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ARUSHIAGGARWAL

IRFANKACHWALLA
ROSHANALIHAKKIM
INDUSTRIALDESIGN
U G 2ND Y E A R 4th S E M
COMMON CHARACTERISTICS
• Systems are abstractions of reality.
• Systems have structure which is defined by its parts and
their composition.
• Systems have behavior, which involves inputs, processing
and outputs of material, information or energy.
• The various parts of a system have functional as well as
structural relationships between each other.
ANALYISIS OF URBAN SYSTEMS DYNAMICS
It defines five intersecting systems, including the
physical subsystem and behavioral system
Conceptual
Concrete
Isolated
Closed
Open

CULTURAL SYSTEM SOCIAL SYSTEM IN SOCIOLOGY


Process Models
interaction of different elements
Mechanical
of culture.
Organic
NATURAL SYSTEMS
It includes sub-atomic systems
ECONOMIC SYSTEM
Is a mechanism (social institution) which deals Living systems
with the production, distribution and Solar system
consumption of goods and services in a Galactic system
particular society. Universe

ENVIROMENT SYSTEM
George J. Klir maintains that no "classification is complete and
perfect for all purposes," and defines systems in terms of
Abstract
Real
Conceptual physical systems
WHY questions about
SYSTEMS cannot be
answered by the use of
a n a l y s i s .
Product of analysis is how
things work and not WHY
things work
SYSTEMS IN INFORMATION AND COMPUTER
S C I E N C E
The System could also be a method or an algorithm.
There are systems of counting, as with Roman numerals,
and various systems for filing papers, or catalogues, and
various library systems, of which the Dewey Decimal
System is an example.
This still fits with the definition of components which are
connected together (in this case in order to facilitate the
flow of information).

SYSTEMS IN ENGINEERING
It is used in numerous different concrete contexts,
and it is the subject of the basic engineering activities,
such as: planning, design, implementation, building,
and maintaining. Systems engineering is also a
generalized theoretical branch of the different
engineering approaches and paradigms.

SYSTEMS IN SOCIAL AND COGNITIVE SCIENCES


AND MANAGEMENT RESEARCH
Social and cognitive sciences recognize systems in human
person models and in human societies. They include human
brain functions and human mental processes as well as
normative ethics systems and social/cultural behavioral
patterns. In management science, operations research and
organizational development (OD), human organizations are
viewed as systems (conceptual systems) of interacting
components such as subsystems or system aggregates, which
are carriers of numerous complex processes and organizational
structures.
Requirements Analysis - analyzes the needs of the end users
or customers

Benchmarking — is an effort to evaluate how current systems


are used

Architectural design - creates a blueprint for the design with


the necessary specifications for the hardware, software, people
and data resources. In many cases, multiple architectures are
evaluated before one is selected.

Design — designers will produce one or more 'models' of what


they see a system eventually looking like, with ideas from the
analysis section either used or discarded. A document will be
produced with a description of the system, but nothing is specific —
they might say 'touchscreen' or 'GUI operating system', but not
mention any specific brands;

Computer programming and debugging in the software


world, or detailed design in the consumer, enterprise or commercial
world - specifies the final system components.

System testing - evaluates the system's actual functionality in


relation to expected or intended functionality, including all
integration aspects.
It is an approach to
problem solving that
views "problems" as
parts of an overall
system, rather than
reacting to present
Systems Thinking is any outcomes or events and
process of estimating or
potentially contributing
inferring how actions or
to further development
changes influence the
state of the neighboring of the undesired issue or
u n i v e r s e . problem.
Systems thinking is a framework that is based on the belief that
the component parts of a system can best be understood in the
context of relationships with each other and with other systems, rather
than in isolation.
The only way to fully understand why a problem or element
occurs and persists is to understand the part in relation to the whole. It
views systems in a holistic manner. Consistent with systems philosophy,
systems thinking concerns an understanding of a system by examining
the linkages and interactions between the elements that compose
the entirety of the system.
Systems thinking attempts to illustrate
that events are separated by distance and
time and that small catalytic events can cause
large changes in complex systems.

Acknowledging that an improvement


in one area of a system can adversely affect
another area of the system, it promotes
organizational communication at all levels.
Systems thinking techniques may be used to
study any kind of system — natural, scientific,
engineered, human, or conceptual.
A "system" is a dynamic and
complex whole, interacting as a
structured functional unit.

Energy, material and information flow among


the different elements that compose the system.

A system is a community situated within an


environment.

Energy, material and information flow from and to


the surrounding environment via semi-permeable
membranes or boundaries.

Systems are often composed of entities seeking


equilibrium but can exhibit oscillating, chaotic, or
exponential behavior.
Hard systems — involving
simulations, often using computers
and the techniques of operations
research. Useful for problems that
can justifiably be quantified.
However it cannot easily take into
account unquantifiable variables
(opinions, culture, politics, etc), and
may treat people as being passive,
rather than having complex
motivations.
Soft systems — For systems
that cannot easily be
quantified, especially those
involving people holding
multiple and conflicting frames
of reference. Useful for
understanding motivations,
viewpoints, and interactions
and addressing qualitative as
well as quantitative
dimensions of problem
situations.
Evolutionary systems —Similar to
dynamic systems they are
understood as open, complex
systems, but with the capacity to
evolve over time. They integrate
the interdisciplinary perspectives
of systems research (including
chaos, complexity, cybernetics),
cultural anthropology,
evolutionary theory, and others.
The systems thinking approach incorporates:
- Interdependence of objects and their attributes - independent
elements can never constitute a system
- Holism - emergent properties not possible to detect by analysis should be
possible to define by a holistic approach
- Goal seeking - systemic interaction must result in some goal or final state
- Inputs and outputs - in a closed system inputs are determined once and
constant; in an open system additional inputs are admitted from the
environment
- Transformation of inputs into outputs - this is the process by which the
goals are obtained
- Entropy - the amount of disorder or randomness present in any system
- Regulation - a method of feedback is necessary for the system to operate
predictably
- Hierarchy - complex wholes are made up of smaller subsystems
- Differentiation - specialized units perform specialized functions
- Equifinality - alternative ways of attaining the same objectives
(convergence)
- Multifinality - attaining alternative objectives from the same inputs
(divergence)
Using “multifinality” a super market could be considered
to be a/an:

"profit making system" from the perspective of management


and owners
"distribution system" from the perspective of the suppliers
"employment system" from the perspective of employees
"materials supply system" from the perspective of customers
"entertainment system" from the perspective of loiterers
"social system" from the perspective of local residents
"dating system" from the perspective of single customers

As a result of such thinking, new insights may be gained into


how the supermarket works, why it has problems, how it can be
improved or how changes made to one component of the
system may impact the other components.

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