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,1
Editorial
Introduction
Snol es in Utopia
"
A Briel History
.I
. .I
ol Sustainability
.:
1'/
ti
l.'
20
32
LortJ Faster
34
or Thames
,r
R;ir,i(
36
38
Global Perspectives
46
Bringing Together
I J
Head, Heart
60
Ken Yeang
52
Sustain;ng Interactions
68
Green Ar-cnttectur-s
74
76
82
Green Archilecture
961
in
Green
1, 111
>
Profile
a Land of Plenty
in North
Amerfca
,1 L
: 1:1
Design +
, ,r,m l
, : '-'
'
Zombory
Moore
Practice Pr-offle
109 ~
Book Reviews
110
111+
in
......
l1J
I l
JI'
101~
Limits
1,1111
e in South Arr-u,e
1'1
and Soul
52
94
',
S..1':>ta1nable Archllectut
Architectural
II
'
Maldovan
. ,1/ci
'r r
n Singapore
, ,
...
t,;. . ... ;:
h1
o
...
,
.. .
rt-
0
.......
OJ ,
'I' 'IU"
I 11,j;.;y Joi'bton, ro.H
ILmMi;
tco
Lodgc-s,
WJ:.:;gnn
lc;:\,Jroc
rn n; &l nu w -uer I
l"r;'
JCh ~""~ a labr c car ocy
.md or.- o,~r~aflg.s which p-ov
If, rwc,rror111he nncdav
. rnrucr 5Ln
'Green'
leJtJre:a.
, , tud
;tp.--. duJ
with
rnrrugate:J
1 'ea-aser roof
lll-erm,11-r.ii.S!i
1-'\s
sustama
bilitv
enters
lhe
rramsteam,
becornin
q
lhe
accepte
d goal H
not
elwovs
prar tice
of goverr1merts
ar o a--yI
itects al1I
e,
it
seems 1-
ce
sl1001nJ
through
o.rr
nnqer-s
No
lo:
1gPr' an
alternetivc
route ::J rl in
tne cold or
PPn
erch+eclu-e
is, as a
by
social pol1t1cal, CullLH'ol a1d e::::..Y1ovrnc factO"S, ac) VV"=ll as O'y'
ind'v1du2l pref er~er1ces What cl11s issue aoes pr'ov1de, howeve,
v; c)ome ind1cat101'
Su staina ilitv
:J
r-t
)
0
Q.
cn
r-t-
the Se
-'
0
:J
CD
)
-'
OJ
:J
ch for an
Parad1se
rn
Q.
OJ
)
Q.
(J)
r=
111
r II
Veat
uiptor-Noled n, ~MIQ\IQlt~,:-s
w!',1cl1 ,Hl' 1nl~91r.1ted l"to
th,- ritlt1
of
Snakes in Utopia
a Brief History
of Sustainability
acing ~'lt:'
pi't'Ur
u1 \NJ'.i I r 1c:lLH'L
I.,[ lcJI.
gives o
m 2.r'L i
!f overvnw
lji'I
llC'L.: Ul'C
hot
r IO
L.J ir,r
~11vr -1ril,
u1,r,11
~./1 Jl'f:::'
I r-rr-achir clv [r-11.fvarrls enc cu r)les513 explain vvriy, to be ettertive c,ll' t.ur 1LJ1l1ty h.r .
he rc'ihce ly , 1l1v1''' ,IVL' Fl,I' 1 1d unv call, nlo cuesncr the accented wcr-lcl 'o.--=Jer~
the preformnance
o~ 'deve LJi.Jt~1J
11
r,
L:L:onur11l!~-,
'ur dcvclcped'
rJVr~,,
1.1~e
vew and over two centuries
of
if
,y
and cralts
a modern
in an endeavour
architecture
out of
id''
110
.,., NI 1..111rnr,n1
noi,
g ..cr-n
c'
:1
Arm:ig~o~,011
.1
) I
rationalist
lo the predictions
of Ruskin, Morris and
Lethaby. In this. Future Systems have been
ecological
surprising
champions.
fl has survived
in
green rhetoric
action.
Much of Africa
The close of
the century
witnessed a
fascinating
blend of
building
design)
known as
eco-tech
or eco-cool,
that embraced
prectstor
.
eng1 neer1ng
computing
and ecology.
lllll 1111111111111111111111
rov
-----~ _ 11111
.. uJ1::.:11
1111111
.....,
The future
~ /n.hli.I.
hl1
r.u;lnrn
1o1llll thrr c,l/roflrl,111d, JU>s
is itself
a problem. We now
consume more per capita than ever be lore consumer goods, cars and space itself. Excess
consumption is clten expressed in excess archuecturat
display, 111
exaggerated High Tech postui inu and over-arnbu lous
spcce and comfort levels BullrJings are fashion
accessories - the backcloth to commercial and private
lives. W1th1n our homes we create space tor gadgets
rather than people, we fill out ollices with computers.
our airports with shops So whereas buildings consume
halt or all environmental resources, they e1lhc1 house
the space whet e the other hall is consumed or lorm
Lhe desunatron for the essential journeys required for
human connection As a system. cities are lhe locus
of resource use and pollution - buildrnqs are an ecoloqy
or global impacts which we arc only beginning
lo understand.
I I
,\ ir-v-
1hi:- u,mpuss
S.\f'.ICm
to universally
placeless citres
with their
ubiquitous shopping
malls. suburban
estates. business
parks, airports. etc
are challenged by
lhe green
movement.
'Swampy' may stop
a stretch of road
r rv
11,p!oj
l\('n Y1ving, , ,
I nwr-r,
cornpc: nor desiqn 1'198.
11lL' .,tleU t.o be uui. J':, en
Pxt:o.;1l::;r1
111111:11111: m
/',?111.
Africa or Europe,
are
and 1ndJstry
IC 111,;1_;>.,qdle
the p,;11amt:ler:.
"nPr<_;y !;irgrt~ o
J(I
pe,
Q?nt
are
scarce:
labour is valued for its workmanship (as against
speed): resources of energy, food and water are
locally sourced. The Aga Khan Awards for
Architecture are among lhe few that give
recoqniuon
Sustainable
of
Unsustainable
Biblical Origins
dominance.
Our cities are a direct consequence
or biblical unsustainability.
The Christian
foundation upon which Western society is built
had an unforlunale tendency to place man apart
from lhe natural order. By way of contrast.
Eastern religions integrate mankind into a global
ecological system. Such integration is not only
physical but, more importantly, is also spiritual.
The worldliness of Christianity
- the call lo
multiply, exploit and prosper - has become rn
many aspects the international order of big
business. It is the motor of stock exchanges
from Tokyo to Lima. the basis upon which
companies conduct their business and
governments
rnanaqe resources. Inevitably it is
the basis. too. lor cuies and tbe countless
buildings which. in their subtle variety, still
express the Christian
exploitative
ideal.
JN definition
or 'Sustainable
Development' coined in
1987 by Gro Harlem 81 uncuonc - a woman whose
words have changed the course or history. The 'he-ness'
of the Bible has been usurped by the 'she-noss' of
sustainability. Brundlland
lollowed in the steps of other
prominent female environmcntahsts.
Rachel Carson
[Silent Spring]. Barbara Ward who firsl coined the
phrase 'sustainable dcvcloprncnt, and Donella
Meadows of the Club or Rome [Limits to Growthl.
The relationship
between man and nature is more
the scientific
The inner
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Al, w
S:r,tugo C..1t<.11 av r
1,,
:ntlh"
2000
.,.., ".\' ''I arr huectu e ".> vh<>wtd
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r~ cl~,;,q,11::: In c,::n:'".:i::.t lo R1L
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t11dl:')q1c!i
W,(:!:
vpan,
,J
~ccl1I
ol
.1r11h ..
1;,, ,,.
ro:;~er and
L,w,r,.r~Hl'
1999
ll(C.l')nid or a tei.1dmq I 11,,,
01 romsuret s 011 I hec It@ d
the Bi1 11,;. lx.cl;'ingc '"' the
Cny cl I nNlnn, the office ,uwt.1
1;, LOnr.c- vca tu be
crtvrro'vrcen :.-111~ , l1ponoe;1ble.
I n.-1h ...... 1 ,lt I ul iHI; .._..flee-I j.,.
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curv -d
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a consequence
one cannot
expect a single
global
No1es
Pr n~l!lo. l.i.:h.:Cect1;r-~ ,1
M dtrr.:1~, Th~me~ dnd
ud .n ILon~on), 1911, i i,P
1, /[ Rug"' tiles lhe
1urt,1u.y cl the rtidMtilr:-on
19
I ,
in urbani areas
. i than
ones urban
i problems
intensify ng
i Th s brings
the assocated
i
.
symptoms poor hous ng,
traffic
est on and pollution
a global scale, the
21
Al iJ\lf-1 '1.-11,
(1,f: In ngh1
Edward Cullinan Ar<111iects.
M llenruum School, G,eenw,ch,
London, 200 I A, well as bomg
ecolo~i.:aHy ccrnpcubtc. this
susta.nabty resnonswe des,g,,
for ii primal)' ~,tiool on the
Greenwich Penmsul.:i rs
1ntcnaed to bnng qreater
social wetlbein11 to th<~
local cnmmunily.
area. It was
- -
D'<\:
to promote stack
effect
I\
glaze
deep reveals & br s'e\;olei
direct & reflected light
l 5m deep offices
d
rov de shading to \ \
into offices via street
allow natural ventilation
roof
south e evation
\ \
and
maximum
day ightin g
heat
I \
s air
ght shelves prov de \ '
i
l
indirect dayl ghting
I
p i
\
I
l
\
l
.
li
i
i
recovery
durinu
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I I I ( I I
therma
high
/ / //////rainwater
collection
performance
to to lake
~
perimeter walls &
windows
l
li
\Jl~I
.:.::::::-::::-:::-;: __ -_-:;:--
i d
s
10
Systems'
exploitation of
biomimicry, to
Foster's
approach which
is more based on
ecological
systems, lo
Yeanq's adoption
or termite-tower
principles of
natural ventilation.
However, as a
design discipline
nature is not
without problems.
It lacks a
technological
& Partners,
Hea,tqudrrrf::, tor Greater
Foster
.......
Too left
Fruto Vivas Architect~ w1lh
Buro Hdppold. Venezuelan
Pav1l1on. I lanovcr Expo 2000.
The Vcnezoctans responded lo
lhe Expo's Iheme 'Humank 11d
Na1ure- lechnology' with a
lighlwc,ghl unfolding flower
lor. 11ql1I
Thomas Herzog
Luci en KrolL
Ncarrnan Foster
tiiii
I 1
lt\,Jlior a11d
savinq
i. '!tO
I
Ughl
111
,r
~n,llc,ol
Light.
r1l1Jl ,t
'J
" Th' u
t,;
t I
, '
l1nri1
sha:.I~~ on
l'~rrls adaptive
stl,11, who
:-,
or
,;11~
, .,,
lcvei5
h;i'lt
5wissR~EfuildirTg. Lendon
Future Sy.stems
San-.t1ag:o Cala.trava
London
~en-YeaflQ
'Cf'tetwood .AsS"ociJltes-
~1
Slainclkailir-port,
Sil~~. Spafo
Shanghai'ArmouryTower,
Pudonq
Sarnsourya .Gr~enwrc;h, London
1-~
t.bc,','-
Jlul
Cir
11;,1l(
-~--~ -
...
.. '11 .. -
---
-----
..
OUTPUTS
"'En~r-gy
"'Waste
"'Water
-*"PoU.uLfon
*Po-0 r health
..,Materrats
Reseu.r"'*
Um its
m :::
37: 7 IEEE
Sin
k
:1:1
;:::r;-,;
,.
limits
Global Ecosystem
RESOURCE
UMtJS
SINK
LIMITS
*El):e:J9Y'
"*Water
"'Farming
"'F]shit1g_
*L.arid
'"Air quality
Water-quallty
"Food production
.,..GLobal warrriir-19
*P.er.sonal health
~~edlti:e-0 biecorrrplexity
*Biodiver?i1y
DEVELOPMENT
" I
Global Pollution
Global Resources
Resource
Building use
Pollution
Building related
Energy
50%
24%
Water
42%
50%
50%
40%
Agricultural
48%
Landfill waste
20%
50% (indirect!
CFCs/HCFCs
50%
land loss
Sustainable
Devsloprnent
fuel and
lacing
"'
I o
ti to
rrru.
lo:
musf'ums.
1n
11
I I
m,,.
1-1Q
kilometre<,
of lane.I
compa1
Pd to Monaco s
ll would be a VH lually
in the
'green age?
parharnenl rn
Berlin
In what way do you use nature as a guide?
We look to vernacular trJd1t1011 that arc spP
1f1clo the area 111 which we are working Very ollen
there are nch arcnu ctural tradruons that ..vc rl< w th
and ot aqamst, nature which have been Iorqouen
over t1rne.
In two projects in Ille Medrterranoan we a, r> u ,1ng
pergolas - large cable trellises covered with plants
lo provide natural shading and inlngrate tho bu1ld1r19
v s1 a Ly wutun the tandscape. In the American Air
Museum al Duxford rn Carnbndqcshrre and the Glass
House at the National Bolante G rrden or Wales near
Cardiff, Wl partiatly buried the structures in th1 rr J
again to integrate them wuhin the landscape. b111 also
to make p 1sive l ,1 ..,, tht thermal mass ol t'1e ,I
help save energy
Our Chesa Futur a m St Maritt tn Switzerland usesst
limber construe lion, which make envrronrnental !>tn
ro,
re-sourr .
11 ebsorb
1111'
l'JQI:'
cunuru
r .pv,,1 b .urn
1,,1
1995
1995.
I
19')5
r uropenn
Commission to
explore the lel.l~1b1l!ly nl
zero
em ~~,on<. d()v~lopmcnt m
[U'01)h10cures. It ,ViJS ca",
,etJ out ,n couabcrauon wrth ,:1
lcil~ of parl11erc; mcludmg
tnc M1.1rt,1"1 Cr;nlre, Carnbridqe
Un1vPrs11y .....n,e three ~che1nP~
n Lendc-i, Toula1Jse and [Jeri In
..:er~ol de~gncd to tllustrate
1hc potential for tow-enetqv
mixed-use deve DP""Pnts
::o\ld1m 119 oil C<!$ anc
a-panments Thedesrqn 1>1
l:llC., project, hOWPVer,
responded to tne parucutar
curnanc and urban
co11d1llon~
of each city
Systems
\
t.
.. \
.' ,
i:;,yhl
Burdttr1ux I -.iw
Courts, France 1998.
1:pp
,1
I .:!,,I
2000
I
AogM~
II
l -'T
r o Ar,hl!e~.s. Shrnbndnc
~~ IO'" Centre,
G.ou.:estrr:,;I ire. ?
OOU
Ces grcd J!i a Vl'litor"..-,
cer.trc
fo1 the V!fdli;wl
i.Hill'+Netland
lru~1. Iris~" d111~ , ,n a
e c.lcc~t'd arra for t11nh
~.Jr1 tula"lt sensiuve
selt1119
\l'tt;,\'fl
\ J
and reveres the seen and the unseen, the material and
the immaterial.
and the relationships
that exist between
the different elements that make up what we know as
the 'wortd' !the ecosystem as well as human social
systems!. Survival of the entire system depends on the
harmony that 1s achieved in and through these
relationships.
It rs not what buildings
nnd how Lhey do it that rs
sustainable development
changes everything - the
details of construction
If
interconnectedness
is
I 'I
;,d 4
)~!dtt.,r','',,
I I,
rr
1h.",
h-','1Ch,
flill
Tl
e West81"'n
term 'sustainable
evelopment' is a vvay of life thal
I oth practrcal and a deep
n1~1tua1 and social obhqatron.
The Indian tradrnon or Sthapatya Vcd rs based
on the ancient Vedic philosophy that, Just as
every, ll in lhP body is connected to every other
cell, cvervthinq 111 the universe rs connected
with everything else Great ca, e is taken lo
harmonise buildings with nature and their
occupants through orrentatron, ventilation and
the use of locally avarlable, natural mate, rats.
This sense of interconnectednass
rs very
much a spiruual understanding of life which
members
Delhi government
housing projects
Impermanence
In agricultural societies there is an unquestioning
acceptance of the cycles of nature. What lives mu .t
die when u is time for it to do so. and there rs l1ttlr>
pornt m fighting 11. The nol ron ol rrnperrnanence rs
central to Buddhist, Hindu and Taoist philosophy, ind
change m whatever form rs accepted wuh equanunuy.
nlrove JI ul Jpp..:~ te
Fdward Cull,na11 Arch11ec1s.
Singapore: Managcnwnl
Un,versily, Singapore. 2000.
Ttw, ,.,.. a ve, dt1n I l'l"ldtile1 pl,m
for a new campus 111
Singapore, In which I he ndl
urel landscape is enrourag~c
to sweep through, beneath
and ocrwocn tne
uuitumos. A notable lceture 1~
the w?ty Eufhnan s ollice has
looked to vernacular
archuecture as a model
Devices G-im lar Io I hoc;~
fouud m lrad!11on.:il
SmgiJoora, shadm9 trees,
narrow shelltJred streets and
courts - am ornptoved to
creatf' comlortablc
transruonat
spaces which rtururruse on
tho requirQmf'>f\l e. for .:11r
condit1omng
Encrgyeff1c1cm bu1ld111q
services. such J~
combined heat ,:ind pl'l\'lo'Pt
;:,ind absorpuon cooling, sotar
water hea11ng and chctovcua-c
~lec1nc1ty gl'ne, a11on, hd'-'t'
also been proposed by the
srchnects.
'""""' ....
-c:o
~I
I'
ltPV' h
i'.'Jttr;r~ofanrl ,rcprno
r ~er fai:rithe
fourdal ,eris
l1e; were
nH? of rr~ss ~dnl
r1er0l'ft~rlob.e
~1ctob~d
;round with
scalloldrnq
~ll cs s.1:1io1 led b1 steel
;:ic11(!
nnes
Nctts
1 0 Ste,) ....he ID S(1UO<JF'
Po:,t1olVcrrac1Jlar
Building.
>401o:1sen E(!orut ons mlo
ii,te.ct.ial Mythology''"
~,- J~,l~ Ire) Vcrn,1(,1{
~,t.~.,ecC,:rf, A\'el:ul)'
for
S pi ritual i ty in
architectur'e rr1eans
connecting the
user of o building
to the rhythms
of nature and the
greater cosmos
through the use of
lighl and material.
1
horrific consequences.
to hands-in-the-mud
community
Together they epitomise the
111 ,
19~P
Situated
on the sleep slopes of one of old
Johannesburg's
hills. the site is visible from
miles away, and lhe client did not want to
contribute to the existing visual pollution
The
house was therefore designed lo eventually
fade into the natural features of the hill. Its
concrete structure is clad in stone from the
site so lhal 1l resembles a continualion of the
cliff face, with the 'tree room itself reading
as a cave in lhe mountainside. The central
cantilevered roof is covered in oxidised copper
and the other roofs are planted with indigenous
vegetation. The entire site is rehabilitated
and
planted with indigenous
vegetation
to restore
the degradation caused by the building
process.
Westcliffe Estate is a good example of
commercial green' architecture. It uses
conventional concrete and steel construction. but
introduces sustainability through the energy and
waler systems, recycled stone from the site,
indigenous landscaping, natural ventilation and
passive thermal design.
Abcv,
Archeo-Arch,1ects, House
Mcsedt, Johonncsb,1rg,
Magalies, 2000
A Aus+-r,,l
ur1r~r"lr11r1IV
:"I
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CVPI '\/II
vv
11
1Jtu1
I
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rt
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ff'
81 ,
wr I I
1-1-, V\! il r"
t1r 1rl
Je1 -
h 1 m g o I r ir ) t h c-) r
'Wh1 te tT1d r
\NayJ Wh11 C? rndnj I I im ~o d1fferen t Hirr LlCJt
read bc:lnrig himself Abor1g1nal cldo:
Australia is a paradox. On the one hand a
fledgling culture barely 200 years old and on the
other the oldest extant culture on Earth. 50,000
years old. Physically. the sixth largest country on
Earth with a landmass of three million square
miles 17.6 million square kilometres] - just
smaller than the USA. A climate that ranges from
arid desert through tropical rainforest and
temperate lowlands to alpine mountain. A
population of merely 19 million crowded around
the edges.' and yet one of the highest per capita
carbon-emitters
in the world.
White fellas in Australia have agonised over
identity since their arrival. many as convicts.
The 'cultural cringe' and 'hanging on lo mother's
apron strings have engaged commentators on
the Australian condition. This uncertainly
is
reflected architecturally
in texts such as Robin
Boyd's The Australian
Ugliness. where imported
Classicism
gives way to imported Modernism
with the worst characteristics
or Europe or
America.'
Today doubt has given way to self-assurance.
'Sydney 2000' and the 'Freeman Factor have
finally
brought
white Australians
to understand
Howard
government
precludes a republic. an apology
to the indigenous peoples for wrongs of the past
O~r
Ir
1'~<}1/
built of timber
frame with a
non-residential
buildings are glass boxes pumped full
of fossil-fuel energy to sustain them. Today,
misappropriated
international architectural 'isms'
continue.
inspired from the ethersphere through the
crown of the skull. with disregard for place or climate.
rather lhan from the loci through the soles of the feel.
The Lineage of a contemporary Australian architecture
that is responsive lo place and climate emerged through
lhe earlier works of Harry Seidler as an Australian
Gropius or Le Corbusier, through Syd Ancher as an
Australian Aalto and, particularly,
through Glenn Murcutt
as an Australian Mies." Seidler's later works are
significant
examples of climate-responsive buildings with
sun shading and innovative energy efficient systems.
Murcutt should take credit for making respectable
the
Australian 'vernacular' of corrugated
iron and for authoring a portfolio of built work, and an
associated polemic.' on the Australian landscape,
climate, topography, hydrology, geology. flora and fauna
- 'touch this earth liqhtly." There are others. too many
to mention, who have developed a climate-responsive
Australian architectural language that responds to
culture and place!
Also. the writing and associated graphic
illustrations of Australian environmentalist
Bill Mollison.
who expounded the concept or perrnaculture',
'" have
archuects
AD0\11 IHI
v,r-w rum
r,h.1
c1t lhoti t 01
life stvles are des ... ribed as 11ght green - the villager
r n Australra
Case Studies
and is 1n natural
bushland with
to
control
water
and
1::. sunuar
Towards a 'Green'
Classification
ernerqrnq
solutions
mtrol, the
re rs an
Concepts
,,
lliVll7
lMl..
LEVll ,5
LfV(l
<
UVfl.,
lVfL. ;i
t.lvtL1
[I]
LEVEL O
N
ATURAL VENT
PASSIVE YEITT
moved inwards.
The high
I',
I 0$1 r-1. II
Sligh V.;)lltu N,~111 w,th l 11ult
Pr e~hip. S'.i1c1urr
A-, Jhd. S,;oney, 1999.
l'f
1,p1,;,1,e,~rl,r:r1
Sl'.'(l!Cn cl t~~ ~ld~IUl'l
I I
I 11 11
I'
I I
l!11Jhl
webster Mann,son,
dt>1J1I or Ch,1rlcsStun
1Jn1vcrs11v, Thurqoona
Campus, Alburi', NSW. 2000
Marci
\~l-.,N
SB
Metes
'From
Edge l.>Crm~c: Sense and
Styllsm'. L1t4.,,:CJrnartorai
Arch1lerl, 4,
'91'
Conte;
iJFJ
Arl.~1!ec!ureNow, T '!~1-.p,;
;,n<I
Pesaro
A~h11ccteral Monographs
&,a,y, 2000.
'l Rkh:JrdLep.n:i,tne--,
t.11mfes;o'. Arc,1,,,~cwre
AJ1:r1fJ. 10! 88, no I I Ja,,/~eb
,,~rw(!. 2l00.
R;\l;VBOP Ei\1r,)r1n~nt
Ocsg'l Guide,
Summary
In 200 years lhe 'while fella has done possibly
irreparable damage to a natural environment that has
sustained human habitation for 50.000 years. The
paradox is that rough tough Australia is in fact incredibly
delicate. Problems include increased deforestation and
salination from
inappropriate crops. destruction of the land as a result
of lhe introduction of inappropriate small hoofed animals.
destruction of the waterways from erosion and pollution,
and mining in culturally and environmentally sensitive
areas. Today's buildings. cities, life style and resultant
ecological footprint are sustained by cheap
energy from nonrenewable sources, the price of which
does not reflect its real cost - drawing down Earth's
natural capital,
Australia's 2010 Kyoto Protocol commitments were
negotiated as an increase in greenhouse gas emissions
to 108 per cent of its 1990 emissions, when most other
developed nations were targeting reductions. Australia's
1998 emissions were already al 117 per cent of 1990's and
the country appears unlikely lo rneel its
Kyoto commitments. Emissions from energy use in
commercial buildings are projected to nearly double
between 1990 and 2010. and overall building operating
energy emissions are
projected to rise 150 per cent over this period.':
Politically. the climate lacks 'bite'. The cult of
privatisation has led to a lack of investment in green
infrastructure, green energy production
and innovative buildings. Free market competition
and threats to deregulate the practice of architecture
see a situation where
'cheapest is best'. with little resultant
investment in thorough and ground-breaking design
or exemplary building solutions.
While there is a huge engagement with the
'green agenda at both intellectual and practical levels,
especially among individual architects
and smaller practices. there is a dearth of exemplary
examples of large 'green buildings. An even greater
challenge for Australia, beyond
'green buildings. is 'green cities. Australia's dispersed
urban morphology is. like its housing design, largely
inappropriate to the climate and based on high use of
private cars. There are, however, emerging institutional
initiatives and a growing sensibility to these issues.
Across the vast climatic variation, northern
hemisphere solutions are seldom appropriate
and yet often employed. How to keep cool is the
main issue. rather than how to keep warm.
Temperate areas of the continent have a relatively
benign climate, with warm days and
documented and yet not adequalely applied orientation, sun control, insulation, ventilation
and thermal mass." In commercial buildings.
strategies such as double glazing and highperformance glass keep heat in as well as
out, and do not eliminate the build-up of heat
from machines and humans. Hybrid or
naturally ventilated solutions are few and
there appear to be no built examples in
Australia of double ventilated facades. Few
built examples of 'green architecture go
beyond the building footprint to consider
wider issues of site, water, effluent. waste
and transport. There remain many paradoxes
in architectural practice and education with
regard to
the relationship between the international
mainstream of media driven 'style' architecture
and the crucial realities of ecological
sustainability. ID
'T~,e sePrn1nqly
wild
and na1 rn ully
f u 11 c t1 on 1 n q CJ a rYJ
cj n of a Nr,w Gu1nenn
v111 n g e I i c_l n P fl u ti FI J 11
y
o r d ere ci d n cl 1 n
i
Ken Yeang
Sustaining
Between tlr-1e
.--
Si 1--1 g a Jo 1--,e
t 1us hacl ,1111v1c.1l irnoact n S1 1gap1J....,2 w-1~ 1 e deTs, developer's
and planrnnq 1'egulation<:, ,cr-1j to tevour: an 'internal Hmi1 C1rch1~e~~1 J1 'C which I
SustainalJle
jes1gn
1',
In sp I c c
r trns I I ie
Oeoartme11t cf /\rr1itecturc:: r1 l the Ncl:10r12l J1,vers1tv rl' S1rigap.J1e 1c., 1---1:ent upon
developmq a 'I\J2w /\~-,ic1n l ropical /\rcl~1tectur'r/
vv--rc1~ re12~tc.:, t 1:::. st,ergrh of the
cult.re a,-10 111t~l'ilCtS closely VVi\ 'l veqetanor Cive 13...-,1!:[PI, tJSSOClate
professor' in the depa: .. ~1rent, describes what Lh1:-, vv1II ..... ean amJ t: ll'eE projeci s
.he: are designed 1r1 response to J12 r total ervir-onment
1nd1ge11DJS
locations'.'
At:,J' .. e
l;tl
Thom,, Wong Kok Wah and
Case Studies
Completed
Kok
Woh is located in the only protected wetland nature
reserve IA Singapore. Sungel Buloh comprises an area
of 87 hectares of coastal habitat located in the
northwest corner ot ttre main island. It contains 4:0
hectares of prawn ponds enclosed by two small rivers
-and s 9 .5 hectare offshore island of rnanqrove. Tbere
Suhgei
in
habitat,
The generous overhangs to the root, which
have no gutters, permit the heavy rain to
discharqe cHr.edly to the natura [ stopes of thee
site and
tl-J;,
throuqh-ventilarioa. Much
space to enhance
users
supplied
~J
Centre,
apprsacf
was
to rnlnirnlse the
changes
sea-waler
the
educational fac1l1ties.
gates
levels inside
adjustable-sluice
of native tree)
fern and shrub species
or sm,ppcr,:. Sunge,
Sufph
with
-,,e planting
lf
if' r nh1 1'H: )ho... e
It
Wong Kok Woh carrd
,,.. F.bh: Woks Oepannw11\
Centre
maxim ise
1993, this
vehicle-
wa:s
on
and compacting
the ground.
1.,p .. J~l'1->
rh,>ah Kok M1og and Poon Hin
Kong ond -e P, b.rc Work~
Oepartrn1:!nl o Sinqapoce;
,,stiwte of ~011thcr1!it A~,i:1
Stuu,ci~. Kent R doc
Campus.
N.Jt1onal U rnvers tv or
S,Mgaoo, o, 9?8
Notes
1. lan McHJry, Des,qn w,1/>
Nature, NJl~ra 111.,lOl'Y fress
INcw Vc,rkl, 1969, p l97.
2. Ken Yeung,
Dc!;/gnioq
wrlfi Nuturt:
Ib r.at,1!11 ~l
L1,1sn1 tm ll.-chth.1
Wral
Ocsiyn.
MtGrnw H 111 I Now Yorh), 1995,
p 35
'~'""'11
op c,f, p 181,
4 ,Ji'gr.~. ()p r-r, p 18
b M Hon Pi,r,c1rn, 'Su!:ila.
3
nmg
~, tu.iurat Her 1a9e ,)I the
lte, aod Susramabrl ty
ioerc1ce, Sr lonl(J, ZOCO
!. Brat< B -aylor, Geo(lrey
e.11t,1 1'1um~s. ond I lurtson
I cl'cur \ re:v,sed ediuor-.
''15,
9.
a. ,~,d. p 13
I, KS Tn1, 'Towards an
Et,log1ll1 Responsible
llf ,oAr,Meclu'1>,
11i'Qifpcre tnsuuno al
Arh,f(ICfS Joemal. PO 183
!Mir/Apil l99J'.. pp 49-51
10. t<en v~t!Pll. Tneory
dPr-:Jc-tcr n B/Qcl,milt1C
i;~t ',''ilpfrs.Artemis
t ,ndo,l, 1994, p 17
11 M 'iou~h. C111~s end
!1;!,,af Process,Ro11ll~d9e
I ,>,Nil, 19%. p I
z. \1IQ"9 r:.ok'lv'oh, 'Buku
~ \Jcnure Reserve
,11:qre-t})t1on CEtntre
,,13porr. lnst11utc of
41 .. ",1~!5 Joumai. no i 1741
'Sti.!Or.l 19921. pp 48 9.
/),S11n,nd!Sl>arp.
A Vi'ew
""''Y
tnsutute
~,Artf:ttO.ctsJournal. no 187
1~,,,IJ,c 1994), pp 43 5?
'8. Sla;~n Cw~n. Pionnmg
S,tt!t!mt'nl$i\'Jturol{y,
"11,r< PJblish,r19
ICnl, ho11~rl. 1989, p 128.
to
buildings.
In Singapore today several projects are under
way to provide an island-wide network of
connecting parks, to configure green trails
through the city and to cultivate roof vegetation
in city districts lo reduce heat-island effects and
habitat and
1
,I~
t'l
'f
von df .
Jr,,., nq ,,u,r,n9
the concepts
:irl\111~
,ti
ll1Jhl
69
/'.I,'\'.-'
"'" -n
'."; j
I \
\ ---=-
''\""" ---=~
11
'LOI
.i. 11 1 lustruiiltllhe
n,.pl., toh1nd the
1.<'irrih,u:111..1. rrn-.r151Jnli
Table 1
Energy Consumption
- Hong
and CO Emission
(ndustriaHsed
Countries
1\lahonG
l:mi&-sion
u;/< Jp1t I
Metr-rr- tonnes
K!Jlr'f.J.!,
$ er ;f:,1'
:'.,?
Consu m phon
1\9 cl oil
i:Q.IIYiJlC-nl/(Jp1~J
I long Kong
:l.7
(I?
1,93'
12
Chu,1.1
za
1.0
'102
\1.'I
Sing.apore
71
0.9
7,835
J.8
Japar
9.3
0. .:'1
L.W:ij
10 5
UC./1,
20
0.7
8,051
3.t.
UV.
9.5
0.5
'.<,)07
4 B
i,
Nole.,
1. ,1mv11 K.:;111 f\ /',~
..<111:,1,,,, L:d/Arch,kcts
Po1 l11.h10
!\I
.'Hiil
1'-'0l"lf"l;?l':)~~h
Su_!;l.J111.:ibw
,:ong l(o::~.
'l. HwJ
3. /b:d
{;: t,),J/l
Dr.!i1gn ,n
Building
by Simon
Kwan &
Associates, completed
in 1996. The building
adapted the principles
or traditional
Chinese
building typologies. technologies
and methods to
contemporary
urban circumstances.
According
to Simon Kwan:
'If the cylindrical building Iorrn and its
attendant fenestration
refer, stylistically.
to
the traditional Hakka villaqc lortrcss. then the
decision lo carve a public corridor lhrough the
building
represents
an interesting
extensiou
of lh1s
appears
is protrayrnq
it with poise
of necessity."
Kadoorie Biological
Science
Building,
-,,!,
11,'.;oO'\
,.,,.11.11,,1
~., ~ , I:\
J
,,., .. ,
l.,1. ,I,.
,, I,, .,, ,(\
,.,11.,l11,,,,,.
",,, ic, 1, ,
.. :,,
,,
\,,.,1,,......
' . .,,
,,
1 t,
,t
I,
.\
, .
,11.;,1:,
,n, d.
,,
, h.., ,,.., ..,
,,, ,,.
,n,.,11,.,1 .., ., """'"
__
.. 1../
\
I r , : : 1 '\ " ' . J-
\ ... ..., .., .._ .. _.. ._ . ).'l{ _ _. ,
1,,,.,., ., .~
_J
L1;,;hC:. l!r1n9 :\11 IHll'.b
'h! IJ00111m ind 11 ,-, upu irn, d
.,,~m 11 oh11nn bJsec: o lh:
<1door c 81olc,91:...-il
-r:
11<1'\".!
'.'11('~1.
l 1.1,..11-,:l'.1ric.: the
Mtopt ~ l,A111, I 'ht-
f",;:.',11nri
"'' l'""ll1h''ll;1I
external
environment.
The double-skin
arrangement
;nT/1:1!,I h
r ,ers11r , ... v~
rop
~echo, anu c,,,:,.,. ... t,,,~ of 11,r'
d!)1.,bl~-l~1 1 ql.Jw1g ~;':.lem
~, 1.h-0 '\J1,,,, .... Giokc;,cJ.
: ience B111lc 11: I lu11:1 l(o"q
li1\'H:..1t;, 1or,,;
walls. They are set 2.5 metres apart and form external
zones for services. maintenance and a filter lo the
compared
standing.
n' "
to cures of an equivalent
Whal is more important
ID
:\j,
1'/
Themas t-forzog
I
High n!;e anmm,strJt,of'l
nuudmq, Deutsche Messe AG.
Hanover,
1999
1r.::11-
111
1.,,, 11qh1
?MU
prw
hrill
111
structure at
the: World Exhrbruon, Hanover
2000
l)rta I of the root
Of
- -~ -
ll a
the
countr es and regions , discussed
i
.
mature
----~
aoproach
I I
ent1si: at De ft
University
,
to
of Techno ogy
~ ""'
qreer
and Chiel
construrtion
l
the Netherlands
Elle'l
-~----~
Boon stra
se nior
~
van B .ie=en,
a research sc
,
consultant
of sustainable
Introduction
sustainability
issues. This focus is commonly
recognisable in the philosophy of a project and
can sometimes
even be recognised from the
project's
housing
estate
country.
in the northern
energy
has been the main
part of the
moment
aim.
is a striking
example
of
it,
move to
onwards sustainable
building
urban
became
planners
and
policy-makers.
A large number or demonstration
projects were initiated to prove the economic and
technical feasibility of sustainable
building measures.
and to communicate
these results to the building
sector. The Ministry of Housing. Spatial Planning
and the Environment
produced three white papers. in
1995. 1997 and 1999. containing p~ogrammes and
action plans to get sustainable
building on the agenda
of everyone involved in the built environment.'
Developments
in Sustainable
Design
77
that
of the
Ahnvf,C n'2t1I
not
sustainability
Rotterdam
,,
..
De Componist
Atr::v~ lufl
me blocks of De CQmponist
were ~&lgl,ed w,1 t)
ancnymous focodos 10 mask
I he d.Ilerent widlh!rof the
V&roous dwel!ongs.
Ab<>ve ,g :
Ttie glass ct/mate fat~d(> ol
Oolft Ut>ovPrsity of Technology
Library.
O~pos,111
80
Maassluis
i
,
.
i i
were renovated and fifth floors were added The two
De Componist which formerly cons sted of
lop ltocrs were removed from three other blocks and
six apartment blocks four storeys high, was
in these the remaining floors were redesigned as
transformed into 118 family unit dwellings and 41
dwellings for families. The sixth apartment building
apartments, all for sale Two of the bu ld ng blocks
was demolished lo ground level and the foundation was
reused for family dwellings.
Van de Seijp of Kokon Architects, the architect of
thrs project. round the many constraints within which
the design had Lo be made a challenge. It had lo fil lhe
existinq layout of the buildings. which meant that the
new apartments had lo be designed with two load
bearing compartments. one 3.3 metres wide and one
4.5 metres. This provided lhe opportunity to design
dwellings of various and exceptional widlhs, and
resulted in a wide variety of dwelling typologies for
different market segments. The challenge was lo
mask these differences. and was met by using a
rather anonymous tacade.
Dismantling buildings is not easy because mosl
buildings are nol designed wilh the idea of
deconstructing and reusing various elements and
components. In Maassluis the building team was faced
with some difficult problems.' Many of the buildings
were not constructed according to the plan on file,
which made it necessary to inlroduce further safety
measures. Furthermore. appropriate dismantling
techniques did not exist so it was necessary to learn
by trial and error. Another obstacle to reuse is the
change in building regulations. which means that
components used by the construction industry 50
years ago do not conform to present standards.
It was not possible to overcome these barriers
within the planning of this project. and the building
team had to give up their ambition to reuse building
elements. However, they did succeed in reusing the
urban plan. the foundations and the shells and the
housing company therefore calls this project - which
will be finished in December 2001 - a success and
worth replicating in the future. If the cost of dumping
building and demolition waste rises, the pressure for
further innovations in this lietd is expected lo grow.
The third project rs the Delft University of Technolog]
Library: a building of glass and grass. The Delft
,
t<H nj~ks and
1 1
..i !ding ~'iterit1ls ~
ht
JJfdnJtlo 8. J
fdn9:
1,
1
1
rt ,,,,.. rngs. ot ~he
4,Muustric
',l..canoo ArcMltocts. OQ!lt
,llf ol T~thoulogy
", ,''"'""'
22-25 October
I ri, 010 Publishers
1 [ KO!.tt,r 'OJ<.'r de
rs
i!"~ctut.ir
d~ 9ra11rna1
,
a
tlfl tf'd~rd cle-nent ,
,t
1c1om 8ouwen, no 1
1.
H a rp 42-1,3,
l MeeJ nOQ Arcti1toCl!i,
op
IH,st\'t1al h)l"AS 10 ~ va
i~t
. P 01 Kokon Architect
1 i ,a der Ptceq of WSY
l~u r>oma1 .on a1"1d
I"
irconn~u11on
10 lhe
unet.
or. Do Compon
, Ai el Clelfl Unrvcrs,ty
I ~-,, 191 1brary
The
insufficiently
waterproof and today state-of
the art sustainable building prescribes other
construction
techniques for grass roofs. Realisation
of the project turned out to be another problem. The
design required very precise implementation
and the
choice or rnlelligenl building systems was not always
the best from a sustainability
point of view.
The Delft University Library opened its doors
to users in 1998 and despite the teething troubles.
which seem to be almost inevitable
with ground
breaking techniques, the library fulfils
expectations.
It rs a buildmq which challenges
students and academics to study and lo debate
and confirms the importance or practice in the
Netherlands to the wider understanding of
su sta inability.
tSJ
JI
r~tN OWL
?.r~ l'utetts,
1~.,1~
on PIW~Nx'$ Ctriu-~l
ol
II r
'1
1t11' on
The Landscape
Crisis
of
Contamination
During the 1970s landscape architects and designers
Uke Ian McHarg and Lawrence Halprin sought to
establish an understanding of lhe value or land and how
new development could be planned to respect
ecological patterns. More recenlly other designers have
focused on the potential or new high-density,
mixed-use
developments to maximise the use of public transport
arid respect ecological systems. Peter Callhorpe has
developed integrated proposals for sites in Calilorrua al Laquna West in Sacramento - and rn Washington
and
Florida Other schemes, like those by advocates of 'new
urbanlsrn', have been planned lo create compact new
communities in towns like Seaside, Celebration and
Windsorin Florida. But in North America, where
market forces predotninale, the commitment to lowdensity development and single-use zoning continues to
encouraqe the aggressive use of land and resources.
The development of industry on a large scale in
America also created extensive sites where systems and
processes- of production frequently despoil the land
Many of these brown-field sites, defined by the
Environmental Protection Agency !EPA] to include
passive solar
Less stringent
to amorlis
is more successful
in moderate climates.
most
O'
lu> of,,.
Phoe,,.,
1\.lt~i;y pj :-:JII.C'.~lre
le; ii
whth
l,r,.o~ he crest of t1'e
.11 mt,ll.S-Ol;)r noon Of' tho
..H mer sot$tlce.
f':,
---~-----...............--~~~~~~-~~--------- -- - -.-
- - -- - - - . - -
Ab:>11t":
Ariiono.
2000. View ~I the atnurn, lhe
rneln public space m me
ceurtheuse, which rs
orientated tcwarns
Phoenix's e ty cen1ro The
ylaztd
rnurthou,~ symbolise~ reason
and rransparancy To make
&Och large expanses of
gias~ v,a-ble rn lhe harsh
desert chrnatc, cooling
syste<TI thol uses evaporancn
ond natural convection is
employed
8b
United
States Courthouse,
courthouse
37
TurJ
Anlto
1~11 uw rn_1ht
John ijnd Potnr.,a Palkau
Arcrutucrs. Seabird lslill'd
School
!.:;--!
.nlt11i.
'11Ulll;r11:ui,,1
h
-,-1 -/i,
.
.-r------1,
I
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, .' t{
---:-..-..
'
. -1
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/ l
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, l.l~11,"I, ,r,
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Human Sottlorncnt.
Sustninabto
Chiel Boonstra
Development
rs a Senior Consultant
at Ib+v Accornmodouon
Amcrstoort,
m Sustamoble
working
lhe lnrernalional
the Netherlands.
[nvironment.:il
Assessment
and an MSc in
and M.:inagement
written
from
and ,s a Fellow
national
Associalion
He is an Associate
in the
and Environment.
Nol1unal
University
Society
Singapore.
Issues in Development
assessment
rclaunq to environmental
ol envrronmcntol
and management.
School
Universuy of Tnronio.
and a
of cJ number of
lo books on
development.
he was educated
ol Architecture
with J particular
interesl
in
U>< and abroad, and has been a speaker on radio and tolcvisron
BAt: R.1cl10
/,'s 'Costing
schools of architecture
He studied at the
the l::arth'.
m Canterbury
of Art/Hcnot-watt
College
University
of Huddersfield.
and Sustainable
Architecture
PJ1
Futures Committee
and lhe
most
design.
ot M1ch1gan.
at the University
al lhe Notlingham
on matters
sustainable
Arctutccturc
tor strategic
journals
impacts
Protcssor of Architecture
of sustainable
She
Developrnenl
and rnternatronel
1nclud1ng
111 Singapore
recently
19931
the effectiveness
environmental
An architect
of
1990).
and Conservation
mtcrnauonattv
National Slelinng
<111<! Ille Hilhil;il
of 1471
an
research include
Construcuon
on lhe rrnplementauon
has delivered
country's National
of Sinqapore.
the chapter or
Committee
ol ore
she has
development
and co-authored
of tmpact
Professor
In ttus capacity.
urban sustamabrlny
withm
in
Urban Sustamabrluy].
development
and Innovation
the
Buildinq
councillor
and
p,
ol lhe Roycil
mcrpat
R"'''" Education
School of Design.
of architecture
NSW Environment
house and the 2000 RAIA NSW Premier's Award for tourist 'eco
examiner
/uchitecture! Review
and
including
Arcbnecture.
and an Associate
the exhibn
Kong. He
Med.Jll1st
Peter Rice.
WiJS
and obtained
lectured part-time
at the university
career as development
to the Drvrsion
stratcqrst
ot Buitdrnq
of Pretoria.
She
JS
architecture
mternauonally .
including
of Architecture
on environmental
the
Professor
Chrisna
'autonomous'
cities. sustninuble
an archneci in the J~
University
on daylighting
He has
schools.
while pursuing 8
botoro moving 111 199'/
and Construction
lechnology
Research
for
C1ly
Building Profile:
The Eden Project
7tJr'rrnv lvJe/v:r?
Practice Profile:
Zombory-Moldovan
i !cii-- 'n Cesile
Moore
Book Reviews
111+
Site Lines
Edw: f lr'dlhu,fe
n Br~1z1I
I..:-
career er d rns
111:1:!t
{\J
df'
r:i l,Jll(IU-.;J, .
lvr .n.m.-011111JtnJ
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meintyI ccnoc.,o
beli1nn1rig
N m,tr Nol 1111~ ;, 11l1t111r t,y
( Al(q.~d nho
1.,.,.,. I>
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on ,1rJdt111,n .. I I
A, o
1 1,1
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11
11.1
Oscari N cmOyf:r,
i
l
1
Cart-1tlr1.io
Pul.Jco, Brasilia,
1 The provisional preS1dot1al
1956.
,
heaaquartr!rfi d11r.nq
the ccnstrucucn o
Bras lia Note th pJl n. Ing lly Roller:o Burle
M, rx 8r:J!tili.:i Wil!1 ie be a cotl,1borr.1110,,
between Costd NJemeyer ~d Bu le M~r~
of'! a ori.Jrol)nic sca e 3!- was remarked
al lho nrne
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Notes
1. 'Report oi, llr,1t I, Arch leclurel Review 'Del 1954), ~ n4,
Building Profile
The 91Jnt.dome~
~p~n c~twee~ tho clrff rue~ and biJL!om ot 11,,, ol<t pit. The 1-arg!'st, in lh~
h~n11d lrt>PlCS r.toino. rises 56 '11~\!M <)i'<I spar,s 1.10 rnorres, l.;r~ ~nouii,h :g l\l pl~r\l$
grow to. their natural heiQhl Ail''l~ijh 1)1es,r,udurc ,s one.-<1J"1J lln'll c:1<~t)~Cl~cu1ar
glasihou~llS. lhe (de11 (;:~1\tre usoG;n~w rnalorials and \echn~.i*~ 1c, Mr'rtula\1! tni
11ocr flor,oly
and
r,lt~
Sile plan
Hu111ul lr:-:u1r-'., tuorno
plll"lt; I orn Amazcn J,
\"Jt!!it Af11r.u, tJ J'.11Y'-li4
,mrlO<:.if1111.--,
n All
1r "
.1ntl lhtc
Mt'd1t()r.-~nC"iln
, L~rd:,::Jped qrounns
lht ',lCII '/ 111 Jll l"f~1
f',)1(1
1emprrn1e clirnt:ilt'5
/, Vi JlUr t<.'n'
c;
rind .hcp-,
L;i,..p
1, Mri11,.-11
1},11 ...
1-
It ur,
The
dddmg i!. furnn
via lull grove.s in ul
umimum cix~rusk1ri~ I Un
tcd a heI
01..ic, ;te~ ntruclurn The
,vtn-Jl1 1 1
Sy':i,lt->l'n
Wt119hs
i
1
1bq l , I 5 ~l 1<,gram,
I ,I ..
,.1, HUI
The clif' rtscll
rs a c,
uc,at
pa, I ol the concept Nol only
::toes 11
provide .J
dramatic ground surtace
cut 1t a.so a'1S as a heat
sink,
absorbruq
heal Irorn th~
sun,
rhis helps to redut:e lhe
nt~ed
for
extra
t!"ergy
ner
,,1 re metre,
yh o
ass
s 9nll ,dr,ll~
hn g
r arly
.t
,-.:. J.; .
. 'f
)/. :
'~_'.,Ir\.
';_
'
I,.
l:
ii:T:'J ,. -
~,:??:\~
~ ~
:! .~
Steel fixing
bracket
Alum1n1um extension
/
Cast steel top
chord node
. ....
'
.,i :,
... ,,
.f ~
.ii ,/
I
I
()
. ;
he
used wrought
and lTFE, which has less than 1 per cent of the weight of glass and
can come rn panels of up to
11 square metres compared to glass's maximum size of 2 by I,
metres. bl FE. used as inflated cushions, also has good transmission
lor visible and ultraviolet light. Glass would need lo be double-glazed.
increasing
the complexity ol installation and capacity of lifting equipment. as
well as the final weight. With larger panels than have ever been built
8-?k'v'i1~"1. l0::11
o,agrarn shcw:,ng
;h:i cornpcsinon
of different layers or
3!":tCl"!"l
Stl'UClU(0
to
lhe va,ying 9rou11d levot,;.
Complete
.Jppl1t1d
IC h1in11d , ...-,pier,
pl''1!<;1yo)
1)1.19M1al
.,.'
1....o
ll lfl'.','11
I -1
skrn and trianqles and hexagons for the inner. makes a r,ne
three-dimensional
filigree without compromising
the effect
of lightness and transparency
A zone of diaqonal struts
connects the two layers of structure.
On the outside of the outer structure arc the El l+ cushions
with throe layers of foil. Made by Forltec ol Bremen in
Germany land subcontracted
lo Mero). they weigh about 15
kilograms
per square metre and are held on to the sleet frame by
aluminium extrusions.
Although ETFE is now relatively Iarnilrar,
I I
in the valleys
cable stay
structure.
Tony Hunt recalls L11at the geodesic domes smallest
peculiarity 'would provoke a four-hour dissertation
from Bucky'. In finding solutions to the oddities of the
site at Eden - a subterranean
pit with unstable ground
conditions - Hunt Grimshaw and their suppliers have
gone beyond what even Buckrninster Fuller envisaged. ID
1
Zombory-Moldovan
Moore
ve
pruJ
r
1f d I azin d i ver ~
I
I
I
~""kN
Sam Fogg Rare Boak, and Manuscr1pls, Cork Street, London, 2000 Ad'1rn Zombory
Moldov~n 1egdrds galleries as places. I hat expose the vatue of works of art This is not
[est ~ question of neuirahty p1ov1d111g blank watts 3' backgound for d1Splaying art the practice :h?s1gn!'i qallery saacos ilS Inherently ri<:h rathf!rthan coot. u rs d 11r.hr1%S.
I hat .,n~es out ol working with light - naturat anu artrhcint gallery hghtmg - and
contrasting ,1 with darkness, rothor than <preading t,ght relentlessly l he d1splacemenl
of artworks and ob1ects, w1ch iakes place once 1hey are removed from the context to,
which th~y were m,.id~. IS counter ectec through tho establisnrnent of strongly
c1tmosphcmcsettings.
fhe 0,1 Room. rt1P.J,, I ondon, 1998. Tt,,5 gJUcry,s~d n,1;,itat,on wes ct~ql'redre
qucsuon fllm111ar nenens ol c:nmfc;tl by explol'in~ LUl"J anl! d;,n!)<!, At ill; ,unlr<!
wa. Jn Inner *ll<>n'l surroun<led by ,v11lls of ca~ding ~y!lraul,c o, I, M,,-,..,er;;fnq and
bce~u1,Fu1 to w~Lrh, the eu w~~ ltTl<:k al'lf r~put~ve to t ouch. Y11I tl1<s fnner pace Wa$
u,xu,-,nu Wilts !!<>11, ~pholf.t ered 1ea1t1r lion, ,>Od ~ row. ~rtinc,al fu~-t,ne<1 c,,ij!f19,
~enile. warrn 1gh1 comtnD tnrough ho
t oil walls .
Pobt,c square,
,al<(:,
1 J
-I
Heuse, Knocknac<>ton,
County Cork. 1997-99. H>rr. house in soutbwest lrotanCl rS located on tho slope of a vallov
JdJacent to an early Chnsl1an ring fort. Conct!~ved as a series of I nked structures, it creates protectec outside
spaces while bei(\g emtedded In lhe I andseape The clienr -equired bolh oubll~ spaces !or the 1arrr1 workers and more
private hvrng spoces JQr hNsII and her parents Th neuse accemmodates lhose two lunenons tn twe d1strn~l block
Thi, ctisilnct1on 15 emphasised by the conlrastlng colours and textures of the l!xterion whereas ono block is dry-,;tone
walled, ronnecllng 11 t~ !he qround, w11h a large glazed corner o !he> seutheast, [he other olock IS a smooth blu~pa1n1ed
render - J colour tnat ecnnects 1110 the sl<Y Overall. th look oJ the house rs one n which familnr1ty,. disrupted by rho
Phrloolt
un~xpecl~o The larmllar rural. i,1tched-roofed barn type has here ueen lragrnenl~d and DiSn'1ernbered into separate parts
thal reconn~cl a yo~ move around 111e bv1td,ng;,
Resum~
1990
Young Pe-0pl,'s Cultural Cntre, M~rble Arch, London. 1~9. This. proiec1 fwan
1JM~rgrt><1na cultural centre bring1 togelhe, thre" 01'1,an!!<a!,oos- an an g~li&ry, a
museum anti.i youth 9roup - <lnd will 'ndu<fe al'l 1t0<1'1tt>11um, art 9,iller1es,
museum, c<1n.1ercnca speces, res1aurJnl. cal~ anrl shopc Zo;nbory,Molrlovan
Mcorc's -sch<m" for
th<> prolect c~ntr~o- on th Idea of a-eatin.g JntercoM<lctedN<t!>Sbetween Jh.e
spcitir. adw11n>~ of the pla1;1! $UCP ~s Vl$itln~ the ga(leries. with less
ctetlnod ac~vit,as such as m~e1<09. eating and drinkln~. By usinp
transparency and i;,y~Tng <1f-strudtm,a11d act1v1ty, the <on,e~tlonal
boundaries betweon controUect arts-spate,; and kiyoro is to
be blurred Llg~t and transpa1en,y Is ai lh~ core e] th1>.s<.h~mc. A gl,ss box
eonlll1n,ng
Ii
1991
1992
1993
1993-97
1994-97
1994
199"5
1994
1995
1996
1997-99
1997
1998
Practices'.
1999
Young People's
Cultural Centre,
Marble Arch.
London
2000
Public square. Saltaire,
West Yorkshire New
galleries for Sam Fogg,
Cork Street, London
Deli projects, Borough
Markel, London
Simon Dickinson old master and
modern galleries. Jermyn Street. London
Watts Gallery, Compton, Surrey
2001
rv-, tr
, It m I
I
111 1
1 ,
IJI
11
1~ r
I
e rnn i:-1 ~
h11
I! I
II
1'1
I have tried, so far unsuccessfully, to persuade my students al RWTH,
Aachen. to not only produce those beautiful while models, which
so convince their peers and their other professors. but also lo use
development models that convey their early conceptual ideas.
The success of this book, developed as part of a major study
by lhe diploma course al Oxford Brookes University, is that it
describes so well the use of models in all their forms. They range
from those that allow clients to visualise lhe actual spaces. like
that of the banking hall for the Hong Kong Bank. to more modest
examples, which stimulate conversation about design possibilities.
such as the working models by Roderick Coyne for Will Alsop.
Beautifully laid out by John Neale, it describes the
emergence of professional supermodel-makers. including
Andrew Ingram, Chris Barber, Ademir Voller and Don
Shuttleworth, and points to their importance in supporting
architectural exploration of form and detail.
I would have welcomed more description of the use of
full-scale prototypes as developed by Nicholas Grimshaw for
Waterloo International and the Eden Project, and the use of
trial mouldings of full-size parts of an assembly. This kind
of experimental method was used to great effect by Renzo
Piano in the detailing of the Berey Charenton Shopping Centre
111 Pans: and I always remember Tony Hunt making a model
of the proposed roof for the Faber Dumas Headquarters
by Chris Wilkinson at lunchtime. using his pipe cleaners to
assist the afternoon discussion.
Supermodels offers a fascinating insight into the working
methods of the architectural practices of Frank Gehry and Will
Alsop and shows how the realisation of projects such as Bilbao
and Alsop's c/plex project, which are born as sketches or
paintings, evolve through successive design models and finally
lead lo, in Gehry's case. physical modelling being scanned into
the computer and digitised into an electronic version of itself.
The authors often refer to the use of illusion. Remember
that Rudolf Luscher once won the International Housing
Competition on the basis of photographs of models. published
in the Architectural Review (March 1989). which were so
convincing they persuaded the competition jury in the us that
they were judging a built scheme.
In the end this is a book about virtual reality, stunningly
presented with a hint of Alice in Wonderland. It is a welcome
contribution to the debate on alternative ways of presenting
architectural ideas. Alan J Brooke
I
--
11 ~~111~1111~-~~
rn~~ =' I,
Highlights from WileyAcademy
ROBER'I KRONE'NllURG
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in this context is
frequently
overlooked in its
role as an
expedient tool. It
is generally
acknowledged that
most
contemporary
architecture
utilises technology
in a haphazard
manner. Many of
us perceive that
there is a confusion
of architectural
'styles' that are
used regardless of
function
or geographic
location. The
relationship
between
occupant.
environment and
resources which
forms the
fundamental
balance that
ID
Motion is Life
I
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Pivuu ,.,. 1lu.::itn of IH<>1 i1 m~
l-l111i1111 i, hh,
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I hu,ton
Ho .lllct
11nage
i111u th . Llni\1.1,e.
of his dramatically
elemental
thumbnail sketches.
realisation of
Yet 1t rs no mere
Expressionistic gesture. The building was almost without
precedent in that us external form closely followed the mternal
functions. Cinema architecture had essenlially derived from
theatre architecture and the differences in function were often
not acknowledged m tectonic form. In stripping away the fussy
decoration [No rococo-castle ... No stucco pastries'] of the
traditional theatricat building type, Mendelsohn acknowledged
the power of the screen. People may have gone to the theatre
to watch the audience, and the high-society figures ensconced
in the boxes, as much as the actors on the stage; the cinema.
however, was a more democratic forum where the image on
the screen ruled supreme The horseshoe-shaped auditorium
was expressed in a sleek. wrap around curve and the
continuous ribbon window which followed this around
illuminated the circulation spaces which encircled the
auditorium and brought the irresistible Life of the building
to the street. A slim fin broke through this curve affording
purpose-built space for advertising and l1ght1ng !avoiding the
problems of applied siqnaqe ruining the original architectural
intention).
The whole interior of the Universurn seemed to be rushing
al speed towards the screen: sleek. illuminated lines gave a
l -
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