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Waiting Lines
PROBLEMS
1. Solomon, Smith and Sanson
a. Single-server model, average utilization rate.
8
= = = 0.8 or 80% utilization
10
b. The probability of four or fewer documents in the system is 0.6723 as shown
following. Therefore, the probability of more than four documents in the system is
1 0.6723 = 0.3277.
Pn = (1 )( )
= 0.6723
8
8
Lq = L =
=
= 3.2 pages
10 10 8
2. Bennys Arcade
Because there are only six machines, we must use the finite source model.
a. To calculate the Jimmys utilization, we need to compute the probability that he will
have no machines to repair.
= 1/ 50 = 0.02 machines per hour
= 1/15 = 0.0667 machines per hour
6
6!
Po =
n =o ( 6 n ) !
0.02
0.0667
n 1
= [13.92] = 0.0718
1
Waiting Lines
SUPPLEMENT C
5
s = 3, = 5, = 2 , =
=
= 0.8333
s 3 ( 2 )
a. Probability of no patients, P0 =
( )n + ( ) s
s 1
P0 =
n!
n =0
s!
(5 2) + (5 2) + (5 2)
0!
1!
2!
0
1
1
( 5 2 )n + ( 5 2 ) s
n!
n =0
(5 2)
+
3!
3!
1
1 56
1
1 56
1
= 0.04494
( 6.625) + (15.625)
( )
P =
n!
P0
Pn =
( )
s ! s n s
P0
(5)
P1 = 2 ( 0.04494 ) = 0.11235
1!
5
(
)
P3 = 2 0 ( 0.04494 ) = 0.11703
( ) ( 0.04494 ) = 0.14044
P2 =
2!
5
(
)
P4 = 2 1 ( 0.04494 ) = 0.09753
5 2
2
3!3
3!3
5
(
)
P5 = 2 2 ( 0.04494 ) = 0.08127
5
3!3
1 ( P0 + P1 + P2 + P3 + P4 + P5 )
173
174
PART 2
Managing Processes
P0
( )
s !(1 )
0.04494 ( 52 )
3!(1
( ) = 0.58516 = 3.5109
3 5
6
2
5
6
1
6
8
=
= 0.8
2 2 ( 5)
Po =
Po
( )
( )n + ( ) s
n =0
s !(1 )
1
Lq
n!
s!
( )0 + ( )1 + ( )2
0!
= 1 + (8 5)
1!
2
8 5)
(
+
1
1
2!
1
1 ( 0.80 )
1
1
= [1 + 1.6 + 6.4]
= 1 9 = 0.1111
2
0.1111)( 8 5 ) ( 0.80 ) 0.2275
(
Lq =
=
= 2.844
2
0.08
2!(1 0.80 )
Wq =
2.844
= 0.36 hours or 21.6 minutes
8
Waiting Lines
= 0.5 ( 8 ) = 4 , = 5 , =
175
4
= 0.80
5
SUPPLEMENT C
0.8
= 0.80 hours or 48 minutes
54
c. On average, a customers waiting will be more than twice that of the multiple server
design. The reason is that a server will serve any customer as they enter the system in
the multiple-server system, thereby reducing the wait time on average.
5. Local Bank
Service rate = 60 3 min. per customer = 20 customers/hour.
a. Average utilization, = s = 50 ( 3 ( 20 ) ) = 0.8333 .
s 1
b. P =
o
( )n + ( ) s
n!
n =0
2
s!
1
1
( 50 20 )n + ( 50 20 )3
n!
n =0
3!
1
1 0.8333
= 0.0449
Po ( )
3
0.0449 )( 50 20 ) ( 0.8333)
(
=
= 3.5063
2
3!(1 0.8333)
s !(1 )
s
c. Lq =
d. Wq =
Lq
3.5063
= 0.0701 hours, or 4.2 minutes
50
60 min hr
= 2.4 calls hr
25 min call
2.4
=
= 0.4
176
PART 2
Managing Processes
A caller will not receive a busy signal when there are zero, one, or two callers in the
system. Therefore, the probability of receiving a busy signal is one minus the probability
of two or fewer callers in the system.
Pn = (1 )( )
= 0.936
1 0.936 = 0.064 Jakes callers will get busy signals 6.4 percent of the time.
7. Precision Machine Shop. Single-server model.
With the junior attendant, the average number of idle machinists, L
8
L=
=
=4
10 8
Average hourly idle machinist cost = $20(L) = $20(4) = $80
With the senior attendant, average number of idle machinists, L
8
L=
=
=1
16 8
Average hourly cost of idle machinists drops to $20(L) = $20(l) = $20
Adding the attendant pay gives a total cost of $85 per hour ($80 + $5) for the junior
attendant and $32 per hour ($20 + $12) for the senior attendant. The best choice is the
senior attendant.
8. Hasty Burgers. Single-server model, = 20
a. Find resulting in L = 4.
L=
20
20
4 80 = 20
4=
4 = 100
= 25
The required service rate is 25 customers per hour.
b. Find the probability that more than four customers are in the system. This is one
minus the probability of four or fewer customers in the system.
First we calculate average utilization of the drive-in window.
Waiting Lines
20
=
= 0.8
25
SUPPLEMENT C
177
The probability that more than four customers are in line and being served is:
P = 1 ( P0 + P1 + P2 + P3 + P4 )
where
Pn = (1 )( )
P = 1 { (1 )( ) + (1 )( ) + (1 )( )
0
+ (1 )( ) + (1 )( )
3
P = 1 {(1 ) ( ) + ( ) + ( ) + ( ) + ( )
0
when = 0.8
P = 0.3277
Consequently, there is about a 33 percent chance of more than four customers in the
system.
c. Find the average time in line.
1
Wq = W =
1
25 20
Wq = 0.16 hours or 9.6 minutes
= 0.8
9. Pinball Wizard. Multiple-server model. In this analysis we determine the expected total
labor and machine failure costs for the existing complement of three employees and then
compare it to larger maintenance complements until costs begin to rise.
Three maintenance people:
s = 3, = 0. 333, = 0. 125,
Average utilization
0.333
=
=
= 0.888
s 3 ( 0.125 )
178
PART 2
Managing Processes
P0 =
( ) +( )
n!
n =0
s!
) +(
1
1
) +(
n =0
0.333 0
0.125
0.333 1
0.125
0.333 2
0.125
0!
1!
2!
) +(
0.333 n
0.125
0.333 3
0.125
n!
3!
0.333 3
0.125
3!
1
1 0.888
1
1
1 0.888
1
= 0.0283
( 7.212 ) + ( 28.135)
P0
( )
s !(1 )
0.333
0.0283 ( 0.125
) ( 0.888)
3
3!(1 0.888 )
0.4751
= 6.310
0.0753
1
0.125
= 26.949 hrs
= 18.949 +
L = 8.974 machines
The total expected hourly costs for the crew size of three employees is:
Labor: 3 ($8 per hour)
$ 24.00
Machine downtime: 8.974 ($10 per hour)
89.74
TOTAL
$113.74
Waiting Lines
SUPPLEMENT C
0.333
=
= 0.666
s 4 ( 0.125 )
P0 =
( ) +( )
n
n!
n =0
s!
1
1
0.333
0.333
( 0.125
) + ( 0.125
)
n =0
n!
4!
0!
1!
2!
3!
P0 =
1
= 0.0601
(10.363) + ( 6.284 )
P0
( )
s !(1 )
4!(1 0.666 )
2.016
= 0.753
2.677
= 2.261 +
1
0.125
= 10.261
Average number of machines in system
L = W = 0.333 (10.261)
L = 3.417
+
1
1
1 0.666
( 2.664 )4
4!
1
1 0.666
179
180
PART 2
Managing Processes
The total expected hourly costs for the crew size of four employees is:
Labor: 4 ($8 per hour)
$ 32.00
Machine downtime: 3.417 ($10 per hour) 34.17
TOTAL
$ 66.17
Five maintenance people:
Average utilization
0.333
=
= 0.5328
=
s 5 ( 0.125 )
P0 =
( ) +( )
n
n!
n =0
s!
1
1
0.333
0.333
( 0.125
) + ( 0.125
)
n=0
n!
5!
0!
1!
2!
3!
1
1 0.5328
P0 =
P0
( )
s !(1 )
5!(1 0.5328 )
4.811
= 0.184
26.193
= 0.553 +
= 8.553
1
0.125
4!
( 2.664 )5
5!
1
0.4672
Waiting Lines
SUPPLEMENT C
181
L = 2.848
The total expected hourly costs for the crew size of five employees is:
Labor: 5 ($8 per hour)
$ 40.00
Machine downtime: 2.848 ($10 per hour) 28.48
TOTAL
$ 68.48
This total is higher than that for employing four maintenance people. Therefore, the
manager of the Pinball Wizard should add only one more maintenance person.
10. Benton University, Finite Source Model
a. To calculate the utilization in a finite source waiting line situation, we must first
compute the probability that the maintenance person will have no customers.
N
N!
P0 =
n =0 ( N n ) !
5!
0.4
1+
( 5 1)! 2.5
5!
0.4
+
( 5 4 )! 2.5
n 1
5!
0.4
+
( 5 2 )! 2.5
5!
0.4
+
( 5 5)! 2.5
P0 =
(1 P0 )
2.5
(1 0.3774 )
0.4
= 5 3.891
= 5
= 1.109
5!
0.4
+
( 5 3)! 2.5
182
PART 2
Managing Processes
( N L)
1.109
( 5 1.109 ) 0.4
= 0.712 days
= 5.7 hours, assuming an 8-hour day
11. Quarry
a. Current System: Single-server model
= 9 hour ; = 10 hour
Average waiting line in the system W =
1
1
=
= 1 hour or 60 minutes
10 9
= ( 2 ) = ( 9 2 (10 ) ) = 9 20 = 0.45
W = Wq + (1 ) = Lq + (1 )
Lq = Po ( )
s !(1 )
Po =
s 1
( )n + ( ) s
n =0
n!
s!
2
0.90 )
(
1 + 0.90 +
1
1
1
1 0.45
2!
= [1 + 0.90 + 0.7364]
= 0.3793
2
0.3793)( 9 10 ) ( 0.45 )
(
= 0.2285
Lq =
2
2!(1 0.45 )
W = ( 0.2285 9 ) + (1 10 )
Waiting Lines
SUPPLEMENT C
183