Vents & Fire Protection System For Storage Tanks

Engineering Encyclopedia
Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards
Determining Acceptability of Vents and

Fire Protection Systems For Storage Tanks
Note: The source of the technical material in this volume is the Professional
Engineering Development Program (PEDP) of Engineering Services.
Warning: The material contained in this document was developed for Saudi
Aramco and is intended for the exclusive use of Saudi Aramcos
employees. Any material contained in this document which is not
already in the public domain may not be copied, reproduced, sold, given,
or disclosed to third parties, or otherwise used in whole, or in part,
without the written permission of the Vice President, Engineering
Services, Saudi Aramco.
Chapter : Vessels
File Reference: MEX20306
For additional information on this subject, contact

J.H. Thomas on 875-2230
Vessels
Determining Acceptability of Vents and Fire Protection
Systems for Storage Tanks
CONTENTS
PAGE
STORAGE TANK VENT REQUIREMENTS.................................................................... 1

Pressure/Vacuum Relieving Considerations ............................................................ 1
Fixed Roof Tanks ......................................................................................... 3
Floating Roof Tanks..................................................................................... 5
Vent Capacity Considerations.................................................................................. 8
Fixed Roof Tanks ......................................................................................... 8
Floating Roof Tanks................................................................................... 10
Vent Testing Requirements.................................................................................... 10
DETERMINE WHETHER CONTRACTOR-SPECIFIED DETAILS FOR
STORAGE TANK FIRE-PROTECTION SYSTEMS ARE ACCEPTABLE ................... 11
Types and Applications of Fire-Protection Systems .............................................. 11
Foam........................................................................................................... 11
Deluge and Spray ....................................................................................... 16
Fire-Protection System Selection Criteria.............................................................. 16
Considerations for Installation and Piping Support ............................................... 16
Pertinent Sections of SAES-B-007A, SAES-B-007B,
and 32-SAMSS-005 ................................................................................... 16
WORK AID 1: PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINING WHETHER
CONTRACTOR-SPECIFIED DETAILS FOR STORAGE TANK FIREPROTECTION SYSTEMS ARE ACCEPTABLE ............................................................ 19
GLOSSARY ............ ....................................................................................................... 21
Vessels
STORAGE tank VENT Requirements

This section discusses the following topics:
Pressure/vacuum relieving considerations
Vent capacity considerations
Vent testing requirements
Pressure/Vacuum Relieving Considerations

The vapor pressure above the liquid in a storage tank will change whenever liquid enters or
leaves the tank. The vapor pressure also will increase rapidly if there is a fire in the vicinity
of the tank, and the fire heats the liquid. Vents are installed on storage tanks to relieve any
excess pressure or vacuum that may cause storage tank failure conditions. Figure 1
graphically illustrates the functions that vents perform on a fixed roof storage tank.
Vessels
Figure 1. Vent Functions on Fixed Roof Storage Tank
Vessels
Fixed Roof Tanks
Pressure/vacuum relieving devices or vents that are installed on fixed-roof tanks serve as both
safety devices and conservation devices. Vents permit the entrance of outside air into a tank
and allow vapors that are inside the tank to escape. Vapors must be permitted to move into
and out of a tank during normal operation to prevent the occurrence of excessive internal
pressure or vacuum conditions. Catastrophic events, such as a fire in or near a tank, can
require that the vapor move out of the tank more quickly than is required for the normal
operating tank filling rate. Therefore, venting requirements are treated under two categories:
normal venting (pressure/vacuum vents) and emergency venting (emergency vents). These
two categories are discussed in a later section of this module.
Pressure/vacuum and emergency vents could consist of appropriately sized pipes that are
open to the atmosphere. However, open pipes result in high evaporative losses from the tank,
and lead to environmental pollution, increased fire risk, and product loss. To avoid these
losses, pressure/vacuum vents are designed and sized to open at specified internal or external
pressures and will remain closed unless these set pressures are reached.
Figure 2 is a cutaway illustration of a typical pressure/vacuum vent for a fixed roof tank.
Pallets that are located in the vent housing allow air to enter the tank and hydrocarbon vapors
to escape from the tank as the tank "breathes" normally. The pallets open and close to permit
only the amount of intake or outlet relief that is necessary for the tank to remain within the
permissible working pressure. The escape of hydrocarbon vapors from the tank is prevented
when the pallets are closed.
Vessels
Figure 2. Typical Pressure/Vacuum Vent for Fixed Roof Tank
Figure 3 is a cutaway illustration of a typical emergency vent for a fixed roof tank. During
normal operation, the pallet assembly remains closed and provides a vapor-tight seal. In the
event of a fire or other extreme vaporizing event, excessive internal pressure causes the pallet
to lift and permits excess vapors to be vented. When the pressure reduces to an acceptable
level, the pallet automatically closes and reseals.
Vessels
Figure 3. Typical Emergency Vent

Pressure/vacuum and emergency vents are installed on vertical, flanged nozzle connections
that are located on the fixed roof. These vents typically are shipped with protective covers
that are attached to the pallets to prevent excessive movement and potential damage during
shipment. These covers must be removed to permit vent operation. Supplementary pallet
weights are sometimes necessary for the vent to function at the required pressures. These
supplementary pallet weights are often shipped separately and must be installed properly to
permit correct vent operation.
Floating Roof Tanks
Floating roof tanks also require vents to prevent excessive pressures. Automatic bleeder
vents, as illustrated in Figure 4, are fitted to single-deck and double-deck floating roofs.
These vents discharge tank vapors and air during initial filling and prevent vacuum formation
when the tank is being emptied with the roof landed. The vent opens just before the roof
lands and closes when the roof rises. The height at which the vent operates is adjustable and
can be set to match the high or low position of the roof legs.
Vessels
Figure 4. Automatic Bleeder Vent for External Floating Roof
Vessels
Improper bleeder vent operation can cause severe roof damage. During emptying, the roof
can be damaged if a vacuum is created. Structural damage is less likely during filling, but the
roof may tilt. If the roof tilt becomes extreme, the roof can jam against the shell, or liquid can
flow on the roof. The additional liquid weight on the roof can cause the roof to sink.
Automatic bleeder vents are installed at a selected number of floating roof support legs. The
vents are evenly spaced over the roof in order to provide uniform venting capability.
Rim vents, as illustrated in Figure 5, are fitted only when metallic seals are used on floating
roofs. These rim vents discharge air or noncondensable gas from the annular vapor space that
is located between the pontoon and the metallic shoe seal. Without these vents, excessive
pressure could develop in the annular vapor space beneath the fabric seal and cause damage
to the fabric or the metallic shoe. The vents normally open at approximately 0.2 kPa (0.03
psi). If the pressure-activated rim vents fail to open, pressure will build up in the annular
vapor space. This pressure buildup forces the seal hard against the tank shell, results in rapid
wear, and may restrict roof travel.
Rim vents are installed at the periphery of the pontoon. A pipe extends between the vent and
the rim space area that is to be vented.
Figure 5. Rim Vent for External Floating Roof

Vessels
Vent Capacity Considerations

The number and size of vents must be determined to ensure that there is adequate capacity to
provide the needed pressure and vacuum relief.
Fixed Roof Tanks
Several factors must be considered in the design of a tank vent system for a fixed roof tank:
Is the tank orientation horizontal or vertical? (All tanks that are discussed in
this course are vertical.)
Is the tank above or below ground? (All tanks that are discussed in this course
are above ground.)
What is the tank diameter and height?
What pressure and vacuum will the tank withstand?
What are the diameters of the tank inlet and outlet pipes?
What are the maximum tank filling and emptying rates?
What does the tank store?

-
What is the flash point of the contents?
Are the contents volatile or nonvolatile?
The vent opening or openings, and their connecting pipe are sized to provide adequate
capacity to prevent damage to the tank shell or roof due to excessive internal or external
pressure.
The two circumstances that must be considered in determining the total venting requirements
for a fixed roof tank are normal operation and emergency conditions. API-2000, Venting
Atmospheric and Low-Pressure Storage Tanks (Nonrefrigerated and Refrigerated), provides
vent capacity requirements for both normal operation and emergency conditions. Participants
are referred to API-2000 for specific vent capacity requirements. Also refer to SAES-D-100
and
32-SAMSS-005 for additional venting requirements.
Vessels
Normal Operation - Storage tank vents are openings whose primary purpose is to permit the
tank to "breathe," inhale as well as exhale. The need to inhale, or in-breathing, is caused by
negative pressure or vacuum buildup that results from the following:
Vapor compression due to normal decreases in ambient temperature.
Volumetric displacement due to liquid withdrawal.
The need to exhale, or out-breathing, is caused by positive pressure buildup that results from
the following:
Vapor expansion and evaporation due to normal increases in ambient

temperature.
Volumetric displacement due to liquid entry.
Vents are sized for the "breathing" cycles that are caused by the normal filling and emptying
operations of a tank. The following information is required in order to determine the vent
capacity that is needed for normal operation:
Maximum rate of liquid withdrawal from the tank
Tank capacity
Flash point of the stored liquid
Maximum rate of liquid entering the tank
Emergency Conditions - Emergency venting requirements for conditions that might cause
excessive tank internal pressure must also be considered. For instance, a fire in or near the
tank causes high vapor evolution, and, therefore, a rapid increase in internal pressure. The
pressure/vacuum vents that are sized to handle normal venting requirements might be
inadequate to handle the abnormally large amount of vapor that would be generated by the
heat of a fire. The large amount of vapor would cause excessive external pressure.
Therefore, storage tanks must have some device or form of construction, such as a frangible
joint, that will relieve the excessive internal pressure before the tank fails. This device might
be additional breather valves, self-closing gauge hatches, hinged manhole covers, or large
relief valves. The frangible joint is discussed in MEX 203.03.
Vessels
API-650 requires that a fixed roof tank either have a frangible joint or have emergency
venting capacity that meets API-2000 requirements. The following information is required in
order to determine the emergency venting capacity that is needed:
Tank diameter
Design vapor pressure in the tank

Floating Roof Tanks
Automatic bleeder vents and rim vents are sized to provide adequate venting capacity for the
maximum specified tank filling and emptying rates. This capacity requirement ensures that
the vent size and number are sufficient for the most severe operating conditions.
Automatic bleeder vents are sized by the tank contractor using an approach that is similar to
what is used for the vents of fixed roof tanks. However, there is no API procedure for
calculating bleeder vent capacity. Capacity calculations are normally not done for rim vents.
One or two rim vents are normally provided based on tank size and the past experience of the
tank contractor.
Vent Testing Requirements
Vents for fixed roof tanks are typically tested and certified by the manufacturer in accordance
with API-2000 requirements. These requirements specify testing procedures that must be
followed to determine the relieving capacity of pressure/vacuum vents. Curves that provide
rated vent capacity as a function of tank internal or external pressure are developed by the
manufacturer for each vent design and size.
GI 447.002, Pressure Relief Valve Program Authorization for Installation, Deletion and
Changes, requires that pressure/vacuum vents be tested to confirm their set pressure and
proper operation prior to installation on the tank. Form 3099A, Relief Valve Authorization,
must also be completed and a control number must be assigned to each pressure/vacuum vent
for future tracking purposes.
Capacity tests are not done for either automatic bleeder vents or rim vents. Testing of these
vent types typically only involves a check to confirm that they operate freely.
10
Vessels
determine WHETHER CONTRACTOR-SPECIFIED DETAILS FOR STORAGE

TANK Fire-Protection Systems are Acceptable
The following topics are discussed in this section:
Types and applications of fire protection systems
Fire protection system selection criteria
Considerations for installation and piping support
Pertinent sections of SAES-B-007A, SAES-B-007B, and 32-SAMSS-005
Types and Applications of Fire-Protection Systems

This section describes the following two types of fire-protection systems:
Foam
Deluge and spray

Foam
Foam fire-protection systems are designed to contain storage tank fires by smothering a fire
when it occurs in the tank. There are three types of foam fire-protection systems: fixed,
semi-fixed, and portable.
Fixed foam fire-protection systems consist of storage tanks for the foam concentrate, foam
pumps and proportioning system, pipe lines, and foam discharge devices. Fixed foam fireprotection systems require less manpower to operate than either semi-fixed or portable fireprotection systems. Therefore, fixed foam fire-protection systems are preferred in locations
where available manpower is limited.
Semi-fixed foam fire-protection systems usually consist of fixed discharge devices and rely
on mobile foam-proportioning trucks or trailer-mounted units to produce the foam solution.
A backup truck is used to replenish the foam concentrate as required. Figure 6 is a schematic
drawing of the main piping for a semi-fixed fire-protection system. The foam lateral starts
outside the dike and runs to the base of the tank.
11
Vessels
Figure 6. Piping for a Semi-Fixed Fire-Protection System
Portable foam fire-protection systems can be a combination of mobile and hand-transportable

equipment. The foam discharge devices can be foam towers, monitor nozzles (either trailermounted or hand-carried), and hose line play pipes or foam nozzles.
The semi-fixed system is the most commonly used type of foam fire-protection system for
both fixed roof and floating roof tanks. For fixed roof tanks, an intermediate back pressure
foam maker is located near the base of the tank. The expanded or aerated foam is piped up
the outside of the tank through foam riser piping that is attached to the foam lateral. The foam
is then piped to a foam chamber that is mounted on top of the tank shell. The foam then flows
to a deflector or foam pourer that discharges the foam down the inside of the shell. The foam
then spreads across the surface of the liquid.
Figure 7 illustrates a typical foam distribution system for a fixed roof tank. The top of the
foam riser is closed by a glass diaphragm to prevent entry of any hydrocarbon, rainwater, or
dirt that could block the riser pipe. The diaphragm is broken by the first flow of the foam
solution.
Based on SAES-B-007B, Air Foam Systems for Storage Tanks, it is unlikely that fixed roof or
covered floating roof tanks would be used to store crude or low-flash point flammable
materials. Therefore, an air-foam system would not be necessary. However, if these tank
types are used for such storage, the foam system requirements must be approved by the Chief
Fire Prevention Engineer.
12
Vessels
Figure 7. Fixed Roof Tank Foam Distribution System
13
Vessels
For floating roof tanks, a low-pressure foam-maker is located near the top of the tank. A
floating roof tank needs a lower pressure foam-maker than that required for a fixed roof tank
because only the seal area around the roof periphery requires foam coverage. The foam then
flows through a foam chamber to a foam deflector and screen, where the foam is directed into
the periphery of the floating roof. The foam chamber is mounted to a backboard that extends
above the top of the tank shell. This elevated attachment ensures that the foam discharge will
be above the highest roof elevation and will not interfere with roof travel. A continuous steel
foam dam is welded to the top of the roof pontoon and to keep the foam from spreading away
from the seal area.
Figure 8 illustrates a typical foam distribution system for a floating roof tank. For tanks that
are less than 76 m (250 ft.) in diameter, a single foam outlet that is located near the top
platform is usually sufficient. For tanks that are over 76 m (250 ft.) in diameter, multiple
foam outlets are located around the tank circumference at approximately 24 m (80 ft.)
intervals.
14
Vessels
Figure 8. Floating Roof Tank Foam Distribution System
15
Vessels
Deluge and Spray

Deluge and spray fire-protection systems are designed to protect tanks from fires by keeping
the tank temperature below the point at which the contents of the tank are likely to ignite.
These systems protect a tank that is not on fire by reducing the risk of ignition that could be
caused by the heat generated from a nearby tank or other equipment that is on fire. A water
deluge system consists of permanently mounted piping that provides water to a circular
header or to a spray head that is mounted on top of a storage tank. When the system is
activated, the water cascades down the top and sides of the tank and provides cooling.
Fire-Protection System Selection Criteria
Work Aid 1 provides a procedure to determine if the fire-protection system that is specified
for a storage tank is acceptable. This procedure is based on requirements that are contained in
the following Saudi Aramco Standards:
SAES-B-007A, Firewater System Design
SAES-B-007B, Air Foam Systems for Storage Tanks
32-SAMSS-005, Atmospheric Steel Tanks
Considerations for Installation and Piping Support

The foam riser piping should be rigidly braced to the shell at every shell course on
approximately 1.8 m to 2.4 m (6 ft. to 8 ft.) centers. In the event of a fire, this bracing helps
to prevent the shell from buckling inward for a sufficient period of time to allow the foam to
be applied.
SAES-B-007B contains additional design and installation requirements for air-foam systems
and associated components. Topics which are covered and appropriate paragraph references
are contained in Work Aid 1.
Pertinent Sections of SAES-B-007A, SAES-B-007B, and 32-SAMSS-005
SAES-B-007A, Firewater System Design, provides the minimum design requirements for fire
protection water systems in oil/gas handling plants and related in-plant facilities. Therefore,
this SAES specifies general firewater system requirements that the primary contractor must
implement. Requirements that are specifically for storage tanks relate to water flow rates for
all storage tank types, and to deluge system requirements for refrigerated dome roof tanks.
Other items that are contained in SAES-B-007A relate to general system requirements and
requirements for other equipment types.
16
Vessels
SAES-B-007B, Air Foam Systems for Storage Tanks, provides design and installation
requirements for air foam fire protection systems for large atmospheric storage tanks.
32-SAMSS-005, Atmospheric Steel Tanks, states that, for external floating roof tanks, foam
system requirements will be specified on the Tank Data Sheet or in the purchase order.
Nothing is stated regarding fixed roof or internal floating roof tanks. Therefore, the
contractor must determine the foam system requirements based on SAES-B-007B and specify
these to the tank supplier.
Figure 9 summarizes where requirements that relate to fire protection systems are found
within the referenced standards. Work Aid 1 contains a procedure for the evaluation of
contractor-specified fire protection systems, in conjunction with the information that is
contained in these standards.
Topic
SAES-B-007A
SAES-B-007B
32-SAMSS-005
Water Flow Rates
Para. 4.4
--
--
Firewater Monitors
Para. 11
--
--
Para. 12.6
--
--
Foam Systems for

Fixed Cone Roof
Tanks
--
Para. 4.1
--
Foam Systems for

Covered Floating
Roof Tanks
--
Para. 5.1
--
Foam Systems for

External Floating
Roof Tanks
--
Para. 6.0
Appendix C
Water Deluge
System
Figure 9. Locations of Fire Protection System Requirements
17
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Summary
18
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Work Aid 1:
PROCEDURE for Determining WHETHER CONTRACTORSPECIFIED DETAILS FOR STORAGE TANK Fire-Protection
Systems are Acceptable
Use the copies of SAES-B-007A and SAES-B-007B that are contained in Course Handout 2
as specified in this Work Aid.
32-SAMSS-005 does not contain specific requirements for fire-protection systems. It simply
states that foam system requirements for external floating roof tanks are to be specified if
required. Foam system requirements are specified by SAES-B-007B for tanks that store
crude oil or low flash stocks, or higher flash stocks that are stored at temperatures above or
within 8C (15F) of their flash point.
1.
If a fixed cone roof tank or an internal floating roof tank is used to store crude oil or
low flash stocks, confirm that the air foam system design has been approved by the
Chief Fire Prevention Engineer.
2.
Verify that open-top, floating roof tanks that are over 36 m (120 ft.) in diameter and
that store crude oil or low flash stocks have air foam systems installed as follows:
3.
For tanks up to 76 m (250 ft.) in diameter with a wind girder equipped with a
handrail, a foam dam shall be installed on the roof and a single foam outlet
station with two hose connections shall be located at the top of the tank top
platform. The hose connections provide solution outlets for the use of hose and
foam nozzles for coverage of the dam area away from the platform.
For tanks up to 76 m (250 ft.) in diameter without a wind girder equipped with
a handrail, and for tanks over 76 m (250 ft.) in diameter, a foam dam at least
600 mm (24 in.) high shall be provided. In addition, multiple fixed foam
chambers and deflectors located at intervals not to exceed 24 m (80 ft.) must be
equally spaced around the entire tank shell.
Verify that the foam system installation meets the requirements of SAES-B-007B, Air
Foam Systems for Storage Tanks. Specific items to check and appropriate paragraph
references within SAES-B-007B are as follows:
Foam riser, lateral and distribution pipe sizes in accordance with Paras. 6.1.1
and 6.1.2.1.
Foam makers, foam chambers, and deflectors in accordance with Paras. 6.2 and
6.2.1.
19
Vessels
Laterals shall run independently from each tank and terminate at a road on or
outside the dike for the tank involved. Additional requirements for laterals and
hose connections in accordance with Paras. 6.3.1 through 6.3.8.
Foam backboards and dams in accordance with Paras. 6.4 and 6.4.1.
Ring supply piping installation in accordance with Para. 6.5.
Wind girder handrail installation in accordance with standard drawing AD036211.
Foam system performance testing in accordance with Para. 6.6.
The top stair platform shall be oriented upwind.
4.
Verify that firewater system flow rate capabilities in the area of cone roof and floating
roof atmospheric storage tanks are in accordance with Paras. 4.4.1 through 4.4.4 of
SAES-B-007A.
5.
Verify that any tank that is located within one tank diameter of the dike or spillage
area of a refrigerated dome roof tank is provided with adequate cooling.
If the exposed tank is also a refrigerated tank, verify that the cooling is
provided by a top deluge system.
If the exposed tank is a nonrefrigerated tank, verify that the cooling is provided
by hose streams on the upper half of the shell.
Refer to Para. 4.4.5 of SAES-B-007A for required water flow rates.
20
Vessels
GLOSSARY
annular space
The space between the outside diameter of a floating roof

pontoon and the metallic shoe seal.
breathe
The natural process of allowing air into and vapors out of a

storage tank, required because of tank emptying and filling,
and changes in ambient temperature.
breather valves
Valves that allow vapor out of a tank when the pressure inside
builds above a preset level and that allow air into a tank when
the vacuum inside builds above a preset level.
deluge and spray fireprotection system
A system to keep a tank cool and reduce the risk of it catching

fire when an adjacent tank is on fire.
emergency vents
Vents designed to remain closed during normal operations and

to open only when pressure safety limits for the tank are being
exceeded due to a fire in the vicinity of the tank.
fire water monitor
A swivel-mounted, counterweighted nozzle mounted on a

stable base, designed so that one person can easily control and
direct the vertical and lateral attitude of the nozzle, and
therefore the direction of the stream from the nozzle.
floating roof
A roof that floats on the surface of the stored liquid. Known

as an internal floating roof if the tank also has a fixed roof at
the top of the shell. Known as an external floating roof or just
floating roof if there is no fixed roof on the tank.
flammable liquid
Liquid having a flash point equal to or below 54C (130F).
flammable material
Flammable liquid, hydrocarbon vapor, or other vapors, such as

hydrogen or carbon disulfide, that are readily ignitable when
released to the atmosphere.
flash point
The lowest temperature at which a flammable liquid gives off

enough vapor to form a flammable or ignitable mixture with
air near the surface of the liquid or within the vessel being
used.
foam fire-protection system A system to extinguish a fire by smothering it with foam that
prevents oxygen from reaching the flame.
21
Vessels
in-breathe
The process of allowing air into a storage tank through vents.
low flash stock
Liquids with flash points of 55C (130F) or below, such as

naphtha and gasoline.
out-breathe
The process of allowing vapors out of a storage tank through

vents.
pallets
Flappers or other physical structures inside a vent that open to

allow passage of gases.
pressure/vacuum relieving
devices
Vents and other devices that allow air into and vapor out of a
storage tank as a part of the normal operation of the tank.
volatile
Quickly and easily evaporated at ordinary temperatures.
22

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Engineering Encyclopedia

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

Determining Acceptability of Vents and

For additional information on this subject, contact

STORAGE TANK VENT REQUIREMENTS.................................................................... 1

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

STORAGE tank VENT Requirements

Pressure/vacuum relieving considerations

Vent capacity considerations

Vent testing requirements

Pressure/Vacuum Relieving Considerations

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

Figure 1. Vent Functions on Fixed Roof Storage Tank

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

Fixed Roof Tanks

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

Figure 2. Typical Pressure/Vacuum Vent for Fixed Roof Tank

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

Figure 3. Typical Emergency Vent

Figure 4. Automatic Bleeder Vent for External Floating Roof

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

Figure 5. Rim Vent for External Floating Roof

Vent Capacity Considerations

What is the tank diameter and height?

What pressure and vacuum will the tank withstand?

What are the maximum tank filling and emptying rates?

What does the tank store?

What is the flash point of the contents?

Are the contents volatile or nonvolatile?

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

Vapor compression due to normal decreases in ambient temperature.

Volumetric displacement due to liquid withdrawal.

Vapor expansion and evaporation due to normal increases in ambient

Volumetric displacement due to liquid entry.

Maximum rate of liquid withdrawal from the tank

Flash point of the stored liquid

Maximum rate of liquid entering the tank

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

Design vapor pressure in the tank

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

determine WHETHER CONTRACTOR-SPECIFIED DETAILS FOR STORAGE

Types and applications of fire protection systems

Fire protection system selection criteria

Considerations for installation and piping support

Pertinent sections of SAES-B-007A, SAES-B-007B, and 32-SAMSS-005

Types and Applications of Fire-Protection Systems

Deluge and spray

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

Figure 6. Piping for a Semi-Fixed Fire-Protection System

Portable foam fire-protection systems can be a combination of mobile and hand-transportable

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

Figure 7. Fixed Roof Tank Foam Distribution System

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

Figure 8. Floating Roof Tank Foam Distribution System

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

Deluge and Spray

SAES-B-007A, Firewater System Design

SAES-B-007B, Air Foam Systems for Storage Tanks

32-SAMSS-005, Atmospheric Steel Tanks

Considerations for Installation and Piping Support

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards