Electrical

Substatio
ns

Project Report,
132 KV
Substation,
Purukul,
Dehradun
Power
Transmission
Corporation of

Submitted By:
Girish Gupta
Id no. 42206,
4th Year,
Electrical Engineering,
College of Technology,
Govind Ballabh Pant
University of Agriculture
& Technology,
Pantnagar

Sl.
No.

Topic

Page
No.

1.

Training Order

2.

Certificate

3.

Acknowledgement

4.

5.

Power Transmission Corporation of

Uttarakhand Limited
132 KV S/s Purukul, Dehradun

6.

Substation

10

7.

Transformer

16

8.

Power Line Carrier Communication

19

9.

Bus Bars

22

10.

Circuit Breakers

23

11.

Isolators

27

12.

Insulators

28

13.

Relays

30

14.

Capacitor Bank

33

15.

Protection of Substation

34

16.

Conclusion

38

17.

Bibliography

39

INDEX

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CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Mr. Girish Gupta, student of 4th year,
Electrical Engineering, Bachelor of Technology, College of
Technology, Govind Ballabh University of Agriculture &
Technology, Pantnagar has undergone summer training at 132KV
Substation, Purukul, Dehradun under Power Transmission
Corporation of Uttarakhand Limited (PTCUL) from 7 th July, 2014 to
7th August, 2014 under the overall guidance of Mr. Prabhash
Dabral, S.D.O., Purukul, Dehradun.
Mr. Girish Gupta has successfully completed his training and
submitted the training project report. During the period of training
he was found sincere, punctual and regular. His conduct and
behavior was very good.

Mr. Prabhash Dabral

Sub Division Officer
132 KV Substation
PTCUL
Purukul, Dehradun

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am very thankful to Mr. Ravindra Kumar, Executive Engineer,
Power Transmission Corporation of Uttarakhand Limited who gave
me an opportunity to undergo training at 132KV Substation,
Purukul, Dehradun under Power Transmission Corporation of
Uttarakhand Limited (PTCUL).
I am also thankful to Mr. Prabhash Dabral, Sub Division Officer,
132 KV Substation, PTCUL
who organized the training in a
systematic manner and guided me through the whole training
programme.
I would also like to thank all officer/officials who guided and
helped me at each and every step in the training programme.

Girish Gupta
Id no. 42206
4th year,
Electrical Engineering

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4. POWER TRANSMISSION CORPORATION OF

UTTRAKHAND LIMITED (PTCUL)
Power Transmission Corporation of Uttarakhand Ltd. is the power
transmission utility of the state of Uttarakhand formerly known as
Uttaranchal. On 9 November 2000, this 27th state of the Republic of India
was carved out of the Himalayan and adjoining northwestern districts of
Uttar Pradesh per the Uttar Pradesh State Re-organization Act, 2000.
The State of Uttaranchal in exercise of the power granted to it under Section
63(4) of the State Re-organization Act, 2000, formed two separate
companies in power sector - Uttaranchal Jal Vidyut Nigam Ltd. for generation
of hydro-electricity in the state and Uttaranchal Power Corporation Ltd. for
transmission & distribution of electricity in the state.
Enactment of the Electricity Act, 2003, a distinct watershed in the Indian
power sector, as it introduced innovative concepts like power trading, Open
Access, Appellate Tribunal, etc., and special provisions for the rural areas,
made it mandatory for all the States to restructure their SEBs.
As per the provisions of Electricity Act, 2003, the state government
separated power transmission business from UPCL which was left only with
distribution of electricity. A new company by the name & style of Power
Transmission Corporation of Uttaranchal Ltd. was created to handle power
transmission business and registered as a Government Company under
Section 617 of Companies Act, 1956 on 27th May, 2004. It started
functioning w.e.f. 1st June, 2004.
100% shares of the Company is held by the Government of Uttarakhand
either directly or through its nominees. Authorized capital of the Company at
the time of incorporation was Rs. 10 crores divided into one lac equity shares
of Rs. 1000 each. At present the authorized capital of the company is rupees
one hundred crores. The Company is managed by the Board of Directors who
meet frequently at least once in every quarter. The day to day management
of the Company is looked after by the Managing Director and other full time
Directors of the Company along with other senior officers. The Corporate and
Registered Office of the company is at Vidyut Bhawan, Near ISBT Crossing,
Saharanpur Road, Majra, Dehradun.
Following given is the power line map of Uttarakhand which shows various
installed substations of different capacities and transmission lines in
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Uttarakhand. It also indicates the position of the new upcoming substations

in the different regions.

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Power and Transmission Line Map of

Uttarakhand

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5. 132 KV SUBSTATION, PURUKUL, DEHRADUN

The 132 KV substation was commissioned in the year 27th March, 1983.
There are two main 132 KV bus incoming for the substation. These buses
are:1. 132 KV Purukul-Dhalipur Line
2. 132 KV Purukul-Majra Line
Now the transmission line first parallel connected with lightning arrester to
diverge surge, followed by CVT connected parallel. CVT measures voltage
and steeps down from 132KV to 63.5 Volts A.C. for control panel, at the
location a wave trap is connected to carrier communication at higher
frequencies. A current transformer is connected in series with line which
measure current and step down current at ratio 800:400:200:1 for control
panel.
Switchgear equipment is provided, which is the combination of a circuit
breaker having an isolator at each end. Two transformers are connected to
main bus. The main bus has total capability of 60 MVA for 132 KV, which is
subdivided into two transformer capacity of 60 MVA (40MVA + 20MVA)
parallel connected for 132KV.
In addition to the Main bus, Transfer Bus is also provided in the substation in
case any maintenance work is to be carried out on the main bus or there is a
glitch in the main bus.
After the Main bus, lightning arresters, current transformers, isolators and
circuit breakers before the transformers are provided. Current Transformers
steps down current at ratio 400:200:1 for control panel. Then Transformer
step downs voltage from 132KV to 33KV. The main bus is then again
provided with switchgear equipment & a current transformer. This gives way
to six feeders transmitting power to various places. The main bus is
connected to jack bus or transfer bus through a bus coupler & 33KV is
provided with switchgear equipment. This gives way to feeders transmitting
power to
1. Opto Electronics
2. Anarwala I
3. Anarwala II
4. Mussoorie I
5. Mussoorie II
6. I.T. Park
7. GEMES

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A step down transformer of 33KV/440V is connected to control panel to

provide supply to the equipments of the substation.
Capacitor bank is connected to main bus of 33KV. It is provided to improve
power factor & voltage profile. Capacitor Bank comprises of two units of 5
MVAR making total capacity of 10 MVAR.
At present, an extra 20 MVA transformer is being currently installed at the
substation.
Also an additional 132 KV Purukul-Bindal Line is now being connected to the
substation.

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6. SUBSTATIONS
A substation is
a
part
of
an
electrical generation, transmission
and distribution system. Substations transform voltage from high to low, or
the reverse, or perform any of several other important functions. Between
the generating station and consumer, electric power may flow through
several substations at different voltage levels. Substations may be owned
and operated by an electrical utility, or may be owned by a large industrial or
commercial customer. Generally substations are unattended, relying
on SCADA for remote supervision and control. A substation may
include transformers to change voltage levels between high transmission
voltages and lower distribution voltages, or at the interconnection of two
different transmission voltages.
Substations are classified by two broad categories:1. According to the service requirement:

Transformer substation
Switch substation
Power factor correction substation
Frequency change substation
Converting substation
Industrial substation
Collector Substation
Convertor Substation
Switching Substation

2. According to the constructional features:

Indoor substation
Outdoor substation
Underground substation
Pole mounted substation

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TRANSFORMER SUBSTATION
They are known as transformer substations as because transformer is the main
component employed to change the voltage level, depending upon the purposed
served transformer substations may be classified into:

a) STEP UP SUBSTATION
The generation voltage is steeped up to high voltage to affect economy in
transmission of electric power. These are generally located in the power

houses and are of outdoor type.

b) PRIMARY GRID SUBSTATION

Here, electric power is received by primary substation which reduces
the voltage level to 33KV for secondary transmission. The primary grid
substation is generally of outdoor type.

c) SECONDARY SUBSTATIONS
At a secondary substation, the voltage is further steeped down to
11KV. The 11KV lines runs along the important road of the city. The
secondary substations are also of outdoor type.

d) DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATION

These substations are located near the consumers localities and step
down to 400V, 3-phase, 4-wire for supplying to the consumers. The
voltage between any two phases is 400V & between any phase and
neutral it is 230V.

SUBSTATION CHARACTERISTICS
1. Each circuit is protected by its own circuit breaker and hence plant
outage does not necessarily result in loss of supply.
2. A fault on the feeder or transformer circuit breaker causes loss of the
transformer and feeder circuit, one of which may be restored after
isolating the faulty circuit breaker.
3. A fault on the bus section circuit breaker causes complete shutdown of
the substation. All circuits may be restored after isolating the faulty
circuit breaker.
4. Maintenance of a feeder or transformer circuit breaker involves loss of
the circuit.
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5. Introduction of bypass isolators between bus bar and circuit isolator

allows circuit breaker maintenance facilities without loss of that circuit.

STEPS IN DESIGNING SUBSTATION

The First Step in designing a Substation is to design an Earthing and Bonding
System.

Earthing and Bonding

The function of an earthing and bonding system is to provide an earthing
system connection to which transformer neutrals or earthing impedances
may be connected in order to pass the maximum fault current. The earthing
system also ensures that no thermal or mechanical damage occurs on the
equipment within the substation, thereby resulting in safety to operation and
maintenance personnel. The earthing system also guarantees equipotent
bonding such that there are no dangerous potential gradients developed in
the
substation.
In designing the substation, three voltages have to be considered these are:
1. Touch Voltage
This is the difference in potential between the surface potential
and the potential at earthed equipment whilst a man is standing
and touching the earthed structure.
2. Step Voltage
This is the potential difference developed when a man bridges a
distance of 1m with his feet while not touching any other earthed
equipment.
3. Mesh Voltage
This is the maximum touch voltage that is developed in the mesh
of
the
earthing
grid.

Substation Earthing Calculation Methodology

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Calculations for earth impedances, touch and step potentials are based on
site measurements of ground resistivity and system fault levels. A grid layout
with particular conductors is then analyzed to determine the effective
substation earthing resistance, from which the earthing voltage is calculated.
In practice, it is normal to take the highest fault level for substation earth
grid calculation purposes. Additionally, it is necessary to ensure a sufficient
margin such that expansion of the system is catered for.
To determine the earth resistivity, probe tests are carried out on the site.
These tests are best performed in dry weather such that conservative
resistivity readings are obtained.

Earthing Materials
1. Conductors
Bare copper conductor is usually used for the substation earthing grid. The
copper bars themselves usually have a cross-sectional area of 95 square
millimeters, and they are laid at a shallow depth of 0.25-0.5m, in 3-7m
squares. In addition to the buried potential earth grid, a separate above
ground earthing ring is usually provided, to which all metallic substation
plant is bonded.

2. Connections
Connections to the grid and other earthing joints should not be soldered
because the heat generated during fault conditions could cause a soldered
joint to fail. Joints are usually bolted.

3. Earthing Rods
The earthing grid must be supplemented by earthing rods to assist in the
dissipation of earth fault currents and further reduce the overall substation
earthing resistance. These rods are usually made of solid copper, or copper
clad steel.

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 Switchyard Fence Earthing

The switchyard fence earthing practices are possible and are used by
different utilities. These are:
a) Extend the substation earth grid 0.5m-1.5m beyond the fence
perimeter. The fence is then bonded to the grid at regular intervals.
b) Place the fence beyond the perimeter of the switchyard earthing grid
and bond the fence to its own earthing rod system. This earthing rod
system is not coupled to the main substation earthing grid.

CONDUCTORS USED IN SUBSTATION DESIGN

An ideal conductor should fulfill the following requirements:
a) Should be capable of carrying the specified load currents and short
time currents.
b) Should be able to withstand forces on it due to its situation. These
forces comprise self-weight, and weight of other conductors and
equipment, short circuit forces and atmospheric forces such as wind
and ice loading.
c) Should be corona free at rated voltage.
d) Should have the minimum number of joints.
e) Should need the minimum number of supporting insulators.
f) Should be economical.
The most suitable material for the conductor system is copper or aluminums.
Steel may be used but has limitations of poor conductivity and high
susceptibility to corrosion.
In an effort to make the conductor ideal, three different types have been
utilized, and these include: Flat surfaced Conductors, Stranded Conductors,
and Tubular Conductors.

OVERHEAD LINE TERMINATIONS

Two methods are used to terminate overhead lines at a substation.
a) Tensioning conductors to substation structures or buildings
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b) Tensioning conductors to ground winches.

The choice is influenced by the height of towers and the proximity to the
substation. The following clearances should be observed:
VOLTAGE LEVEL

MINIMUM GROUND CLEARANCE

less than 11kV

6.1m

11kV - 20kV

6.4m

20kV - 30kV

6.7m

greater than 30kV

7.0m

Clearance in accordance with voltage value

STANDARD SIZES OF CONDUCTOR FOR LINES OF

VARIOUS VOLTAGES
The following sizes have now been standardized by CEA for transmission
lines of different voltages:-

1. For 440 KV Lines

Twin 'Moose' ACSR having 7-Strands of steel of dia 3.53 mm and 54Strands of Aluminum of dia 3.53 mm.

2. For 220 KV Lines

'Zebra' ACSR having 7-strand of steel of dia 3.18 mm and 54-Strands of

Aluminum of dia 3.18 mm.

3. For 132 KV Lines

'Panther' ACSR having 7-strands of steel of dia 3.00 mm and 30Strands of Aluminum of dia 3.00 mm.
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7. TRANSFORMERS
Transformer is a static machine, which transforms the potential of alternating
current at same frequency. It means the transformer transforms the low
voltage into high voltage & high voltage to low voltage at same frequency. It
works on the principle of static induction principle.
When the energy is transformed into a higher voltage, the transformer is
called step up transformer but in case of other is known as step down
transformer.

TYPES OF TRANSFORMERS
1. Power Transformer

It is used for the transmission purpose at heavy load, high voltage

greater than 33 KV & 100% efficiency. It also having a big in size as
compare to distribution transformer, it used in generating station and
Transmission substation at high insulation level. They can be of two
types: Single Phase Transformers and Multi Phase Transformers.

2. Instrument Transformers

These transformers are used for the measurement purposes at that

points where standard voltmeters and ammeters cannot be used. They
are of two types:a) CURRENT TRANSFORMER
A current transformer (CT) is used for measurement of
alternating electric currents. When current in a circuit is too high
to apply directly to measuring instruments, a current transformer
produces a reduced current accurately proportional to the
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current in the circuit, which can be conveniently connected to

measuring and recording instruments. A current transformer
isolates the measuring instruments from what may be very high
voltage in the monitored circuit.

b) POTENTIAL OR VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER

Voltage transformers (VT) (also called potential transformers
(PT)) are a parallel connected type of instrument transformer,
used for metering and protection in high-voltage circuits or
phasor phase shift isolation. They are designed to present
negligible load to the supply being measured and to have an
accurate voltage ratio to enable accurate metering. A potential
transformer may have several secondary windings on the same
core as a primary winding, for use in different metering or
protection circuits.

3.

Auto Transformers
An autotransformer is
an
electrical transformer with
only
one winding. The "auto" prefix refers to the single coil acting on
itself and not to any kind of automatic mechanism. In an
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autotransformer, portions of the same winding act as both the

primary and secondary sides of the transformer. The winding has at
least
three taps where
electrical
connections
are
made.
Autotransformers have the advantages of often being smaller,
lighter, and cheaper than typical dual-winding transformers, but the
disadvantage of not providing electrical isolation.

4. On the basis of working

On the above basis, transformers are of two types: Step up
Transformer and Step down Transformer.

5. Distribution Transformers
A distribution transformer is a transformer that provides the final
voltage transmission in the electrical power distribution system,
stepping down voltage to the level used by customers.

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8. POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION

(PLCC)
Reliable & fast communication is necessary for safe efficient & economic
power supply. To reduce the power failure in extent & time, to maintain the
interconnected grid system in optimum working condition; to coordinate the
operation of various generating unit communication network is indispensable
for state electricity board.
In state electricity boards, the generating & distribution stations are
generally located at a far distance from cities where P & T communication
provided through long overhead lines in neither reliable nor quick.
Power-line communication (PLC) carries data on a conductor that is also used
simultaneously for AC electric power transmission or electric power
distribution to consumers.
By using the existing AC power lines as a medium to transfer the
information, it becomes easy to connect the houses with a high speed
network access point without installing new wirings. This technology has
been in wide use since 1950 and was mainly used by the grid stations to
transmit information at high speed.

PRINCIPLE OF PLCC
Power-line communications systems operate by adding a modulated carrier
signal to the wiring system. All type of information is modulated on carried
wave at frequency 50Hz to 500 KHz. The modulated HF carrier fed into the
power line conductor at the sending end and filtered out again at the
respective stations. Long earlier system double side band amplitude
modulation was more common but the present amplitude modulated system.
Since high voltage power lines are designed to carry large quantities of
energy on the high voltage and the communication system at low voltage,
they cannot be directly connected to high voltage lines. Suitably designed
coupling equipments have therefore to be employed which will permit the
injection of high frequency carrier signal without undue loss and with
absolute protection of communication equipments or operating personal
from high voltage hazard.
Therefore, the coupling equipment essentially comprises the following:

1. Wave Trap or Line Trap

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Wave trap is connected in series with power line between the point of
connection of coupling capacitor and S/S. Wave trap offers negligible
impedance to HF carrier. Wave trap stands electromechanically and
thermally for short circuit current in the event of fault on the line. On
the basis of blocking frequency bank, the wave trap can be following
type:
a) All wave
b) Single Frequency
c) Double Frequency
d) Broad Band
2. Coupling Capacitor
The modulated carrier is let into power line through coupling capacitor
specially designed to with stand line voltage under all-weather
condition. The upper end of the coupling capacitor is connected
directly to the line and the lower end is connected to the ground
through a carrier frequency chock coil or drain coil. Thus coupling
capacitor forms the link between the PLCC equipment and power line.
The coupling capacitor used in UPSEB is 2200pf capacitance.
The coupling capacitor are designed for outdoor use and hence to
withstand normal atmospheric phenomenon such as temperature &
humidity changes, rain, snow, anticipated wind load, nominal wire
tension etc. at full rated voltage. In some case capacitive voltage
transformers (CVT) used as a source of line voltage for metering and
protection as also used coupling capacitor for PLCC.

3. Protective Device of Coarse Voltage Arrestor

This is connected across the primary of the coupling filter i.e. one end
is connected to the bottom of the coupling capacitor and other end is
earthed. This is provided to protect the coupling filter against line
surges. An air gap is provided, where voltage of the order of 1.8 to
2KV as observed across due to lighting etc. on line.
4. Coupling of Filter
The coupling filter is inserted between the low voltage terminal of the
coupling capacitor and the carrier frequency connection of the carrier
terminal. Sometime an earth switch is also provided with this unit.
This unit mainly performs two functions; firstly it isolates the
connection of equipment from the power line. Secondly it serves to
match characteristic impedance of the power line to that of the H.F.
cable to connection equipments.
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5. H. F. Cable
H.F. cable normally used to connect the coupling filter to another
coupling terminal. The cable is insulated to withstand the test voltage
of 4KV. The impedance of this H.F. cable is so as to match with the
output of the PLCC terminal and secondary impedance of coupling
filter.

APPLICATION OF PLCC
PLCC technology can be deployed into different types of applications in order
to provide economic networking solutions. Hence merging with other
technologies it proves useful in different areas. These are few key areas
where PLC communications are utilized:
a. Transmission & Distribution Network: PLCC was first adopted in the
electrical transmission
and distribution system to transmit information at a fast rate.
b. Home control and Automation: PLCC technology is used in home
control and automation. This technology can reduce the resources as well as
efforts for activities like power management, energy conservation, etc.
c.
Entertainment: PLCC is used to distribute the multimedia content
throughout the home.
d. Telecommunication: Data transmission for different types of
communications like telephonic communication, audio, video communication
can be made with the use of PLCC technology.
e.
Security Systems: In monitoring houses or businesses through
surveillance cameras, PLCC technology is far useful.
f.
Automatic Meter Reading Automatic Meter reading applications use
the PLCC technology to send the data from home meters to Host Central
Station.

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Wave Trap

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9. BUSBARS
When numbers of generators or feeders operating at the same voltage have
to be directly connected electrically, bus bar is used as the common
electrical component. Bus bars are made up of copper rods operate at
constant voltage. The following are the important bus bars arrangements
used at substations:
Single bus bar system
Single bus bar system with section alisation.
Duplicate bus bar system
In large stations it is important that break downs and maintenance should
interfere as little as possible with continuity of supply to achieve this,
duplicate bus bar system is used. Such a system consists of two bus bars, a
main bus bar and a spare bus bar with the help of bus coupler, which consist
of the circuit breaker and isolator.
In substations, it is often desired to disconnect a part of the system for
general maintenance and repairs. An isolating switch or isolator
accomplishes this. Isolator operates under no load condition. It does not have
any specified current breaking capacity or current making capacity. In some
cases isolators are used to breaking charging currents or transmission lines.
While opening a circuit, the circuit breaker is opened first then isolator while
closing a circuit the isolator is closed first, then circuit breakers. Isolators are
necessary on supply side of circuit breakers, in order to ensure isolation of
the circuit breaker from live parts for the purpose of maintenance.
A transfer isolator is used to transfer main supply from main bus to transfer
bus by using bus coupler (combination of a circuit breaker with two
isolators), if repairing or maintenance of any section is required.

Bus Bars

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10. CIRCUIT BREAKERS

A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to
protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by overload or short circuit.
Its basic function is to detect a fault condition and interrupt current flow.
Unlike a fuse, which operates once and then must be replaced, a circuit
breaker can be reset (either manually or automatically) to resume normal
operation. Circuit breakers are made in varying sizes, from small devices that
protect an individual household appliance up to large switchgear designed to
protect high voltage circuits feeding an entire city. There are different types
of circuit breakers which are:-

1. Low-voltage circuit breakers

Low-voltage (less than 1,000 VAC) types are common in domestic,
commercial and industrial application, and include Miniature Circuit
Breaker (MCB) and Molded Case Circuit Breaker (MCCB).

2. Magnetic circuit breakers

Magnetic circuit breakers use a solenoid (electromagnet) whose
pulling force increases with the current. Certain designs utilize
electromagnetic forces in addition to those of the solenoid.

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3. Thermal magnetic circuit breakers

Thermal magnetic circuit breakers, which are the type found in
most distribution boards, incorporate both techniques with the
electromagnet responding instantaneously to large surges in current
(short circuits) and the bimetallic strip responding to less extreme but
longer-term over-current conditions. The thermal portion of the circuit
breaker provides an "inverse time" response feature, which trips the
circuit breaker sooner for larger over currents.

4. Common trip breakers

Three-pole common trip breaker for supplying a three-phase device.
This breaker has a 2A rating. When supplying a branch circuit with
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more than one live conductor, each live conductor must be protected
by a breaker pole. To ensure that all live conductors are interrupted
when any pole trips, a "common trip" breaker must be used. These
may either contain two or three tripping mechanisms within one case,
or for small breakers, may externally tie the poles together via their
operating handles.

5. Air circuit breakers

Rated current up to 6,300 A and higher for generator circuit breakers.
Trip characteristics are often fully adjustable including configurable
trip thresholds and delays. Usually electronically controlled, though
some models are microprocessor controlled via an integral electronic
trip unit. Often used for main power distribution in large industrial
plant, where the breakers are arranged in draw-out enclosures for
ease of maintenance.

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6. Vacuum circuit breakers

With rated current up to 6,300 A, and higher for generator circuit
breakers. These breakers interrupt the current by creating and
extinguishing the arc in a vacuum container.

7. Oil circuit breakers

A high-voltage circuit breaker in which the arc is drawn in oil to

dissipate the heat and extinguish the arc; the intense heat of the arc
decomposes the oil, generating a gas whose high pressure produces a
flow of fresh fluid through the arc that furnishes the necessary
insulation to prevent a restrike of the arc.
The arc is then extinguished, both because of its elongation upon
parting of contacts and because of intensive cooling by the gases and
oil vapor. They are further of two types: Bulk Oil Circuit Breaker
(BOCB) and Minimum Oil Circuit Breaker (MOCB).

8. Sulfur hexafluoride (Sf6) high-voltage circuit breakers

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A sulfur hexafluoride circuit breaker uses contacts surrounded by

sulfur hexafluoride gas to quench the arc. They are most often used
for transmission-level voltages and may be incorporated into compact
gas-insulated switchgear.

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11. ISOLATERS
In electrical engineering, a disconnector, disconnect switch or isolator
switch is used to ensure that an electrical circuit is completely de-energized
for service or maintenance. Such switches are often found in electrical
distribution and industrial applications, where machinery must have its
source of driving power removed for adjustment or repair. High-voltage
isolation switches are used in electrical substations to allow isolation of
apparatus such as circuit breakers, transformers, and transmission lines, for
maintenance. The disconnector is usually not intended for normal control of
the circuit, but only for safety isolation. Disconnector can be operated either
manually or automatically (motorized disconnector).
Unlike load break switches and circuit breakers, disconnectors lack a
mechanism for suppression of electric arc, which occurs when conductors
carrying high currents are electrically interrupted. Thus, they are off-load
devices, intended to be opened only after current has been interrupted by
some other control device. Safety regulations of the utility must prevent any
attempt to open the disconnector while it supplies a circuit. Standards in
some countries for safety may require either local motor isolators or lockable
overloads (which can be padlocked).
Disconnectors have provisions for a padlock so that inadvertent operation is
not possible (lockout-tag out). In high-voltage or complex systems, these
padlocks may be part of a trapped-key interlock system to ensure proper
sequence of operation. In some designs, the isolator switch has the
additional ability to earth the isolated circuit thereby providing additional
safety. Such an arrangement would apply to circuits which inter-connect
power distribution systems where both ends of the circuit need to be
isolated.

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12. INSULATORS
An electrical insulator is a material whose internal electric charges do not
flow freely, and therefore make it very hard to conduct an electric
current under the influence of an electric field. The insulator serves two
purposes. They support the conductors (bus bar) and confine the current to
the conductors. The most common used material for the manufacture of
insulator is porcelain. There are several types of insulators (e.g. pin type,
suspension type, post insulator etc.) and their use in substation will depend
upon the service requirement.
Different types of insulator are:

Pin type insulator

Suspension insulator

As the name suggests, the pin type insulator is mounted on a pin on

the cross-arm on the pole. There is a groove on the upper end of the
insulator. The conductor passes through this groove and is tied to the
insulator with annealed wire of the same material as the conductor. Pin
type insulators are used for transmission and distribution of electric
power at voltages up to 33 kV. Beyond operating voltage of 33 kV, the
pin type insulators become too bulky and hence uneconomical.

For voltages greater than 33 kV, it is a usual practice to use suspension

type insulators shown in Figure. Consist of a number of porcelain discs
connected in series by metal links in the form of a string. The
conductor is suspended at the bottom end of this string while the other
end of the string is secured to the cross-arm of the tower. The number
of disc units used depends on the voltage.
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Strain insulator
A dead end or anchor pole or tower is used where a straight section of
line ends, or angles off in another direction. These poles must
withstand the lateral (horizontal) tension of the long straight section of
wire. In order to support this lateral load, strain insulators are used. For
low voltage lines (less than 11 kV), shackle insulators are used as
strain insulators. However, for high voltage transmission lines, strings
of cap-and-pin (disc) insulators are used, attached to the crossarm in a
horizontal direction. When the tension load in lines is exceedingly high,
such as at long river spans, two or more strings are used in parallel.

Shackle insulator
In early days, the shackle insulators were used as strain insulators.
But now a day, they are frequently used for low voltage distribution
lines. Such insulators can be used either in a horizontal position or in a
vertical position. They can be directly fixed to the pole with a bolt or to
the cross arm.

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13. RELAYS
In a power system it is inevitable that immediately or later some failure does
occur somewhere in the system. When a failure occurs on any part of the
system, it must be quickly detected and disconnected from the system.
Rapid disconnection of faulted apparatus limits the amount of damage to it
and prevents the effects of fault from spreading into the system. For high
voltage circuits relays are employed to serve the desired function of
automatic protective gear. The relays detect the fault and supply the
information to the circuit breaker.
The electrical quantities which may change under fault condition are voltage,
frequency, current, phase angle. When a short circuit occurs at any point on
the transmission line the current flowing in the line increases to the
enormous value. This result in a heavy current flow through the relay coil,
causing the relay to operate by closing its contacts. This in turn closes the
trip circuit of the breaker making the circuit breaker open and isolating the
faulty section from the rest of the system. In this way, the relay ensures the
safety of the circuit equipment from the damage and normal working of the
healthy portion of the system.
Relay works on two main operating principles:

Electromagnetic Attraction
Electromagnetic Induction

RELAY
USED
SUBSTATION

IN

CONTROLLING

PANEL

OF

Differential Relay
A differential relay is one that operates when vector difference of the
two or more electrical quantities exceeds a predetermined value. If this
differential quantity is equal or greater than the pickup value, the relay
will operate and open the circuit breaker to isolate the faulty section.

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Over Current Relay

This type of relay works when current in the circuit exceeds the
predetermined value. The actuating source is the current in the circuit
supplied to the relay from a current transformer. These relay are used
on A.C. circuit only and can operate for fault flow in the either
direction. This relay operates when phase to phase fault occurs.

Earth Fault Relay

This type of relay sense the fault between the lines and the earth. It
checks the vector sum of all the line currents. If it is not equal to zero,
it trips.

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 Tripping Relay

This type of relay is in the conjunction with main relay. When main
relay sense any fault in the system, it immediately operates the trip
relay to disconnect the faulty section from the section.

Auxiliary Relay

An auxiliary relay is used to indicate the fault by glowing bulb or

showing various flags.

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14. CAPACITOR BANK

The load on the power system is varying being high during morning and
evening which increases the magnetization current. This result in the
decreased power factor. The low power factor is mainly due to the fact most
of the power loads are inductive and therefore take lagging currents. The low
power factor is highly undesirable as it causes increases in current, resulting
in additional losses. So in order to ensure most favorable conditions for a
supply system from engineering and economic stand point it is important to
have power factor as close to unity as possible. In order to improve the
power factor come device taking leading power should be connected in
parallel with the load. One of such device can be capacitor bank. The
capacitors draw a leading current and partly or completely neutralize the
lagging reactive component of load current.
Main

functions of Capacitor Bank are:Supply Reactive Power

Improve Terminal Voltage
Improve Power Factor

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15. PROTECTION OF SUBSTATION

LIGHTNING ARRESTORS
A lightning
arrestor
is
a
device
used
in
power systems
and telecommunications systems to protect the insulation and conductors of
the system from the damaging effects of lightning. The typical lightning
arrester has a high-voltage terminal and a ground terminal. When a lightning
surge (or switching surge, which is very similar) travels along the power line
to the arrester, the current from the surge is diverted through the arrestor, in
most cases to earth.

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
Transformers are totally enclosed static devices and generally oil immersed.
Therefore chances of fault occurring on them are very easy rare, however
the consequences of even a rare fault may be very serious unless the
transformer is quickly disconnected from the system. This provides adequate
automatic protection for transformers against possible faults. Various
protection methods used for transformers are:-

Buchholz Relay
Buchholz relay is a safety device mounted on some oil-filled power
transformers and reactors, equipped with an external overhead oil reservoir
called a conservator. The Buchholz Relay is used as a protective device
sensitive to the effects of dielectric failure inside the equipment. Depending
on the model, the relay has multiple methods to detect a failing transformer.
On a slow accumulation of gas, due perhaps to slight overload, gas produced
by decomposition of insulating oil accumulates in the top of the relay and
forces the oil level down. A float switch in the relay is used to initiate an
alarm signal. Depending on design, a second float may also serve to detect
slow oil leaks. If an arc forms, gas accumulation is rapid, and oil flows rapidly
into the conservator. This flow of oil operates a switch attached to a vane
located in the path of the moving oil. This switch normally will operate
a circuit breaker to isolate the apparatus before the fault causes additional
damage.
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Conservator and Breather

When the oil expands or contacts by the change in the temperature, the oil
level goes either up or down in main tank. A conservator is used to maintain
the oil level up to predetermined value in the transformer main tank by
placing it above the level of the top of the tank. Breather is connected to
conservator tank for the purpose of extracting moisture as it spoils the
insulating properties of the oil. During the contraction and expansion of oil
air is drawn in or out through breather silica gel crystals impregnated with
cobalt chloride. Silica gel is checked regularly and dried and replaced when
necessary.

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Marshalling box
It has two meter which indicate the temperature of the oil and winding of
main tank. If temperature of oil or winding exceeds than specified value,
relay operates to sound an alarm. If there is further increase in temperature
then relay completes the trip circuit to open the circuit breaker controlling
the transformer.

Transformer cooling
When the transformer is in operation heat is generated due to iron losses the
removal of heat is called cooling.
There are several types of cooling methods, they are as follows:
1. Air natural cooling
In a dry type of self-cooled transformers, the natural circulation of
surrounding air is used for its cooling. This type of cooling is
satisfactory for low voltage small transformers.
2. Air blast cooling
It is similar to that of dry type self-cooled transformers with to addition
that continuous blast of filtered cool air is forced through the core and
winding for better cooling. A fan produces the blast.
3. Oil natural cooling
Medium and large rating transformers have their winding and core
immersed in oil, which act both as a cooling medium and an insulating
medium. The heat produce in the cores and winding is passed to the
oil becomes lighter and rises to the top and place is taken by cool oil
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from the bottom of the cooling tank.

4. Oil blast cooling
In this type of cooling, forced air is directed over cooling elements of
transformers immersed in oil.
5. Forced oil and forced air flow (OFB) cooling
Oil is circulated from the top of the transformers tank to a cooling tank
to a cooling plant. Oil is then returned to the bottom of the tank.

6. Forced oil and water (OWF) cooling

In this type of cooling oil flow with water cooling of the oil in external
water heat exchanger takes place. The water is circulated in cooling
tubes in the heat exchanger.

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16. CONCLUSION
Now from this report one can conclude that electricity plays an important
role in our life. At the end of the training, I came to know about the various
parts of substations and how they are operated. Also I learnt about how
transmission is done in various parts of Uttarakhand.
As evident from the report, a substation plays a very important role in the
transmission system. Thats why various protective measures are taken to
protect the substations from various faults and its smooth functioning.
Power Transmission Corporation of Uttarakhand Limited takes such
steps so that a uniform and stable supply of electricity can reach in every
part of this state.

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17. BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Energy efficiency in electrical utilities, Guide book for National certification
examination for energy managers and energy auditors, Bureau of energy
efficiency, Ministry of Power, Govt. of India, 2003.
2. General aspect of energy management and energy audit, Guide book for
National certification examination for energy managers and energy auditors,
Bureau of energy efficiency, Ministry of Power, Govt. of India, 2003.
3. www.wikepedia.com
4. www.slideshare.com
5. www.electrical-installation.org
6. www.home-energy-metering.com
7. www.enspecpower.com
8. www.allaboutcircuits.com

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