RESTRICTION

ENZYME

ALLELE

DNA HELICASE

OKAZAKI
FRAGMENTS

DNA POLYMERASE III

Distinguish between
LEADING
and
LAGGING STRANDS

GENE LOCUS

TELOMERE

TEST CROSS

PUNNETT
SQUARES

DNA
POLYMERASE I

POLYMERASE
CHAIN REACTION
(PCR)

GYRASE
(TOPOISOMERASE)

p53
PROTEIN

Distinguish between
INITIATOR PROTEINS
and
SSBs

DNA Polymerase III Enzyme that

builds new DNA strand during DNA
replication. It builds in a 5->3'
direction and uses the template DNA
strand to match nucleotides. It needs
a primer to begin synthesis.

DNA Helicase Enzyme that

unzips/separates DNA strands during
DNA replication. It does this by
breaking the hydrogen bonds between
the two parental strands.

Restriction Enzyme An enzyme

that is naturally found in bacteria. It
cuts DNA at specific sequences

Leading Strand - In DNA replication this is the strand that is synthesized

continuously.
Lagging Strand - In DNA replication this is the strand that is synthesized in
Okazaki fragments
Leading

Okazaki Fragments - The newly

formed DNA strands on the lagging
strand. These fragments are
connected together by DNA Ligase.

Allele A form of a gene at a specific

locus. Alleles are variations that exist
for a particular gene. These variations
arise at a molecular level from differing
DNA sequences at that specific gene
location.

Test Cross A cross performed to

determine the genotype of an
unknown individual. To determine this,
the unknown individual is crossed
(mated) with an individual with a
recessive genotype.

Telomere - The ends of linear

chromosomes. These regions are
important in the stability and
replication of the chromosome.

Gene Locus The specific location

on a chromosome for a particular
gene.

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

The process of amplifying (making)
many copies of a single segment of
DNA.
Steps:
95C: denatures DNA strands
55C: allows DNA primers to anneal
72C: Taq Polymerase extends and
builds new DNA

DNA Polymerase I Enzyme that

cuts out the RNA primer and replaces
them with DNA nucleotides.

Punnett Squares When the

genotypes of the parents are know, a
punnett square allows you to
determine the ratios of possible
genotypes of offspring (not actual
ratios).

Initiator Proteins- Bind to the origin of

replication to help recruit necessary
enzymes to bind there to begin DNA
replication.

p53 Protein- Coded for by the p53

gene. p53 protein is activated by DNA
damage. Prevents DNA replication
from occurring by stopping the cell
cycle. Triggers repair proteins to fix
the DNA or causes cell to selfdestruct.

Gyrase Enzyme that prevents

overwinding of DNA as it is being
unwound. It does this by nicking the
DNA so it can untwist then seals it
back again.

Lagging

SSBs (Single Stranded Binding

proteins)- bind to the strands of DNA
after they have been unzipped to
prevent them from reforming hydrogen
bonds.