Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
John H. Seinfeld
California Institute of Technology
Spyros N. Pandis
University of Patras and
Carnegie Mellon University
A WILEY-INTERSCIENCE PUBLICATION
CONTENTS
Preface to the Second Edition
vii
ix
The Atmosphere
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
21
36
xiii
xiv
CONTENTS
2.6
2.7
Atmospheric Ozone 52
Particulate Matter (Aerosols) 55
2.7.1 Stratospheric Aerosol 57
2.7.2 Chemical Components of Tropospheric Aerosol
2.7.3 Cloud Condensation Nuclei (CCN) 58
2.7.4 Sizes of Atmospheric Particles 58
2.7.5 Sources of Atmospheric Particulate Matter 60
2.7.6 Carbonaceous Particles 60
2.7.7 Mineral Dust 61
2.8
Emission Inventories 62
2.9
Biomass Burning 63
Appendix 2.1 Air Pollution Legislation 63
Appendix 2.2 Hazardous Air Pollutants (Air Toxics) 65
Problems 69
References 70
3
57
Chemical Kinetics
Order of Reaction 75
Theories of Chemical Kinetics 77
3.2.1 Collision Theory 77
3.2.2 Transition State Theory 80
3.2.3 Potential Energy Surface for a Bimolecular Reaction
3.3
The Pseudo-Steady-State Approximation 83
3.4
Reactions of Excited Species 84
3.5
Termolecular Reactions 85
3.6
Chemical Families 89
3.7
Gas-Surface Reactions 91
Appendix 3 Free Radicals 93
Problems 93
References 96
75
3.1
3.2
Radiation 98
4.1.1 Solar and Terrestrial Radiation 100
4.1.2 Energy Balance for Earth and Atmosphere 101
4.1.3 Solar Variability 105
4.2
Radiative Flux in the Atmosphere 106
4.3
Beer-Lambert Law and Optical Depth 108
4.4
Actinic Flux 111
4.5
Atmospheric Photochemistry 114
4.6
Absorption of Radiation by Atmospheric Gases 117
4.7
Absorption by O2 and O3 122
4.8
Photolysis Rate as a Function of Altitude 126
4.9
Photodissociation of O3 to Produce O and O(1D) 128
4.10 Photodissociation of NO2 131
Problems 135
References 136
82
98
CONTENTS
xv
138
5.1
5.2
5.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
204
xvi
CONTENTS
6.8
7.4
7.5
242
284
302
CONTENTS
xvii
7.5.5
350
355
xviii
CONTENTS
396
9.1
10 Thermodynamics of Aerosols
434
CONTENTS
xix
484
Nucleation
489
537
547
xx
CONTENTS
588
CONTENTS
xxi
620
628
691
691
xxii
CONTENTS
720
Cloud Physics
17.1 Properties of Water and Water Solutions 761
17.1.1 Specific Heat of Water and Ice 762
17.1.2 Latent Heats of Evaporation and of Melting for Water
17.1.3 Water Surface Tension 762
17.2 Water Equilibrium in the Atmosphere 763
17.2.1 Equilibrium of a Flat Pure Water
Surface with the Atmosphere 764
17.2.2 Equilibrium of a Pure Water Droplet 765
17.2.3 Equilibrium of a Flat Water Solution 766
761
762
CONTENTS
xxiii
828
832
xxiv
CONTENTS
19 Dry Deposition
19.1
19.2
19.3
19.4
902
CONTENTS
xxv
Wet Deposition
932
983
980
xxvi
CONTENTS
21.4
1003
1009
1026
23.1
23.2
23.3
23.4
23.5
23.6
23.7
24
1048
1054
CONTENTS
xxvii
24.8.2
25
1084
1092
26
Statistical Models
26.1 Receptor Modeling Methods 1136
26.1.1 Chemical Mass Balance (CMB) 1139
26.1.2 Factor Analysis 1146
26.1.3 Empirical Orthogonal Function Receptor Models
26.2 Probability Distributions for Air Pollutant Concentrations
26.2.1 The Lognormal Distribution 1154
26.2.2 The Weibull Distribution 1154
26.3 Estimation of Parameters in the Distributions 1156
26.3.1 Method of Quantiles 1157
26.3.2 Method of Moments 1157
1136
1150
1153
xxviii
CONTENTS
26.4
1162
1175
1182
1190
1191