hour.
15. Let x and y represent the length and width of the
rectangle, respectively.
(1)
2 x + 2 y = 120
x = y + 20
(2)
Substituting y + 20 for x in equation (1), we

obtain
2( y + 20) + 2 y = 120
2 y + 40 + 2 y = 120
4 y + 40 = 120
4 y = 80
y = 20
x = 20 + 20 = 40.
The dimensions of the rectangle are 40 meters by
20 meters.
17. Because angles 1 and 2 are supplemental, and
because angles 2 and 3 must be equal, we obtain
the following system.
(10 x + 6 y ) + 4 y = 180
(1)
=
+
4
y
7
x
2
y
(2)

(1)
10 x + 10 y = 180
7 x 2 y = 0
(2)
Divide both sides of equation (1) by 5 and add

2 x + 2 y = 36
7 x 2 y = 0
9x
= 36
x=4

7 ( 4) 2 y = 0
28 2 y = 0
2 y = 28
y = 14
Thus, x = 4 and y = 14.
19. Let s represent the amount to be invested in
stocks and let b represent the amount to be
invested in bonds.
(1)
s + b = 36, 000
5b = 3s
(2)
Write equation (2) in standard form.

(1)
s + b = 36, 000
3s + 5b = 0
(2)

3s + 3b = 108, 000
3s + 5b = 0
8b = 108, 000
b = 13,500
Substituting 13,500 for b in equation (1), we
obtain
s + 13,500 = 36, 000
s = 22,500
Invest $22,500 in stocks and $13,500 in bonds.
21. Let a represent the weight of Arabica beans to be
used and let r represent the weight of African
Robustas beans to be used. We organize the
information in the table below, using the formula
Price per pound number of pounds = Revenue.
Arabica
African
Robustas
Blend
Price
per
pound
9.00
Number
of
pounds
a
11.50
11.5r
10.00
100
10(100) =1000
Revenue
9a
Using the columns for Number of pounds and

Revenue, we obtain the following system.
(1)
a + r = 100
9a + 11.5r = 1000
(2)
Solving equation (1) for a yields a = 100 r.

Substituting 100 r for a in equation (2), we
obtain 9 (100 r ) + 11.5r = 1000

900 9r + 11.5r = 1000
900 + 2.5r = 1000
2.5r = 100
r = 40
Substituting 40 for r in equation (1) yields
a + 40 = 100
a = 60
The blend requires 60 pounds of Arabica beans
and 40 pounds of African Robustas beans.
23. Let x represent the speed at which Jonathon and
Samantha can row in still water and let y
represent the speed of the current. The rate at
which the pair will travel downstream will be
x + y, and the rate upstream will be x y. Using
the formula rate time = distance, we obtain
the following system:
( x + y ) 2 = 26
(1)
x
y
3
9
(2)
=
)
(
Divide both sides of equation (1) by 2, divide
both sides of equation (2) by 3, and add the
results.
x + y = 13
x y =3
2 x = 16
x=8
Jonathon and Samantha can row at a rate of
8 miles per hour in still water.
25. Let t represent the time for both cars. Let d
represent the distance traveled by the Lincoln.
Then the distance traveled by the Infiniti is
d + 100. We obtain the following system by
utilizing the formula rate time = distance :
(1)
40t = d
50t = d + 100
(2)
Substituting 40t for d in equation (2) yields

50t = 40t + 100
10t = 100
t = 10
Substituting 10 for t in equation (1), we obtain
40 (10 ) = d
400 = d
The distance traveled by the Lincoln was
400 miles. The distance traveled by the Infiniti is
400 + 100 = 500 miles. The time for both trips
was 10 hours each.
191
27. a.

(1)
x + y = 750, 000
0.05 x + 0.08 y = 52,500
(2)
R ( x) = 12 x
C ( x) = 5.5 x + 9880
Revenue, Cost ($)
R, C
R(x ) = 12x
25,000
C(x) = 5.5x + 9880
20,000
(1520, 18240)
15,000
10,000
5,000
0
50
2, 0
00
2,
0
50
1, 0
00
1,
50
Number of units
b.
R ( x) = C ( x)
12 x = 5.5 x + 9880
6.5 x = 9880
x = 1520
R (1520 ) = 12 (1520 ) = 18, 240
C (1520 ) = 5.5 (1520 ) + 9880 = 18, 240
The break-even point is (1520, 18,240).
29. Let x represent the length of one of the

congruent sides and let y represent the length of
the third side.
(1)
2 x + y = 35
x = 3y
(2)
Substituting 3y for x in equation (1), we obtain

2 ( 3 y ) + y = 35
6 y + y = 35
7 y = 35
y=5
x = 3 ( 5) = 15.
The lengths of the three sides of the triangle are
15 cm, 15 cm, and 5 cm.
31. Let x represent the amount loaned at 5% per year
and let y represent the amount loaned at 8% per
year. We organize the information in the table
below, using the interest formula:
Interest = Principal rate time or I = Prt .
5% loan
8% loan
Total
192
P
x
y
750,000
r
0.05
0.08
t
1
1
1
I
0.05x
0.08y
52,500
Solving equation (1) for y, we obtain

y = 750,000 x. Substituting 750, 000 x for y
in equation (2), we obtain
0.05 x + 0.08 ( 750, 000 x ) = 52,500
0.05 x + 60, 000 0.08 x = 52,500
0.03 x + 60, 000 = 52,500
0.03 x = 7500
x = 250, 000
The bank loaned $250,000 at 5%.
33. Let x represent the first number and let y
represent the second number.
(1)
2 x + 3 y = 81
3 x y = 17
(2)

2 x + 3 y = 81
9 x 3 y = 51
= 132
x = 12
3 (12 ) y = 17
36 y = 17
y = 19
y = 19
st
The 1 number is 12 and the 2nd number is 19.
11x
35. Let rn represent the normal walking speed of

Drenell. Let rw represent the speed of the
walkway.
d
r
t
with the walkway 126 rn + rw 18
against the walkway 126 rn rw 63
( rn + rw ) 18 = 126
( rn rw ) 63 = 126
Expanding these equations yields the system to
be solved.
18rn + 18rw = 126 (1)
63r 63r = 126 (2)
w
n
Multiply equation (1) by 7 and multiply equation
(2) by 2. Add the results.

126rn + 126rw = 882
126rn 126rw = 252
= 1134
252rn
rn = 4.5
Note the units of measurement for the rate is feet
per second. Drenells normal walking speed is
4.5 fps.
37. Because angles 1, 2, and 3 add up to 180 , and
because angles 2 and 4 are supplemental, we
( 4 x + 2 y ) + (10 x + 5 y ) + ( 7 x + 5 y ) = 180
(1)
+
+
+
=
10
x
5
y
9
x
8
y
180
(2)
(
)
(
)

(1)
21x + 12 y = 180
19 x + 13 y = 180
(2)

add the results.
399 x 228 y = 3420
399 x + 273 y = 3780
45 y = 360
y =8
19 x + 13 ( 8 ) = 180
19 x + 104 = 180
19 x = 76
x=4
Thus, x = 4 and y = 8.
39. Let x represent the number of milligrams of the
first liquid and let y represent the number of
milligrams of the second liquid to be used. Then
the amount of vitamin C in the two liquids is
0.20x + 0.50y. The amount of vitamin D in the
two liquids is 0.30x + 0.25y. This results in the
following system:
(1)
0.20 x + 0.50 y = 40
0.30 x + 0.25 y = 30
(2)

add the results.
0.4 x + y = 80
1.2 x y = 120
0.8 x
= 40
x = 50
0.20 ( 50 ) + 0.50 y = 40
10 + 0.50 y = 40
0.50 y = 30
y = 60
To fill the prescription, 50 milligrams of the first
liquid and 60 milligrams of the second liquid
must be mixed.
41. Let h represent the number of calories in an
order of chicken nuggets and let c represent the
number of calories in a medium Coke.
(1)
2h + c = 770
3h + 2c = 1260
(2)

4h 2c = 1540
3h + 2c = 1260
= 280
h = 280
Substituting 280 for h in equation (1), we obtain
2 ( 280 ) + c = 770
560 + c = 770
c = 210
An order of chicken nuggets has 280 calories. A
medium Coke has 210 calories.
43. Let a represent the amount of the 10% alloy and
b represent the amount of the 25% alloy. We
organize the information in the table below,
using the formula
% titanium amount alloy = amount titanium
% Amt alloy Amt titanium
10% alloy
0.10
a
0.1a
25% alloy 0.25
b
0.25b
Blend (16%) 0.16
100 g
0.16 100 = 16
Using the columns for the amount of alloy and
amount of titanium, we obtain the following
system.
a + b = 100 (1)
0.1a + 0.25b = 16
(2)
Solving equation (1) for a yields a = 100 b .

Substituting 100 b for a in equation (2), we
obtain
0.1(100 b ) + 0.25b = 16
10 0.1b + 0.25b = 16
0.15b = 6
b = 40
193
Substituting 40 for b in equation (1) yields

a + 40 = 100
a = 60
The blend requires 60 grams of the 10% alloy
and 40 grams of the 25% alloy.
49. a.
S ( p) = 2000 + 3000 p
D ( p ) = 10,000 1000 p
S, D
S(p) = 2000 + 3000p
10,000
8,000
100,000
4,000
2,000
D(p) = 10,000 1000p

2
A, B
b.
(3, 7000)
6,000
Let x represent the amount of sales, let A

represent the pay from option A, and let B
represent the pay from option B.
A( x) = 15, 000 + 0.01x
B ( x) = 25, 000 + 0.0075 x
Salary ($)
Number of hot dogs

supplied/demanded
45. a.
60 years after 1990; that is in approximately

2050.
M(60) = 0.25(60) + 14.4 = 29.4
F(60) = 0.29(60) + 12 = 29.4
The percent will be approximately 29%.
10
c.
M (t ) = 0.25t + 14.4
F (t ) = 0.29t + 12
Percent
(60, 29.4)
F(t) = 0.29t + 12
c.
10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Years (since 1990)

b.
R ( x ) = 60 x
C ( x ) = 3500 + 35 x
R, C
R(x) = 60x
10,000
8,000
(140, 8400)
6,000
4,000
2,000
0
20
0
16
0
12
C(x) = 3500 + 35x
80
M (t ) = F (t )
0.25t + 14.4 = 0.29t + 12
2.4 = 0.04t
60 = t
The percent of male and female college
graduates will be equal approximately
A( x) = B ( x)
15, 000 + 0.01x = 25,000 + 0.0075 x
0.0025 x = 10, 000
x = 4, 000, 000
$4,000,000 of sales is required for the two
options to result in the same salary is.
40
194
51. a.
b.
20
10
B(x) =25,000 + 0.0075x
A ( 4, 000,000 ) = 15, 000 + 0.01( 4, 000,000 )

= 55, 000
B ( 4, 000,000 ) = 25, 000 + 0.0075 ( 4,000, 000 )
= 55, 000
The annual salary would be $55,000.
The equilibrium price is $3. The equilibrium

quantity is 7000 hot dogs.
M(t) = 0.25t + 14.4
(4, 55000)
Sales (in millions)
Revenue, Cost ($)
S ( p) = D ( p)
2000 + 3000 p = 10, 000 1000 p
2000 + 4000 p = 10, 000
4000 p = 12, 000
p=3
30
60,000
20,000
S ( 3) = 2000 + 3000 ( 3 ) = 7000

D ( 3) = 10, 000 1000 ( 3) = 7000
47. a.
A(x) =15,000 + 0.01x
40,000
Price per hot dog ($)

b.
80,000
Number of desks
d.
R ( x) = C ( x)
60 x = 3500 + 35 x
25 x = 3500
x = 140
The number of desks at which the revenue equals cost is 140 desks.
R (140 ) = 60 (140 ) = 8400
C (140 ) = 3500 + 35 (140 ) = 8400
The cost and revenue for producing and selling 140 desks will both be $8400.
53. a. and b. Let x represent the number of years since 1968.
t
Winning time (seconds)
22.8
22.4
22.0
21.6
21.2
= Womens
20.8
= Men
s
20.4
20.0
19.6
19.2
0
8 16 24 32 40 48
Number of years
since 1968
c.
Answers may vary. We use the points ( 4, 20.00 ) and ( 36, 19.79 ) .
19.79 20.00 0.21

=
= 0.0065625
36 4
32
y 20.00 = 0.0065625 ( x 4 )
y 20.00 = 0.0065625 x + 0.02625
y = 0.0065625 x + 20.02625
See graph below part d.
m=
d.
Answers may vary. We use the points ( 0, 22.50 ) and ( 32, 21.84 ) .
21.84 22.50 0.66

=
= 0.020625
32 0
32
y 22.50 = 0.020625 ( x 0 )
y 22.50 = 0.020625 x
y = 0.020625 x + 22.50
m=
195
t
Winning time (seconds)
22.8
22.4
22.0
21.6
21.2
= Womens
20.8
= Men
s
20.4
20.0
19.6
19.2
0
8 16 24 32 40 48
Number of years
since 1968
0.0065625 x + 20.02625 = 0.020625 x + 22.50

0.0140625 x + 20.02625 = 22.50
0.0140625 x = 2.47375
x 176
e.
Now, 1968 + 176 = 2144 will be the year in which we predict the winning times for men and women will be
equal.
Men: y = 0.0065625 (176 ) + 20.02625 18.87
Women: y = 0.020625 (176 ) + 22.50 18.87
We predict the common winning times will be approximately 18.87 seconds.

f.
Answers will vary. Our prediction in part (e) is not very reliable. Neither data set is very linear, so the linear
models that we found in parts (c) and (d) are suspect.
g.
Answers will vary. The winning times for the 2012 Olympic games are:
men: 19.32 seconds
women: 21.69 seconds
Section 3.3
R1. Substitute x = 1, y = 2, and z = 3:
3x 2 y + 4 z = 3(1) 2(2) + 4(3)
= 3 + 4 + 12
= 19
1. If a system of equations has no solution, it is said to be inconsistent. If a system of equations has infinitely many
solutions, the system is said to be consistent and the equations are dependent.
2. A solution to a system of equations consists of values for the variables that are solutions of each equation of the
system.
196

3. False. For example, if the graphs of the
equations are parallel planes, then the system
will have no solution.
4. True
5. a.
Substitute x = 3 , y = 2 , and z = 2 into all

three equations.
Equation (1): 3 + 2 + ( 2 ) ! 3
3=3
Equation (2): 3 ( 3) + 2 2 ( 2 ) ! 23
9 + 2 + 4 ! 23
15 23
Equation (3): 2 ( 3) 3 ( 2 ) + 2 ( 2 ) ! 17
6 6 4 ! 17
16 17
they do not satisfy equations (2) and (3).
Therefore, the ordered triple ( 3, 2, 2 ) is
not a solution of the system.
b.
Substitute x = 4, y = 1, and z = 6 into all

three equations.
Equation (1): 4 + 1 + 6 ! 3
3=3
Equation (2): 3 ( 4 ) + 1 2 ( 6 ) ! 23
12 + 1 12 ! 23
23 = 23
Equation (3): 2 ( 4 ) 3 (1) + 2 ( 6 ) ! 17
8 3 + 12 ! 17
17 = 17
Because these values satisfy all three
equations, the ordered triple ( 4, 1, 6 ) is a
6. x + y + z = 3
2 x 2 y z = 7
3 x + y + 5 z = 5

3 x + 3 y + 3 z = 9
3 x + y + 5 z = 5
4 y + 8 z = 4
Rewriting the system, we have
(1)
x + y + z = 3
y
z
4
3
1
(2)
4 y + 8 z = 4
(3)
4 y 3 z = 1
4 y + 8 z = 4
5 z = 5
Once again rewriting the system, we have
(1)
x + y + z = 3
(2)
4 y 3z = 1
5 z = 5
(3)
Solving equation (3) for z, we obtain
5 z = 5
z = 1
Back-substituting 1 for z in equation (2), we
obtain
4 y 3 ( 1) = 1
4 y + 3 = 1
4 y = 4
y =1
Back-substituting 1 for y and 1 for z in
equation (1), we obtain
x + 1 + (1) = 3
x = 3
The solution is the ordered triple ( 3, 1, 1) .
7. 2 x
4 z = 7
x
y
+
=5
6
2y z = 2
(1)
(2)
(3)

2 x 2 y 2 z = 6
2 x 2 y z = 7
4 y 3 z = 1
(1)
(2)
(3)

2 x 12 y
= 10
2x
4 z = 7
12 y 4 z = 17
197

2 x 2 y + 4 z = 14
2 x + y 3 z = 5
y + z = 9

4 z = 7
(1)
2 x
(2)
12 y 4 z = 17
2y z = 2
(3)
12 y 6 z = 12
12 y 4 z = 17
10 z = 5
4 z = 7
(1)
2 x
(2)
12 y 4 z = 17
10 z = 5
(3)
Solving equation (3) for z, we obtain

10 z = 5
5 1
z=
=
10 2
Back-substituting
1
for z in equation (2), we
2
obtain
1
12 y 4 = 17
2
12 y 2 = 17
12 y = 15
15 5
y=
=
12 4
Back-substituting

x + y 2z = 7
x 2 y + 3z = 2
y + z = 9
(1)
x y + 2 z = 7
(2)
y + z = 9
y + z = 9
(3)
yz =9
y + z = 9
0 = 18
(1)
x y + 2 z = 7
(2)
y + z = 9
0 = 18
(3) False
Equation (3) is a false statement (contradiction).

Therefore, the system is inconsistent. The
solution set is or { }.
1
for z in equation (1), we
2
obtain
9. x y + 3z = 2
x + 2 y 5 z = 3
2 x y + 4 z = 3
(1)
(2)
(3)

x y + 3z = 2
x + 2 y 5 z = 3
y 2 z = 1
1
2 x 4 = 7
2
2 x 2 = 7
2 x = 5
5
x=
2
5 5 1
The solution is the ordered triple , , .
2 4 2
(1)
8. x y + 2 z = 7
x
y
z
=
2
3
5
(2)
x 2 y + 3z = 2
(3)
198

2 x + 2 y 6 z = 4
2x y + 4z = 3
y 2 z = 1
(1)
x y + 3z = 2
(2)
y 2 z = 1
y 2 z = 1
(3)

y + 2z = 1
y 2 z = 1
0=0
(1)
x y + 3z = 2
y
z
2
1
(2)
0=0
(3) True
Solve equation (2) for y.
y = 2z 1
Substituting 2 z 1 for y in equation (1), we
obtain
x ( 2 z 1) + 3z = 2
x 2 z + 1 + 3z = 2
x + z +1 = 2
x+ z =1
x = z +1
The solution to the system is

{( x, y, z ) x = z + 1, y = 2 z 1, z is any real number}
10. Let x represent the number of 21-inch mowers,
let y represent the number of 24-inch mowers,
and let z represent the number of 40-inch
mowers.
(1)
2 x + 3 y + 4 z = 81
(2)
3 x + 3 y + 4 z = 95
x + y + 2 z = 35
(3)
2 x 2 y 4 z = 70
2 x + 3 y + 4 z = 81
y
= 11
3x 3 y 6 z = 105
3x + 3 y + 4 z = 95
2 z = 10

(1)
2 x + 3 y + 4 z = 81
y
= 11
(2)
2 z = 10
(3)
From equation (2), we know y = 11. Solving
equation (3) for z, we obtain
2 z = 10
z=5
Substituting 11 for y and 5 for z and 11 in
2 x + 3(11) + 4(5) = 81
2 x + 33 + 20 = 81
2 x + 53 = 81
2 x = 28
x = 14
The company can manufacture 14 twenty-oneinch mowers, 11 twenty-four-inch mowers, and
5 forty-inch mowers.
3.3 Exercises
11. a.
Substitute x = 6, y = 2, z = 1 into all three

equations.
6 + 2 + 2 ( 1) = 6 + 2 2 = 6
2(6) 3(2) + 5(1) = 12 6 5 = 23 1

2 ( 6 ) + 2 + 3(1) = 12 + 2 3 = 11 5

they do not satisfy equations (2) and (3).
Therefore, the ordered triple (6, 2, 1) is not
a solution of the system.
b.
Substitute x = 3, y = 5, z = 2 into all three

equations).
3 + 5 + 2 ( 2 ) = 3 + 5 + 4 = 6
2(3) 3(5) + 5(2) = 6 15 + 10 = 1

2 ( 3) + 5 + 3(2) = 6 + 5 + 6 = 5
Because these values satisfy all three

equations, the ordered triple (3, 5, 2) is a
x+ y+z =5
(1)
13.
(2)
2 x 3 y + 2 z = 8
3x y 2 z = 3
(3)
2 x + 2 y + 2 z = 10
2 x 3 y + 2 z = 8
y + 4 z = 18
(4)
199

3x 3 y 3 z = 15
3x y 2 z = 3
4 y 5 z = 12
(5)

4 y 16 z = 72
4 y 5 z = 12
21z = 84
z=4
Substituting 4 for z in equation (4), we obtain
y + 4 ( 4 ) = 18
y + 16 = 18
y = 2
y = 2
Substituting 2 for y and 4 for z in equation (1),
we obtain
x + ( 2 ) + 4 = 5
x+2=5
x=3
The solution is the ordered triple ( 3, 2, 4 ) .
15. x 3 y + z = 13
3 x + y 4 z = 13
4 x 4 y + 2 z = 0
Multiply equation (1) by
to equation (2).
3x + 9 y 3z = 39
3x + y 4 z = 13
10 y 7 z = 26
(1)
(2)
(3)
3 and add the result
(4)
(5)
Multiply equation (4) by 8, multiply equation (5)

by 5, and add the results.
80 y 56 z = 208
80 y + 30 z = 260
26 z = 52
z = 2
200
Substituting 2 for z in equation (4) and solving

for y, we obtain
10 y 7 ( 2 ) = 26
10 y + 14 = 26
10 y = 40
y = 4
Substituting 2 for z and 4 for y in equation
(1), we obtain
x 3 ( 4 ) + ( 2 ) = 13
x + 12 2 = 13
x + 10 = 13
x=3
The solution is the ordered triple (3, 4, 2).
17. x 4 y + z = 5
(1)
(2)
4x + 2 y + z = 2
4 x + y 3 z = 8
(3)
4 x + 16 y 4 z = 20
4x + 2 y + z = 2
18 y 3z = 18
(4)

4x + 2 y + z = 2
4 x + y 3 z = 8
3 y 2 z = 6
(5)


4 x 12 y + 4 z = 52
4 x 4 y + 2 z = 0
16 y + 6 z = 52
18 y + 12 z = 36
18 y 3z = 18
9 z = 18
z=2
3 y 2 ( 2 ) = 6
3 y 4 = 6
3 y = 2
2
y=
3
2
Substituting for y and 2 for z in equation
3
(1), we obtain
4 x + 4 y 8 z = 24
3 x 4 y + 3 z = 2
x
5 z = 26
(5)
x + 5 z = 30
x 5 z = 26
0 = 4
Because we have arrived at a contradiction, this
system of equations has no solution.
2
x 4 + 2 = 5
3
8
x+ +2 =5
3
8
3 x + + 2 = 3 ( 5)
3
3 x + 8 + 6 = 15
3x = 1
1
x=
3
2
1
The solution is the ordered triple , ,
3
3
= 12
19. x 3 y
y
z
=
9
2
3
2 x
+z=7
2 .
(1)
(2)
(3)

2 x + 6 y
= 24
2x
+z=7
6 y + z = 17
(4)

18 y + 3z = 51
2 y 3z = 9
20 y
= 60
y = 3

6 ( 3) + z = 17
18 + z = 17
z =1
x 3 ( 3) = 12
x + 9 = 12
x=3
21.
x + y 2z = 6
(1)
2 x 3 y + z = 12 (2)
3 x 4 y + 3z = 2 (3)
Multiply both sides of equation (1) by 3, and add
3 x + 3 y 6 z = 18
2 x 3 y + z = 12
x
5 z = 30
(4)
23.
x+ y+z =4
(1)
x
y
z
+
=
2
2
6
(2)
x + 2 y + 5 z = 18
(3)
x+ y +z = 4
2 x y + 2 z = 6
x
+ 3z = 10
(4)
4 x 2 y + 4 z = 12
x + 2 y + 5 z = 18
3x
+ 9 z = 30 (5)
3x 9 z = 30
3x + 9 z = 30
0= 0
True
Solve equation (4) for x.
x + 3 z = 10
x = 3z 10
Substituting 3z 10 for x in equation (1), we
obtain
( 3z 10 ) + y + z = 4
y + 4 z 10 = 4
y = 4 z + 14
{( x, y, z ) | x = 3z 10, y = 4 z + 14,
z is any real number}
+ 3z = 5
(1)
25. x
=1
(2)
2 x + y
y + 6 z = 11 (3)
201

2x
+ 6 z = 10
2 x + y
=1
y + 6 z = 11
(4)
y 6 z = 11
y + 6 z = 11
0= 0
True
y + 6 z = 11
y = 6 z + 11
Substituting 6 z + 11 for y in equation (2), we
obtain
2 x + ( 6 z + 11) = 1
2 x 6 z + 11 = 1
2 x = 6 z 10
x = 3 z + 5
{( x, y, z ) | x = 3z + 5, y = 6 z + 11,
(1)
(2)
(3)
29. x y + z = 5
2 x + y z = 2
x 2 y + 2 z = 1
(1)
(2)
(3)

2 x 2 y + 2 z = 10
2 x + y z = 2
y + z = 12
(4)

2x 4 y + 4z = 2
2 x + y z = 2
(5)
0 = 32
False
=4
y=2

4 x + 6 y 4 z = 6
4x y + 6z = 7
(4)

5 ( 2 ) + 2 z = 13
10 + 2 z = 13
2z = 3
3
z=
2
3
for z in equation (1),
Substituting 2 for y and
2
we obtain
202
The solution is the ordered triple 0, 2, .

2

3 y 3z = 36
3 y + 3 z = 4

2x y + 2z = 1
2 x + 3 y 2 z = 3
5 y + 2 z = 13
3
2x 2 + 2 = 1
2
2x 2 + 3 = 1
2x = 0
x=0
3 y + 3 z = 4
27. 2 x y + 2 z = 1
2 x + 3 y 2 z = 3
4 x y + 6 z = 7
2y
31.
2 y z = 3
= 10
2 x + 3 y
4 x
+ 3z = 11
(1)
(2)
(3)

4 x + 6 y
= 20
4x
+ 3 z = 11
6 y + 3z = 9
(4)

6 y 3 z = 9
6 y + 3z = 9
12 y = 0
y=0

2 ( 0 ) z = 3
z = 3
z=3
2 x + 3 ( 0 ) = 10
2 x = 10
x = 5
33. x 2 y + z = 5
(1)
x
y
z
=
2
2
(2)
x 5 y 4 z = 8
(3)
x 2y + z = 5
2 x + y z = 2
x y = 7 (4)
Multiply equation (1) by 4 and add to equation
(3).
4 x 8 y + 4z = 20
x 5 y 4z = 8
5 x 13y
= 28 (5)
Multiply equation (4) by 5 and add to equation
(5).
5 x 5 y = 35
5 x 13y = 28
18 y = 63
63
7
=
y=
18
2
7
2
7
2 = 7
2
7
x + = 7
2
7
x =
2
7
x=
2
7
7
Substituting for x and for y in equation
2
2
(1), we obtain
7
7
2 + z = 5
2
2
7
+z =5
2
3
z=
2
7 3
7
2 2
2
(1)
35. x + 2 y z = 1
x
y
z
+
+
=
2
7
4
11
(2)
x + 3 y + z = 4
(3)
2 x 4 y + 2 z = 2
2 x + 7 y + 4 z = 11
3y + 6z = 9
(4)

x 2 y + z = 1
x + 3y + z = 4
y + 2z = 3
(5)

3 y 6 z = 9
3y + 6z = 9
0=0
True

y = 2 z + 3
obtain
x + 2 ( 2 z + 3 ) z = 1
x 4z + 6 z = 1
x 5z + 6 = 1
x 5 z = 5
x = 5z 5
{( x, y, z ) x = 5 z 5,
y = 2 z + 3, z is any real number} .
203

2x + 2 y + 2z = 6
2 x + y + 2 z = 1
(1)
37. x + y + z = 5
(2)
3 x + 4 y + z = 16
x 4 y + z = 6
(3)
x+ y+z =5
x 4 y + z = 6
3 y + 2 z = 1
3 y + 4z = 7
(4)
(5)

6 y 4z = 2
8 y + 4 z = 2
2 y = 0
y=0
3 ( 0 ) + 2 z = 1
2 z = 1
1
z=
2
1
Substituting 0 for y and for z in equation
2
(1), we obtain
1
x +0+ = 5
2
11
x=
2
1
11
The solution is the ordered triple , 0, .
2
2
x+ y+z =3
39.
1
1
x + y + z =
2
2
x + 2 y + 3z = 4
(1)
3 y 4 z = 7
3y + 4z = 7
0=0

3 y + 4z = 7
3 y = 4 z + 7
4
7
y = z+
3
3
4
7
Substituting z + for y in equation (1), we
3
3
obtain
7
4
x + z + + z = 3
3
3
1
7
x z+ =3
3
3
1
2
x= z+
3
3
1
2
( x, y , z ) x = z + ,
3
3
4
7
y = z + , z is any real number .

3
3
41. Answers will vary. One possibility follows.

For the ordered triple ( 2, 1, 3) , evaluate the
(2)
x y + z = 2 ( 1) + 3 = 6
(3)
x + y z = 2 + ( 1) 3 = 2
So, the system below has the solution (2, 1, 3).
x + y + z = 4
x y + z = 6
x + y z = 2
(4)

the results.
204
True
expressions x + y + z, x y + z, and x + y z:
x + y + z = 2 + ( 1) + 3 = 4

x+ y+z =3
x + 2 y + 3z = 4
3 y + 4z = 7
(5)


3x 12 y + 3z = 18
3x + 4 y + z = 16
8 y + 4 z = 2
43. a.
If f(1) = 6, then a ( 1) + b ( 1) + c = 6
or a b + c = 6.
2
If f ( 2 ) = 3, then a ( 2 ) + b ( 2 ) + c = 3 or
4a + 2b + c = 3.
b.
To find a, b, and c, we must solve the

following system:
(1)
a+b+c = 4
a
b
c
6
(2)
+
=
4a + 2b + c = 3
(3)
a+b+c = 4
a b + c = 6
2 a + 2c = 2
(4)

2a 2b + 2c = 12
4a + 2b + c = 3
6a
+ 3c = 9
(5)
Divide both sides of equation (4) by 2,

divide equation (5) by 3, and add the
results.
a + c = 1
2 a c = 3
a = 2
a = 2
Substituting 2 for a in equation (4), we
obtain
2 ( 2 ) + 2 c = 2
4 + 2 c = 2
2c = 2
c =1
Substituting 2 for a and 1 for c in equation
(1), we obtain
2 + b + 1 = 4
b=5
Thus, the quadratic equation that contains
(1, 6), (1, 4), and (2, 3) is
f ( x ) = 2 x 2 + 5 x + 1.
45. Rewrite the system with each equation in

standard form.
(1)
i1 i2 + i3 = 0
(2)
3i1 + 2i3 = 3
4i2 + 2i3 = 22
(3)
3i1 3i2 + 3i3 = 0
3i1
+ 2i3 = 3
3i2 + 5i3 = 3
(4)

the results.
12i2 + 6i3 = 66
12i2 + 20i3 = 12
26i3 = 78
i3 = 3
Substituting 3 for i3 in equation (2), we obtain
3i1 + 2 ( 3) = 3
3i1 + 6 = 3
3i1 = 3
i1 = 1
Substituting 3 for i3 and 1 for i1 in equation (1),
we obtain
1 i2 + ( 3) = 0
i2 + 4 = 0
i2 = 4
i2 = 4
The currents are i1 = 1 , i2 = 4 , and i3 = 3.
47. Let b represent the number of box seats, let r

represent the number of reserved seats, and let l
represent the number of lawn seats.
b + r + l = 4100
(1)
9b + 7r + 5l = 28, 400
(2)
1 ( 9b ) + 1 ( 7 r ) + 5l = 18,300
(3)
2
2
Simplify equation (3) and rewrite the system.
1
1
( 9b ) + ( 7r ) + 5l = 18,300
2
2
4.5b + 3.5r + 5l = 18,300
b + r + l = 4100
9
b
7r + 5l = 28, 400
+
4.5b + 3.5r + 5l = 18,300
(1)
(2)
(3)
205

9b 9r 9l = 36,900
9b + 7 r + 5l = 28, 400
2r 4l = 8500
(4)

9b 7r 10l = 36, 600
9b + 7r + 5l = 28, 400
5l = 8200
l = 1640
Substituting 1640 for l in equation (4), we obtain
2r 4 (1640 ) = 8500
2r 6460 = 8500
2r = 1940
r = 970
Substituting 1640 for l and 970 for r in equation
(1), we obtain
b + 970 + 1640 = 4100
b + 2610 = 4100
b = 1490
There are 1490 box seats, 970 reserve seats, and
1640 lawn seats in the stadium.
49. Let c represent the number servings of Chex
cereal, let m represent the number of servings of
2% milk, and let j represent the number of
servings of orange juice.
= 470 (sodium) (1)
220c + 125m
26
c
12
m
26
j
89
(carbs)
(2)
+
+
=
c + 8m + 2 j = 20
(protein)
(3)
13c 104m 26 j = 260
26c + 12m + 26 j = 89
13c 92m
= 171
(4)

add the results.
2860c + 1625m = 6110

2860c + 20, 240m = 37, 620
21,865m = 43, 730
m=2
206

Substituting 2 for m in equation (1), we obtain
220c + 125 ( 2 ) = 470
220c + 250 = 470
220c = 220
c =1
Substituting 2 for m and 1 for c in equation (3),
we obtain
1 + 8 ( 2 ) + 2 j = 20
17 + 2 j = 20
2j =3
j = 1.5
Nancy needs 1 serving of Chex cereal,
2 servings of 2% milk, and 1.5 servings of
orange juice.
51. Let t represent the amount to be invested in
Treasury bills, let m represent the amount to be
invested in municipal bonds, and let c represent
the amount to be invested in corporate bonds.
(1)
t + m + c = 25, 000
(2)
0.03t + 0.05m + 0.09c = 1210
t c = 7000
(3)
Multiply both sides of equation (1) by 0.05 and
0.05t 0.05m 0.05c = 1250
0.03t + 0.05m + 0.09c = 1210
0.02t
+ 0.04c = 40
(4)
Multiply both sides of equation (3) by 0.02 and

0.02t 0.02c = 140
0.02t + 0.04c = 40
0.02c = 100
c = 5000
Substituting 5000 for c in equation (3), we
obtain
t 5000 = 7000
t = 12, 000
Substituting 5000 for c and 12,000 for t in
12, 000 + m + 5000 = 25, 000
m + 17, 000 = 25, 000
m = 8000
Sachi should invest $12,000 in Treasury bills,
$8000 in municipal bonds, and $5000 in
corporate bonds.
53. Let x represent the lengths of AO and AM , let

y represent the lengths of OC and NC , and let z
represent the lengths of BM and BN .
Because AO + OC = AC , BN + NC = BC , and
AM + MB = AB, we obtain the following

system.
= 14
(1)
x + y
x
z
6
(2)
+
=
y + z = 12
(3)
x y
= 14
x
+z=6
y + z = 8
(4)
y + z = 12
y + z = 8
2z = 4
z=2
y + 2 = 12
y = 10
x+2=6
x=4
Therefore, AM = 4, BN = 2, and OC = 10.
1
1
2
x+ y z =0
55.
(1)
5
2
3
3
1
1
(2)
x y + z = 10
5
4
2
1 x + 1 y 1 z = 4
(3)
5
4
6
Simplify each equation and rewrite the system.
1
1
2
(1) 30 x + y z = 30 ( 0 )
2
3
5
12 x + 15 y 10 z = 0
1
1
3
(2) 20 x y + z = 20 (10 )
4
2
5
12 x 5 y + 10 z = 200
1
1
1
(3) 60 x + y z = 60 ( 4 )
4
6
5
12 x + 15 y 10 z = 240

12 x + 15 y 10 z = 0
12 x 5 y + 10 z = 200
12 x + 15 y 10 z = 240
(1)
(2)
(3)

12 x + 15 y 10 z = 0
12 x + 15 y 10 z = 240
30 y 20 z = 240
(4)

12 x 5 y + 10 z = 200
12 x + 15 y 10 z = 240
10 y
= 40
y = 4

30 ( 4 ) 20 z = 240
120 20 z = 240
20 z = 120
z=6
we obtain
12 x + 15 ( 4 ) 10 ( 6 ) = 0
12 x 60 60 = 0
12 x = 120
x = 10
57.
x+ y+z+w=3
2 x y + 3z w = 1
2x + 2 y 2z + w = 2
x + 2 y 3z + 2w = 12
x+ y+ z+w=3
x + 2 y 3 z + 2 w = 12
3 y 2 z + 3w = 15
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)

2 x y + 3 z w = 1
2x + 2 y 2z + w = 2
y+z
=1
(6)

2 x + 2 y + 2 z + 2w = 6
2 x y + 3z w = 1
y + 5z + w = 5
(7)
207

y

3 y 15 z 3w = 15
3 y 2 z + 3w = 15
17 z
=0
z=0
2x + 3y = 12
10

y +0 =1
y =1
Substituting 0 for z and 1 for y equation (7), we
obtain
1 + 5(0) + w = 5
1+ w = 5
w=4
Substituting 0 for z and 1 for y and 4 for w in
x +1+ 0 + 4 = 3
x+5 = 3
x = 2
The solution is ( 2, 1, 0, 4 ) .
59. Answers will vary. One possibility follows: We
must eliminate the same variable in the first step
so that we will obtain a system of two equations
containing two variables, which we can then
solve using the methods of Section 3.1. Once we
solve for the two variables, we can then backsubstitute in order to find the third variable.
Putting the Concepts Together (Sections 3.13.3)
1. The graphs of the linear equations intersect at the
point (3, 5). Thus, the solution is (3, 5).
(1)
3x + y = 7
2.
2 x + 3 y = 12 (2)
y = 3x + 7. Equation (2) in slope-intercept form
2
is y = x 4. Graph each equation and find the
3
208
10
(3,2)
10
3x + y = 7
(1)
x = 2 3y
3.
3
x
10
y
5
(2)
+
=
Because equation (1) is solved for x, we use

substitution to solve the system.
Substituting 2 3y for x in equation (2), we
obtain
3 ( 2 3 y ) + 10 y = 5
6 9 y + 10 y = 5
6+ y = 5
y = 1
x = 2 3(1) = 2 + 3 = 5.
4 x + 3 y = 1 (1)
4.
(2)
2 x y = 3
Because the coefficient of y in equation (2) is 1,
Equation (2) solved for y is y = 2 x 3 .
obtain
4 x + 3 ( 2 x 3 ) = 1
4 x + 6 x 9 = 1
10 x 9 = 1
10 x = 8
8 4
x=
=
10 5
4
for x in equation (2), we obtain
Substituting
5
(1)
2 x + y + 3z = 10
(2)
7. x 2 y + z = 10
4 x + 3 y + 2 z = 5 (3)
2 x + 4 y 2 z = 20
2 x + y + 3z = 10
4
2 y = 3
5
8
15
y=
5
5
7
y =
5
7
y=
5
7
4
5
5
(1)
x + 3y = 8
5. 1
1
5 x + 2 y = 1 (2)
Because equation (2) contains fractions, we
choose to use the elimination method to solve
the system.
multiply both side of equation (2) by 10, and
add the results.
2 x + 6 y = 16
2 x 5 y = 10
y=6
x + 3( 6) = 8
x + 18 = 8
x = 10
(1)
8 x 4 y = 12
6.
10 x + 5 y = 15 (2)
the results.
40 x 20 y = 60
40 x + 20 y = 60
0=0
True
{( x, y ) 8x 4 y = 12}.
5 y + z = 10
(4)

4 x + 2 y + 6 z = 20
4 x + 3 y + 2 z = 5
5 y + 8 z = 25
(5)

5 y z = 10
5 y + 8 z = 25
7 z = 35
z=5
5 y + 5 = 10
5 y = 15
y = 3
Substituting 5 for z and 3 for y in equation (1),
we obtain
2 x + ( 3) + 3 ( 5 ) = 10
2 x 3 + 15 = 10
2 x + 12 = 10
2 x = 2
x = 1
x + 2 y 2 z = 3 (1)
8. x + 3 y 4 z = 6 (2)
4 x + 5 y 2 z = 6 (3)
x 2 y + 2 z = 3
x + 3y 4z = 6
y 2z = 3
(4)

4 x 8 y + 8 z = 12
4x + 5 y 2z = 6
3 y + 6 z = 6
(5)
209

17m 17b = 2,550
17m 30b = 22,360
47b = 24,910
b = 530

3y 6z = 9
3 y + 6 z = 6
0=3
False
Substituting 530 for b in equation (3), we obtain

m 530 = 150
m = 380
9. Let a represent the number of adult tickets and

let y represent the number of youth tickets sold.
9a + 5 y = 5925 (1)
a + y = 825 (2)

5a 5 y = 4125
9a + 5 y = 5925
4a
= 1800
a = 450
Section 3.4
Substituting 450 for a in equation (2), we obtain

450 + y = 825
y = 375
The museum sold 450 adult tickets and
375 youth tickets.
10. Let r represent the number of orchestra seats, let
m represent the number of mezzanine seats, and
let b represent the number of balcony seats.
(1)
r + m + b = 1200
65r + 48m + 35b = 55, 640 (2)

b = m + 150
(3)
Writing the equations in the system in standard
form, we obtain
(1)
r + m + b = 1200
65
r
48
m
35
b
55,
640
(2)
+
+
=
m b = 150
(3)
Multiply equation (1) by 65 and add the result
to equation (2).
65r 65m 65b = 78, 000
65r + 48m + 35b = 55, 640
17m 30b = 22,360
(4)
equation (4).
210
Substituting 530 for b and 380 for m in equation

(1), we obtain
r + 380 + 530 = 1200
r + 910 = 1200
r = 290
The theatre contains 290 orchestra seats,
380 mezzanine seats, and 530 balcony seats.
R1. For the expression 4x 2y + z, the coefficients

are 4, 2 , and 1.
R2.
x 4y = 3
x 4y + 4y = 3+ 4y
x = 4y + 3
R3. Substitute x = 1, y = 3, and z = 2:

3x 2 y + z = 3(1) 2(3) + 2
= 3+ 6+ 2
= 11
1. An m by n rectangular array of numbers is called
a matrix.
2. The matrix used to represent a system of linear
equations is called an augmented matrix.
3. A 4 3 matrix has 4 rows and 3 columns.
4. False. The augmented matrix of a system of two
equations containing two unknowns has 2 rows
and 3 columns.
5. In the augmented matrix, the first column
represents the coefficients on the x variable. The
second column represents the coefficients on the
y variable. The vertical line signifies the equal
signs. The third column represents the constants
to the right of the equal sign.
3 1 10
5 2
0

6. The system
x + 2 y 2 z = 11
x 2z = 4
4 x y + z 3 = 0
gets rearranged as
x + 2 y 2 z = 11
x + 0 y 2 z = 4
4 x y + z = 3
Thus, the augmented matrix is
1 2 2 11
1 0 2 4 .
3
4 1 1
12. Write the augmented matrix of the system and

then put it in row echelon form.
1
2 4 20
R1 = r1
3 1 16
2
1 2 10
=
( R2 = 3r1 + r2 )
3 1 16
1 2
=
0 7
1 2
=
0 1
7. Since the augmented matrix has two rows, it

represents a system of two equations. Because
there are two columns to the left of the vertical
bar, the system has two variables. If we call the
variables x and y, the system of equations is
x 3y = 7
2 x + 5 y = 3
8. Since the augmented matrix has three rows, it

represents a system of three equations. Because
there are three columns to the left of the vertical
bar, the system has three variables. If we call the
variables x, y, and z, the system of equations is
x 3y + 2z = 4
z = 1
3 x
x + 4 y
=0
9.
1 2
5
( R2 = 4r1 + r2 )
4 5 11
1
5
=
4
1
+
4
4
2
+
5
4
5
+
11
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1 2
=
0 3
5
9
10. We want a 0 in row 1, column 2. We accomplish

this by multiplying row 2 by 5 and adding the
result to row 1. That is, we apply the row
operation R1 = 5r2 + r1.
1 5 13
( R1 = 5r2 + r1 )
0 1 2
5(0) + 1 5(1) + 5 5(2) + 13

=
0
1
2
1 0
=
0 1
11. True
3
2
10
14
R2 = r2
7
10
2
From row 2, we have that y = 2. Row 1

represents the equation x 2y = 10. Backsubstitute 2 for y and solve for x.
x 2(2) = 10
x + 4 = 10
x=6
1 1 2
7
R2 = 2r1 + r2
2 2 1
11
R = 3r + r
1
3
3
3 1 3 14
1 1 2
7
= 0 0 3 3
( Interchange r1 and r2 )
0
2
3
7
1 1 2
= 0 2 3
0 0 3
7
7
1 1 2
= 0 1 32
0 0
1
72
1
R2 = 2 r2
R3 = 1 r3
3
Write the system of equations that corresponds

to the row-echelon matrix
(1)
x y + 2z = 7
3
7
(2)
y z =
2
2
z =1
(3)

3
7
y (1) =
2
2
3
7
y =
2
2
4
y = = 2
2
211

we obtain
x ( 2 ) + 2 (1) = 7
x+2+2 = 7
x+4=7
x=3
2 3 2 1
1
2 0 4 9
R1 = r1
4 6 1 14
3
1
1 2 1 2
R = 2r1 + r2
= 2 0 4 9 2
R3 = 4r1 + r3
4 6 1 14
3
1
1 2 1 2 R = 1 r
2
2
3
= 0 3 2 10
1
0 0 3 12 R3 = r3
3

3
1
1 2 1 2
2 10
= 0 1
3 3
0 0 1 4

3
1
(1)
x + 2 y z = 2
2
10
y+ z =
(2)
3
3
z=4
(3)

2
10
y + ( 4) =
3
3
8 10
y+ =
3 3
2
y=
3
2
for y in equation (1),
Substituting 4 for z and
3
we obtain
212
32
1
x + ( 4) =
23
2
1
x +1 4 =
2
1
7
x = +3 =
2
2
7 2
The solution is the ordered triple , , 4 .
2 3
1
5 6
2
R1 = r1
6 15 18
2
1
3
=
( R2 = 6r1 + r2 )
2
6 15 18
1
3
=
2
0 0 0

to the row-echelon matrix.
5
x + y = 3
(1)
0=0
(2)
The statement 0 = 0 in equation (2) indicates that
the system is dependent and has an infinite
{( x, y ) | 2 x + 5 y = 6}.
1 1
3
8
R2 = 2r1 + r2
2 3 10 19
R = r +r
3 1 3
1
2
7
11
1 1 3
= 0 1 4
0 1 4
1 1 3
= 0 1 4
0 0 0
8
3
( R3 = r2 + r3 )
8
3

(1)
x + y 3z = 8
(2)
y 4z = 3
0=0
(3)

The statement 0 = 0 in equation (3) indicates
that the system is dependent and has an infinite
y 4z = 3
y = 4z + 3
obtain
x + ( 4 z + 3) 3z = 8
x+ z +3 = 8
x = z + 5
{(x, y, z)|x = z + 5, y + 4z + 3, z is any real
number}
1
2 3 4
R1 = r1
10 15 2
2
2
1
=
( R2 = 10r1 + r2 )
2
10 15 2
1
2
=
2
0 0 22

3
x y = 2
(1)
0 = 22
(2)
that the system is inconsistent. The system has
no solution. The solution set is or { }.
1 2 1 5
2 1 4 3
( R1 = 1 r1 )
3
1
5
0
1 2 1
= 2 1 4
3 1 5
1 2 1
= 0 5 2
0 5 2
5
3
R2 = 2r1 + r2
R = 3r + r
1
3
3
5
13
15
R2 = r2
5
1 2
= 0 1
0 5
1 2
= 0 1
0 0
1
2
5
2
1
2
5
5
13
5
15
5
13
5
2
( R3 = 5r2 + r3 )

(1)
x 2 y + z = 5
2
13
(2)
y+ z =
5
5
0=2
(3)

3.4 Exercises
1 3
19.
2 5
2
1
1 1 1
21. 2 1 3
4 2 5
3
1
23. Write each equation in the system in standard

form.
x + y = 2
5 x + y = 5

1 1 2
5 1 5
25. Write each equation in the system in standard

form.
+z=2
x
= 13
2 x + y
x y + 4 z = 4
1 0 1 2
2 1 0 13
1 1 4 4
27. 2 x + 5 y = 3
4 x + y = 10
213
29. x + 5 y 3z = 2
3 y z = 5
4 x
+ 8z = 6
31. x 2 y + 9 z = 2
y 5z = 8
z=
3
33. a.
1 3 2
( R2 = 2r1 + r2 )
2 5 1
1
3
2
=
2
1
+
2
2
3
+
5
2
2
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
) + 1
1 3
=
0 1
b.
35. a.
2
5
1 3 2
0 1 5
1
3
=
1
0
1
(
)
( 1)
1 3 2
=
0 1 5
1 1 1
2 5 3
1 3 2
( R2 = 1 r2 )
2
1( 5 )
4
3
( R2 = 2r1 + r2 )
1
1
1
= 2 (1) + 2 2 (1) + 5 2 ( 1) + 3
3
2
1
1 1 1
=0 3 5
1 3 2
b.
214
1 1
0 3
1 3
1
= 0
1 + ( 1)
1 1
= 0 3
0 2
1
5
2
4
11
1
4
11
( R3 = r1 + r3 )
1
1
3
5
1 + ( 3) 1 + 2
1
5
1
4
2 ( 4 ) + ( 3)
4
11
4 + 1
4
11
37. a.
1 1
0 5
0 4
1
= 0 + 0
4
3
1
3
2
1 1
0 1
0 4
= 0
1
2 ( 0 )
1 1
= 0 1
0 2
4
8 + ( 3 )
1
1
4 + 5 2 + 3
2
4
1 1 1
= 0 1 5
0 4 2
b.
( R2 = r3 + r2 )
4
5
4
5
1
5
2
1
1
R3 = r3
2
1
5
1
1
( 4 ) ( 2 )
2
2
1 4
5 5
1 4
5
1
( 8)
2

1
2 3 1
R1 = r1
1 4 28
2
3
1
1
=
( R2 = r1 + r2 )
2
2
1 4 28
3
1
1 2
2
2
=
R2 = r2
11
55
11
0

2
2
3 1
1
=
2 2
0 1 5

3
1
x + y =
(1)
2
2
y = 5
(2)
1
2
1
2
16
x=
=8
2
x+
3
( 5 ) =
2
15
x =
2

1 5 2 23
2 3 5 11 R2 = 2r1 + r2
R = 3r1 + r3
4 3
3 2 1
1 5 2 23
1
1 35
= 0 7
R2 = r2
0 13 7 65
5 2
23
1
1
= 0
1
5
( R3 = 13r2 + r3 )
7
0 13 7 65
1 5 2 23
1
7
0 1
5
=
r3
7
R3 =
62
0 0 62 0
1 5 2 23
1
5
= 0 1
7
0 0 1 0
(1)
x + 5 y 2 z = 23
1
y+ z =5
(2)
z=0
(3)
By equation (3), we know z = 0 . Substituting 0

for z in equation (2), we obtain
1
y + ( 0) = 5
7
y =5
we obtain
x + 5 ( 5 ) 2 ( 0 ) = 23
x + 25 = 23
x = 2
215

0
4 5 0
8 10 2 13 ( R2 = 2r1 + r2 )
0 15 4 7
0
4 5 0
1
r2
= 0 20 2 13 R2 =
20
0 15 4 7
0
0
4 5
1
13
= 0 1
( R3 = 15r2 + r3 )
10
20
4
7
0 15
0
0
4 5
1
13
2

0 1
=
10
20 R3 = r3
11
11
11
0 0
2
4
4 5
0
0
1
13
= 0 1

10
20
1
0 0
2
=0
(1)
4 x + 5 y
1
13
y z =
(2)
10
20
1
z=
(3)
2
1
Substituting
2
1 1
13
y =
10 2
20
1
13
=
y
20
20
12
3
=
y=
20
5
3
5
3
4x + 5 = 0
5
4x 3 = 0
4x = 3
3
x=
4
3 1
3
5 2
4
216

1 3 3
( R2 = 2r1 + r2 )
2 6 6
1 3 3
=
0 0 0
(1)
x 3y = 3
0=0
(2)

{( x, y ) | x 3 y = 3}.
3
1 2 1
2 4 1 5 R2 = 2r1 + r2
R3 = 8r1 + r3
8 16 1 21
1 2 1 3
= 0 0 1 1
( R3 = 9r2 + r3 )
0
0
9
3
1 2 1 3
= 0 0 1 1
0 0 0 6
(1)
x 2 y + z = 3
=
z
1
(2)
0 = 6
(3)
1 1 2 4
R2 = 4r1 + r2
4 0 3 4
R = 2r + r
1
3
3
2 2 1 4
1 1 2 4
1
= 0 4 5 12
R2 = r2
0 4 5 12
1 1 2 4
5
3 ( R3 = 4r2 + r3 )
= 0 1
4
0 4 5 12
1 1 2 4
5
3
= 0 1
4
0 0
0 0
(1)
x + y 2z = 4
4
(2)
y z =3
5
0=0
(3)

5
y = z +3
4
5
Substituting z + 3 for y in equation (1), we
4
obtain
5
x + z + 3 2z = 4
4
5
8
x + z z =1
4
4
3
x = z +1
4
The solution is the ordered triple
3
5
( x, y, z ) | x = z + 1, y = z + 3,
.
4
4

51. x + 4 y = 5
(1)
y
=
2
(2)
This system is consistent and independent.

x + 4 ( 2 ) = 5
x 8 = 5
x=3
53. x + 3 y 2 z = 6
(1)
(2)
y + 5 z = 2
0=4
(3)
This system is inconsistent. The solution is or
{ }.
55. x 2 y z = 3
(1)
(2)
y 2 z = 8
(3)
z =5
y 2 ( 5 ) = 8
y 10 = 8
y=2
we obtain
x 2 ( 2) 5 = 3
x 45 = 3
x 9 = 3
x = 12
The solution is the ordered triple (12, 2, 5 ) .
1 3 18
( R2 = 2r1 + r2 )
2 1
1
1 3
=
0 7
1 3
=
0 1
18
35
R2 = r2
7
18
5

(1)
x 3 y = 18
(2)
y = 5

x 3 ( 5 ) = 18
x + 15 = 18
x=3
2 4 10
1 2 3
1 2 3
=
( R2 = 2r1 + r2 )
2 4 10
1 2 3
=
0 0 4
The system is inconsistent. The system has no
solution. The solution set is or { } .
217

1 6 8
( R2 = 2r1 + r2 )
2 8 9
1 6
=
0 20
1 6
=
0 1
8
25
r2
R2 =
20
54

(1)
x 6y = 8
(2)
y=
4
5
4
5
x 6 = 8
4
15
x+ =8
2
1
x=
2
5
1
4
2
4 1 8
1
2 1 4
R1 = r1
4
1 1 2
4
=
( R2 = 2r1 + r2 )
2 12 4
1 1 2
4
=
0
0 0
The system is dependent. The solution to the
system is {( x, y ) 4 x y = 8} .
218

1 1 1
0
R2 = 2r1 + r2
2 3 1
19
R = 3r + r
1
3
3
3
1
2
15
1 1 1
= 0 5 1
0 4 1
1
= 0
0
1
= 0
0
1
= 0
0
1 1
1 15
4 1
1 1
1 15
0 15
1 1
1 15
0 1
0
19
15
0
19
5
15
0
159
1
5
0
19
5
1
R2 = r2
5
( R3 = 4r2 + r3 )
( R3 = 5r3 )

(1)
x + y + z = 0
1
19
(2)
y+ z =
5
5
z =1
(3)

1
19
y + (1) =
5
5
1
19
y+ =
5
5
20
y=
= 4
4
we obtain
x + ( 4 ) + 1 = 0
x 3 = 0
x=3

2 1 1 13
1 3 2 14 ( Interchange r and r )
1
2
3
2
3
3
1 3 2
= 2 1 1
3 2 3
1
=2
3
1
= 0
0
1
= 0
0
1
= 0
0
1
= 0
3 2
1 1
2 3
3 2
5 3
11 9
3
1
2
53
11 9
3
1
0
3
1
0
14
13
3
14
13
3
14
15
45
14
3
45
14
3
12
12
5
2 14
35
3
5
1
2
53

2 1 3 1
1 3 1 4
3
1
7
2
( R1 = 1 r1 )
1 3 1
= 2 1 3
3 1 7
4
1
( R1 = 1 r1 )
R2 = 2r1 + r2
R = 3r + r
1
3
3
1 3 1
= 2 1 3
3 1 7
4
1
R2 = 2r1 + r2
R = 3r + r
1
3
3
R2 = r2
5
1 3 1
= 0 5 5
0 10 10
4
7
14
( R3 = 2r2 + r3 )
( R3 = 11r2 + r3 )
1 3 1
= 0 5 5
0 0 0
4
7
R3 = r3
12
The system is dependent and has an infinite

(1)
x 3y z = 4
(2)
5 y + 5 z = 7
0=0
(3)

(1)
x + 3 y 2 z = 14
3
y z =3
(2)
z = 5
(3)

3
y ( 5 ) = 3
5
y+3 = 3
y=0
we obtain
x + 3 ( 0 ) 2 ( 5) = 14
x + 10 = 14
x=4

5 y + 5 z = 7
5 y = 5 z 7
7
y = z = z 1.4
5
Substituting z 1.4 for y in equation (1), we
obtain
x 3 ( z 1.4 ) z = 4
x + 3z + 4.2 z = 4
x + 2 z + 4.2 = 4
x = 2 z 0.2
{( x, y, z ) x = 2 z 0.2,
y = z 1.4, z is any real number} .
219

3 1 4 0
2 3 1 5
1
5
2
3
1 5 2
= 2 3 1
3 1 4
3
5
( R1 = 1 r1 )
1 5 2
= 2 3 1
3 1 4
3
5
R2 = 2r1 + r2
R = 3r + r
1
3
3
3
1
1 5
2
= 0 7
5
0 14 10
1 5 2
= 0 7 5
0 0 0
( R3 = 2r2 + r3 )
3
1

2 1 3 1
3 1 4 3
1
7
2
2
1 7 2
= 3 1 4
2 1 3
1 7 2
= 0 20 2
0 15 7
1 7
2
1
= 0 1 10
0 15 7
1
= 0
0
1
= 0
7 2
1
1 10
0 11
2
7 2
1
1 10
0
1
2
3
1
2
3
5
2
3
20
5
2
3
20
11
4
2
3
20
12
R2 = 3r1 + r2
R = 2 r + r
1
3
3
(1)
x + 7 y 2z = 2
1
3
y z =
(2)
10
20
1
z=
(3)
2
1
Substituting for z in equation (2), we obtain
2
1 1 3
y =
10 2 20
1
3
=
y+
20 20
2
1
=
y=
20 10
1
1
Substituting for z and
for y in equation
2
10
(1), we obtain
1 1
x + 7 2 = 2
10 2
7
x + +1 = 2
10
17
x+ =2
10
3
x=
10
1
3 1
, .
The solution is the ordered triple ,
10 10 2
R2 = r2
20
( R3 = 15r2 + r3 )
R3 = r3
11

220

3 5 2 6
1
0 10 2 5
R1 = r1
6 0 4 8
= 0
6
= 0
0
= 0
0
= 0
0
= 0
0
= 0
0
5
3
2
3
10 2
0 4
5
3
5
8
2
3
10 2 5
10 0 4
5
2
2
3
3
10 2 5
2
1 0
5
5
2
2
3
3
2
1 0
5
10 2 5
5
3
1
0
5
3
1
0
2
3
2
2
0
5
2 1
2
2
3
2
0
5
1 1
2
( R3 = 6r1 + r3 )
1
5 2
2
3 5
R3 = r3
10
( Interchange r2
5 2 2 1
x + + = 2
3 5 3 2
2 1
x+ = 2
3 3
1
x+ =2
3
5
x=
3
and r3 )
( R3 = 10r2 + r3 )
R3 = r3
2

2
5
(1)
x + 3 y + 3 z = 2
2
(2)
=
y
(3)
z=
2
2
1
2
We have y = and z = . Substituting
for
2
5
5
1
y and for z in equation (1), we obtain
2

1 0 1 3
2 1 0 3
( R2 = 2r1 + r2 )
0 2 1 7
1 0 1
= 0 1 2
0 2 1
3
9
( R3 = 2r2 + r3 )
1 0 1
= 0 1 2
0 0 5
3
9
25
R3 = r3
5
1 0 1
= 0 1 2
0 0 1
3
9

z =3
(1)
x
+
=
y
2
z
9
(2)
z = 5
(3)
y + 2 ( 5 ) = 9
y 10 = 9
y =1
x ( 5 ) = 3
x+5 = 3
x = 2
79. a.
If f (1) = 0, then a (1) + b (1) + c = 0 or
a + b + c = 0.
2
If f ( 2 ) = 3, then a ( 2 ) + b ( 2 ) + c = 3 or
4a + 2b + c = 3.
221

b.
To find a, b, and c, we must solve the

following system:
(1)
a b+c = 6
(2)
a+b+c = 0
4a + 2b + c = 3
(3)
Write the augmented matrix of the system
and then put it in row echelon form.
1
1
4
1
= 0
1 1
1 1
2 1
6
0
R2 = 1r1 + r2
R = 4r + r
1
3
3
1 1
2 0
6 3
6
6
21
R2 = r2
2
1 1 1
= 0 1 0
0 6 3
6
3
21
( R3 = 6r2 + r3 )
1 1
= 0 1
0 0
1 1
= 0 1
0 0
6
3
R3 = r3
3
1
0
3
1
0
1
6
3
Write the system of equations that

corresponds to the row-echelon matrix
(1)
a b + c = 6
= 3
(2)
b
c =1
(3)
We have b = 3 and c = 1. Substituting 3
for b and 1 for c in equation (1), we obtain
a ( 3 ) + 1 = 6
a+4 =6
a=2
Thus, the quadratic equation that contains
(1, 6), (1, 0), and (2, 3) is
f ( x ) = 2 x 2 3 x + 1.
81. Let t represent the amount to be invested in
Treasury bills, let m represent the amount to be
invested in municipal bonds, and let c represent
the amount to be invested in corporate bonds.
(1)
t + m + c = 20, 000
+
+
=
0.04
t
0.05
m
0.08
c
1070
(2)
t c = 3000
(3)
Write the augmented matrix of the system and
222
1
1
1
20,000
0.04 0.05 0.08
1070
0
3000
1
1
1
1
20, 000
1
270
= 0 0.01 0.04
2
17, 000
0 1
20, 000
1 1 1
27, 000
= 0 1 4
0 1 2 17, 000
1 1 1 20, 000
= 0 1 4 27, 000
0 0 2 10, 000
1 1 1
= 0 1 4
0 0 1
R2 = 0.04r1 + r2
R3 = 1r1 + r3
( R2 = 100r2 )
( R3 = r2 + r3 )
1
R3 = r3
2
20, 000
27, 000
5000

(1)
t + m + c = 20, 000
(2)
m + 4c = 27, 000
c = 5000
(3)
Substituting 5000 for c in equation (2), we
obtain
m + 4 ( 5000 ) = 27, 000
m + 20, 000 = 27, 000
m = 7000
Substituting 5000 for c and 7000 for m in
t + 7000 + 5000 = 20, 000
t + 12, 000 = 20, 000
t = 8000
Therefore, Carissa should invest $8000 in
Treasury bills, $7000 in municipal bonds, and
$5000 in corporate bonds.
then put it in reduced row echelon form.
2 1
1
( R1 = 2r1 + r2 )
3 2 5
1 0 3
=
3 2 5
1 0
3
=
0 2 14
1 0 3
=
0 1 7
( R2 = 3r1 + r2 )
1
R2 = r2
2

to the reduced row echelon matrix
x = 3
y = 7
The solution is the ordered pair ( 3, 7 ) .

then put it in reduced row echelon form.
1 1 1
3
R2 = 2r1 + r2
2 1 4 25
R3 = 3r1 + r3
3
2
1
0
1 1 1
= 0 1 6
0 5 4
3
19
1 0 5
= 0 1 6
0 0 26
1 0 5
= 0 1 6
0 0 1
1 0 0
= 0 1 0
0 0 1
1 0 0
= 0 1 0
0 0 1
22
19
104
22
19
4
2
5
R1 = r1 + r2
R3 = 5r2 + r3
1
R3 = r3
26
R1 = 5r3 + r1
R2 = 6r3 + r2
( R2 = 1 r2 )
2
5

to the reduced row echelon matrix
x = 2
y = 5
z = 4
87. Answers will vary. One possibility follows:
First, perform row operations so that the entry in
row 1, column 1 is 1. Second, perform row
operations so that all the entries below the 1 in
row 1, column 1 are 0s. Third, perform row
operations so that the entry in row 2, column 2 is
1. Make sure that the entries in column 1 remain
unchanged. If it is impossible to place a 1 in row
2, column 2, then use row operations to place a 1
in row 2, column 3. (If any row with all 0s
occurs, then place it in the last row of the
matrix.) Once a 1 is in place, perform row
operations to place 0s below it. Continue this
process until the augmented matrix is in row
echelon form.
1
(or divide
5
each entry of row 2 by 5). That is, use the row
1
operation R2 = r2 .
5
89. Multiply each entry in row 2 by
91. Write the augmented matrix of the system.

2 3
1
3 4 3
Enter the system into a 2 by 3 matrix, [A]. Then,

use the ref( command along with the frac
command to write the matrix in row echelon
form with the entries in fractional form.
Thus, the row echelon matrix is
1 4 1
3
3
0
1

to the row echelon matrix.
4
(1)
x + y = 1
(2)
y = 3
4
x + ( 3) = 1
3
x 4 =1
x=5
93. Write the augmented matrix of the system.
2 3 2 12
3 1 2
0
3
4 3 1
Enter the system into a 3 by 4 matrix, [A]. Then,
use the ref( command along with the frac
command to write the matrix in row echelon
form with the entries in fractional form. Since
the entire matrix does not fit on the screen, we
need to scroll right to see the rest of it.
223
Thus, the row echelon matrix is
1 3
4
0 1
0 0
14
5
13
3
4
9
13
Write the system of equations that corresponds to the row-echelon matrix

3
1
3
(1)
x + 4 y 4 z = 4
5
9
y+ z =
(2)
13
13
z=7
(3)

5
9
y + (7) =
13
13
35 9
=
y+
13 13
26
= 2
y=
13
Substituting 7 for z and 2 for y in equation (1), we obtain
3
1
3
x + ( 2 ) ( 7 ) =
4
4
4
3 7 3
x =
2 4 4
13 3
x =
4 4
16
=4
x=
4
Section 3.5
R1. 4 2 3 (3) = 8 + 9 = 17
R2.
224
18
=3
6

1. ad bc
2. A matrix is square if the number of rows and the number of columns are equal.
3.
5 3
= 5 ( 6 ) 4 ( 3) = 30 12 = 18
4 6
4.
2 5
= 2 ( 7 ) 1( 5 ) = 14 + 5 = 9
1 7
3 2
= 3 ( 1) ( 2 )( 2 ) = 3 + 4 = 1
2 1
1 2
Dx =
= 1( 1) 1( 2 ) = 1 2 = 3
1 1
3 1
Dy =
= 3 (1) ( 2 )(1) = 3 + 2 = 5
2 1
5. D =
Dy 5
Dx 3
= =5
=
= 3 ; y =
D 1
1
D
Thus, the solution is the ordered pair ( 3, 5 ) .
x=
4 2
= 4 ( 3) ( 6 )( 2 ) = 12 12 = 0
6 3
Since D = 0, Cramers Rule does not apply.
6. D =
7.
2 3 5
4 1
0 1
0 4
0 4 1 = 2
( 3)
+5
8 7
3 7
3 8
3 8 7
= 2 4 ( 7 ) 8 ( 1) + 3 0 ( 7 ) 3 ( 1) + 5 0 ( 8 ) 3 ( 4 )
= 2 ( 28 + 8 ) + 3 ( 0 + 3) + 5 ( 0 12 )
= 2 ( 20 ) + 3 ( 3) + 5 ( 12 )
= 40 + 9 60
= 91
8.
3 2
1
1 3
1 3
1 1
1 1 3 = 3
2
+1
1 5
5 5
5 1
5 1 5
= 3[1(5) (1)(3)] 2[1(5) (5)(3)] + 1[1(1) (5)(1)]
= 3(5 3) 2(5 15) + 1(1 + 5)
= 3(8) 2(20) + 1(4)
= 24 + 40 + 4
= 20
225
Dx 2 1
= =
D 4 2
D y 8
y=
=
= 2
D
4
D
4
z= z =
= 1
4
D
9. x =
Thus, the solution is the ordered triple , 2, 1 .

2
1 1 3
4 3 1
2 0 5
3 1
4 1
4 3
=1
( 1)
+3
0 5
2 5
2 0
= 1 3 ( 5) 0 (1) ( 1) 4 ( 5 ) ( 2 )(1) + 3 4 ( 0 ) ( 2 )( 3)
10. D =
= 1(15 0 ) ( 1)( 20 + 2 ) + 3 ( 0 + 6 )
= 1(15 ) ( 1)( 22 ) + 3 ( 6 )
= 15 + 22 + 18
= 55
2 1 3
9 3 1
7 0 5
3 1
9 1
9 3
= 2
( 1)
+3
0 5
7 5
7 0
= 2 3 ( 5) 0 (1) ( 1) 9 ( 5) 7 (1) + 3 9 ( 0 ) 7 ( 3)
Dx =
= 2 (15 0 ) ( 1)( 45 7 ) + 3 ( 0 21)

= 2 (15 ) ( 1)( 38) + 3 ( 21)
= 30 + 38 63
= 55
1 2 3
4 9 1
2 7 5
9 1
4 1
4 9
=1
( 2 )
+3
7 5
2 5
2 7
= 1 9 ( 5 ) 7 (1) ( 2 ) 4 ( 5 ) ( 2 )(1) + 3 4 ( 7 ) ( 2 )( 9 )
Dy =
= 1( 45 7 ) ( 2 )( 20 + 2 ) + 3 ( 28 + 18 )
= 1( 38 ) ( 2 )( 22 ) + 3 ( 46 )
= 38 + 44 + 138
= 220
226
1 1 2
4 3 9
2 0 7
3 9
4 9
4 3
=1
( 1)
+ ( 2 )
0 7
2 7
2 0
= 1 3 ( 7 ) 0 ( 9 ) ( 1) 4 ( 7 ) ( 2 )( 9 ) + ( 2 ) 4 ( 0 ) ( 2 )( 3)
Dz =
= 1( 21 0 ) ( 1)( 28 + 18) + ( 2 )( 0 + 6 )
= 1( 21) ( 1)( 46 ) + ( 2 )( 6 )
= 21 + 46 12
= 55
D y 220
Dx 55
D
55
=
=4; z = z =
=1
=
= 1 ; y =
55
55
D
D
D 55
Thus, the solution is the ordered triple ( 1, 4, 1) .
x=
3.5 Exercises
11.
4 2
= 4 ( 3) 1( 2 ) = 12 2 = 10
1 3
13.
2 4
= 2 ( 3) 1( 4 ) = 6 + 4 = 2
1
3
1 1
= 1( 1) 1(1) = 1 1 = 2
1 1
4 1
Dx =
12 1
= 4 ( 1) ( 12 )(1) = 4 + 12 = 16
15. D =
Dy =
1 4
= 1( 12 ) 1( 4 ) = 12 + 4 = 8
1 12
D y 8
Dx 16
=
= 8 ; y =
=
=4
D 2
D 2
Thus, the solution is the ordered pair ( 8, 4 ) .
x=
2 3
= 2 (1) ( 3)( 3) = 2 + 9 = 11
3 1
3 3
Dx =
= 3 (1) ( 10 )( 3) = 3 + 30 = 33
10 1
2
3
Dy =
3 10
= 2 ( 10 ) ( 3)( 3) = 20 + 9 = 11
17. D =
D y 11
Dx 33
=
=3; y=
=
= 1
11
D
D 11
Thus, the solution is the ordered pair (3, 1).
x=
227
3
6
1
Dx =
4
3
Dy =
6
19. D =
4
= 3 ( 8) ( 6 )( 4 ) = 24 + 24 = 48
8
4
= 1( 8 ) 4 ( 4 ) = 8 16 = 8
8
1
= 3 ( 4 ) ( 6 )(1) = 12 + 6 = 18
4
25.
+ 3 0 ( 4 ) 1( 5 )
= 3 ( 40 + 8) 2 ( 0 + 2 ) + 3 ( 0 5 )
= 3 ( 48) 2 ( 2 ) + 3 ( 5)
= 144 4 15
= 163
D y 18 3
Dx 8
1
=
=
=
= ; y=
6
D 48 8
D 48
1 3
Thus, the solution is the ordered pair , .
6 8
x=
2 x 6 y = 12
21. The system in standard form is:
3x 5 y = 11
2 6
D=
= 2 ( 5 ) 3 ( 6 ) = 10 + 18 = 8
3 5
12 6
11 5
= 12 ( 5 ) 11( 6 )
= 60 + 66
=6
2 12
Dy =
= 2 (11) 3 (12 ) = 22 36 = 14
3 11
Dx =
x=
D y 14
Dx 6 3
7
= = ; y=
=
=
8
4
D
D 8 4
7
3
4
4
23.
2 0 1
3 8 3
1 5 2
8 3
3 3
3 8
=2
0
+ ( 1)
5 2
1 2
1 5
= 2 8 ( 2 ) 5 ( 3) 0 3 ( 2 ) 1( 3 )
+ ( 1) 3 ( 5 ) 1( 8)
= 2 ( 16 + 15) 0 ( 6 + 3) + ( 1)(15 8 )
= 2 ( 1) 0 ( 3) + ( 1)( 7 )
= 2 + 0 7
= 9
3 2 3
0 5 2
1 4 8
5 2
0 2
0 5
= ( 3)
2
+3
4 8
1 8
1 4
= 3 5 ( 8 ) 4 ( 2 ) 2 0 ( 8 ) 1( 2 )
27.
0 2 1
1 6 4
3 4 5
6 4
1 4
1 6
=0
2
+1
4 5
3 5
3 4
= 0 6 ( 5) 4 ( 4 ) 2 1( 5 ) ( 3)( 4 )
+ 1 1( 4 ) ( 3)( 6 )
= 0 ( 30 + 16 ) 2 ( 5 12 ) + 1( 4 18)
= 0 ( 14 ) 2 ( 7 ) + 1( 14 )
= 0 + 14 14
=0
1 1 1
29. D = 1 2 1
2 1 2
2 1
1 1
1 2
=1
( 1)
+1
1 2
2 2
2 1
= 1 2 ( 2 ) 1( 1) ( 1) 1( 2 ) 2 ( 1)
+ 1 1(1) 2 ( 2 )
= 1( 4 + 1) ( 1)( 2 + 2 ) + 1(1 4 )
= 1( 5) ( 1)( 4 ) + 1( 3)
= 5+ 43
=6
4 1 1
1 2 1
5 1 2
2 1
1 1
1 2
= 4
( 1)
+1
1 2
5 2
5 1
= 4 2 ( 2 ) 1( 1) ( 1) 1( 2 ) ( 5 )( 1)
Dx =
+ 1 1(1) ( 5 )( 2 )
= 4 ( 4 + 1) ( 1)( 2 5 ) + 1(1 + 10 )
= 4 ( 5 ) ( 1)( 3) + 1(11)
= 20 3 + 11
= 12
228
1 4 1
Dy = 1 1 1
2 5 2
=1
1 1
1 1
1 1
( 4 )
+1
2 2
2 5
5 2
4 1 1
Dx = 7 2 3
5 1 1
2 3
7 3
7 2
=4
1
+1
1 1
5 1
5 1
= 4 2 ( 1) ( 1)( 3) 1 7 ( 1) 5 ( 3)
= 1 1( 2 ) ( 5 )( 1) ( 4 ) 1( 2 ) 2 ( 1)
+ 1 7 ( 1) 5 ( 2 )
+ 1 1( 5 ) 2 (1)
= 4 ( 2 3) 1( 7 + 15 ) + 1( 7 10 )
= 4 ( 5 ) 1( 8 ) + 1( 17 )
= 20 8 17
= 45
= 1( 2 5 ) ( 4 )( 2 + 2 ) + 1( 5 2 )
= 1( 3) ( 4 )( 4 ) + 1( 7 )
= 3 + 16 7
=6
1 1 4
Dz = 1 2 1
2 1 5
=1
2 1
1 1
1 2
( 1)
+ ( 4 )
1 5
2 5
2 1
1
Dy = 5
2
7
=1
5
= 1 7 ( 1) 5 ( 3) 4 5 ( 1) 2 ( 3)
= 1 2 ( 5 ) 1(1) ( 1) 1( 5 ) 2 (1)
+ 1 5 ( 5 ) 2 ( 7 )
+ ( 4 ) 1(1) 2 ( 2 )
= 1( 7 + 15) 4 ( 5 + 6 ) + 1( 25 14 )
= 1( 8 ) 4 (1) + 1(11)
= 8 4 + 11
= 15
= 1( 10 1) ( 1)( 5 2 ) + ( 4 )(1 4 )
= 1( 11) ( 1)( 7 ) + ( 4 )( 3)
= 11 7 + 12
= 6
Dy 6
D
12
= = 1;
= 2; y =
x= x =
6
D 6
D
D
6
= 1
z= z =
6
D
Thus, the solution is the ordered triple
( 2, 1, 1) .
1 1 1
31. D = 5 2 3
2 1 1
2 3
5 3
5 2
=1
1
+1
1 1
2 1
2 1
= 1 2 ( 1) ( 1)( 3) 1 5 ( 1) 2 ( 3)
+ 1 5 ( 1) 2 ( 2 )
= 1( 2 3) 1( 5 + 6 ) + 1( 5 4 )
= 1( 5 ) 1(1) + 1( 9 )
= 5 1 9
= 15
4 1
7 3
5 1
3
5 3
5 7
4
+1
1
2 1
2 5
1 1
Dz = 5 2
2 1
2 7
=1
1 5
4
7
5
1
5 7
5 2
+4
2 5
2 1
= 1 2 ( 5) ( 1)( 7 ) 1 5 ( 5 ) 2 ( 7 )
+ 4 5 ( 1) 2 ( 2 )
= 1(10 + 7 ) 1( 25 14 ) + 4 ( 5 4 )
= 1(17 ) 1(11) + 4 ( 9 )
= 17 11 36
= 30
Dy
Dx 45
15
=
= 3; y =
=
= 1;
D 15
D 15
D
30
z= z =
=2
D 15
( 3, 1, 2 ) .
x=
229
2 1 1
33. D = 1 2 2
Dx =
5 5 1
=2
2 2
1 2
1 2
1
+ ( 1)
5 1
5 1
5 5
= 2 2 ( 1) 5 ( 2 ) 1 ( 1)( 1) 5 ( 2 )
+ ( 1) ( 1)( 5) 5 ( 2 )
= 27
3 0
6 0
6 3
0
+1
2 1
27 1
27 2
= 27 3 (1) ( 2 )( 0 ) 0 6 (1) 27 ( 0 )
+ 1 6 ( 2 ) 27 ( 3)
= 2 ( 2 10 ) 1(1 10 ) + ( 1)( 5 10 )
= 27 ( 3 0 ) 0 ( 6 0 ) + 1( 12 + 81)
= 24 + 9 + 15
=0
= 81 0 + 69
= 12
= 2 ( 12 ) 1( 9 ) + ( 1)( 15 )
Since D = 0 , we know that Cramers Rule does

not apply and that this is not a consistent and
independent system.
3
35. D = 1
5
1
=3
1
1
1
1
3
5
1
3
5
1
= 27 ( 3) 0 ( 6 ) + 1( 69 )
2 27
D y = 1 6
1 27
6 0
=2
27 1
2 0 27
Dz = 1 3 6
1 2 27
=2
1
0
1
1 0
1 6
+1
1 1
1 27
= 2 ( 6 0 ) 27 ( 1 0 ) + 1( 27 6 )
= 2 ( 6 ) 27 ( 1) + 1( 33)
= 12 + 27 33
=6
+ 1 1( 1) 1( 5 )
2 0
37. D = 1 3
1 2
3 0
=2
2 1
27
+ 1 ( 1)( 27 ) 1( 6 )
1 3
1 1
+1
5 5
5 1
= 3 ( 5 3) 1( 5 15 ) + 1( 1 + 5 )
= 3 ( 8 ) 1( 20 ) + 1( 4 )
= 24 + 20 + 4
=0
Since D = 0, Cramers Rule does not apply.
1
0
1
= 2 6 (1) 27 ( 0 ) 27 1(1) 1( 0 )
= 3 1( 5) ( 1)( 3) 1 1( 5 ) ( 5 )( 3)
3 6
1 6
1 3
0
+ 27
1 27
1 2
2 27
= 2 3 ( 27 ) ( 2 )( 6 ) 0 1( 27 ) 1( 6 )
1 0
1 3
+1
1 1
1 2
= 2 3 (1) ( 2 )( 0 ) 0 1(1) 1( 0 )
+ 1 1( 2 ) 1( 3)
= 2 ( 3 0 ) 0 ( 1 0 ) + 1( 2 + 3)
= 2 ( 3) 0 ( 1) + 1( 5 )
= 6 0 + 5
= 1
230
27 0 1
6 3 0
27 2 1
+ 27
1( 2 ) 1( 3)
= 2 ( 81 + 12 ) 0 ( 27 6 ) + 27 ( 2 + 3)
= 2 ( 69 ) 0 ( 33) + 27 ( 5 )
= 138 0 + 135
= 3
Dy
Dx 12
6
=
= 12; y =
=
= 6;
D
1
D 1
D
3
z= z =
=3
D 1
The solution is the ordered triple (12, 6, 3) .
x=
5
39. D = 10
0
0
=5
1
3 0
0 3
1 2
3
10 3
10 0
3
+0
2
0 2
0 1
= 5 0 ( 2 ) 1( 3) 3 10 ( 2 ) 0 ( 3) + 0 10 (1) 0 ( 0 )
= 5 ( 0 3) 3 ( 20 0 ) + 0 ( 10 0 )
= 5 ( 3) 3 ( 20 ) + 0 ( 10 )
= 15 60 + 0
= 75
2 3 0
Dx = 3 0 3
9 1 2
0 3
3 3
3 0
=2
3
+0
1 2
9 2
9 1
= 2 0 ( 2 ) 1( 3) 3 3 ( 2 ) ( 9 )( 3) + 0 3 (1) ( 9 )( 0 )
= 2 ( 0 3) 3 ( 6 + 27 ) + 0 ( 3 + 0 )
= 2 ( 3) 3 ( 33) + 0 ( 3)
= 6 99 + 0
= 105
5 2 0
Dy = 10 3 3
0 9 2
=5
3 3
10 3
10 3
2
+0
0 2
0 9
9 2
= 5 3 ( 2 ) ( 9 )( 3) 2 10 ( 2 ) 0 ( 3) + 0 10 ( 9 ) 0 ( 3)
= 5 ( 6 + 27 ) 2 ( 20 0 ) + 0 ( 90 + 0 )
= 5 ( 33) 2 ( 20 ) + 0 ( 90 )
= 165 40 + 0
= 125
5
Dz = 10
0
0
=5
1
3 2
0 3
1 9
3
10 3
10 0
3
+2
0 9
0 1
9
= 5 0 ( 9 ) 1( 3) 3 10 ( 9 ) 0 ( 3) + 2 10 (1) 0 ( 0 )
= 5 ( 0 + 3) 3 ( 90 + 0 ) + 2 ( 10 0 )
= 5 ( 3) 3 ( 90 ) + 2 ( 10 )
= 15 270 + 20
= 275
D y 125
D
D
105 7
5
275 11
x= x =
=
= ; z= z =
= ; y=
=
D
3
D 75
D
75 5
3
75
5 11
7
The solution is the ordered triple , ,
.
5
3 3
231
1 1 1
41. D = 0 1 2
1 0 1
0 2
0 1
1 2
=1
1
+1
0 1
1 1
1 0
= 1[ 1(1) 0(2)] 1[0(1) (1)(2)] + 1[0(0) (1)(1)]
= 1(1 0) 1(0 + 2) + 1(0 1)
= 1(1) 1(2) + 1(1)
= 1 2 1
= 4
3 1 1
Dx = 1 1 2
0 0 1
1 2
1 1
1 2
=3
1
+1
0 1
0 1
0 0
= 3[(1)(1) 0(2)] 1[1(1) 0(2)] + 1[1(0) 0(1)]
= 3(1 0) 1(1 0) + 1(0 0)
= 3 1 + 0
= 4
1 3 1
Dy = 0 1 2
1 0 1
1 2
0 2
0 1
=1
3
+1
0 1
1 1
1 0
= 1[1(1) 0(2)] 3[0(1) (1)(2)] + 1[0(0) (1)(1)]
= 1(1 0) 3(0 + 2) + 1(0 + 1)
= 1 6 +1
= 4
1 1 3
Dz = 0 1 1
1 0 0
0 1
0 1
1 1
=1
1
+3
0 0
1 0
1 0
= 1[ 1(0) 0(1)] 1[0(0) (1)(1)] + 3[0(0) (1)(1)]
= 1(0 0) 1(0 + 1) + 3(0 1)
= 0 1 + (3)
= 4
D y 4
D
D
4
4
x= x =
=
= 1, z = z =
=1
= 1, y =
D 4
D 4
D 4
43.
232
x 3
=7
1 2
x ( 2 ) 1( 3 ) = 7
2x 3 = 7
2 x = 10
x=5
x 1 2
1 0 4 =5
3 2 5
45.
0 4
1 4
1 0
( 1)
+ ( 2 )
=5
2 5
3 5
3 2
x 0 ( 5 ) 2 ( 4 ) ( 1) 1( 5 ) 3 ( 4 ) + ( 2 ) 1( 2 ) 3 ( 0 ) = 5
x
x ( 8 ) ( 1)( 7 ) + ( 2 )( 2 ) = 5
8 x 7 4 = 5
8 x 11 = 5
8 x = 16
x = 2
47. a.
Triangle ABC is graphed below.

y
8
C
4
b.
1 5
1
1 1
2 1 1
1 1
= 1
2 1
D=
5
6
1
6
1 6
1 1
5
+5
1
1 1
1 1
1
1(1 1 1 6 ) 5 (1 1 1 6 ) + 5 (1 1 1 1)
2
1
= 1( 5 ) 5 ( 5) + 5 ( 0 )
2
1
= ( 5 + 25 + 0 )
2
1
= ( 20 )
2
= 10
Thus, the area of triangle ABC is 10 = 10.
=
49. a.
Parallelogram ABCD is graphed below.

y
8
4
D
B
A
4
233

b.
Triangle ABC is formed by the points (2, 1), (7, 2), and (8, 4).
y
8
4
D
B
2 7
1
1 2
2 1 1
1 2
= 2
2 1
D=
8
4
1
4
1 4
1 2
7
+8
1
1 1
1 1
1
2 ( 2 1 1 4 ) 7 (11 1 4 ) + 8 (1 1 1 2 )
2
1
= 2 ( 2 ) 7 ( 3) + 8 ( 1)
2
1
= ( 4 + 21 8 )
2
1
= (9)
2
= 4.5
Thus, the area of triangle ABC is 4.5 = 4.5.
=
c.
Triangle ADC is formed by the points (2, 1), (3, 3), and (8, 4).
y
8
4
D
B
A
4
2 3 8
1
1 3 4
2 1 1 1
1 3 4
1 4
1 3
= 2
3
+8
1
1
1
1
1 1
2
1
= 2 ( 3 1 1 4 ) 3 (1 1 1 4 ) + 8 (11 1 3)
2
1
= 2 ( 1) 3 ( 3) + 8 ( 2 )
2
1
= ( 2 + 9 16 )
2
1
= ( 9 )
2
= 4.5
Thus, the area of triangle ADC is 4.5 = 4.5.
D=
234

d.
51. a.
b.
The areas of triangle ABC and triangle ADC are equal. (That is, the diagonal of the parallelogram forms two
triangles of equal area.) Thus, the area of parallelogram ABCD is 4.5 + 4.5 = 9.
x y 1
3 2 1 =0
5 1 1
2 1
3 1
3 2
x
y
+1
=0
1 1
5 1
5 1
x 2 (1) 1(1) y 3 (1) 5 (1) + 1 3 (1) 5 ( 2 ) = 0
x (1) y ( 2 ) + 1( 7 ) = 0
x + 2y 7 = 0
x + 2y = 7
m=
y2 y1 1 2 1
1
=
=
=
2
x2 x1 5 3 2
y y1 = m ( x x2 )
1
y 2 = ( x 3)
2
1
3
y2= x+
2
2
2 y 4 = x + 3
x + 2y = 7
53.
3 2
= 3 ( 4 ) 1( 2 )
1 4
= 12 + 2
= 14
Interchanging rows 1 and 2 and recomputing the determinant, we obtain
1 4
= 1( 2 ) 3 ( 4 )
3 2
= 2 12
= 14
The two determinants are opposites.
Answers may vary. In general, it is true that the value of a determinant will change signs if any two rows (or any
two columns) are interchanged.
55. Using A = D, B = Dx , and C = D y .
The solution is the ordered pair ( 8, 4 ) .

235

57. Using A = D, B = Dx , and C = D y .

R2.
2 x + 1 > 7
2 x + 1 1 > 7 1
2 x > 6
2 x 6
<
2 2
x < 3
The solution set is { x x < 3} or, using interval

notation, (, 3).
R3. Replace the inequality symbol with an equal sign
to obtain 3 x + 2 y = 6. Because the inequality is
59. Using A = D, B = Dx , C = D y , and D = Dz .
strict, graph 3 x + 2 y = 6 y = x 3 using

2
a dashed line.
?
Test Point: ( 0, 0 ) : 3 ( 0 ) + 2 ( 0 ) > 6

?
0 + 0 > 6
?
0 > 6 True
Therefore, (0, 0) is solution to 3 x + 2 y > 6.
Shade the half-plane that contains (0, 0).
y
(0, 0)
5
3x + 2y = 6
Section 3.6
1. An ordered pair satisfies a system of linear

inequalities if it makes each inequality in the
system a true statement.

?
R1. 3(2) + 2 7
?
6 + 27
8 7 True
Yes, x = 2 does satisfy the inequality
3x + 2 7.
2. 4 x + y < 5
2 x 5 y < 10
a.
(1)
(2)
Let x = 1 and y = 2 in both inequalities (1)

and (2).
?
Inequality (1): 4(1) + 2 < 5

?
4 + 2 < 5
2 < 5
236
Second, graph the inequality x + y 4. To do

so, replace the inequality symbol with an equal
sign to obtain x + y = 4. Because the
inequality is non-strict, graph x + y = 4
Inequality (2): 2(1) 5(2) <10

?
2 10 <10
8 < 10
The inequality 4 x + y < 5 is not true
when x = 1 and y = 2, so (1, 2) is not a
solution.
b.

and (2).
?
( y = x 4)
using a solid line.

?
( 0 ) + 0 4
0 4
Therefore, the half-plane containing (0, 0) is the
solution set of x + y 4.
Test Point:
( 0, 0 ) :
The overlapping shaded region (that is, the

shaded region in the graph below) is the solution
to the system of linear inequalities.
Inequality (1): 4(3) + 1< 5

?
12 + 1< 5
11 < 5
y
2x + y = 5
Inequality (2): 2(3) 5(1) < 10

?
6 5 < 10
1 < 10
x + y = 4
These values satisfy both inequalities, so the

ordered pair ( 3, 1) is a solution.
c.

and (2).
?
Inequality (1): 4(1) + (2) < 5

?
4 2 < 5
6 < 5
strict, graph 3 x + y = 2
Test Point:
2 + 10 < 10
12 <10
The inequality 2x 5y < 10 is not true when
x = 1 and y = 2, so (1, 2) is not a solution.
3. 2 x + y 5
x + y 4
First, graph the inequality 2 x + y 5. To do so,

replace the inequality symbol with an equal sign
to obtain 2 x + y = 5. Because the inequality is
( 0, 0 ) :
using
( y = 3 x 2 )
using a
( 0, 0 ) : 3 ( 0 ) + 0 > 2
0 > 2
solution set of 3 x + y > 2.
Second, graph the inequality 2 x + 3 y < 3. To do
sign to obtain 2 x + 3 y = 3. Because the
inequality is strict, graph 2 x + 3 y = 3
y = x + 1 using a dashed line.

3
( 0, 0 ) :
2 ( 0) + 3( 0) < 3
0<3
solution set of 2 x + 3 y < 3.
Test Point:
2(0) + 0 5
05
solution set of 2 x + y 5.
Test Point:
4. 3 x + y > 2
2 x + 3 y < 3
First, graph the inequality 3 x + y > 2. To do so,

dashed line.
( y = 2 x + 5 )
Inequality 2: 2(1) 5(2) < 10
non-strict, graph 2 x + y = 5
a solid line.
237

y
5
8. If the solution set of a system o linear

inequalities cannot be contained within a circle,
then the system is unbounded.
2x + 3y = 3
3x + y = 2
5. False. For example, the system x + y > 5 has

x + y < 1
the empty set as the solution. Notice the

boundary lines are parallel.
6. 2 x + 3 y 9
6 x 9 y 9
First, graph the inequality 2 x + 3 y 9. To do

inequality is non-strict, graph 2 x + 3 y 9
y = x + 3 using a solid line.

3
Test Point:
( 0, 0 ) :
2(0) + 3(0) 9
09
Therefore, the half-plane not containing (0, 0) is
the solution set of 2 x + 3 y 9.
Second, graph the inequality 6 x 9 y 9. To do
sign to obtain 6 x 9 y = 9. Because the
inequality is non-strict, graph 6 x 9 y = 9
2
y = x 1 using a solid line.

3
Test Point:
Because no overlapping region results, there are

no points in the Cartesian plane that satisfy both
inequalities. The system has no solution, so the
7. The points of intersection between two boundary
lines in a system of linear inequalities are called
corner points.
5
5
( 0, 0 ) :
6(0) 9(0) 9
09
the solution set of 6 x 9 y 9.
9. x + y 6
2 x + y 10
x 0
y 0
First, graph the inequality x + y 6. To do so,
to obtain x + y = 6. Because the inequality is
non-strict, graph x + y = 6
( 0, 0 ) :
( y = 2 x + 10 )
?
2 ( 0 ) + 0 10
0 10
solution set of 2 x + y 10.
Test Point:
The two inequalities x 0 and y 0 require

that the graph be in quadrant I.
238
non-strict, graph 2 x + y = 10
using a solid line.
2x + 3y = 9
( 0, 0 ) :
Next, graph the inequality 2 x + y 10. To do so,

6x 9y = 9
5
using a
0 + 06
06
Test Point:
( y = x + 6)
solid line.

y

10
(0,0)
(4,2)
(5,0)
10
10 x
x+y=6
10
2x + y = 10
strict, graph x + y = 25, 000

using a solid line.
( 0, 0 ) :
10,000
(10000, 0)
5,000
(25000, 0)
The corner points of the bounded region are

(10,000, 15,000), (10,000, 0), and (25,000, 0).
3.6 Exercises
11. a.
Let x = 3 and y = 2 in each inequality.
x + y = 3 + 2 = 5 4
3 x + y = 3 ( 3) + 2 = 11 10
The inequality x + y 4 is not true when
x = 3 and y = 2, so ( 3, 2 ) is not a solution.

x + y = 5 + ( 1) = 4 4
3 x + y = 3 ( 5) + ( 1) = 14 10
To graph the system, begin with the inequality

x + y 25, 000. To do so, replace the inequality
symbol with an equal sign to obtain
x + y = 25, 000. Because the inequality is non-
Both inequalities are true when x = 5 and

y = 1, so (5, 1) is a solution.
13. a.
The inequality x 10, 000 requires that the

graph be to the right of the vertical line
x = 10,000.
3 x + 2 y = 3 ( 3) + 2 ( 2 ) = 13 < 12
2 x + 3 y = 2 ( 3) + 3 ( 2 ) = 0 >12
Neither inequality is true when x = 3 and
y = 2, so ( 3, 2 ) is not a solution.
( y = x + 25, 000 )
0 + 0 25, 000
0 25, 000
Thus, the solution set of x + y 25, 000 is the
half-plane containing (0, 0).
Test Point:
(10000, 15000)
15,000
10 15 20 25 x
,0 ,0 ,0 ,0
00 00 00 00
Treasury notes ($)
b.
x + y 25, 000
x 10, 000
y 15,000
y 0
20,000
0
00
10. Let x represent the amount to be invested in

Treasury notes and let y represent the amount to
be invested in corporate bonds. Now, Jack and
Mary have at most $25,000 to invest, so
x + y 25, 000. The amount invested in
Treasury notes must be at least $10,000, so
x 10, 000. The amount to be invested in
corporate bonds must be no more than $15,000,
so y 15, 000. They cannot invest a negative
amount in corporate bonds, so we have the nonnegativity constraint y 0. Thus, we have the
following system:
25,000
5,
The graph is bounded. The four corner points of

the bounded region are (0, 0), (5, 0), (4, 2), and
(0, 6).
Corporate bonds ($)
(0,6)
The inequality y 0 requires that the graph be

above the x-axis.
b.
3 x + 2 y = 3 (1) + 2 ( 4 ) = 11 < 12
2 x + 3 y = 2 (1) + 3 ( 4 ) = 10 >12
The inequality 2 x + 3 y > 12 is not true
when x = 1 and y = 4, so (1, 4 ) is not a
solution.
The inequality y 15,000 requires that the

graph be below the horizontal line y = 15, 000.
239

15. a.
x + y = 4 + 2 = 6 8
3 x + y = 3 ( 4 ) + 2 = 14 12
x = 4 0
y = 2 0
The inequality 3 x + y 12 is not true when
x = 4 and y = 2, so ( 4, 2 ) is not a solution.
b.
x + y = 2 + 5 = 7 8
3 x + y = 3 ( 2 ) + 5 = 11 12
x = 2 0
y = 5 0
All four inequalities are true when x = 2
and y = 5, so ( 2, 5 ) is a solution.
19. 3 x + 2 y < 12
2 x + 3 y > 12
First, graph the inequality 3 x + 2 y < 12. To do


2
Test Point: ( 0, 0 ) : 3 ( 0 ) + 2 ( 0 ) = 0 < 12

Second, graph the inequality 2 x + 3 y > 12. To
do so, replace the inequality symbol with an
equal sign to obtain 2 x + 3 y = 12. Because the
17. x + y 4
3 x + y 10


3
Test Point: ( 0, 0 ) : 2 ( 0 ) + 3 ( 0 ) = 0 >12

the solution set of 2 x + 3 y > 12.
non-strict, graph x + y = 4 ( y = x + 4 ) using a

solid line.
Test Point: ( 0, 0 ) : 0 + 0 = 0 4

y

Second, graph the inequality 3 x + y 10. To do
sign to obtain 3 x + y = 10. Because the
inequality is non-strict, graph 3 x + y = 10
( y = 3x + 10 ) using a solid line.

Test Point: ( 0, 0 ) : 3 ( 0 ) + 0 = 0 10
the solution set of 3 x + y 10.
y
10
3x + y = 10
x+y=4
10 x
10
10
240
2x + 3y = 12
10 x
10
3x + 2y = 12
1
21. x y 3
2
3
x+ y >3
2
1
y 3. To do so,
2
1
to obtain x y = 3. Because the inequality is
2
1
non-strict, graph x y = 3 ( y = 2 x 6 ) using
2
a solid line.
1
Test Point: ( 0, 0 ) : 0 ( 0 ) = 0 3
2
First, graph the inequality x

Therefore, the half-plane containing ( 0, 0 ) is the
solution set of x
1
y 3.
2
3
x + y > 3. To do
2
3
sign to obtain x + y = 3. Because the
2
3
inequality is strict, graph x + y = 3
2
3

2
3
Test Point: ( 0, 0 ) : ( 0 ) + 0 = 0 > 3
2
3
the solution set of x + y > 3.
2
Second, graph the inequality
10
10
1
x_ y=3
2
y
10
2x + y = 8
10 x
10
2x y = 8
25. 5 x + 3 y < 12
5 x 3 y < 9
First, graph the inequality 5 x + 3 y < 12. To do


3
Test Point: ( 0, 0 ) : 5 ( 0 ) + 3 ( 0 ) = 0 < 12

10 x
_3 x + y = 3
2
23. 2 x + y < 8
2 x y > 8
First, graph the inequality 2 x + y < 8. To do

sign to obtain 2 x + y = 8. Because the
inequality is strict, graph 2 x + y = 8
( y = 2 x 8)

to the system of linear inequalities. In this case,
notice that the two inequalities that make up the
system both have the exact same solution set.
Therefore, the overlapping shaded region is the
solution set of both individual inequalities.
using a dashed line.
Test Point: ( 0, 0 ) : 2 ( 0 ) + 0 = 0 < 8

the solution set of 2 x + y < 8.
Second, graph the inequality 2 x y > 8. To do
sign to obtain 2 x y = 8. Because the inequality
is strict, graph 2 x y = 8 ( y = 2 x 8 ) using a
dashed line.
Test Point: ( 0, 0 ) : 2 ( 0 ) 0 = 0 > 8
Second, graph the inequality 5 x 3 y < 9. To do

sign to obtain 5 x 3 y = 9. Because the
inequality is strict, graph 5 x 3 y = 9
y = x 3 using a dashed line.

3
Test Point: ( 0, 0 ) : 5 ( 0 ) 3 ( 0 ) = 0 < 9

solution set of 5 x 3 y < 9.
y
5
5x 3y = 9
5x + 3y = 12
5

the solution set of 2 x y > 8.
241
27. y 8
x 3
First, graph the inequality y 8. To do so,

to obtain y = 8. Because the inequality is nonstrict, graph y = 8 using a solid line.

y
Test point: (0, 0): 0 8

solution set of y 8.
Second, graph the inequality x 3. To do so,
to obtain x = 3. Because the inequality is nonstrict, graph x = 3 using a solid line.
Test point: (0, 0) : 0 3
the solution set of x 3.
y
x=3
10
y=8
10
29. x + y 6
3 x + y 12
x 0
y 0
solid line.
Test Point:
( 0, 0 ) :
0+0 = 0 6
Next, graph the inequality 3x + y 12. To do so,
to obtain 3x + y = 12. Because the inequality is
non-strict, graph 3 x + y = 12 ( y = 3x + 12 )
using a solid line.
Test Point: ( 0, 0 ) : 3 ( 0 ) + 0 = 0 12
(4,0)
x+y=6
3x + y = 12

(0, 6).
31. x + y 8
4 x + 2 y 28
x 0
y 0
solid line.
Test Point:
( 0, 0 ) :
0+0 = 08

the solution set of x + y 8.
Next, graph the inequality 4x + 2y 28. To do
sign to obtain 4x + 2y = 28. Because the
inequality is non-strict, graph 4 x + 2 y = 28
( y = 2 x + 14 ) using a solid line.

Test Point: ( 0, 0 ) : 4 ( 0 ) + 2 ( 0 ) = 0 28
the solution set of 4x + 2y 28.

solution set of 3x + y 12.
242
(3,3)
(0,0)

10 x
10
(0,6)

y

(0,14)

(6,2)
(8,0)
18 x
x+y=8
4x + 2y = 28
(0,10)
The graph is unbounded. The three corner

points of the unbounded region are (0, 14),
(6, 2), and (8, 0).
(3,8)
(5,5)
(0,0)
(7,0)
10
3x + 2y = 25
10
33. 2 x + 3 y 30
3 x + 2 y 25
5 x + 2 y 35
x 0
y 0
2x + 3y = 30
x
5x + 2y = 35
The graph is bounded. The five corner points of

the bounded region are (0, 0), (7, 0), (5, 5),
(3, 8), and (0, 10).
First, graph the inequality 2x + 3y 30. To do


3
Test Point: ( 0, 0 ) : 2 ( 0 ) + 3 ( 0 ) = 0 30
solution set of 2x + 3y 30.
Second, graph the inequality 3x + 2y 25. To do
3
25
y = x + using a solid line.

2
2
Test Point: ( 0, 0 ) : 3 ( 0 ) + 2 ( 0 ) = 0 25
Third, graph the inequality 5x + 2y 35. To do
5
35

2
2
Test Point: ( 0, 0 ) : 5 ( 0 ) + 2 ( 0 ) = 0 35
35. 2 x + y 13
x + 2 y 11
x 4
y 0
First, graph the inequality 2x + y 13. To do so,
to obtain 2x + y = 13. Because the inequality is
non-strict, graph 2 x + y = 13 ( y = 2 x + 13)
using a solid line.
Test Point: ( 0, 0 ) : 2 ( 0 ) + 0 = 0 13
the solution set of 2x + y 13.
Second, graph the inequality x + 2y 11. To do
sign to obtain x + 2y = 11. Because the
inequality is non-strict, graph x + 2 y = 11
1
11

2
2
Test Point:
( 0, 0 ) :
0 + 2 ( 0 ) = 0 11

the solution set of x + 2y 11.
Third, graph the inequality x 4. To do so,
Test Point:
( 0, 0 ) :
0 4

243

above the x-axis.
1
7
2 x + 6 y = 14 y = x + using a solid
3
3
line.
Test Point: ( 0, 0 ) : 2 ( 0 ) + 6 ( 0 ) = 0 14

Thus, the solution set of 2 x + 6 y 14 is the

half-plane not containing (0, 0).
y
10
(5,3)
10
6
10
The two inequalities x 0 and y 0

require that the graph be in quadrant I.
(4,5)
x=4
(11,0)

shaded region in the graph below) is the
solution to the system of linear inequalities.
x
x + 2y = 11
2x + y = 13
The graph is unbounded. The three corner points

of the unbounded region are (4, 5), (5, 3), and
(11, 0).
b.
Let x represent the number of servings of

orange juice and let y represent the number
of servings of cereal. Now, the amount of
potassium Daria consumes must be at least
500 mg, so 450x + 50y 500. The amount
of protein Daria consumes must be at least
14 grams, so 2x + 6y 14. Finally, Daria
cannot consume negative servings of orange
juice or cereal, so we have the nonnegativity constraints x 0 and y 0.
Thus, we have the following system:
450 x + 50 y 500
2 x + 6 y 14
x 0
y 0
First, graph the inequality 450x + 50y 500.
To do so, replace the inequality symbol with
an equal sign to obtain 450x + 50y = 500.
Because the inequality is non-strict, graph
450 x + 50 y = 500 ( y = 9 x + 10 ) using a
solid line.
Test Point:
( 0, 0 ) :
450 ( 0 ) + 50 ( 0 ) = 0 500
Thus, the solution set of 450 x + 50 y 500

is the half-plane not containing (0, 0).
Second, graph the inequality 2x + 6y 14.
244
Cereal
37. a.
10 (0, 10)
5
(0.88, 2.04)
(7, 0)
5
Orange Juice
The three corner points of the unbounded
region are (0, 10), ( 0.88, 2.04 ) and (7, 0).
39. a.
Let x represent the amount to be invested in

Treasury Notes and let y represent the
amount to be invested in corporate bonds.
Now, Jack and Mary have at most $25,000
to invest, so x + y 25,000. They want to
earn at least $1,400 per year in interest, so
0.05x + 0.08y 1,400. The amount invested
in Treasury Notes must be at least $5,000,
so x 5,000. The amount to be invested in
corporate bonds must be no more than
$15,000, so y 15,000. They cannot invest
a negative amount in corporate bonds, so we
have the non-negativity constraint y 0.
Thus, we have the following system:
x + y 25, 000
0.05 x + 0.08 y 1, 400
x 5, 000
y 15, 000
y 0

First, graph the inequality x +y 25,000. To
equal sign to obtain x + y = 25,000. Because
the inequality is non-strict, graph
x + y = 25, 000 ( y = x + 25, 000 ) using a
solid line.
Test Point:
( 0, 0 ) :
0 + 0 = 0 25, 000
Thus, the solution set of x + y 25, 000 is

the half-plane containing (0, 0).
0.05x + 0.08y 1,400. To do so, replace the
inequality symbol with an equal sign to
obtain 0.05x + 0.08y = 1,400. Because the
inequality is non-strict, graph
5
0.05 x + 0.08 y = 1, 400 y = x + 17,500

8
using a solid line.

Test Point: ( 0, 0 ) :
0.05 ( 0 ) + 0.08 ( 0 ) = 0 1, 400

Thus, the solution set of
0.05 x + 0.08 y 1, 400 is the half-plane not
containing (0, 0).
The inequality x 5, 000 requires that the
graph be to the right of the vertical line
x = 5,000.
The inequality y 15,000 requires that the
graph be below the horizontal line
y = 15,000.
The inequality y 0 requires that the graph
be above the x-axis.
y
Corporate Bonds ($)
b.
25,000
(5000, 15000)
20,000
(10000, 15000)
15,000
10,000
5,000
(20000, 5000)
(5000, 14375)
0
5,
00
10 15 20 25 x
,0 ,0 ,0 ,0
00 00 00 00
Treasury Notes ($)
The four corner points of the bounded

region are ( 5000, 15000 ) , ( 5000, 14375 ) ,
( 20000,
5000 ) , and (10000, 15000 ) .
41. The graph contains a line passing through the

points (0, 4) and (2, 6). The slope of the line is
64 2
= = 1. The y-intercept is 4. Thus, the
20 2
equation of the line is y = x + 4. Because the
shaded region is above this line, our inequality
will contain a greater than. Because the line is
solid, this means that the inequality is non-strict.
That is, our inequality will consist of greater
than or equal to. Thus, the linear inequality is
y x + 4.
m=
The second line in the graph passes through the

6 10 4
m=
=
= 2. The y-intercept is 10.
20
2
Thus, the equation of the line is y = 2x + 10.
Because the shaded region is above this line, our
inequality will contain a greater than. Because
the line is solid, this means that the inequality is
non-strict. That is, our inequality will consist of
greater than or equal to. Thus, the linear
inequality is y 2x + 10.
Thus, the system of linear inequalities is
y x + 4
y 2 x + 10
43. The graph is restricted to the first quadrant.

Therefore, the system will contain the
inequalities x 0 and y 0.
The graph contains a line passing through the
8 12 4
m=
=
= 1. The y-intercept is 12.
40
4
Thus, the equation of the line is y = x + 12.
Because the shaded region is below this line, our
inequality will contain a less than. Because the
line is solid, this means that the inequality is
less than or equal to. Thus, the linear
inequality is y x + 12.
The second line in the graph passes through the
0 8 8
m=
=
= 2. Using the point-slope
84 4
form, the equation of the second line is
y y1 = m ( x x1 )
y 0 = 2 ( x 8 )
y = 2 x + 16
245

Because the shaded region is below this line, our
inequality will contain a less than. Because the
line is solid, this means that the inequality is
less than or equal to. Thus, the linear
inequality is y 2x + 16.

b.
Thus, the system of linear inequalities is

y x + 12
y 2 x + 16
x 0
y 0
45. a.
x+ y 8
2 x + y 10
x0
y0
First, graph the inequality x + y 8. To do

so, replace the inequality symbol with an
equal sign to obtain x + y = 8. Because the
( y = x + 8 ) using a solid line.

Test Point: ( 0, 0 ) : 0 + 0 = 0 8
Therefore, the half-plane containing (0, 0) is
Next, graph the inequality 2x + y 10. To
equal sign to obtain 2x + y = 10. Because the
inequality is non-strict, graph 2 x + y = 10
( y = 2 x + 10 ) using a solid line.

Test Point: ( 0, 0 ) :2 0 + 0 = 0 10
Therefore, the half-plane containing (0, 0) is
the solution set of 2x + y 10.
require that the graph be in quadrant I. The
overlapping shaded region (that is, the
In this context, it is called the feasible
region.
y
10
8
2x + y = 10
z = 2x + 3y
z = 0 : 2x + 3y = 0
3 y = 2 x
2
y= x
3
z = 12 : 2 x + 3 y = 12
3 y = 2 x + 12
2
y = x+4
3
z = 18 : 2 x + 3 y = 18
3 y = 2 x + 18
2
y = x+6
3
z = 24 : 2 x + 3 y = 24
3 y = 2 x + 24
2
y = x +8
3
z = 24
10
z = 18
z = 12
z=0
c.
246
10
47. No, the corner point would not be a solution to

the system. Solutions must satisfy all of the
inequalities in the system. However, the corner
point would only satisfy the non-strict inequality.
Since it would not satisfy the strict inequality, it
would not be a solution to the system.
49. Yes, it is possible for a system to have a straight
line as the solution set. Examples may vary. One
possibility follows: The solution to the following
system of linear inequalities is the line x + y = 1:
x + y 1
x + y 1
x+y=8
The largest possible value of z while still

remaining in the feasible region is 24. The
values x = 0 and y = 8 correspond to this
value.
2
2
2
2
6
4
6
4
51. x + y 4
3 x + y 10
( y x + 4)
b.
( y 3 x + 10 )

(2).
4 + 3 ( 2 ) = 4 6 = 2
2 ( 4 ) ( 2 ) = 8 + 2 = 10
Because these values satisfy both equations,
the ordered pair (4, 2) is a solution of the
system.
2. a.
Let x =
1
, y = 1 in both equations (1) and
2
(2).
53. 3x + 2 y < 12 y < x + 6
2
2 x + 3 y > 12 y > x + 4
1
2 2 + 5 (1) = 1 + 5 = 4

4 1 5 (1) = 2 5 = 3
2
1
the ordered pair , 1 is a solution of the
2
system.
b.
3. a.
1. a.

(2).
3 + 3 ( 1) = 3 3 = 0 2
2 ( 3) ( 1) = 6 + 1 = 7 10
1
in both equations (1) and
3
(2).
5 11
1
2 ( 1) + 5 3 = 2 + 3 = 3 4

4 ( 1) 5 1 = 4 5 = 17 3

3
3
3
These values do not satisfy either equation.

1
Therefore, the ordered pair 1, is not a

3
55. x + y 6
( y x + 6)
3 x + y 12 y 3 x + 12
(
)
x 0
y 0
The inequalities x 0 and y 0 restrict the
graph to the first quadrant.
Chapter 3 Review
Let x = 1, y =
Let x = 3, y = 6 in both equation (1) and

(2).
6 ( 3) 5 ( 6 ) = 18 30 = 12
3 6 = 3
These values satisfy both equations.
Therefore, the ordered pair (3, 6) is a
These values do not satisfy either equation.

Therefore, the ordered pair (3, 1) is not a
247

b.

(2).
6 (1) 5 ( 4 ) = 6 20 = 14 12
1 4 = 3
they do not satisfy the equation (1).
4. a.

(2).
3 ( 3) 0 = 9 0 = 9
8 ( 3) + 3 ( 0 ) = 24 + 0 = 24 7
they do not satisfy the equation (2).
b.

(2).
3 ( 2 ) ( 3) = 6 + 3 = 9
8 ( 2 ) + 3 ( 3) = 16 9 = 7
the ordered pair (2, 3) is a solution of the
system.

2 x + 3 y = 9 (1)
8.
(2)
3x + y = 8
2
y = x 3. Equation (2) in slope-intercept form
3
is y = 3 x + 8. Graph each equation and find the
y
5
2x + 3y = 9
5
x
(3, 1)
3x + y = 8
y = x + 2 (1)
9.
3
x + 3 y = 9 (2)
Equation (1) is already in slope-intercept form.
1
y = x 3. Graph each equation.
3
y
1
y = _ x + 2
3

y = 3 x + 1 (1)
7.
1
y = 2 x 6 (2)
intersection.
y
2
5
5
5
5
5
x + 3y = 9
The two lines are parallel. The system is

inconsistent. The system has no solution. That is,
or { }.
2 x 3 y = 0 (1)
10.
2 x y = 4 (2)
Equation (1) in slope-intercept form is y =
2
x.
3

y = 2 x + 4. Graph each equation and find the
1
y = _ x6
2
(2, 5)
y = 3x + 1
248

y
5
2x y = 4
2x 3y = 0
5
(3, 2)
y = x + 2 (1)
11.
4
y = 4 x 32 (2)
1
4
obtain
1
x + 2 = 4 x 32
4
1
4 x + 2 = 4 ( 4 x 32 )
4
x 8 = 16 x + 128
17 x = 136
x=8
y = 4 ( 8 ) 32 = 32 32 = 0.
y = x + 2 (1)
12.
4
3 x + 4 y = 8 (2)
3
4
obtain
3
3x + 4 x + 2 = 8
4
3 x 3x + 8 = 8
8=8
( x, y ) y = x + 2 .
4
(1)
y = 3x 9
13.
4 x + 3 y = 1 (2)
Substituting 3x 9 for y in equation (2), we
obtain
4 x + 3 ( 3 x 9 ) = 1
4 x + 9 x 27 = 1
13x 27 = 1
13x = 26
x=2
y = 3 ( 2 ) 9 = 6 9 = 3.
x 2 y = 7 (1)
14.
3x y = 4 (2)
Equation (1) solved for x is x = 2 y + 7.
Substituting 2 y + 7 for x in equation (2), we
obtain
3 ( 2 y + 7 ) y = 4
6 y + 21 y = 4
5 y + 21 = 4
5 y = 25
y = 5
Substituting -5 for y in equation (1), we obtain
x 2 ( 5 ) = 7
x + 10 = 7
x = 3
2 x y = 9 (1)
15.
3x + y = 11 (2)
2x y = 9
3x + y = 11
5 x = 20
x=4
3 ( 4 ) + y = 11
12 + y = 11
y = 1
x + 3 y = 4 (1)
16.
3 x 4 y = 2 (2)
3x + 9 y = 12
3x 4 y = 2
5 y = 10
y=2
249

x + 3( 2) = 4
x + 6 = 4
2= x
(1)
2 x 4 y = 8
17.
3 x + 6 y = 12 (2)
the results.
6 x 12 y = 24
6 x + 12 y = 24
0=0
{( x, y ) 2 x 4 y = 8}.
3 x 4 y = 11 (1)
18.
2 x 3 y = 7 (2)
add the results.
6 x 8 y = 22
6 x + 9 y = 21
y = 1
3x 4 ( 1) = 11
3x + 4 = 11
3x = 15
x = 5
(1)
x + y = 4
19.
=
2
x
3
y
12
(2)
Because the coefficients of x and y in equation

(1) are both 1, we use substitution to solve the
system.
Equation (1) solved for x is x = y 4.
Substituting y 4 for x in equation (2), we
obtain
2 ( y 4 ) 3 y = 12
2 y 8 3 y = 12
5 y 8 = 12
5 y = 20
y = 4
x + ( 4 ) = 4
x 4 = 4
x=0
250

(1)
5 x 3 y = 2
20.
x + 2 y = 10 (2)
Equation (2) solved for x is x = 2 y 10.
Substituting 2 y 10 for x in equation (1), we
obtain
5 ( 2 y 10 ) 3 y = 2
10 y 50 3 y = 2
13 y 50 = 2
13 y = 52
y = 4
x + 2 ( 4 ) = 10
x 8 = 10
x = 2
3 x 2 y = 5 (1)
21.
4 x 5 y = 9 (2)
add the results.
12 x 8 y = 20
12 x + 15 y = 27
7 y = 7
y = 1
3x 2 ( 1) = 5
3x + 2 = 5
3x = 3
x =1
12 x + 20 y = 21 (1)
22.
(2)
3 x 2 y = 0
12 x + 20 y = 21
12 x + 8 y = 0
28 y = 21
21 3
y=
=
28 4
Substituting
3
for y in equation (1), we obtain
4
3
12 x + 20 = 21
4
12 x + 15 = 21
12 x = 6
6 1
x=
=
12 2
1 3
2 4
6 x + 9 y = 3 (1)
23.
8 x + 12 y = 7 (2)
add the results.
24 x + 36 y = 12
24 x 36 y = 21
0 = 33
6 x + 11 y = 2 (1)
24.
5 x + 8 y = 3 (2)
add the results.
30 x + 55 y = 10
30 x 48 y = 18
7 y = 28
y=4
6 x + 11( 4 ) = 2
6 x + 44 = 2
6 x = 42
x = 7
25. Let x and y represent the two numbers.

(1)
x + y = 56
x y = 14
(2)
Adding equations (1) and (2) results in

2 x = 70
x = 35
35 + y = 56
y = 21
26. Let m represent the number of males to be
inducted and f represent the number of females
to be inducted.
m + f = 73 (1)
f = m + 11 (2)
Substituting m + 11 for f in equation (1), we

obtain
m + ( m + 11) = 73
2m + 11 = 73
2m = 62
m = 31
Substituting 31 for m in equation (2), we obtain
f = 31 + 11 = 42
The local chapter of Phi Theta Kappa will induct
31 males and 42 females.
27. Let p represent the number of calories in a slice
of pepperoni pizza and s represent the number of
calories in a slice of Italian sausage pizza.
3 p + 5s = 2600 (1)
4 p + 2s = 1880 (2)

multiply both sides of equation (2) by -3, and
add the results.
12 p + 20s = 10, 400
12 p 6s = 5640
14s = 4760
s = 340
Substituting 340 for s in equation (1), we obtain
3 p + 5 ( 340 ) = 2600
3 p + 1700 = 2600
3 p = 900
p = 300
There are 300 calories in a slice of pepperoni
pizza and 340 calories in a slice of Italian
sausage pizza.
251

28. Let l represent the length of the rectangle and w
represent the width of the rectangle.
(1)
l = 2 w 5
2l + 2 w = 68 (2)
Substituting 2 w 5 for l in equation (2), we

obtain
2 ( 2 w 5) + 2w = 68
4w 10 + 2w = 68
6w 10 = 68
6w = 78
w = 13
Substituting 13 for w in equation (1), we obtain
l = 2 (13) 5 = 26 5 = 21
The dimensions of the rectangle are 21 inches by
13 inches.
29. Because the sum of the measures of the three
angles in a triangle must equal 180, we obtain
x + y + 90 = 180 (1)
y = 2x
(2)
Substituting 2x for y in equation (1), we obtain

x + 2 x + 90 = 180
3 x + 90 = 180
3 x = 90
x = 30
y = 2(30) = 60.
Thus, angle x = 30 and angle y = 60.
30. Because angles 1 and 2 are supplemental, and
because angles 1 and 3 must be equal, we obtain
( x + 4 y ) + ( 8 x + 5 y ) = 180 (1)
(2)
x + 4 y = 2x + y
9 x + 9 y = 180 (1)
x + 3 y = 0
(2)

x + y = 20
x + 3y = 0
4 y = 20
y=5
x + 3 ( 5) = 0
x + 15 = 0
15 = x
Thus, x = 15 and y = 5.
252

31. Let n represent the number of nickels and q
represent the number of quarters.
Nickels
Quarters
Total
Number
of
Coins
n
q
40
Value
per
Coin
0.05
0.25
Total
Value
0.05n
0.25q
4.40
Using the columns for Number of Coins and

Total Value, we obtain the following system.
(1)
n + q = 40
0.05n + 0.25q = 4.40 (2)
Multiply both sides of equation (1) by -0.05 and

0.05n 0.05q = 2
0.05n + 0.25q = 4.40
0.20q = 2.40
q = 12
Substituting 12 for q in equation (1), we obtain
n + 12 = 40
n = 28
Jeromes piggy bank contains 28 nickels and
12 quarters.
32. Let x represent the number of liters of the 25%hydrochloric-acid (HCl) solution to be used, and
let y represent the number of liters of the 40%HCl solution to be used.
25%-HCl
Solution
40%-HCl
Solution
30%-HCl
Solution
Liters
of
Solution
Percent
HCl
Liters
of
HCl
25% = 0.25
0.25x
40% = 0.40
0.40y
12
30% = 0.30
0.30(12)
= 3.6
Using the columns for Liters of Solution and

Liters of HCl, we obtain the following system.
(1)
x + y = 12
0.25 x + 0.40 y = 3.6 (2)
Multiply both sides of equation (1) by -0.25 and

0.25 x .25 y = 3
0.25 x + 0.40 y = 3.6
0.15 y = 0.6
y=4

x + 4 = 12
x=8
The chemist should mix 8 liters of the 25%hydrochloric-acid solution with 4 liters of the
40%-hydrochloric-acid solution.
33. Let s represent the amount invested in stocks,
and let b represent the amount invested in bonds.
We organize the information in the table below,
using the interest formula:
Interest = Principal rate time or I = Prt.
P
r
t
I
s
Stocks
0.065
1
0.065s
b
Bonds
0.0425
1
0.0425b
Total
10,000
1
582.50
(1)
s + b = 10, 000
0.065s + 0.0425b = 582.50 (2)
Solving equation (1) for b, we obtain

b = 10, 000 s. Substituting 10, 000 s for b in
0.065s + 0.0425 (10, 000 s ) = 582.50
0.065s + 425 0.0425s = 582.50
0.0225s + 425 = 582.50
0.0225s = 157.50
s = 7000
Substituting 7000 for s in equation (1), we obtain
7000 + b = 10, 000
b = 3000
Verna invested $7000 in stocks and $3000 in
bonds.
34. Let p represent the speed of the plane and let
w represent the effect of the wind resistance.
p + w = 160 (1)
p w = 112 (2)
Adding equations (1) and (2) results in

p + w = 160
p w = 112
2 p = 272
p = 136
Substituting 136 for p in equation (1), we obtain
136 + w = 160
w = 24
The planes speed is 136 miles per hour and the
effect of the wind resistance is 24 miles per hour.
35. Let d represent the distance that both cars have

traveled on the turnpike at the point of catch up.
Let t represent the Mustangs time on the
1
turnpike at the point of catch up. Then t +
2
represents the Grand Ams time on the turnpike
at that point. We obtain the following system by
utilizing the formula rate time = distance.
(1)
80t = d
50 t + 1 = d (2)
2
Substituting 80t for d in equation (2) yields
1
50 t + = 80t
2
50t + 25 = 80t
30t + 25 = 0
30t = 25
25 5
t=
=
30 6
5
for t in equation (1), we obtain
Substituting
6
5
80 = d
6
200
2
d=
= 66
3
3
5
It will take
hour (that is, 50 minutes) for the
6
Mustang to catch up to the Grand Am. At that
2
time, the two cars will have traveled 66 miles
3
on the turnpike.
36. Let b represent the speed of the boat in still
water and let c represent the speed of the current.
The rate at which the boat will travel
downstream will be b + c, and the rate upstream
will be b c. Using the formula
rate time = distance, we obtain the following
system:
( b c ) 1.5 = 30 (1)
(2)
( b + c ) 1 = 30
Divide both sides of equation (1) by 1.5,
simplify equation (2), and add the results.
b c = 20
b + c = 30
2b = 50
b = 25
253

( 25 + c ) 1 = 30
25 + c = 30
c=5
The speed of the boat in still water is 25 miles
per hour and the speed of the current is 5 miles
per hour.
37. a.
d.
M (t ) = 0.056t + 3.354
F (t ) = 0.103t + 1.842
x + y z = 1 (1)
39. x y + z = 7 (2)
x + 2 y + z = 1 (3)
x y + z = 1
x y+z =7
2 y + 2 z = 6
(4)
Number of Athletes
(in millions)
10.0
8.0
4.0
M(t ) = 0.056t +
.103t +
F ( t) = 0
3.354
1.842
(32.17, 5.16)
2.0
4
12 16
24 28 32 36
44 48

x y + z = 1
x + 2y + z = 1
y + 2z = 0
(5)
Number of Years since 1990
b.

y + z = 3
y + 2z = 0
3z = 3
z =1
2 y + 2 (1) = 6
2 y + 2 = 6
2 y = 4
y = 2
we obtain
x + ( 2 ) 1 = 1
x 3 =1
x=4
R ( x ) = 15 x
C ( x ) = 1200 + 2.50 x
c.
R, C
5x
38. a.
M (t ) = F (t )
0.056t + 3.354 = 0.103t + 1.842
0.047t + 3.354 = 1.842
0.047t = 1.512
t 32.17
Male and female participation will be the
same approximately 32 years after 1990,
which is the year 2022.
=1
b.
Revenue/Cost ($)
R(
x)
1800
1600
1400
1200 +
C(x) =
2.50x
(96, 1440)
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
254
0
20
0
18
0
16
0
14
0
12
0
10
80
60
40
20
Number of Pies
R ( x) = C ( x)
15 x = 1200 + 2.50 x
12.50 x = 1200
x = 96
R ( 96 ) = 15 ( 96 ) = 1440
C ( 96 ) = 1200 + 2.50 ( 96 ) = 1440

The break-even number of pies is 96 pies.
The revenue and cost of 96 pies is $1440.
M, F
6.0
2 x 2 y + z = 10 (1)
40. 3 x + y 2 z = 4
(2)
5 x + 2 y 3z = 7
(3)

4 x 4 y + 2 z = 20
3x + y 2 z = 4
7x 3y
= 16
(4)

6 x 6 y + 3 z = 30
5 x + 2 y 3z = 7
11x 4 y
= 23
(5)
add the results.
28 x 12 y = 64
33x + 12 y = 69
5 x
=5
x = 1
7 ( 1) 3 y = 16
7 3 y = 16
3 y = 9
y=3
Substituting 1 for x and 3 for y in equation (1),
we obtain
2 ( 1) 2 ( 3) + z = 10
2 6 + z = 10
z = 2
= 1 (1)
x + 2 y
41. 3 y + 4 z = 7 (2)
2 x
z = 6 (3)
2 x 4 y
=2
2x
z =6
4 y z = 8
(4)
16 y 4 z = 32
3 y + 4z = 7
13 y
= 39
y = 3
4 ( 3) z = 8
12 z = 8
z = 4
z=4

x + 2 ( 3) = 1
x 6 = 1
x=5
x + 2 y 3z = 4 (1)
42. x + y + 3z = 5
(2)
3 x + 4 y + 3z = 7 (3)
x + 2 y 3z = 4
x + y + 3z = 5
2x + 3y
=1
(4)
x + 2 y 3 z = 4
3x + 4 y + 3z = 7
4x + 6 y
=3
(5)
4 x 6 y = 2
4x + 6 y = 3
0 =1
False
(1)
3 x + y 2 z = 6
(2)
43. x + y z = 2
x 3 y + 2 z = 14 (3)
3x 9 y + 6 z = 42
3x + y 2 z = 6
8 y + 4 z = 48
(4)
x + y z = 2
x 3 y + 2 z = 14
2 y + z = 12
(5)
8 y 4 z = 48
8 y + 4 z = 48
0=0
True
255

2 y + z = 12
2 y = z + 12
z + 12
y=
2
1
y = z 6
2
1
Substituting z 6 for y in equation (2), we
2
obtain
x + z 6 z = 2
2
1
x z 6 = 2
2
1
x = z+4
2
1
( x, y, z ) x = z + 4,
2
y=
z 6, z is any real number .

2
(1)
9 x y + 2 z = 5
(2)
44. 3 x 4 y + 4 z = 3
15 x + 3 y 2 z = 10 (3)
9 x 12 y + 12 z = 9
9 x y + 2 z = 5
13 y + 14 z = 4
(4)
15 x 20 y + 20 z = 15
15 x + 3 y 2 z = 10
17 y + 18 z = 5
(5)
add the results.
221 y + 238 z = 68
221 y 234 z = 65
4z = 3
3
z=
4
256
3
4
3
13 y + 14 = 4
4
21
13 y +
=4
2
21
2 13 y + = 2 ( 4 )
2
26 y + 21 = 8
26 y = 13
13 1
y=
=
26 2
1
3
Substituting
for y and
for z in equation (1),
2
4
we obtain
1
3
9 x + 2 = 5
2
4
1 3
9 x + = 5
2 2
9 x + 1 = 5
9 x = 6
6
2
x=
=
9
3
2 1 3
3 2 4
Substituting
4 x 5 y + 2 z = 8 (1)
45. 3 x + 7 y 3z = 21 (2)
7 x 4 y + 2 z = 5 (3)
add the results.
12 x 15 y + 6 z = 24
12 x 28 y + 12 z = 84
43 y + 18 z = 108
(4)
add the results.
21x + 49 y 21z = 147
21x + 12 y 6 z = 15
61y 27 z = 162
(5)
the results.

129 y + 54 z = 324
122 y 54 z = 324
7 y
=0
y=0
43 ( 0 ) + 18 z = 108
18 z = 108
z = 6
we obtain
4 x 5 ( 0 ) + 2 ( 6 ) = 8
4 x 0 12 = 8
4x = 4
x =1
3 x 2 y + 5 z = 7 (1)
46. 4 x + y + 3z = 2 (2)
2 x 3 y + 7 z = 4 (3)
add the results.
12 x 8 y + 20 z = 28
12 x 3 y 9 z = 6
11y + 11z = 22
(4)
4 x + 6 y 14 z = 8
4 x + y + 3 z = 2
7 y 11z = 6
(5)
11y + 11z = 22
7 y 11z = 6
4 y
= 16
y=4
11( 4 ) + 11z = 22
44 + 11z = 22
11z = 22
z=2
we obtain
3 x 2 ( 4 ) + 5 ( 2 ) = 7
3x 8 + 10 = 7
3 x + 2 = 7
3 x = 9
x = 3

x + y + z = 180 (1)
(2)
z = 2y
y = 3x 10
(3)
form, we obtain
x + y + z = 180 (1)
(2)
2y z = 0
3 x y
= 10 (3)
Adding equations (1) and (2), we obtain
x + y + z = 180
2y z = 0
x + 3 y = 180
(4)
equation (4).
9 x 3 y = 30
x + 3 y = 180
10 x
= 210
x = 21
y = 3 ( 21) 10 = 63 10 = 53
z = 2 ( 53) = 106
Thus, angle x = 21, angle y = 53, and angle
z = 106.
48. Let b represent the number of calories in a
cheeseburger, let f represent the number of
calories in a medium order of fries, and let c
represent the number of calories in a medium
Coke.
(1)
b + f + c = 1000
2b + f + c = 1300 (2)
2b + f + 2c = 1590 (3)
equation (3).
b f c = 1000
2b + f + 2c = 1590
+ c = 590
(4)

equation (2).
257
b f c = 1000
2b + f + c = 1300
= 300

300 + c = 590
c = 290
Substituting 300 for b and 290 for c in equation (1), we obtain
300 + f + 290 = 1000
f + 590 = 1000
f = 410
A cheeseburger contains 300 calories, a medium order of fries contains 410 calories, and a medium Coke contains
290 calories.
3 1 7
49.
2 5 9
1 5 14
50.
1 1 3
5 1 4 6
51. 3 0 3 1
1 2 0 0
8 1 3 14
52. 3 5 6 18
21
7 4 5
x + 2 y = 12
53.
3 y = 15
3 x 4 y = 5
54.
x + 2 y = 7
x + 3 y + 4 z = 20
55.
y 2 z = 16
z=7
3 x + 7 y + 9 z = 1
56. 4 x + 10 y + 7 z = 5
2 x 5 y 6 z = 8
57. a.
1 5 22
( R2 = 2r1 + r2 )
2 9 40
1
5
22
=
2 (1) + ( 2 ) 2 ( 5 ) + 9 2 ( 22 ) + ( 40 )
1 5 22
=
0 1 4
258
b.
1 5 22
0 1 4
1
5
=
1
0
1
(
)
( 1)
1 5 22
=
1 4
0
58. a.
b.
59. a.
b.
( R2 = 1 r2 )
22
1( 4 )
1 4 7
( R2 = 3r1 + r2 )
3 7 6
1
7
4
=
3
1
3
3
4
7
3
7
6
+
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
7
1 4
=
0 5 15
1 4
0
5
1
= 1
( 0)
5
1 4
=
1
0
R2 = r2
5
7
15
4
1
( 5)
5
7
3
1
( 15)
5
1 2 1 1
2 1 3 3
( R2 = 2r1 + r2 )
1 5 6 2
2
1
1
1
= 2 ( 1) + 2 2 ( 2 ) + ( 1) 2 (1) + 3 2 (1) + ( 3)
5
6
2
1
1 2 1 1
= 0 3 5 1
1 5 6 2
1 2 1 1
0 3 5 1
1 5 6 2
1
2
=
0
3
1 ( 1) + ( 1) 1 ( 2 ) + 5
1 2 1 1
= 0 3 5 1
0 3 5 1
( R3 = 1 r1 + r3 )
1
5
1 (1) + 6
1 (1) + 2
1
1
259
60. a.
b.
4
1 3 4
1
0 5 10 15
R2 = r2
0 4 7 7
5
3
4
4
1
1
1
1
1
= ( 0)
( 5 ) (10 ) ( 15 )
5
5
5
5
4
7
7
0
1 3 4 4
= 0
1
2 3
0 4 7 7
1 3 4
0
1
2
0 4 7
1
= 0
4 ( 0) + 0
1 3 4
= 0 1 2
0 0 1
4
3
7
3
1
( R3 = 4r2 + r3 )
4 (1) + ( 4 ) 4 ( 2 ) + ( 7 ) 4 ( 3 ) + 7
4
3
5
4
2
4
3
61. Write the augmented matrix of the system and then put it in row echelon form.
1 2 1
( R2 = 1 r1 + r2 )
1 3 2
1 2
=
0 1
1
3

(1)
x + 2 y = 1
y = 3 (2)

Substituting -3 for y in equation (1), we obtain
x + 2 ( 3 ) = 1
x 6 =1
x=7
62. Write the augmented matrix of the system and then put it in row echelon form.
1
6 2 7
R1 = r1
4 3 17
6
7
1 1
3
6
=
( R2 = 4r1 + r2 )
17
4 3
1 1 7
3
3
6
=
R2 = r2
13
65
13
0
3
3
1 1 7
3
6
=
5
0 1
260

7
1
(1)
x y =
3
6
(2)
y=5
1
7
x ( 5) =
3
6
5
7
x =
3
6
3 1
x= =
6 2
1
The solution is the ordered pair , 5 .
2
1
3 2 10
R1 = r1
2 1 9
3
10
2
1
3
3
=
( R2 = 2r1 + r2 )
2 1 9
1 2
10
3
3
3
=
R2 = r2
7
7
7
0
3
1 2 10
3
3
=
1
0 1
2
10
(1)
x + y =
3
3
y =1
(2)
2
10
x + (1) =
3
3
2
10
x+ =
3
3
12
x = = 4
3

1
15
3 9
R1 = r1
5 15 11
3
1 3 5
=
( R2 = 5r1 + r2 )
5 15 11
1 3 5
=
0 0 36
1
4 2 6
R1 = r1
6 3 9
3
1
1
2 2
=
( R2 = 6r1 + r2 )
6 3 9
1 1 3
2 2
=
0
0 0
The system is dependent. The solution to the
system is {( x, y ) 4 x 2 y = 6} .
66.
1
4
1
=
0
1
=
0
4 4
8 7
4
4
24 9
4 4
1 83
( R2 = 4r1 + r2 )
1
R2 = r2
24

x + 4 y = 4 (1)
y=
(2)
8
3
Substituting
for y in equation (1), we obtain
8
3
x + 4 = 4
8
3
x+ =4
2
5
x=
2
5 3
2 8
261

1 2 2 11
2 0 1
6
( R2 = 2r1 + r2 )
0
5
1 2 2
= 0 4 5
0 5 3
1 2 2
= 0 1 54
0 5 3
1 2 2
= 0 1 54
13
0 0 4
1 2 2
= 0 1 54
0 0 1
11
16
7
11
4
7
11
4
13
11
4

2 5 2
9
1 1 2 2
4
8
R2 = r2
4
1 2 4
= 1 1 2
2 5 2
8
2
( R1 = 1 r1 )
( R3 = 5r2 + r3 )
1 2 4
= 1 1 2
2 5 2
8
2
R2 = r1 + r2
R = 2r + r
2
3
3
1 2 4
= 0 3 2
0 3 2
8
10
R3 = r3
13
1 2 4
= 0 3 2
0 0 0

x + 2 y 2 z = 11 (1)
5
y z = 4 (2)
z=4
(3)

5
y ( 4 ) = 4
4
y 5 = 4
y =1
we obtain
x + 2 (1) 2 ( 4 ) = 11
x + 2 8 = 11
x 6 = 11
x = 5
( R3 = r2 + r3 )
8
10

2 7 11 5
1
4 2 6
2
R1 = r1
2 19 27 17
1 7
2
= 4 2
2 19
1 7
2
= 0 12
0 12
1 7
2
= 0 1
0 12
1 7
2
= 0 1
0 0
11
2
6
27
11
2
16
16
11
2
43
16
11
2
43
25
2
17
52
12
12
5
2
1
12
R2 = 4r1 + r2
R = 2r + r
1
3
3
R2 = r2
12
( R3 = 12r2 + r3 )
52
1
0
The system is dependent and has an infinite

262
= 0
0
1
= 0
0
11
5
7
(1)
x 2 y + 2 z = 2
(2)
y z =1
0=0
(3)

4
y z =1
3
4
y = z +1
3
4
Substituting z + 1 for y in equation (1), we
3
obtain

5 3 7 9
3 5 4 8
1
3
3
9
1 3 3
= 3 5 4
5 3 7
9
8
1 3
3
= 0 4 5
0 12 8
R2 = 3r1 + r2
R = 5 r + r
1
3
3
9
19
36
19
4
21
9
19
4
3
19
4
36
( R3 = 12r2 + r3 )
1
R3 = r3
7

(1)
x + 3 y + 3z = 9
5
19
y+ z =
(2)
4
4
z=3
(3)

5
19
y + ( 3) =
4
4
15 19
y+ =
4
4
y =1
we obtain
x + 3 (1) + 3 ( 3) = 9
x +3+9 = 9
x + 12 = 9
x = 3
5
( x, y , z ) x = z + 1,
6
z + 1, z is any real number .

3
3 3
1 54
0 7
1 3 3
= 0 1 54
0 0 1
74
5
11
x z + 1 + z =
23
2
2
14
7 11
5
x z + z =
3
2 2
2
7 11
14
5
6 x z + z = 6
3
2 2
2
6 x 28 z 21 + 33z = 15
6 x + 5 z 21 = 15
6 x = 5 z + 6
5 z + 6
x=
6
5
x = z +1
6
y=
3
3
5
1
4
12 8
71.
3 4
= 3 ( 2 ) ( 1)( 4 ) = 6 + 4 = 10
1 2
72.
2 3
= 2 ( 9 ) ( 6 )( 3) = 18 18 = 0
6 9
73.
5 7
= 5 ( 6 ) ( 4 )( 7 ) = 30 + 28 = 2
4 6
74.
7 2
= 7 ( 3) 6 ( 2 ) = 21 12 = 9
6 3
R2 = r2
4
263
5 0 1
75. 2 3 1
3 6 4
2 1
2 3
3 1
=5
0
+1
6 4
3 4
3 6
= 5 3 ( 4 ) 6 ( 1) 0 2 ( 4 ) 3 ( 1)
+ 1 2 ( 6 ) 3 ( 3)
= 5 (18) 0 ( 5) + 1( 21)
= 90 + 0 + 21
= 111
1 4 5
76. 0 1 3
2 6 4
1 3
0 3
0 1
=1
( 4 )
+5
2 4
2 6
6 4
= 1 1( 4 ) ( 6 )( 3) + 4 0 ( 4 ) 2 ( 3)
+ 5 0 ( 6 ) 2 (1)
= 1( 14 ) + 4 ( 6 ) + 5 ( 2 )
= 14 + 24 10
=0
77.
1 2
= 1 ( 3 ) 2 ( 2 ) = 3 4 = 1
2 3
1 2
= 1 ( 3 ) 1 ( 2 ) = 3 2 = 5
Dx =
1 3
1 1
= 1(1) 2 ( 1) = 1 + 2 = 3
Dy =
2 1
79. D =
Dy
Dx 5
3
=
=5; y=
=
= 3
D 1
D 1
x=
4 9
= 4 ( 6 ) ( 5 )( 9 ) = 24 + 45 = 69
5 6
13 9
Dx =
22 6
= 13 ( 6 ) 22 ( 9 ) = 78 198 = 276
80. D =
4 13
5 22
= 4 ( 22 ) ( 5 )( 13) = 88 65 = 23
Dy =
D y 23 1
Dx 276
=
= 4 ; y =
=
=
69
D 69 3
D
1
Thus, the solution is the ordered pair 4, .

3
x=
3 0 1
6 7
2 7
2 6
0
+ ( 1)
2 6 7 =3
5 4
2 4
2 5
2 5 4
= 3 6 ( 4 ) 5 ( 7 ) 0 2 ( 4 ) 2 ( 7 )
= 3 ( 11) 0 ( 6 ) 1( 2 )
= 33 + 0 + 2
= 31
78.
1 2 ( 5 ) 2 ( 6 )
2 3 1
1 3 7
5 4 8
3 7
1 7
1 3
=2
3
+1
4 8
5 8
5 4
= 2 3 ( 8 ) 4 ( 7 ) 3 1( 8) ( 5 )( 7 )
+ 1 1( 4 ) ( 5 )( 3)
= 2 ( 4 ) 3 ( 27 ) + 1( 11)
= 8 + 81 11
= 78
4 1
= 4 ( 5) 3 ( 1) = 20 + 3 = 23
3 5
6 1
= 6 ( 5 ) 7 ( 1) = 30 + 7 = 23
Dx =
7 5
4 6
= 4 ( 7 ) 3 ( 6 ) = 28 + 18 = 46
Dy =
3 7
81. D =
D y 46
Dx 23
=
= 1 ; y =
=
=2
23
D 23
D
x=
1
2
2
Dx =
5
1
Dy =
2
82. D =
x=
1
= 1(1) 2 ( 1) = 1 + 2 = 3
1
1
= 2 (1) 5 ( 1) = 2 + 5 = 7
1
2
= 1( 5 ) 2 ( 2 ) = 5 4 = 1
5
Dy 1
Dx 7
= ; y=
=
D 3
D 3
7 1
3 3
264
6 2
= 6 ( 5 ) 15 ( 2 ) = 30 30 = 0
15 5
Because D = 0, Cramers Rule does not apply.
83. D =
12 1
= 12 ( 7 ) ( 6 )(1) = 84 + 6 = 90
6 7
6 1
Dx =
= 6 ( 7 ) 15 (1) = 42 15 = 27
15 7
12 6
Dy =
6 15
= 12 (15 ) ( 6 )( 6 ) = 180 + 36 = 216
84. D =
D y 216 12
D
27 3
= ; y=
=
=
x= x =
D
D 90 10
90
5
3 12
Thus, the solution is the ordered pair ,
.
10 5
1 2
2 4
0 3
5
2 4
3 4
3 2
=1
( 1)
+2
3 5
0 5
0 3
= 1[ 2 ( 5 ) 3 ( 4 )] ( 1) [ 3 ( 5 ) 0 ( 4 )]
1
85. D = 3
= 1 ( 22 ) ( 1)(15 ) + 2 ( 9 )
= 22 + 15 + 18
= 55
+ 2 [3 ( 3 ) 0 ( 2 )]
= 1( 23) ( 1)( 3 ) + 9 ( 9 )
= 23 3 + 81
= 55
+ 9 [ 3 ( 3 ) 0 ( 2 )]
D y 110
Dx 275
=
= 2 ;
=
=5; y =
D
55
55
D
D
55
=1
z= z =
D 55
Thus, the solution is the ordered triple (5, 2, 1).
x=
3 3
1 2
5 4
1 2
7 2
7 1
=1
( 3 )
+ ( 3 )
6 4
6 5
5 4
= 1[1 ( 4 ) ( 5 )( 2 )] ( 3 ) [ 7 ( 4 ) 6 ( 2 )]
1
86. D = 7
6
+ ( 3 ) [ 7 ( 5 ) 6 (1)]
= 1 ( 14 ) ( 3 )( 16 ) + ( 3 )( 41)
= 14 48 + 123
= 61
9 1 2
Dx = 7
2 4
1 3
5
2 4
7 4
7 2
=9
( 1)
+2
1 5
1 3
3 5
= 9 [ 2 ( 5 ) 3 ( 4 )] ( 1) [ 7 ( 5 ) ( 1)( 4 )]
+ 2 [ 7 ( 3 ) ( 1)( 2 )]
= 9 ( 22 ) ( 1)( 31) + 2 ( 23 )
= 198 + 31 + 46
= 275
5 3 3
Dx = 24 1 2
9 5 4
1 2
24 2
24 1
= 5
( 3)
+ ( 3 )
5 4
9 4
9 5
= 5 1( 4 ) ( 5 )( 2 ) ( 3) 24 ( 4 ) ( 9 )( 2 )
+ ( 3) 24 ( 5 ) ( 9 )(1)
= 5 ( 14 ) ( 3)( 114 ) + ( 3)( 111)

= 70 342 + 333
= 61
1
Dy = 3
0
9
2
7 4
1 5
7 4
3 4
3 7
=1
9
+2
1 5
0 5
0 1
= 1[ 7 ( 5 ) ( 1)( 4 ) ] 9 [ 3 ( 5 ) 0 ( 4 )]
= 1 ( 31) 9 (15 ) + 2 ( 3 )
= 31 135 6
= 110
1 1 9
Dz = 3 2
7
0 3 1
2 7
3 7
3 2
=1
( 1)
+9
3 1
0 1
0 3
= 1[ 2 ( 1) 3 ( 7 )] ( 1) [3 ( 1) 0 ( 7 )]
+ 2 [3 ( 1) 0 ( 7 )]
1 5 3
D y = 7 24 2
6 9 4
24 2
7 2
7 24
=1
( 5 )
+ ( 3)
9 4
6 4
6 9
= 1 24 ( 4 ) ( 9 )( 2 ) ( 5 ) 7 ( 4 ) 6 ( 2 )
+ ( 3) 7 ( 9 ) 6 ( 24 )
= 1( 114 ) ( 5 )( 16 ) + ( 3)( 207 )

= 114 80 + 621
= 427
265

1 3 5
Dz = 7 1 24
6 5 9
1 24
7 24
7 1
=1
( 3)
+ ( 5 )
5 9
6 9
6 5
= 1 1( 9 ) ( 5 )( 24 ) ( 3) 7 ( 9 ) 6 ( 24 )
+ ( 5 ) 7 ( 5 ) 6 (1)
= 1(111) ( 3)( 207 ) + ( 5)( 41)
= 111 621 + 205
= 305
D y 427
D
61
=1; y =
=
=7;
x= x =
61
D
D 61
D
305
z= z =
= 5
D
61
1 1 1
87. D = 3 2 4
2 2 3
2 4
3 4
3 2
=1
1
+1
2 3
2 3
2 2
= 1 2 ( 3) 2 ( 4 ) 1 3 ( 3) 2 ( 4 )
= 2 1 + 2
= 1
+ 1 3 ( 2 ) 2 ( 2 )
1 1 1
Dx = 1 2 4
0 2 3
1 4
1 2
2 4
=1
1
+1
2 3
0 3
0 2
= 1 2 ( 3) 2 ( 4 ) 1 1( 3) 0 ( 4 )
= 2 + 3 2
= 1
+ 1 1( 2 ) 0 ( 2 )
1 1 1
D y = 3 1 4
2 0 3
1 4
3 4
3 1
=1
1
+1
0 3
2 3
2 0
= 1 1( 3) 0 ( 4 ) 1 3 ( 3) 2 ( 4 )
= 3 1 + 2
= 2
266
+ 1 3 ( 0 ) 2 ( 1)
1 1 1
Dz = 3 2 1
2 2 0
2 1
3 1
3 2
=1
1
+1
2 0
2 0
2 2
= 1 2 ( 0 ) 2 ( 1) 1 3 ( 0 ) 2 ( 1)
= 22+2
=2
+ 1 3 ( 2 ) 2 ( 2 )
D y 2
Dx 1
=
= 1; y =
=
= 2;
D 1
D
1
D
2
z= z =
= 2
D 1
x=
4 3 1
88. D = 4 2 3
8 5 2
2 3
4 3
4 2
=4
( 3)
+1
5 2
8 2
8 5
= 4 2 ( 2 ) ( 5 )( 3) ( 3) 4 ( 2 ) 8 ( 3)
+ 1 4 ( 5 ) 8 ( 2 )
= 4 (19 ) ( 3)( 32 ) + 1( 4 )
= 76 96 4
= 24
6 3 1
Dx = 3 2 3
12 5 2
2 3
3 3
3 2
= 6
( 3 )
+1
5 2
12 2
12 5
= 6 [ 2 ( 2 ) ( 5 )( 3)] ( 3) [ 3 ( 2 ) ( 12 )( 3)]
+ 1[ 3 ( 5 ) ( 12 )( 2 )]
= 6 (19 ) ( 3)( 42 ) + 1( 9 )
= 114 + 126 9
=3
4 6 1
D y = 4 3 3
8 12 2
3 3
4 3
4 3
=4
( 6 )
+1
12 2
8 2
8 12
= 4 3 ( 2 ) ( 12 )( 3) ( 6 ) 4 ( 2 ) 8 ( 3)
+ 1 4 ( 12 ) 8 ( 3)
= 4 ( 42 ) ( 6 )( 32 ) + 1( 24 )
= 168 192 24
= 48
= 3 2 (1) 0 ( 1) 1 1(1) 1( 1)
4 3 6
Dz = 4 2 3
8 5 12
2 3
4 3
4 2
=4
( 3)
+ ( 6 )
5 12
8 12
8 5
= 4 2 ( 12 ) ( 5)( 3) ( 3) 4 ( 12 ) 8 ( 3)
+ ( 6 ) 4 ( 5 ) 8 ( 2 )
= 4 ( 9 ) ( 3)( 24 ) + ( 6 )( 4 )
= 36 72 + 24
= 12
D y 48
D
3
1
x= x =
= ; y=
=
= 2;
D 24
8
D 24
D
12 1
z= z =
=
D 24 2
1
1
The solution is the ordered triple , 2, .
2
8
1 1 4
89. D = 4 3 3
3 2 1
3 3
4 3
4 3
=1
( 1)
+ ( 4 )
2 1
3 1
3 2
= 1 3 (1) ( 2 )( 3) ( 1) 4 (1) 3 ( 3)
= 3 ( 2 ) 1 ( 0 ) + 0 ( 2 )
= 6 0 + 0
= 6
1 3 0
D y = 0 1 1
5 1 1
0 1
0 1
1 1
=1
( 3 )
+0
1 1
5 1
5 1
= 1 1(1) 1( 1) ( 3) 0 (1) 5 ( 1)
= 1( 0 ) ( 3)( 5 ) + 0 ( 5 )
= 0 + 15 + 0
= 15
1 1 0
90. D = 0 2 1
5 0 1
2 1
0 1
0 2
=1
1
+0
0 1
5 1
5 0
= 1 2 (1) 0 ( 1) 1 0 (1) 5 ( 1)
+ 0 0 ( 0 ) 5 ( 2 )
+ 0 0 (1) 5 ( 1)
1 1 3
Dz = 0 2 1
5 0 1
2 1
0 1
0 2
=1
1
+ ( 3 )
0 1
5 1
5 0
= 1 2 (1) 0 ( 1) 1 0 (1) 5 ( 1)
+ ( 3) 0 ( 0 ) 5 ( 2 )
+ ( 4 ) 4 ( 2 ) 3 ( 3)
= 1( 9 ) ( 1)(13) + ( 4 )(1)
= 9 + 13 4
=0
Because D = 0, Cramers Rule does not apply.
+ 0 1( 0 ) 1( 2 )
= 1( 2 ) 1( 5 ) + ( 3)( 10 )
= 2 5 + 30
= 27
D y 15
Dx 6
=
= 2; y =
=
= 5;
D 3
D 3
D
27
z= z =
= 9
D 3
(2, 5, 9).
x=
91. a.
= 1( 2 ) 1( 5 ) + 0 ( 10 )
= 25+0
= 3

x y = 5 2 = 3 > 2
2 x + 3 y = 2 5 + 3 2 = 16 > 8
( ) ( )

3 1 0
Dx = 1 2 1
1 0 1
2 1
1 1
1 2
= 3
1
+0
0 1
1 1
1 0
b.

x y = 3 5 = 8 > 2
2 x + 3 y = 2 ( 3 ) + 3 ( 5 ) = 9 > 8
The inequality x y > 2 is not true when
267

92. a.

7 x + 3 y = 7 ( 1) + 3 ( 2 ) = 1 21
2 x + y = 2 ( 1) + 2 = 4 5
The inequality 2 x + y 5 is not true when
b.

7 x + 3 y = 7 ( 3) + 3 ( 4 ) = 9 21
2 x + y = 2 ( 3) + 4 = 10 5
93. a.

x + 2 y = 2 + 2 (1) = 4 6
3 x y = 3 2 1 = 5 2
( )
2
0
x
y = 1 0
All four inequalities are true when x = 2 and

solid line.
Test Point:
94. a.

x + 2 y = 1 + 2 ( 2) = 5 6
3 x y = 3 (1) 2 = 1 2
x = 1 0
y = 2 0
The inequality 3 x y 2 is not true when
3 x 2 y = 3 ( 2 ) 2 ( 3) = 12 12
2 x + y = 2 2 + 3 = 1 15
( )
x = 2 0
y = 3 0
The inequality x 0 is not true when x = 2
and y = 3, so (2, 3) is not a solution.
b.

3 x 2 y = 3 ( 4 ) 2 (1) = 10 12
2 x + y = 2 4 + 1 = 9 15
( )
x = 4 0
y = 1 0
All four inequalities are true when x = 4 and
95. x + y 7
2 x y 5

268
0+0 = 07

Second, graph the inequality 2x y 5. To do
sign to obtain 2x y = 5. Because the inequality
is non-strict, graph 2 x y = 5 ( y = 2 x 5 )
using a solid line.
Test Point: ( 0, 0 ) : 2 ( 0 ) 0 = 0 5
the solution set of 2x y 5.
y
b.
( 0, 0 ) :
2x y = 5
6
10
6
10 x
x+y=7
96. 2 x + 3 y > 9
x 3 y > 18
First, graph the inequality 2x + 3y > 9. To do so,

to obtain 2x + 3y = 9. Because the inequality is
2
strict, graph 2 x + 3 y = 9 y = x + 3 using a

3
dashed line.
Test Point: ( 0, 0 ) : 2 ( 0 ) + 3 ( 0 ) = 0 > 9
the solution set of 2x + 3y > 9.
Second, graph the inequality x 3y > 18. To do
sign to obtain x 3y = 18. Because the
inequality is strict, graph x 3 y = 18

3
Test Point: ( 0, 0 ) : 0 3 ( 0 ) = 0 > 18

solution set of x 3y > 18.

y
10
x 3y = 18
to obtain x y = 2. Because the inequality is

strict, graph x y = 2 ( y = x + 2 ) using a
dashed line.
Test Point: ( 0, 0 ) : 0 0 = 0 < 2
the solution set of x y < 2.
10 x
10
2x + 3y = 9
10
x 4 y > 4
97.
x + 2 y 8
First, graph the inequality x 4y > 4. To do so,
to obtain x 4y = 4. Because the inequality is
1
strict, graph x 4 y = 4 y = x + 1 using a

4
dashed line.
Test Point: ( 0, 0 ) : 0 4 ( 0 ) = 0 > 4
solution set of x 4y > 4.
sign to obtain x + 2y = 8. Because the inequality
1
is non-strict, graph x + 2 y = 8 y = x + 4
2
using a solid line.

Test Point: ( 0, 0 ) : 0 + 2 ( 0 ) = 0 8
solution set of x + 2y 8.

the solution set of 2x 2y > 6.
Notice in the graph below that the two shaded
regions do not overlap. Thus, there are no points
in the Cartesian plane that satisfy both
inequalities. The system has no solution, so the
y
2x 2y = 6
5
2 x y 2
99.
2 x 3 y 6
First, graph the inequality 2 x y 2 . To do
sign to obtain 2x y = 2. Because the
inequality is non-strict, graph 2 x y = 2
Test Point:
x 4y = 4
x y = 2
( y = 2x + 2)
y
5
using a solid line.
( 0, 0 ) : 2 ( 0 ) 0 = 0 2

solution set of 2x y 2.
x + 2y = 8
5 x
Second, graph the inequality 2x 2y > 6. To do

sign to obtain 2x 2y = 6. Because the inequality
is strict, graph 2 x 2 y = 6 ( y = x 3) using a
dashed line.
Test Point: ( 0, 0 ) : 2 ( 0 ) 2 ( 0 ) = 0 > 6
x y < 2
98.
2 x 2 y > 6
First, graph the inequality x y < 2. To do so,
Second, graph the inequality 2x 3y 6. To do

sign to obtain 2x 3y = 6. Because the inequality
2
is non-strict, graph 2 x 3 y = 6 y = x 2
3
using a solid line.

Test Point: ( 0, 0 ) : 2 ( 0 ) 3 ( 0 ) = 0 6
269

solution set of 2x 3y 6.
y
2x y = 2
5
2x 3y = 6
5
x 2
100.
y < 3
First, graph the inequality x 2. To do so,
Test Point:
( 0, 0 ) :
02

Second, graph the inequality y < 3. To do so,
to obtain y = 3. Because the inequality is strict,
graph y = 3 using a dashed line.
Test Point:
( 0, 0 ) :
0< 3

the solution set of y < 3.


5
Test Point: ( 0, 0 ) : 3 ( 0 ) + 5 ( 0 ) = 0 30
Next, graph the inequality 4x 5y 5. To do so,
to obtain 4x 5y = 5. Because the inequality is
4
non-strict, graph 4 x 5 y = 5 y = x 1
5
using a solid line.

Test Point: ( 0, 0 ) : 4 ( 0 ) 5 ( 0 ) = 0 5
the solution set of 4x 5y 5.
The inequality x 8 requires that the graph be
to the left of the solid vertical line x = 8.
above the solid x-axis.
y
10 (5, 3)
3x + 5y = 30
(1.25, 0)
(8, 1.2)
10

the bounded region are (1.25, 0), (8, 0), (8, 1.2),
and (5, 3).
x=2
3x + 2 y 10
x + 2 y 6
102.
x 0
y 0
y = 3
5
3x + 5 y 30
4 x 5 y 5
101.
x 8
y 0
270
4x 5y = 5
x
(8, 0)
10

x=8


2
Test Point:
equal sign to obtain x + y = 4000. Because

x + y = 4000 ( y = x + 4000 ) using a solid
( 0, 0 ) : 3 ( 0 ) + 2 ( 0 ) = 0 10

the solution set of 3x + 2y 10.
line.
Test Point:

sign to obtain x + 2y = 6. Because the inequality
1
is non-strict, graph x + 2 y = 6 y = x + 3
2
using a solid line.

Test Point: ( 0, 0 ) : 0 + 2 ( 0 ) = 0 6

0.06 x + 0.08 y 275. To do so, replace the
inequality symbol with an equal sign to
obtain 0.06 x + 0.08 y = 275. Because the
inequality is non-strict, graph
3
0.06 x + 0.08 y = 275 y = x + 3437.5

4
using a solid line.

Test Point:
( 0, 0 ) : 0.06 ( 0 ) + 0.08 ( 0 ) = 0 275
Thus, the solution set of

0.06 x + 0.08 y 275 is the half-plane not
containing (0, 0).
(0, 5)
(2, 2)
(6, 0)
x
x + 2y = 6
10
10
The inequality x 500 requires that the

graph be to the right of the solid vertical line
x = 500.
3x + 2y = 10
The inequality y 2500 requires that the

graph be above the solid horizontal line
y = 2500.
The graph is unbounded. The three corner

points of the unbounded region are (0, 5), (2, 2),
and (6, 0).
First, graph the inequality x + y 4000. To


y
x = 500
4500
4000
3500
(500, 3500)
(500, 3062.5)
3000
(1500, 2500)
2500
y = 2500
2000
1500
1000
(2250, 1750)
(1250, 2500)
0.06x + 0.08y = 275
x + y = 4000
500
00
50
00
45
00
40
00
35
00
30
00
25
00
20
00
15
00
10
0
50
b.
Let x represent the amount to be invested at

6% interest and let y represent the amount to
be invested at 8% interest. Now, Anna has
at most $4000 to invest, so x + y 4000 .
She wants to earn at least $275 per year in
interest, so 0.06 x + 0.08 y 275. The
amount to be invested at 6% will be at least
$500, so x 500. The amount to be
invested at 8% is at least $2500, so
y 2500. Thus, we have the following
system:
x + y 4000
0.06 x + 0.08 y 275
x 500
y 2500
Amount invested at 8% ($)
103. a.
0 + 0 = 0 4000
Thus, the solution set of x + y 4000 is the


the solution set of x + 2y 6.
10
( 0, 0 ) :
Amount invested at 6% ($)
271

y
The four corner points are (500, 3500),

(500, 3062.5), (1250, 2500), and
(1500, 2500).
b.
Let x represent the number of dozens of red

tulip bulbs and let y represent the number of
dozens of yellow tulip bulbs. Now, Jordan
has a maximum of $144 to spend, so
6 x + 4 y 144. She wants at least 4 more
dozens of red tulip bulbs than yellow, so
x y + 4. Finally, Jordan cannot buy a
negative number of dozens of bulbs, so we
have the non-negativity constraints x 0
and y 0. Thus, we have the following
system:
6 x + 4 y 144
x y + 4
x 0
y 0
First, graph the inequality 6 x + 4 y 144. To
equal sign to obtain 6 x + 4 y = 144. Because
3
6 x + 4 y = 144 y = x + 36 using a
2
solid line.
Test Point: ( 0, 0 ) : 6 ( 0 ) + 4 ( 0 ) = 0 144
Thus, the solution set of 6 x + 4 y 144 is
Second, graph the inequality x y + 4. To
equal sign to obtain x = y + 4. Because the
inequality is non-strict, graph x = y + 4
( y = x 4)
using a solid line.
Test Point: ( 0, 0 ) : 0 0 + 4
Thus, the solution set of x y + 4 is the
half-plane not containing (0, 0).
Yellow Tulip Bulbs (dozens)
104. a.
36
6x + 4y = 144
32
28
24
x=y+4
20
16
(16, 12)
12
8
4
0
(4, 0)
4
(24, 0)
8
12 16 20 24
Red Tulip Bulbs (dozens)

The three corner points are (4, 0), (24, 0),
and (16, 12).
Chapter 3 Test
2 x y = 0
1.
4 x 5 y = 12
y
2x y = 0
4x 5y = 12
(2, 4)
5
The graphs of the linear equations intersect at the

5 x + 2 y = 3 (1)
2.
(2)
y = 2x 6
Because equation (2) is solved for y, we use
substitution to solve the system.
obtain
5 x + 2 ( 2 x 6 ) = 3
5 x + 4 x 12 = 3
9x = 9
x =1
y = 2 (1) 6 = 2 6 = 4.
9 x + 3 y = 1 (1)
3.
x 2 y = 4 (2)
272

Equation (2) solved for x is x = 2 y + 4.
Substituting 2 y + 4 for x in equation (1), we
obtain
9 ( 2 y + 4) + 3 y = 1
18 y + 36 + 3 y = 1
21y = 35
35
5
y=
=
21
3
5
3
5
9x + 3 = 1
3
9x 5 = 1
9x = 6
6 2
x= =
9 3
5
2
3
3
6 x 9 y = 5 (1)
4.
8 x 12 y = 7 (2)
add the results.
24 x 36 y = 20
24 x + 36 y = 21
0 = 1
False
2 x + y = 4 (1)
5. 1
1
3 x + 2 y = 2 (2)
Because equation (2) contains fractions, we
choose to use the elimination method to solve
the system. Multiply both sides of equation (2)
by -6 and add the result to equation (1).
2 x 3 y = 12
2 x + y = 4
2 y = 16
y =8
2 x + 8 = 4
2 x = 12
x = 6
(1)
x 2 y + 3z = 1
6. x + y 3z = 7
(2)
3 x 4 y + 5 z = 7 (3)
x + 2 y 3 z = 1
x + y 3z = 7
3y 6z = 6
(4)
3x + 6 y 9 z = 3
3x 4 y + 5 z = 7
2 y 4z = 4
(5)
add the results.
6 y 12 z = 12
6 y + 12 z = 12
0=0
True
2 y 4z = 4
2 y = 4z + 4
4z + 4
y=
2
y = 2z + 2
obtain
x 2 ( 2 z + 2 ) + 3z = 1
x 4 z 4 + 3z = 1
x z 4 =1
x = z +5
The solution to the system is {(x, y, z)|x = z + 5,
y = 2z + 2, z is any real number}.
2 x + 4 y + 3z = 5 (1)
7. 3 x y + 2 z = 8 (2)
x + y + 2 z = 0
(3)
2 x 2 y 4 z = 0
2 x + 4 y + 3z = 5
2y z = 5
(4)
273

Multiply both sides of equation (3) by 3 and add the result to equation (2).
3 x 3 y 6 z = 0
3x y + 2 z = 8
4 y 4 z = 8
(5)
Multiply both sides of equation (4) by 2 and add the result to equation (5).
4 y 2 z = 10
4 y 4 z = 8
6 z = 18
z = 3
2 y ( 3 ) = 5
2y + 3 = 5
2y = 2
y =1
Substituting 3 for z and 1 for y in equation (1), we obtain
2 x + 4 (1) + 3 ( 3) = 5
2x + 4 9 = 5
2x 5 = 5
2 x = 10
x=5
8. a.
1 3 2
( R2 = 2r1 + r2 )
2 4 8
3
2
1
=
+
2
1
2
2
3
4
2
2
8
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
1 3 2
=
0 2 12
b.
9. a.
274
1 3
0 2
1
= 1
( 0)
2
1 3
=
1
0
2
12
3
1
( 2)
2
2
6
R2 = r2
2
1
(12 )
2
1 2 1 2
3 5 2
1
0 4 5 32
2
1
= 3 (1) + 3 3 ( 2 ) + ( 5 )
0
4
1
2
1
= 0
1 1
7
0 4 5 32
( R2
1
3 (1) + 2
5
= 3r1 + r2 )
2
32
3 ( 2 ) + 1
b.
1 2 1 2
0
1 1
7
( R3 = 4r2 + r3 )
0 4 5 32
2
1
2
1
1
7
1
= 0
4 ( 0 ) + 0 4 (1) + ( 4 ) 4 ( 1) + 5 4 ( 7 ) + ( 32 )
1 2 1 2
= 0
1 1
7
0 0 1 4
x 5 y = 2 (1)
10.
2 x + y = 4 (2)
Write the augmented matrix of the system and then put it in row echelon form.
1 5 2
( R2 = 2r1 + r2 )
2
1 4
1
1 5 2
=
R2 = r2
0
11
0
11
1 5 2
=
0 1 0
(1)
x 5y = 2
=
y
0
(2)

x 5 ( 0) = 2
x=2
x + 2 y + z = 3 (1)
11. 4 y + 3 z = 5 (2)
2 x + 3 y = 1 (3)
Write the augmented matrix of the system and then put it in row echelon form.
275
1 2 1 3
0 4 3 5
2 3 0 1
1 3
1 2
3 5
= 0 4
0 1 2 5
1 3
1 2
3
5
= 0 1 4
4
0 1 2 5
1 2
1
3
3
5
= 0 1
4
4
5
15
0 0 4 4
1 2 1 3
= 0 1 34 54
0 0 1 3
( R3 = 2r1 + r3 )
1
R2 = r2
4
( R3 = r3 + r2 )
4
R3 = r3
5

x + 2 y + z = 3 (1)
3
5
(2)
y+ z =
4
4
z = 3 (3)

3
5
y + ( 3) =
4
4
9 5
y+ =
4 4
4
y=
= 1
4
we obtain
x + 2 ( 1) + 3 = 3
x2+3 = 3
x=2
12.
276
3 5
= 3 ( 8 ) 4 ( 5 )
4 8
= 24 + 20
= 4
13.
0 1 2
3 3 1
2 1 2
3 1
3 1
3 3
=0
1
+2
1 2
2 2
2 1
= 0 3 ( 2 ) 1( 1) 1 3 ( 2 ) ( 2 )( 1)
= 0 ( 7 ) 1( 4 ) + 2 ( 9 )
= 0 4 + 18
= 14
+ 2 3 (1) ( 2 )( 3)
1 1
= 1( 3) 5 ( 1) = 3 + 5 = 8
5 3
2 1
Dx =
8 3
= 2 ( 3) ( 8 )( 1) = 6 8 = 14
14. D =
Dy =
1 2
= 1( 8 ) 5 ( 2 ) = 8 + 10 = 2
5 8
Dy 2 1
Dx 14
7
=
= ; y=
= =
D
8
4
D 8 4
7 1
4 4
x=
1 1 1
15. D = 1 1 2
4 2 3
1 2
1 2
1 1
=1
1
+1
2 3
4 3
4 2
= 1 1( 3) 2 ( 2 ) 1 1( 3) 4 ( 2 )
= 1( 7 ) 1(11) + 1( 2 )
= 6
+ 1 1( 2 ) 4 (1)
2 1 1
1 1 2
15 2 3
1 2
1 2
1 1
= 2
1
+1
2 3
15 3
15 2
= 2 1( 3) 2 ( 2 ) 1 1( 3) ( 15 )( 2 )
Dx =
+ 1 1( 2 ) ( 15 )(1)
= 2 ( 7 ) 1( 27 ) + 1(17 )
= 14 + 27 + 17
= 30

1 2 1
D y = 1 1 2
4 15 3
1 2
1 2
1 1
=1
( 2 )
+1
4 3
4 15
15 3
= 1 1( 3) ( 15 )( 2 ) ( 2 ) 1( 3) 4 ( 2 )
+ 1 1( 15 ) 4 (1)
= 1( 27 ) ( 2 )(11) + 1( 19 )
= 27 + 22 19
= 24
1 1 2
Dz = 1 1 1
4 2 15
1 1
1 1
1 1
=1
1
+ ( 2 )
2 15
4 15
4 2
= 1 1( 15 ) 2 (1) 1 1( 15) 4 (1)
+ ( 2 ) 1( 2 ) 4 (1)
= 1( 17 ) 1( 19 ) + ( 2 )( 2 )
= 17 + 19 + 4
=6
Dy
Dx 30
24
=
= 4;
=
= 5; y =
6
D 6
D
D
6
z= z =
= 1
D 6
x=

(5, 4, 1).
16. 2 x y > 2
x 3y < 9
First, graph the inequality 2x y > 2. To do so,

to obtain 2x y = 2. Because the inequality is
strict, graph 2 x y = 2 ( y = 2 x + 2 ) using a
dashed line.
Test Point: ( 0, 0 ) : 2 ( 0 ) 0 = 0 > 2
solution set of 2x y > 2.
Second, graph the inequality x 3y < 9. To do
sign to obtain x 3y = 9. Because the inequality
1
is strict, graph x 3 y = 9 y = x 3 using a

3
dashed line.
Test Point: ( 0, 0 ) : 0 3 ( 0 ) = 0 < 9

y
2x y = 2
x
x 3y = 9
(3, 4)
5
The corner point is (3, 4).
3x + 2 y 12
x 2 y 4
17.
x 0
y 0
3

2
Test Point: ( 0, 0 ) : 3 ( 0 ) + 2 ( 0 ) = 0 12
Next, graph the inequality x 2y 4. To do so,
to obtain x 2y = 4. Because the inequality is
1
non-strict, graph x 2 y = 4 y = x + 2
2
using a solid line.

Test Point: ( 0, 0 ) : 0 2 ( 0 ) = 0 4
solution set of x 2y 4.

solution set of x 3y < 9.
277

y
4
(0, 2)
4
(0, 0)
4
(2, 3)
x 2y = 4
(4, 0)
x
3x + 2y = 12

(0, 2).
18. Let x represent the number of twenty-five-ton
bins and y represent the number of twenty-ton
bins.
(1)
x + y = 50
25 x + 20 y = 1160 (2)
Equation (1) solved for y is y = x + 50 .

obtain
25 x + 20 ( x + 50 ) = 1160
25 x 20 x + 1000 = 1160
5 x + 1000 = 1160
5 x = 160
x = 32
32 + y = 50
y = 18
The warehouse contains 32 twenty-five-ton bins
and 18 twenty-ton bins.
(1)
x + y + z = 180
z
=
y
+
10
(2)
5 x = y + z
(3)
form, we obtain
(1)
x + y + z = 180
y z = 10 (2)
5 x y z = 0
(3)
Adding equations (1) and (2), we obtain
x + y + z = 180
y z = 10
x + 2 y = 170
(4)
278

Adding equations (1) and (3), we obtain.
x + y + z = 180
5x y z = 0
6x
= 180
x = 30
30 + 2 y = 170
2 y = 140
y = 70
Substituting 30 for x and 70 for y and in equation
(1), we obtain
30 + 70 + z = 180
100 + z = 180
z = 80
Thus, angle x = 30 , angle y = 70 , and angle
z = 80.
20. a.
b.
Margaret has a maximum of $180 to spend,

so 12 x + 18 y 180. She will buy no more
than
13 items, so x + y 13. Finally, Margaret
cannot buy a negative number of blouses or
sweaters, so we have the non-negativity
constraints x 0 and y 0. Thus, we have
the following system:
12 x + 18 y 180
x + y 13
x 0
y 0
First, graph the inequality 12x + 18y 180.
2
12 x + 18 y = 180 y = x + 10 using a
3
solid line.
Test Point: ( 0, 0 ) : 12 ( 0 ) + 18 ( 0 ) = 0 180
Thus, the solution set of 12 x + 18 y 180 is
Second, graph the inequality x + y 13. To
equal sign to obtain x + y = 13. Because the
( y = x + 13) using a solid line.

Test Point: ( 0, 0 ) : 0 + 0 = 0 13

Thus, the solution set of x + y 13 is the
4.
x2 5 x + 4
when x = 7
x 1
( 7 )2 5 ( 7 ) + 4 49 35 + 4
=
6
(7) 1

14 + 4
6
18
=
=3
6
=

Number of Sweaters
y
12
x + y = 13
10
(0, 10)
(9, 4)
(0, 0)
2
12x + 18 y = 180
(13, 0)
4
8 10 12
6. 3 x + 7 4 = 20
3 x + 7 = 24
x+7 =8
x + 7 = 8 or x + 7 = 8
x =1
x = 15
The solution set is {15, 1}.
Number of Blouses
The four corner points are (0, 0), (13, 0),
(9, 4), and (0, 10).
7.
Cumulative Review Chapters R3

1. a.
{11}
b.
{13, 0, 11}
c.
13, , 0, 2.7, 11
8
d.
, 4 2
2
e.
13, , 0, , 2.7, 4 2, 11
8
2
2. Let x = the number.

2 ( x + 4 ) = 3x 6
3.
3 7 ( 5)
4
= 3 x 2 11x 27
4
2
= x 4 x 7 x 35 + 2 x + 8
8
6
5. x ( x 4 ) 7 ( x + 5 ) + 2 x 2 + 4
3 35 32
=
= 8
4
4
8.
x + 1 5 x + 29
5
10
5 x + 29 x + 1
0
10
5
5 x + 29 x + 1
10
10 0
5
10
5 x + 29 2 ( x + 1) 0
5 x + 29 2 x 2 0
3 x + 27 0
3 x 27
x 9
The solution set is {x|x 9}, or in interval
notation (, 9].
2x 7 > 3
2 x 7 > 3 or 2 x 7 < 3
2 x > 10
2x < 4
x>5
x<2
The solution set is {x|x < 2 or x > 5}, or in
interval notation (, 2] [5, ).
9. a.
b.
A B = {0, 6, 12}
A B = {0, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15}
279
10.
x
y = 2 x 5
3 y = 2 3 5 = 1
1 y = 2 1 5 = 3
0
y = 2 0 5 = 5
1
y = 2 1 5 = 3
3
y = 2 3 5 =1
( x, y )
( 3, 1)
b.
( 1, 3)
( 0, 5 )
(1, 3)
( 3, 1)
= 3x 2 4 x 7
(1, 3)
15. 2 x 5 y = 20
5 y = 2 x 20
2
y = x4
5
2
Slope = , y-intercept is 4.
5
(0, 5)
11.
f ( x) =
2
x4
3
2
x4 = 0
3
2
x=4
3
2 x = 12
x=6
The zero of f is 6.
1
1
12. (a) and (b) are functions because they pass the
vertical line test. (c) is not a function because it
fails the vertical line test.
2x + 7
13. f ( x) =
2x 1
The domain must exclude any values of x that
cause us to divide by zero. Therefore, we must
find the zero(s) of the denominator.
2x 1 = 0
2x = 1
1
x=
2
1
The domain of f must exclude , so the domain
2
1
is x | x .
2
14. g ( x) = 3x 2 + 4 x 7
a.
280
g ( x ) = 3( x)2 + 4( x) 7
1
(1, 3)
c.
(3, 1)
(3, 1)
2
2
2
g = 3 + 4 7
3
3
3
4 8
= 3 + 7
9 3
4 8
= + 7
3 3
12
= 7
3
= 4 7 = 3
g (4) = 3 ( 4 ) + 4 ( 4 ) 7
= 3 16 16 7
= 48 16 7
= 25
16. 3x 9 y = 5
5 x 15 y = 27
3x 9 y = 5
9 y = 3x 5
1
5
y = x
3
9
1
m1 =
3
5 x 15 y = 27
15 y = 5 x + 27
1
9
y = x+
3
5
1
m2 =
3
The lines are parallel.
17. To begin, find the slope of the line using the two
given points.
11 14 25
5
m=
=
=
9 ( 6 ) 15
3
Now use either point to find the equation of the
line. We will use the point (6, 14).

y y1 = m ( x x1 )
5
y 14 = ( x ( 6 ) )
3
5
y 14 = ( x + 6 )
3
5
y 14 = x 10
3
5
y = x+4
3
Or to write the line in standard form
5
y = x+4
3
5
3y = 3 x + 4
3
3 y = 5 x + 12
5 x + 3 y = 12
The equation of the line passing through the
points (6, 14) and (9, 11) is
5
y = x + 4 or 5 x + 3 y = 12
3
18. Let w = the weight of the quarters and q = the
number of quarters. Since weight varies directly
with quarters, we have
w = k q
Substituting 281 for w and 50 for q, we can solve
for k.
281 = k 50
281
k=
= 5.62
50
Replace k with 5.62 in the model and find the
weight of 35 quarters by letting q = 35.
w = 5.62q
w = 5.62 ( 35 ) = 196.7
35 quarters weigh 196.7 grams.
19. a.
The independent value is x, the number of

years after 1930. The dependent variable is
P, the population of New Orleans.
b.
Since the model is only valid for the years

1930 (x = 0) and 2010 (x = 80), the domain
is { x | 0 x 80} , or [0, 80].
c.
P( x) = 0.123x 2 + 8.543x + 447.873

P(60) = 0.123(60) 2 + 8.543(60) + 447.873
= 517.653
This means the population of New Orleans
in 1930 + 60 = 1990 was 517,653.
d.
x = 2010 1930 = 80
P(80) = 0.123(80) 2 + 8.543(80) + 447.873

= 344.113
The population of New Orleans in 2010 was
344,113.
20. a.
C ( x ) = 4.95 + 0.08 x
b.
The number of minutes cannot be negative.

The implied domain is {0 | x 0}.
c.
C ( 645 ) = 4.95 + 0.08 ( 645 )

= 4.95 + 51.6
= 56.55
The cost for 645 minutes of long distance
calls during one month is $56.55.
d.
130.95 = 4.95 + 0.08 x

126 = 0.08 x
x = 1575
For $130.95, 1575 minutes of long distance
calls can be made.
21.
y = x+9
2
5 x + 4 y = 20
Begin by substituting
(1)
(2)
1
x + 9 for y in equation
2
(2).
5 x + 4 x + 9 = 20
2
5 x + 2 x + 36 = 20
7 x = 56
x = 8
Now substitute 8 for x in equation (1).
1
y = ( 8 ) + 9
2
y = 4 + 9
y=5
The solution to the system of equations is the
ordered pair (8, 5).
6 4 3 3
1
3 10 1 4
R1 = r1
9 2 4 1
281
1
=
3
9
= 0
= 0
= 0
1 1
R2 = 3r1 + r2
2 2
R = 9r + r
1 4
1
3
3
4
1
2
1
1
3
2
2
1
11
1
12
R2 = r2
2
12
12
1
7
8

2
2
2
1
1
3
2
2
1
11
1
( R2 = 8r2 + r2 )

24
24
1
7
8

2
2
2
1
1
3
2
2
1
11
1
( R3 = 6r3 )
24
24
1
1
0
6
6
2
1
1
1 3
2
2
1
11
= 0 1

24
24
0 0
1
1

2
1
1
(1)
x 3 y + 2 z = 2
1
11
(2)
y
z=
24
24
(3)
z = 1
2 1 1
x + (1) =
3 2 2
1 1
x+ =
3 2
2
3
10
2
1
2
1
2
2
x=
3

1
11
y ( 1) =
24
24
1
11
=
y+
24
24
12
1
=
y=
24
2
1
Substituting for y and 1 for z in equation
2
(1), we obtain
282
1
2
The solution is the ordered triple , , 1 .

2
3
23.
24.
4 2
= ( 4 )( 3) ( 2 )( 5 )
5 3
= 12 + 10
= 2
2 3 0
1 4 2
2 2 3
4 2
1 2
1 4
=2
3
+0
2 3
2 3
2 2
= 2 4 ( 3) 2 ( 2 ) 3 ( 1)( 3) 2 ( 2 )
= 2 [ 12 + 4] 3 [3 4]
= 2 [ 8] 3 [ 1]
= 16 + 3
= 13
25. x + 3 y < 12
x3
First, graph the inequality x + 3y < 12. To do so,

to obtain x + 3y = 12. Because the inequality is
1
strict, graph x + 3 y = 12 y = x + 4 using a

3
dashed line.
Test Point: ( 0, 0 ) : 0 + 3 0 = 0 < 12
solution set of x + 3y < 12.
Next, graph the inequality x 3. To do so,
to obtain x = 3. Because the inequality is nonstrict, graph the horizontal line x = 3 using a
solid line.
Test Point: ( 0, 0 ) :0 3

y
1
1
283

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Chapter 3

1. A system of linear equations is a grouping of two

2. A solution of a system of equations consists of

Let x = 2 and y = 1 in both equations (1) and

R4. The slope of the line we seek is m = 3, the same

Let x = 4 and y = 5 in both equations (1)

Copyright 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 3: Systems of Linear Equations and Inequalities

SSM: Intermediate Algebra

Let x = 2 and y = 1 in both equations

4. If a system of equations has no solution, it is said

The two equations are in slope-intercept form.

The solution is the ordered pair (3, 1) .

Equation (1) in slope-intercept form is

The solution is the ordered pair (2, 3) .

Substituting 3x 5 for y in equation (2), we

Equation (1) solved for y is y = 2x 2.

Copyright 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 3: Systems of Linear Equations and Inequalities

There is no need to multiply either equation by

Multiply both sides of equation (1) by 3 and

Multiply both sides of equation (1) by 4,

SSM: Intermediate Algebra

Multiply both sides of equation (1) by 2 and add

19. When solving a system of equations, you have

Multiply both sides of equation (1) by 2 and add

Copyright 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 3: Systems of Linear Equations and Inequalities

SSM: Intermediate Algebra

Multiply both sides of equation (1) by 3,

Although these values satisfy equation (1),

Let x = 3, y = 7 in both equations (1) and

Let x = 5, y = 3 in both equations (1) and

Let x = 1, y = 2 in both equations (1) and

Let x = 2, y = 1/ 2 in both equations (1)

27. consistent; independent

Copyright 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 3: Systems of Linear Equations and Inequalities

The two equations are in slope-intercept form.

The solution is the ordered pair (1, 3).

Equation (1) in slope-intercept form is

The solution is the ordered pair (3, 4).

SSM: Intermediate Algebra

Equation (2) solved for x is x = 2y.

Equation (1) solved for x is x = 10,000 y.

Copyright 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 3: Systems of Linear Equations and Inequalities

SSM: Intermediate Algebra

Add equations (1) and (2).

Multiply both sides of equation (1) by 0.2, and

Multiply both sides of equation (1) by 3, and

Equation (1) solved for y is y = 3x + 1.

Multiply both sides of equation (1) by 2 and add

Copyright 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 3: Systems of Linear Equations and Inequalities

SSM: Intermediate Algebra

Because the coefficient of x in equation (1) is 1,

Copyright 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 3: Systems of Linear Equations and Inequalities

SSM: Intermediate Algebra

Because equation (1) is already solved for x, we

Because none of variables have a coefficient of

Write each equation in slope-intercept form.