Declaration

I declare that this written submission represents my idea in my own

words and where other ideas or words have been included, I have adequately
selected and referred the original source.
I also declare that I have adhered to all principles of academic honesty
and integrity and have not misinterpreted or fabricated or falsified any
ideas / data / facts / sources in my submission.
I understand that any violation of the above will be cause for disciplinary
action by the Institute and can also evoke penal action from
the sources that have not been properly cited, or from whom proper
permission has not been sought.

Signature:

Name: Paulanthony George

Roll No: 136130002

What people throw, Where people throw, Why people throw

Acknowledgment

I take this opportunity to thank the Industrial Design Centre for their
contribution in this project. Deepest gratitude to my guide Prof Purba
Joshi for her guidance in this project. The project has been a great
learning experience.
Last but not the least the city of Mumbai and the people who call her
home, it is an incredible experience as a design student and as a
Mumbaikar to try and grapple at the way everything is connected to
make Mumbai what she is.

What people throw, Where people throw, Why people throw

Abstract

This project is an attempt to understand the impact of behaviour of

people, the spaces in Mumbai on each other and how it encourages or
deters solid waste disposal. It concludes with un-conventional methods
implement in certain parts of the world due to the consideration of the
way people think and how they interact with products and spaces.

What people throw, Where people throw, Why people throw

CONTENTS
Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Introduction
What do people throw?

Chapter 3

Where do people throw?

Chapter 4

Why do people throw?

24

Chapter 5

Inference

29

Chapter 6

Conclusion

30

Chapter 7

References

31

Chapter 8

Bibliography

33

Chapter 1

Introduction

Fig1. Waste Flow

Image source:
Hindustan_Times_Mumbai
As seen on 15 Dec2014

People throw all kinds of things be it at home or in public spaces. The thrown away objects generally
go through the above system (Fig1) of handlers, machines and places. What people throw, where they
throw it have a deep impact on the above system and the existing infrastructure which both feeds and
cleans up after an urban Mumbai.
This project is an attempt to understand What people throw, Where they throw it and to understand
Why they are factors that deters or encourages littering.

What people throw, Where people throw, Why people throw

Chapter 2

What do people throw?

Fig2. What
people throw

Waste from domestic sources largely consist of wet wastes in the form
of leftover food or vegetable remains. It also contains to an extent dry
waste in the form of packaging, paper, broken electronics and
disposable plastics.
Public places that encourage consumption of beverages and eatables
bears a heavy brunt in terms of dry waste. Restaurants and other public
eating joints experience a lot of wet waste disposal.
Most of the disposal is unsegregated either due to lack of enforcement
of supporting infrastructure, lack of prompting and awareness and due
to lack of incentive.

Fig3. What is the citys

waste made of?
Image source:
Hindustan_Times_Mumbai
As seen on 15 Dec2014

What people throw, Where people throw, Why people throw

Chapter 3

3.1 Where people throw it ?

Fig5. Dilapidated machinery encouraging further dilapidation

Studies conducted by Cialdini and the Broken Window theory cater to the
statement that :- Waste propagates waste
One of the largest factors affecting a persons decision to litter is the condition
of the physical surroundings. Individuals are substantially more likely to litter into
dirty or already littered environments than into clean ones.
(Cialdini,Kallgren,&Reno,1991;Geller,Witmer,&Tuso,1977;Herberlein,1971;
Reiter&Samual,1980)

Fig6. Dried leaf piles: inevitable garbage piles.

It is observed that spaces which show a general sign of vandalism and absence of
maintenance encourages littering and further deterioration.
Waste disposal in areas designated for the same happens in an effective manner
on rare occasions when there is proper enforcement or prompting of the same.

What people throw, Where people throw, Why people throw

Chapter 3

Fig7. Hawkers outside Gateway of India, Apollo Bunder, Mumbai.

Hawking in public spaces is seen to attract and encourage the habit of

being a litterbug, these spaces are largely accosted by travellers who seldom
will take an onus to keep the walkthrough area clean unless it is maintained
clean consistently.
Fig8. Crooks and crannies are trash-wormholes.

What people throw, Where people throw, Why people throw

Chapter 3

Fig7. Girgaum-Chowpatty , Mumbai.

Girgaum-Chowpatty beach has transformed over the years from

being one of the most littered beaches in Mumbai to one of the
cleaner public spaces in Mumbai, this all thanks to the diligent
cleaners who scour the beach cleaning up after potential litterbugs.

What people throw, Where people throw, Why people throw

10

Chapter 3

Fig9. Girgaum-Chowpatty , Mumbai.

Fig 8. Machines lending a hand to keep litter bugs at bay.

Source: http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/mumbai/new-machine-from-germanywill-help-clean-girgaum-beach-in-4-hrs/article1-1296167.aspx, as seen on 10th Dec 15

What people throw, Where people throw, Why people throw

11

Chapter 3

Fig 10. Buildings becoming incidental-interactive spaces, CST, Mumbai

3.2 Incidental architecture:

Architecture and other infrastructure that are used for other than its
intended purpose.

Fig 11. When nature calls, Nehru Nagar-Chembur, Mumbai

Even with proper provision of amenities (Fig 12), callousness on the

part of litter bugs and lack of enforcement gives rise to the
sprouting of small clumps of trash which snowballs into bigger
piles, these are often spaces for infestation (Fig 13).

Sometimes due to lack of amenities for proper waste disposal,

public spaces like building corners (Fig10), turns at junctions and
areas which are generally full of construction rubble tend to
attract litterbugs and other unwanted activities like public
urination and defecation (Fig11). These corners and spaces end
up as garbage corners and without out any enforcement adds
more fuel to the fire of the trash problem.
What people throw, Where people throw, Why people throw

12

Chapter 3

Fig 12. Cleanliness is enforced: Canon Pav Bhaji, CST, Mumbai

What people throw, Where people throw, Why people throw

13

Chapter 3

Fig13. One mans waste is another mouses treasure. Canon Pav Bhaji, CST, Mumbai

What people throw, Where people throw, Why people throw

14

Chapter 3

Fig14. Incidental Real Estate, Bus Stop-CST, Mumbai

Fig15. Junction box functioning as a dust bin. CST, Mumbai

Urbanization in Mumbai and places like it, are symbolised

by the way unused spaces gain purpose. In Mumbai spaces
are used with either complete ownership or complete
unaccountability. It is seen in the way certain empty spaces
like roadsides shaantis and bus stops becoming temporary
abodes of the many that choose to call Mumbai home. It is
also seen in the way that the people be it rich or poor,
literate or illiterate treat public spaces with little or no
regard (Fig 21). India is know for its Jugaad, and it is
clearly seen in the way static objects (public property) gain
a level of unexpected dynamism and purpose.

The many problems in solid waste disposal seem to find

temporary solutions, through such Jugaad. To make these
solutions-permanent, with effective conclusions, an
intentional intervention is required keeping in mind how
the population of Mumbai respond in different situations
and different spaces (Fig 16-20).

What people throw, Where people throw, Why people throw

15

Chapter 3

Fig16. Standard ornamental lamp,

Apollo Bunder, Mumbai

Fig17. Lamp-Spitoon,
Apollo Bunder, Mumbai

Fig18. Standard Barricade,

Apollo Bunder, Mumbai

Fig19. Past: Post box, Present: Dust Bin

Apollo Bunder, Mumbai

Fig20. Barricade-Bin Apollo Bunder, Mumbai

What people throw, Where people throw, Why people throw

16

Chapter 3

Fig21. Somebody elses roof, somebody elses garbage

What people throw, Where people throw, Why people throw

17

Chapter 3

Fig23. Fishing for trash.

Fig22. Wave of garbage, Chowpatty Beach, Mumbai.

Spaces like beaches where the water and land are in contact with each
other are excellent spaces to understand what people throw as it washes
up onto the shore. Also beaches tend to become drop-off points for
waste disposal (Fig 22,24)
Often enough the waste gets entangled in fishing nets and clumps
together drifting along the currents of the sea to be washed up on shore
eventually. Those that practice subsistence fishing find a hard days meal
becoming harder as more and more trash choke up the fish and the nets,
making whatever little edible catch more precious than ever (Fig 23).

Fig24. Island of Waste, Mumbai.

What people throw, Where people throw, Why people throw

18

Chapter 3

Fig26. Superstitious trash, Chowpatty, Mumbai

.

Fig25. Aftermath of a boat party, Colaba. Mumbai

.

Waste in the open seas largely consist of PET bottles and tetra packs,
these are incredibly dangerous as they drift across vast spaces
endangering migratory bird species and local fish species. In Mumbai the
beaches being points of worship and visarjans, a lot of leftover garlands
and other puja paraphernalia wash up ashore. The tourism faces a
difficult task trying to cope up with the pace of waste disposal.
Fig27. Spewing Waste at the source, Chowpatty, Mumbai
.

What people throw, Where people throw, Why people throw

19

Chapter 3

Fig28 Opportunistic feeding. CST, Mumbai.

What people throw, Where people throw, Why people throw

20

Chapter 3

Fig 30. Opportunistic feeding. Girgaum-Chaupatty, Mumbai

Fig29. Opportunistic feeding. Colaba, Mumbai

Littering often encourages the emergence of populations of rats, crows

and other opportunistic feeders who rely on mans waste as a source of
sustenance. Often enough the population of these feeders spiral out of
control. Any plans of development needs to take into account these
opportunists as well.

What people throw, Where people throw, Why people throw

21

Chapter 3

Fig 31. Does an ice-cream cup qualify as wet or dry waste? , Mumbai

3.3 System & People:

Existing infrastructure has many loopholes (Fig 31) one
of the main ones being, lack of enforcement and a lack
of civic sense on part of the citizens.

Fig 32. MCGM bins, Mumbai

Citizens are expected to practice segregation of waste in

domestic and public spaces but the existing infrastructure
of waste disposal is not conducive (Fig 32) for such
segregation. Segregation as such if not practiced at all
levels is pointless and this is currently one of the largest
hassles in solid waste management.

What people throw, Where people throw, Why people throw

22

Chapter 3

Fig 33. MCGM bins, Mumbai

Fig 34. MCGM bins, Mumbai

Citizens are largely confused as to how

merely changing the titles of the same unit
would change the functions as well. Such
efforts by the government to curb litter bugs
without adequate prompts or enforcement
ironically end up encouraging and enhancing
littering and vandalism.

Coupled with the confusion and lack of

effective visual clues of what exactly quantifies
as wet and dry waste. These bins
end up being target practice for the pan
chewing populace and as mentioned before
waste begets waste, resulting into these bins
being used for all other purposes other than
effective waste disposal.

What people throw, Where people throw, Why people throw

23

Chapter 4

4.1 Why do people throw it?

Personal choice: Individual behaviouror choosing to litter
means litter on the ground. Disposals observed in public spaces
were partly littering, while a large majority disposed
of litter properly. Intentional littering was observed in the form
of: flicking, flinging, or dropping. On the other hand, individuals
who hold the belief that littering is wrong, and consequently feel
a personal obligation not to litter, are less likely to do so.
Litter begets litter: Individuals are much more likely to litter into a
littered environment. And once there, it attracts more litter. By
contrast, a clean community discourages littering and
improves overall community quality of life. Availability and
proximity to trash and recycling receptacles also impact whether
someone chooses to litter.

Fig 35. MCGM bins, Mumbai

Unaccountable: Some people feel no sense of ownership for parks,

walkways, beaches, and other public spaces. They believe
someone else will pick up after them; that its not
their responsibility.

What people throw, Where people throw, Why people throw

24

Chapter 4

Fig 36. Empty PET bottle, Chowpatty beach, Mumbai

Fig 37. Trash that never made it, Chowpatty beach, Mumbai

Fig 38. Men at work (MCGM), Mumbai

Personal choice: The product system that caters to the beverage and fast food industry are
largely in the form of use and throw plastic packaging. The product system along with the
people in public who without much enforcement tends to feed into the behaviour of
littering (Fig 34).
Litter begets litter: Without the presence of proper enforcement, the existing infrastructure
tends to be used poorly which further amplifies littering around the garbage bins or in
spaces which unintentionally become impromptu litter spaces (Fig 35).
Unaccountable: Spaces which cater to a dynamic flow of people if not properly maintained
tend to be trashed, in Mumbai this can largely be seen by the presence of packaging and
paan stains. In Mumbai and in other parts of the country the citizens are observed to be
largely lethargic when it comes to keeping public spaces clean without incentive or
prompting. This is one of the main reasons why a huge task force of cleaners, sweepers,
rag-pickers (Fig 36) are required to keep Mumbai clean with consistency, else the impact
of littering can snowball into something that the city is not prepared to tackle.
What people throw, Where people throw, Why people throw

25

Chapter 4

4.2 Cialdinis experiments on littering

Psychologist Dr Robert Cialdini along with Dr Raymond
Reno carried out experiments on normative conduct* to try
and understand the impact of norms on human action,
specifically in terms of littering. The study tries to understand
the effect of what most others approve or disapprove
(injunctive norms) and what most others do (descriptive
norms).
The study was to understand the effect of descriptive norm
of littering, where environments were variably littered to
understand how many litter depending on the perceived
littering norm. Along with the environment the subjects were
exposed to an individual (confederate of the researchers)
who litters in some situations and in some does not.
The subject pool was 139 visitors to a hospital, they were
subjected to a confederate littering in the subjects vicinity
and then they were momentarily distracted, these were 93%
of the 139 visitors which formed the subject pool.
The results were as predicted:
(1) people littered more in an already littered environment
versus a clean one,
(2) people littered more when they saw someone else litter in
an already littered environment, and
(3) people littered less when they saw someone litter in a
clean environment.

Fig 39. Image source:

Cialdini,Kallgren,&Reno,1991;Geller,Witmer,&Tuso,1977;
Herberlein,1971; Reiter&Samual,1980
*Normative conduct: based on what is considered to be
the usual or correct way of doing something
Source:http://www.merriamwebster.com/dictionary/normative

What people throw, Where people throw, Why people throw

26

Chapter 4

4.3 Unconventional approaches

a) The World's Deepest Bin
An interactive bin designed to emit sound waves
when garbage is thrown into the bin, that simulates
an object falling into a deep pit. Through gamifying
trash disposal it makes solid waste disposal
something more than just a civic responsibility.
It managed to collect 72kg of trash in one day.
Place: Germany
Fig 40. Image source:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cbEKAwCoCKw
As seen on 9th Feb 2015

b) Bottle Bank Arcade

Bottle Bank Arcade is part of the Volkswagen
TheFunTheory initiative to use the theory of fun to
change peoples behaviour for the better. A regular
bottle bank near Sodra station at Stockholm,
Sweden was turned into arcade machine. To play,
one simply press the start button, wait for the lights
on the top of the machine, and throw bottles into
the corresponding hole. During the experiment the
arcade machine was use by about 100 people while a
nearby conventional one was used twice during the
same time.
Fig 41. Image source:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zSiHjMU-MUo
As seen on 9th Feb 2015

What people throw, Where people throw, Why people throw

27

Chapter 4

Fig 42. Image source:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cbEKAwCoCKw
As seen on 9th Feb 2015

Fig 43. Image source: http://tinyurl.com/ojec9kk

As seen on 9th Feb 2015

c) Waste Land (2010)

Filmed over nearly three years, the documentary follows renowned artist Vik
Muniz as he journeys from his home base in Brooklyn to his native Brazil and the
world's largest garbage dump, Jardim Gramacho, located on the outskirts of Rio de
Janeiro. There he photographs an eclectic band of "catadores": self-designated
pickers of recyclable materials. Muniz's initial objective was to "paint" the catadores
with garbage. However, his collaboration with these inspiring characters as they
recreate photographic images of themselves out of garbage reveals both the dignity
and despair of the catadores as they begin to re-imagine their lives.
Source: http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1268204/
What people throw, Where people throw, Why people throw

28

Chapter 5

Inference:

Fig 44. Man and Waste-Art by Vik Muniz,

Waste Land
Image source: http://tinyurl.com/k45zq85
As seen on 9th Feb 2015

The solid waste management problems in Mumbai have been addressed by utilizing a lot of government
resources, be it man, machine or money. These efforts tend to be directed towards waste management through a
very static approach seldom keeping in mind the dynamic nature of solid waste, the point of disposal and the
behaviour of the people that choose to dispose it.
What: Mumbai is a consumer hub, however unlike the countries in the west, her problems are still higher
percentages of wet waste due to poor segregation at the source.
Where: Mumbais space crunch has led to interesting and alarming usage of spaces in terms of inhabitation by
human life as well as the waste that they dispose, this is an important aspect to consider in terms of dynamism of
existing and newer structures in Mumbai.
Why: The behaviour of people is something that is taken into account at various levels by the officials, however
the systems implemented seldom reflect the behaviour of people as a group, either as responsible citizens or as
litterbugs. There is still no effective implementation of a system that incentivises waste disposal.

What people throw, Where people throw, Why people throw

29

Chapter 6

Conclusion:
Experiencing Mumbai and Mumbaikars, through the medium of the
trash thrown, the behaviour of littering and trying to glean how the
architecture influences this behaviour has been one of the biggest
learnings of this project.
Some of the key insights from this project are:
i) The waste that is disposed at one point, keeps getting transported
from one point to another until it settles down in landfills. The
amount of volume generated is overwhelming and can only be
sorted by processing the waste as early as possible, as the money
involved in transporting the waste is enormous and at most times
can be avoided if early processing is done.
ii) The upstream point needs to be looked at, when material like
packaging, still has value and is not considered as waste. There is a
lot of scope for systems that de-stigmatise the act of handling (
throwing, collecting, processing) waste.
iii) Mumbai and other metros need a revamp in its architecture
especially where there is high foot-fall. The town planning still
considers the architecture to be static entities, whereas the stark
reality is that these are some of the most dynamic facets of
Mumbai.
iv) Laws or systems that are to be implemented to deter littering and
waste handling, need to provide elements that first provides scope
for using the waste as resource before enacting laws that deter
littering and acts associated to it.

What people throw, Where people throw, Why people throw

30

Chapter 7

References: (As seen on 29

th

June2015)

Gamification:
YouTube, (2015). Fun Theory: Funny bridge. [online] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sWYFaPDHCqs [Accessed 30 Jun. 2015].
YouTube, (2015). The Fun Theory 2 - The World's Deepest Bin. [online] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qRgWttqFKu8
[Accessed 30 Jun. 2015].
YouTube, (2015). Speed up your life - take the Volkswagen slide!. [online] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W4o0ZVeixYU
[Accessed 30 Jun. 2015].
Thefuntheory.com, (2011). The Fun Theory. [online] Available at: http://www.thefuntheory.com/ [Accessed 30 Jun. 2015].
Influence of Architecture
Peterwegner.com, (2015). INCIDENTAL ARCHITECTURE series - P,E,T,E,R,W,E,G,N,E,R,. [online] Available at:
http://peterwegner.com/work_detail.asp?id=189 [Accessed 30 Jun. 2015].
Placesjournal.org, (2015). [online] Available at: https://placesjournal.org/assets/legacy/pdfs/incidental-architecture.pdf [Accessed 30 Jun. 2015].
Library.uniteddiversity.coop, (2015). [online] Available at: http://library.uniteddiversity.coop/Ecological_Building/A_Pattern_Language.pdf
[Accessed 30 Jun. 2015].
Behavioural science:
Waste-management-world.com, (2015). A look at the psychology behind littering. [online] Available at: http://www.waste-managementworld.com/articles/2010/02/a-look-at-the-psychology.html [Accessed 30 Jun. 2015].
Samant, N. and Samant, N. (2015). Absence of garbage trolley makes Rajasthan Colony a dumping ground. [online] Iamin.in. Available at:
http://www.iamin.in/en/new-delhi/news/absence-garbage-trolley-makes-rajasthan-colony-dumping-ground-34984 [Accessed 30 Jun. 2015].
Rosemary Randall, (2010). The psychology of waste: from the desirable to the rejected. [online] Available at: http://rorandall.org/2010/11/28/thepsychology-of-waste-from-the-desirable-to-the-rejected/ [Accessed 30 Jun. 2015].
Quora.com, (2015). Why are tree trunks painted red and white in some places? - Quora. [online] Available at: http://www.quora.com/Living-InIndia/Why-are-tree-trunks-painted-red-and-white-in-some-places [Accessed 30 Jun. 2015].
The Atlantic, (2014). Littering and Following the Crowd. [online] Available at: http://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2014/08/littering-andfollowing-the-crowd/374913/ [Accessed 30 Jun. 2015].
YouTube, (2015). Science Of Persuasion. [online] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cFdCzN7RYbw [Accessed 30 Jun. 2015].
System Design:
Changebhai.in, (2015). ChangeBhai - SPOT - REPORT - CHANGE. [online] Available at: http://www.changebhai.in/ [Accessed 30 Jun. 2015].
YouTube, (2015). SWACCH Bharat Abhiyan NEEDED. DIRTY India. [online] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1lHh2y4sePY
[Accessed 30 Jun. 2015].
Designing against Vandalism- The Design Council 1979
Designing the 21st Century Edited by Charlotte and Peter Fiell (Taschen)
Greentech Life, (2012). smartbin. [online] Available at: http://www.greentechlife.in/smartbin/ [Accessed 30 Jun. 2015].
Compostcab.com, (2014). Why Community Composting Matters | Compost Cab. [online] Available at: http://compostcab.com/why-compostcab/ [Accessed 30 Jun. 2015].
Nitingaopande.wordpress.com, (2015). japan | For the Thinkers and the Thoughts. [online] Available at:
https://nitingaopande.wordpress.com/tag/japan/ [Accessed 30 Jun. 2015].
Iamsterdam.com, (2015). Refuse collection | I amsterdam. [online] Available at: http://www.iamsterdam.com/en/local/live/utilities-andmaintenance/refuse [Accessed 30 Jun. 2015].
Dharaviproject.org, (2015). The Dharavi Project - Acorn Foundation India - Contact Us. [online] Available at:
http://www.dharaviproject.org/contact.html [Accessed 30 Jun. 2015].

What people throw, Where people throw, Why people throw

31

Chapter 7

References:
Anomalies within implemented systems:
BARRY, E. (2014). Narendra Modi, Favoring Growth in India, Pares Back Environmental Rules. [online] Nytimes.com. Available at:
http://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/05/world/indian-leader-favoring-growth-sweeps-away-environmental-rules.html?smid=tw-share&_r=3
[Accessed 30 Jun. 2015].
Ipwtgroupindia.com, (2015). [online] Available at: http://www.ipwtgroupindia.com/bro/gulpit.pdf [Accessed 30 Jun. 2015].
http://www.hindustantimes.com/, (2015). Residents pull out all stops to preserve Bycullas green lung. [online] Available at:
http://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai/residents-pull-out-all-stops-to-preserve-byculla-s-green-lung/article1-1296564.aspx [Accessed 30 Jun.
2015].
Lamar.colostate.edu, (2015). [online] Available at: http://lamar.colostate.edu/~jecross/pdf/PowerPoint/Using-Social-Norms-to-Reduce-AlcoholUse.pdf [Accessed 30 Jun. 2015].
The Kachra Project, (2014). Swacch Bharat: an ambition replete with cynicism and unanswered questions - The Kachra Project. [online] Available at:
http://thekachraproject.in/kachra-talks/swacch-bharat-ambition-replete-cynicism-questions/ [Accessed 30 Jun. 2015].
Iomcworld.com, (2015). IJCRIMPH: A Study on Morbidity Profile of Sewage Workers in Mumbai City . [online] Available at:
http://www.iomcworld.com/ijcrimph/ijcrimph-v02-n12-04-f.htm [Accessed 30 Jun. 2015].
Play.google.com, (2015). [online] Available at:
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.socialcops.cleanindia&utm_content=buffere782d&utm_medium=social&utm_source=twitter.
com&utm_campaign=buffer [Accessed 30 Jun. 2015].
Psmag.com, (2015). [online] Available at: http://www.psmag.com/books-and-culture/do-not-litter-signs-can-be-counterproductive-36427
[Accessed 30 Jun. 2015].
iNudgeyou, (2012). Green nudge: Nudging litter into the bin - iNudgeyou. [online] Available at: http://inudgeyou.com/green-nudge-nudging-litterinto-the-bin/ [Accessed 30 Jun. 2015].
Jones, V. (2015). The economic injustice of plastic. [online] Ted.com. Available at:
http://www.ted.com/talks/van_jones_the_economic_injustice_of_plastic#t-387755 [Accessed 30 Jun. 2015].
Documentaries:
YouTube, (2015). waste land D 2010. [online] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QUAavzJsTBw [Accessed 30 Jun. 2015].
Infochangeindia.org, (2015). Mumbai's rag-pickers receive training in waste disposal | News | Livelihoods. [online] Available at:
http://infochangeindia.org/livelihoods/news/mumbaia8217s-rag-pickers-receive-training-in-waste-disposal.html [Accessed 30 Jun. 2015].
YouTube, (2015). WASTE.-a documentary film. directed by parasher baruah. [online] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Xsn0I29Rg [Accessed 30 Jun. 2015].
YouTube, (2015). Ragpickers: Scavengers of a different Graveyard 2005. [online] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9YfYqAdwfNM
[Accessed 30 Jun. 2015].
Neuwirth, R. (2015). The hidden world of shadow cities. [online] Ted.com. Available at:
http://www.ted.com/talks/robert_neuwirth_on_our_shadow_cities [Accessed 30 Jun. 2015].

What people throw, Where people throw, Why people throw

32

Chapter 8

Bibliography(As seen on 30th June2015):

The War on Litter Institute: http://theuglyindian.com/War/

Solid Waste Collection and Handling: http://www.swachcoop.com/
Littering behaviour in America: http://www.kab.org/site/DocServer/KAB_Report_Final_2.pdf?docID=4581
Keeping-eyes-on-litter: http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20120525-keeping-eyes-on-litter
The-amsterdam-urinals: https://nudges.wordpress.com/the-amsterdam-urinals/
The philosopher kings: http://www.imdb.com/video/withoutabox/vi2855338521?ref_=tt_pv_vi_aiv_1
Confessions of a child rag picker: http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/confessions/confessions-of-a-child-rag-picker
MCGM site for waste mgmt system: http://www.mcgm.gov.in/irj/portal/anonymous/qlcleanover#
System: http://wgbis.ces.iisc.ernet.in/energy/SWMTR/content2.html
What_I_discovered_in_new_york_city_trash :
http://www.ted.com/talks/robin_nagle_what_i_discovered_in_new_york_city_trash
Mundano_pimp_my_trash_cart: http://www.ted.com/talks/mundano_pimp_my_trash_cart
Urban renewal_policies: http://www.ted.com/talks/majora_carter_s_tale_of_urban_renewal#t-633204
Mumbais-waste-disposal-problems:http://www.mumbaimania.in/2008/08/mumbais-waste-disposal-problems.html
Garbage-woes-in-mumbai: http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-garbage-woes-in-mumbai-where-will-this-pile-up-leadto-1893040
The Garbage Trap: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FXjq0JPPOWc
Take out the trash: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A5p4C8xPReU
SPARC Redevelop Dharavihttp://www.sdinet.org/media/upload/documents/ReDharavi.pdf
Garbage garbage everywhere: http://thewatchdog.in/stay-informed/11-garbage-garbage-everywhere.html
litter mosaic ad: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5sfyYd4cCd8
E-board: http://www.ecolinkindia.com/
methods for drying wet waste: http://www.google.com/patents/EP1564515A2?cl=en
Innovative household drying system: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kxov5S-7OT8
Mechanical_biological_treatment: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_biological_treatment
Clean-Up-Interventions-by-UWMH:http://www.unitedwaymumbai.org/downloads/Clean-Up-Interventions-by-UWMH.pdf
Three Myths of Behavior Change - What You Think You Know That You Don't: Jeni Cross:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l5d8GW6GdR0
Composting: Why I make black gold and why you should too: http://www.thealternative.in/lifestyle/composting-why-imake-black-gold-and-why-you-should-too/
Poonam Bir Kasturi,Daily Dump: http://www.dailydump.org/
Solving social problems with a nudge: http://www.ted.com/talks/sendhil_mullainathan
Mike Biddle: We can recycle plastic: http://www.ted.com/talks/mike_biddle#t-337066
Charles Moore: Seas of plastic: http://www.ted.com/talks/capt_charles_moore_on_the_seas_of_plastic
The ugly indian: http://www.theuglyindian.com/

What people throw, Where people throw, Why people throw

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